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In this research paper, it is widely recognized that innovation plays a central role in the competitiveness of companies and countries. Innovation is understood to be the key driver of productivity. Innovation helps businesses improve the way products and services are delivered and delivered, or introduce entirely new ones. The author can say that an entrepreneur is a person who is willing to take risks at his own risk, applying new ideas (production, trade, management) to undertake and implement new economic projects with a profitable orientation. The entrepreneur prepares, implements, and controls his project and usually makes his own decisions.

Tokopedia is one of the startups in Indonesia. Established in 2007 and released to the public on August 17, 2009. Tokopedia is one of the first startups in Indonesia. Tokopedia was founded by Indonesian youth, namely Williiam Tanuwijaya and his partner Leontinus Alpha Edison. Tokopedia is one of four new Unicorns in the world from Indonesia. Unicorn is a startup that has a valuation of more than USD 1 billion. All of this cannot be separated from the injection of funds from large foreign companies, one of which is the largest e-commerce company from China, namely Alibaba. Tokopedia is the largest online buying site in Indonesia, being number one in Indonesia beating other marketplaces. These are all inseparable from the features provided by Tokopedia and the new hobby of the Indonesian people, namely online shopping.

We investigate the impact of uneven transparency regulation across countries and industries on the location of economic activity. Using two distinct sources of regulatory variation—the varying extent of financial-reporting requirements and the staggered introduction of electronic business registers in Europe—, we consistently document that direct exposure to transparency regulation is negatively associated with the focal industry’s economic activity in terms of inputs (e.g., employment) and outputs (e.g., production). By contrast, we find that indirect exposure to supplier and customer industries’ transparency regulation is positively associated with the focal industry’s economic activity. Our evidence suggests uneven transparency regulation can reallocate economic activity from regulated toward unregulated countries and industries, distorting the location of economic activity.

With the development and growth of internet, its applications of e-banking, e-commerce, and e-business became irreplaceable channels regarding its fast access, rich content, and smooth interactivity. High investments are paid toward improving the quality of service offered by the banks. This paper is dedicated to empirically investigating the drivers of e-Business value creation in the Jordanian banking sector. This work summarizes the main differences among employees of Jordanian and foreign bank regarding their perspectives. Many of the competing foreign banks to the Jordanian banks are enforced with huge financial capital, having long periods of banking practices and are employing cutting-edge technologies and tools. To minimize the technological gap, Jordanian banks are working hard to develop their e-Business services. This in one hand has to enhance their trust, satisfaction, and commitment toward existing customers and entice new comers on other hand. Based on business model of Amit and Zott, i.e. the four constructs of eValue framework (efficiency, complementarities, lock-in, and novelty), four hypotheses have been formulated to test the differences in the drivers of e-Business value creation between Jordanian and foreign banks. A survey questionnaire in a form of paper-and-pencil was delivered personally to 200 employees from four main Jordanian banks and 200 employees from four foreign banks working in Jordan. The questionnaire was formed and constructed to test the proposed hypotheses. the findings in this study based on the SEM and T-test analyses, revealed important implications that will help banks’ managers to make well-informed decisions and policies regarding investments and resources allocation for implementing eBusiness strategies and ventures. The paper concludes with discussing the importance of these findings for practitioners and for future research on value accrued from e-Business services.

Advancement in technology has successfully created effective and efficient ways for marketers and their consumers to collaborate and engage in meaningful interactions that enable co-creation experiences required to create and deliver value in the marketplace. Nevertheless, the classic coordination of product, price, placement, promotion, and people is still very crucial in managing consumer behavior and successful implementation of organization marketing programs. An effective marketer understands the significance of feedback arising within the system and its environment. Both the negative and positive feedback, if utilized properly can help transform how consumers perceive and interact with the brand. When business enterprises create purposeful structures to generate marketing and innovation the ensuing interaction produces result-oriented organization. Systems consist of people, structures, technologies, and processes that work together coherently to make organizations viable. This paper explores the evolving relationship between organizational marketing and consumer buying behavior in the 21st century.

The sixth session of the Africa Regional Forum on Sustainable Development seeks to “Deliver a Transformed and Prosperous Africa through the 2030 Agenda and Agenda 2063”. The forum seeks to explore, gain insights into, share and agree on collective regional efforts toward accelerating the implementation of these agendas. This policy brief supports targeted steps toward leveraging private flows from the digitalisation of the economy to achieve the goals of the agendas within the set time frame. It also cautions against the potential of digitalisation to enable illicit financial flows, if left unregulated. This policy brief presents specific discussions and action points to be considered at the forum.

E commerce in today’s era has evolved 360 degrees, it has not only changed the shopping industry but also changed the new entrepreneur’s mind-set. The social media and the technology is considered to be the driving force for the women entrepreneurs which involves the growth and success simultaneously. The initiative has started with an idea of maximizing the profit with minimum investments, the technology is considered to be a great help for the women entrepreneurs to grow their business without any obstacle. As many of the start-ups are from the home itself where the women’s wants to work with their own comfort and also without following the schedule .Nowadays thousands of women’s are selling products through various social media platforms or e commerce platforms. The main objective of this industry is to fulfill the requirements of the customers in the comfortable environment. As per the authors the online technology is benefiting the women’s to work 24*7. Through internet there is an exponential growth in the e commerce sector which has recognized the economic contribution of women for their start-ups which are giving the rise in the Economy as a whole.

In current era, E-commerce is fastest emerging technology of world; with this technology we can easily enhance our businesses by trading in products and services via connecting internet with great efficiency and portability. The expeditious rate of development of E-commerce completely changes the pattern of human’s life style. Many different types of models are available in web market for E-commerce, each have his own merits and demerits. The premier target of this research paper is to analysis a web portal of Mantra.com; they started to provide some new features in the web market, which are new revolution in a world of Electronic Commerce. This paper is descriptive in nature to analyses an E-business model, regarding this purpose we select one E-business company which is “Myntra.com” and the collected data is secondary in nature from the company, its online website or app and other sources. This research paper will find out the behavior aspect of customer loyalty towards online web site of Myntra.com and it will help me to understand the working of ERP model of Myntra and will construct the outline scenario, technical aspect and another needs for developing a ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) Model for retention of loyal customers.

The following paper comprises three key parts, each drawing on those previous and, ultimately, culminating with a novel solution to the problem of valuating e-commerce startups. Because the text moves quickly from one aspect to another, a short overview may enable the reader to more clearly discern the value of each element, in combination, to the ultimate goal. First, analysis begins with an introduction of the difficulties present in valuation of e-commerce firms. The first portion of the text also introduces common risk factors within the e-commerce space, a concept which is critical to the subsequent developments. Next, the text delves into the methods applied to valuate technology startups, making note of the models applied. Further analysis of these methods examines the intricacies of the solutions posed and the difficulties found in application. Finally, the author presents a novel method of ascertaining the market risk of e-commerce startups. This proposition relies on the assumptions developed in the first portion of the text and contributes to bringing the methods identified in the second closer to fruition. Because the novel method could allow for valuation of e-commerce firms if applied by way of previous theory, the proposed solution may prove useful in the valuative exercise.

This paper present E-commerce related to Mid Class customers Responsiveness regarding e-commerce in Yavatmal city. The data is collected from e-commerce and e-Business customers of Mid Class who purchase various kinds of product through e-commerce websites. For the study purpose responses from 200 Mid Class e-commerce customers in different areas of Yavatmal City have taken. Hence, data is collected from total 200 Mid Class e-commerce customers.

Russian Abstract: В представленной работе проводится анализ действующего налогового законодательства и законодательных инициатив по вопросу поддержки развития электронного бизнеса в России. По результатам проведенного анализа с учетом международного опыта и того факта, что Россия является страной-членом ЕАЭС, подготовлены предложения по совершенствованию налогового законодательства, включающие предложения в НК РФ и на наднациональном уровне в рамках ЕАЭС. English Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of current tax legislation and legislative initiatives on the issue of supporting the development of e-business in Russia. Based on the results of the analysis, taking into account international experience and the fact that Russia is a country member of the EAEU, proposals for improving tax legislation were prepared, including proposals to the RF Tax Code and at the supranational level within the EAEU.

The number of commercial organizations applying electronic commerce systems is on the rise when viewed globally. In the near future, this trend will become not only a tool to simply increase income, but without doubt will be considered an essential means for competition. Although Nigeria has the largest and fastest growing ICT marketplace in Sub-Saharan Africa, e-commerce activities have not progressed at a similar speed. In general, Nigerian retailers have not responded actively to the global growth of online retailing. Using a case study approach, various managers in six organisations from different states of the country were interviewed with a view to unravelling the factors influencing the adoption and maintenance of commercial websites in Nigeria. Analysis shows that consumer readiness is an influential factor for both developed and developing economies. Findings further revealed that most company websites are not maintained due mainly to absence of internal know-how by employees, time, and lack of continuous connectivity. This study contributes to a greater understanding of the factors that influence website adoption and maintenance within developing economies. And it provides insight to businesses contemplating setting up a website in developing economies on the successes and failures in the process of developing a commercial website.

One achievement of the government is more visible i.e. expansion of digital technology and its uses in day to day activities of mass people. Making digital Bangladesh was the election manifesto of Bangladesh Awami League in 2009 general election. With different limitations digitization took place in many sectors and different government services became peoples reach due to introduction of online processes. But till now people are not getting full benefit of digital Bangladesh due to lack of commitments from the corrupt bureaucracy and lack of monitoring and evaluation by the responsible higher authority. Corrupt official are not allowing full digitization of the processes to remain unofficial earning line alive. Therefore respective Secretaries and Ministers should be careful to make the processes fully digital to ensure hassle free delivery of government services to the mass people and make digital Bangladesh truly functional. At the same time government has to move further with its Digital Bangladesh concept into Digital Economy concept.

Russian Abstract: Сложно припомнить, когда в последний раз вопросы налогообложения привлекали столько внимания мировой общественности, как сейчас. Проект BEPS1, осуществляемый ОЭСР, называют самой большой переменой за всю историю международного налогообложения. Действующий порядок, основанный на парадигме налоговой конкуренции, позволяет компаниям организовывать бизнес таким образом, чтобы искусственно размывать налоговую базу и переносить прибыли в низконалоговые юрисдикции, чему и противостоит проект BEPS, осуществляемый ОЭСР, стремящийся адаптировать систему международного налогообложения в том числе к новой, цифровой экономике, стремительному развитию электронного бизнеса. Налоговое законодательство как в России, так и в мире отстает от развития электронного бизнеса. В связи с особой актуальностью вопроса налогообложения электронного бизнеса в рамках проекта BEPS в октябре 2015 г. был выпущен финальный отчет по мероприятию 1 проекта BEPS «Подготовка мер по вопросам налогообложения компаний цифрового сектора». В ЕС в 2015 г. введен новый принцип определения места реализации электронных услуг конечным потребителям: местом реализации услуг признается местонахождение покупателя. В России принят Федеральный закон от 3 июля 2016 г. N 244-ФЗ "О внесении изменений в части первую и вторую Налогового кодекса Российской Федерации", вступающий в силу с 1 января 2017 г. Данный закон также вводит новый принцип налогообложения иностранных компаний при оказании услуг в электронной форме по месту покупателя. В представленной работе проводится анализ налогообложения электронного бизнеса в России, во всех странах-членах ЕАЭС, ряде стран ЕС. В исследовании отражена позиция ОЭСР по вопросу налогообложения электронного бизнес, а также позиция ЕС. По результатам проведенного анализа подготовлены предложения по совершенствованию налогообложения электронного бизнеса в Российской Федерации, включающие предложения как в части прямого, так и в части косвенного налогообложения. При этом в рамках прямого налогообложения предложения подготовлены как в НК РФ, так и в соглашения об избежании двойного налогообложения. Помимо предложений на национальном уровне, подготовлены предложения по совершенствованию налогообложения электронного бизнеса на наднациональном уровне. English Abstract: It's hard to remember the last time tax issues attracted global attention so much, as it is now. Project BEPS2 by OECD, is described as the biggest change in the history of international taxation. The current order is based on the paradigm of tax competition and allows companies to organize business in such way as to erode tax base artificially and to transfer income to low-tax jurisdictions. It opposes BEPS project carried out by OECD, which seeks to adapt the international system of taxation to the new, digital, economy and the rapid development of e-business. Both Russia's and worldwide tax legislation fall behind the development of electronic business. In connection with the special relevance of the issue of e-business taxation within the BEPS project the final report on Activity 1 of BEPS Project «Preparation of measures on taxation of the digital sector." was released in October 2015. In 2015 the EU introduced a new concept of determining the place of supply of e-services to end-users: the place of services' supply recognized as Buyer's location. The Federal Law was adopted In Russia on 3d July, 2016 N 244-FZ "On Amendments to Parts One and Two of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation", coming into force 1st January 2017. It introduces a new principle of foreign companies taxation in the provision of electronic services by customer's location. In terms of recent research the e-business taxation in Russia, all countries of EAEC and a number of the EU countries is analyzed. The research reflects the OECD's position on taxation of e-business, as well as the position of the EU. According to the results of the research, suggestions for e-business taxation in the Russian Federation were made, including suggestions both in terms of direct and indirect taxation. In the framework of direct taxation proposals were prepared both to Tax Code of the Russian Federation and the agreements on avoidance of double taxation. Suggestions for taxation of e-business were prepared not only at the national level, but at the supranational level.

E-commerce is commonly portrayed as a contributor to economic growth and an integrating force for the ASEAN. The facilitation of e-commerce is largely associated, if not synonymous, with the harmonization of the relevant laws and regulations in this area. Unsurprisingly, ASEAN is the first developing region to prepare a unified e-commerce legal framework. To date, harmonization efforts have centered on electronic transactions laws, the assumption being that the latter will facilitate e-commerce by creating legal certainty for the recognition of electronic contracts. The creation and harmonization of broader e-commerce laws and regulations may, however, be insufficient. As e-commerce often involves high volume and low value cross-border transactions, its facilitation may require more prosaic endeavors, such as coordinating customs procedures, tax rates and invoicing standards. Moreover, the provision of a legal framework for e-commerce will not guarantee its success or promote its adoption. The viability of e-commerce depends on the existence of a robust telecommunication infrastructure, user-friendly online payment systems and efficient distribution networks, particularly with regards to last mile-delivery. The creation of a conducive legal framework for cross-border e-commerce must therefore be regarded as part of a larger picture, comprising multiple regional initiatives addressing a wide spectrum of issues. This chapter is confined to a discussion of the challenges inherent in the regulatory and legislative initiatives aiming at promoting of e-commerce in the ASEAN.

The traditional “take-make-dispose” consumption model cannot sustain in the long run and companies need to adapt their business models to find more sustainable ways to create, deliver and capture value. Business models that decouple economic growth from raw material input, using a circular approach, will become essential in the near future. This idea has come to be known as the circular economy. In the circular economy, resources are kept in use for as long as possible, by for example reusing or repairing products that would have been thrown away in a linear economy. To illustrate how companies can implement circular business models in practice, we provide examples from the do-it-yourself-construction retail industry in Norway - a traditional industry known for its wasteful “take-make-dispose” approach. We propose four business model designs that offer different ways for companies to become more circular rooted in the ideas of product life extension, resource recovery and product-as-service logic. As we will discuss, while some of these practices can be added to the retailer's existing business model, others require a more radical change in the traditional business model. By means of our findings, we intend to encourage retailers to change their business models towards greater sustainability and eventually steer their suppliers and customers towards more sustainable production and consumption patterns.

The E-commerce Industry in India has come a long way since its early days. The market has matured and new players have entered the market space. Growing consumer power in the digital age that predated the turn of the century were fueled by the rise of the Internet, and then reignited by social media. Electronic Business is more than just buying and selling products online. It also includes the entire online process of developing, marketing, selling, delivering, servicing and paying for products and services.

Sequence of events that occur over time may have recurrent patterns. In this paper we develop a scalable methodology to uncover such time patterns and demonstrate their value in business applications. We build upon prior work by Magnusson (2000) and identify four limitations of the existing T-pattern algorithm that preclude it from being useful for typical business problems. The four categories of limitations are: (i) scalability, (ii) supervised learning, (iii) heterogeneous individuals, (iv) distributional assumptions, and propose a solution for each limitation. We use simulations to exhibit the properties of our proposed algorithm and its ability to uncover true T-patterns. The simulations demonstrate the gains accrued from our proposed algorithm when compared to the original T-pattern algorithm. We use insurance claims data from a well-known insurance company to test the algorithm. We show that the algorithm successfully detects T-patterns that routinely occur in the context of insurance claims. Using each T-pattern as a binary feature in machine learning models we classify the claims into the two groups of satisfied and dissatisfied customers. This reveals T-patterns that separate dissatisfied customers from satisfied ones and identifies ouch-points that could minimize customer dissatisfaction with the claims process.

Objective: This study is aimed to determine a construct of electronic business (e-business) innovation (eBIM). Methodology: This study is based on a documentary research to determine the main variables of the eBIM as academic vision and based on a focused group of e-Business experts using the Delphi Panel method and the Analytic Hierarchy Process we obtained the expert vision of the eBIM, as a general conceptual model. Results: Based on both visions we obtained the 19 variables and 3 factors to be included in the final eBIM proposal, which: 9/19 variables are according to the both visions, 6/19 are suggested by expert vision and 4/19 are suggested by academic vision. Conclusions: The conceptual eBIM obtained has the potential to be used. Further studies regarding the eBIM, are: an exploratory factor analysis to verify the grouping of such variables; a confirmatory factor analysis to disclose the underlying variables and factors relationships and a multiple linear regression to determine how is the correlation amongst these variables.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the website quality that leads to customers’ perceived flow and their purchase intentions on the website. Design/methodology/approach – A theoretical framework is used for this study. A total of 50 questionnaires were collected to empirically test the measurement and structural model. The results are based on regression analysis and equation modelling by using SPSS software. Findings – The findings confirm that hotel website quality influences customers’ perceived flow, which in turn influences their intention to purchase. Furthermore, perceived flow also mediates the relationship between the hotel website quality and the purchase intentions. Practical Implication – This study is able to help those who are in the hospitality industry and can also help future researchers as a guide for their research in the same or relevant scope of study. Originality/value – Hotel website quality, perceived flow, customer satisfaction and purchase intention altogether are not well not well understood in current literature despite the important implication for managers, academicians and consumers alike. This study contributes to the field of e-commerce marketing, retailing and e-tourism research. Paper type – Research Paper

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an integral part of business management now-a-day. It is inevitable for the smooth running of business irrespective of size and complexity all over the world. Due to the rapid development of ICT and its huge use in all spheres of our lives, businesses are also influenced by it. Now, businesses are managing their resources by using ICT support that is helping them to perform their tasks faster and accurate than before. But the developing countries like Bangladesh are still struggling to introduce ICT supports in all areas of businesses. But due to a very strong culture at work place, this effort is hindered substantially. Therefore, this paper aims at identifying the present status of the use of ICT in business management and its challenges it faces. Secondary data have been primarily used for conducting this study which was collected from the different business reports and the journal papers. An experience survey was also conducted among the senior administrators of the business houses were also included in the study. Results show that the use of ICT is very low in the small and medium business enterprises while the large businesses houses are using ICT supports. Results also show that the use of ICT primarily depends on the complexity and the nature of the business. The entrepreneurs who have ICT literacy, they are mostly using ICT supports in the management of their businesses. This study suggests that the business houses in Bangladesh should use ICT support in order to increase the efficiency at their work. But this is often depends on the ICT infrastructure of the country as a whole.

Over the past several decades, education has produced a huge amount of human capital around the world. In this regard, the performance of business education has been outstanding, with ever more business schools producing ever more graduates. However, the trajectory that business education has been on does not seem to lead to what was once seen as its fundamental function. This study examines three questions of business education (1) where they are — the internal and external environment and challenges; (2) who they were — the original roles and functions of business schools; and (3) where they are heading.

The objective of this paper is to determine the level intent to engage in eBusiness among university students. This issue is of interests to stakeholders because they allow stakeholders to better plan and manage eBusiness platform and operations. A mixed population of thai and Non-Thai students from entrepreneurship and marketing faculties in a private university were used as target population. The data consists of 120 written surveys soliciting quantitative, ordinal and nominal data. Parametric and non-parametric testings were used. The findings were re-tested through Monte Carlo simulation . The intent to engage in eBusiness is used as the dependent variable. Independent variables include personality traits, social environment, desire to own business, and perception toards eBusiness infrastructure in Thailand. It was found that personality was not a significant factor while the remaining factors were significant. Gender analysis showed that females were risk affine and males were risk avert. The introduction of a new payment platform, such as PromptPay, does not significantly alter people’s outlook toward payment platform available in Thailand. It was also found that eBusiness is a significant alternative platform for commercial activities due to its lack of barrier and global reach. This outlook was reinforced by the continued development of internet infrastructure and e-Commerce technology available in Thailand. Nevertheless, online security and payment system remains a concern. These findings demonstrate key issues of interests to stakeholders for planning, developing, maintaining and managing eBusiness platforms and portals.

E-commerce stands for electronic commerce. E-commerce is performing business online and electronically. Over last few years the popularity of e-commerce has rigorously developed due to its quick and convenient way of exchanging goods and regional and global services. India will be booming platform for e-commerce business models; the country already reported 65% growth in e-commerce retail business year in 2015-2016. The paper is focused on the conceptual research with exploratory cum descriptive nature on the basis of secondary data. This paper explains the concept of e-commerce, business models for e-commerce, differences between traditional commerce and electronic commerce, merits and limitations of e-commerce. It also highlights various trends and challenges of e-commerce and also with the essential opportunity and growth factors required for e-commerce in India.

This is a review of Lewis Solomon's book, EVANGELICAL CHRISTIAN EXECUTIVES which examines an alternative model for business corporations in which the business founders integrate faith in their day-to-day operation of their businesses and define corporate responsibility to encompass shareholders, employees, customers, and the community. Solomon uses an individual case study approach. The individual case studies examine a number of different aspects of these businesses. Among them are the leadership styles of the chief executive officers, the core values of each business, the challenges faced by each business, and how these businesses have resolved external controversies.

Today markets have changed their faces. Physical markets are now becoming obsoletes as the consumers are shifted to the digital screen market place. But as nothing comes without drawbacks, e-commerce is also have some ailments. Cyber crime is one of biggest problem for the e-commerce industry. Millions of rupees, personal data theft every year from the internet. Cyber crimes are the hurdles in the road of success of online business. This paper draws attention to the various problems, cause of the cyber crime and prevention for the same.

Internet, as a global communications network, forms electronic market and the supply of many new services which have a huge impact on business and society. IT has made enormous changes in the financial sector and today is an important factor for the successful achievement of banks targets. Bank information systems are the basis of each bank and without these extremely complex systems, today there would be neither internet banking, nor mobile and it is no surprise that the banks give special attention to precisely these systems in order to be successful in the market where customers’ expectations rise as each day passes by.This paper has defined five approaches which lead to business excellence banks, which together form a system. It presents the research which will provide answers to various questions related to analysis of implementation and functionality of e-banking services in the Croatia. The purpose of this study was to observe the concept of business excellence and whose improvement leads to more performance. Considering that the banking is an important part of the economy and it is closely associated with the technology, conducted research will answer the variety of questions and user needs while visiting the banks Websites. This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

The terminology of "reengineering" first appeared in the information and communication technology (ICT) field and has emerge into a vast change process. Hammer and Champy (1993) presented the process of reengineering as "the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service and speed." The concept of reengineering is relevant to all types of organizations regardless of size, type of business and geographical location. Whereas business process is a selection of activities that once attained will resolve an organization's goal.Macbook, iPads, iPhones. These are some basic form of technology to get our message across. In the last decade, there has been a drastic change in improvements of technology. What does the term information technology means? Information technology covers all computing technology, such as networking, hardware, software, the Internet, or the people that work with these technologies.Today, information technology/system plays a significant role in running everyday businesses. ICT can been seen playing its part in data processing. For example, banks. They are the vast users of ICT providing services such as online banking, ATM machines, and their own internal system. In the past, businesses had to go through lengthy processes. Without ICT., communication was slower, electronic storage, and protection of records were not available. Records were kept as logs and need to be updated manually. Furthermore, information-sharing was limited because the physical storage of data were kept in one source of location only. In the 1980s, Total Quality Management (TQM) – theory of management and business process, based on the Japanese philosophy of Kaizen or continuous improvement – has become mainstream. Business process reengineering (BPR) as a concept became popular in 1990s, demanding radical change to business processes and performance, as opposed to the incremental approach in TQM.

International business can be defined as the exchange of goods and services among individuals and businesses in multiple countries or a specific entity, such as a multinational corporation or international business company that engages in business among multiple countries. International business has grown rapidly Because of developments in communication technology, business confidence, freer borders, and increased global competition. World is becoming small in size due to fast means of transport, increasing role of MNCs globalization and increased volume of international trades due to all this, importance of correctly analyzing international business environment is increasing day by day.

Strong development of information technology corresponds to a growing corporate investment into this segment, especially in the field of financial services and telecommunications. This work aims to investigate whether these investments make sense, and do they contribute to the company success. This paper presents the results of qualitative research based on a field research and quantitative econometric analysis of the banking sector’s statistical data in the Republic of Croatia in order to determine relationship between information technology and electronic business implementation, and achievement of competitive advantage in the banking sector, operational costs reduction and business efficiency increase. In the theoretical part, this paper describes the role of information technology in business, development and strategic role of e-business, e-business models, and especially important, the business aspects of electronic commerce in the banking sector. Conclusion shows that there is a strong positive linear relationship between the application of ICT and achievement of a competitive advantage in the banking sector. Also, the cost per executed transaction is reduced, and there is a strong positive correlation between investments in e-business and business performance. This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

PURPOSE: The case aims to deal with transitional entrepreneurship and threats towards survival in a brick kiln family business.DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: This case study is based on exploratory research, individual interviews at different levels.FINDINGS: The competency of the business purely lies in the quality of the product, utilization of market opportunity, capability, honesty and complete involvement in business. Undoubtedly the family business has shown tremendous growth but its existence in near future is doubtful due to certain exogenous uncontrollable factors such as restriction by government, environmental pollution and labour issues. The next generation wants to join the business but is focusing on newer alternatives or business ideas. Hence, to diversify or to switch on to an entirely different reliable business idea, which is in compliance with the external forces, is the best option for consideration.RESEARCH LIMITATIONS: The case is restricted to transition and survival of new generation and dilemma in making a choice regarding a new business idea, but it has a great learning towards entrepreneurial belief and spirit.ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The case is original, the new generation is looking to switch or diversify the business.

Development of secured encryption gateways for safe transfer of information over the web, online transactions wrote a new chapter in the history of E-Business Development. Advent of E-mail and printable E-receipts further solidified the conduct of online web business and transactions as a voucher or invoice in case of physical transactions. With processes like Search Engine Optimization (SEO), SAP, Web Sourcing, Online data Modelling, Database Management systems, Web Advertisements and Digital Marketing becoming prominent as a pivotal strategy for Organizational goods sale, a practically real Global Online Virtual Market took shape. With few global major players, India was still a virgin market. With immense opportunistic population market existing at the Indian territory with a concept of brick & mortar shopping, few entrepreneurs decided to ride the online wave. With Internet Revolution gaining brisk momentum and rising IT employee levels increasing every year, entrepreneurs decided to leverage the demographies. Hence, this study takes up a case where in e-commerce start-ups like Flipkart, Myntra, Jabong, Snapdeal, Zomato, Redbus, mydeals247, bigbasket, paytm etc. Succeeded in capturing Indian consumers. Case also enlightens how if Internet used as strategic tool can lead to profitability.

Since 2006, the World Bank has been ranking almost 200 countries in terms of their business environment and the “ease of doing business” in these economies. The rationale behind this is the importance of a thriving private sector in promoting high and inclusive growth and development. It is argued that the easier it is to establish and run a business, the more investors will be encouraged to invest, and thus more employment is generated. A good business environment also promotes competition and encourages innovation and expansion (World Bank 2013). The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) also has its own specialized group monitoring the progress of its members in enhancing the ease of doing business. In its 2015 edition (which looks at data from 2014), the World Bank ranked the Philippines 95th in its Doing Business Report. This is a 13-place improvement from its 2014 rank and a 38-notch jump from 2013. These improvements reflect the efforts made by key government agencies in the past years. This rise in ranking can be seen not only as an enhancement of the country’s economic fundamentals and potential for growth; it also sends out a positive signal to foreign investors, governments, institutions, and media. This paper will provide inputs to the APEC Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) Initiative which establishes the goal of an APEC-wide improvement of 25% by 2015 in the following five key areas of doing business: (1) starting a business; (2) dealing with permits; (3) getting credit; (4) trading across borders; and (5) enforcing contracts, with an interim target of 5% percent improvement by 2011.

Social Business is one of the fastest growing concepts in modern business world. People around the world is emphasizing on the social business to conquer social problems. Implementation of social business in different parts of the world has already proved successful. But in recent time, sustainability of Social Business is an important issue in global arena. In this paper our main concern is about the sustainability of the social business. Whether the social business would be sustainable or not? To find out the answer of this question First of all, we have used theoretical background of social business. Secondly, we have used information from various social business companies operating in Bangladesh. Finally we have included the lesson learned from Apanjon Project under DNET, which is one kind of social businesses in Bangladesh and which is still in operation and its performing and sustainability of the business.

A professor's reflections on introducing the topic of global business to graduate students and practitioners.

During recent years, business development has become an institution and an important task in many companies, regardless of industry and focus. In the context of constant change, an increasing dynamic pressure to obtain new markets or customer groups and thus achieve additional growth will increase now and in the future. In most cases, new business ideas are not randomly generated but can be created methodically with the help of structured methods and procedures. As part of business development, the focal point of interest is set on the consideration of current and future business models as there is great potential for new growth opportunities. With the help of the business model approach, the customer value (value proposition) is put into the center of focus. It is important to carefully analyze and understand this in order to ultimately align all business activities to it and regularly check back afterwards. In addition, questions are asked as part of business model considerations regarding the generation of this value and the possibility of earning money with it. Innovation of the business model is one of the most important but also one of the most challenging tasks of strategic management in order to secure the company's future. A close link is necessary between the activities of business development and business model innovation in order to recognize the needs of the market and to fully utilize the potential of the current business model. The Chair of Innovation Management and Entrepreneurship at the University of Potsdam has carried out an empirical study on the topic of business development and business model innovation. 126 representatives from the areas of business development, corporate development, and strategy filled out our complete questionnaire regarding these two topics. With the help of the study, the relationship between business development and business model innovation could be identified and challenges and future developments were determined.

The business today has been affected by the advent of ICT. They revolutionized all sectors of business as well as tourism. The paper aims to present the business models, applied in the Bulgarian hospitality industry. In the literature review is presented the influence on ICT on hospitality industry. Business models are presented and how they can be applied by the hospitality industry. The newest business model C2C is being presented in the case of virtual communities. Content analysis of the most used business model B2C in hospitality has been conducted. Analysis of the virtual communities in Europe is also presented. In the process of research it was found out that the Business-to-customer e-business model is not well-adopted.

Family business is considered to be the oldest form of an enterprise, existing globally. Family is emotions and business is economics. There are some possibilities that some family members may not be the owners but then they must be involved in the operations of the family business. Family businesses are taken care of by generations to generations. The best may combine values, ethics, dedication and discrete potential of each family member. The worst is when hostile family members have to work together, where self-interest is first. The case becomes challenging when the business transfers from generation to generation for example Tata, Bajaj, GVK, Birla, Hero, Wipro, Reliance group etc etc. Similar to large family businesses, even smaller family firms like Microlit, DK Exports, Metal Seam, PAL etc based at Lucknow, capital of state of Uttar Pradesh, India, exhibit typical characteristics within a family owned and family run business.A closely held family business is a business where one or more members within a family are owners of the business. In a closely held family business, the owners are the members of one family only. The decisions are taken by the owners but the operations of the business may involve the outsiders such as manager, staff, etc. The linkage between the family and business has a mutual influence on the firm’s working and on its objectives and interest of the family.Conflicts are very obvious phenomenon within family businesses. They are endogenous by nature. In family business, conflicts arise when there is a disagreement on certain decisions such as succession planning, personality differences, differences in interests, in laws, etc. Conflict is inevitable in any business and often it is constructive. Conflict management is the process of limiting the negative aspects of conflict, while increasing the positive aspect of it.Conflicts can be resolved either by self or by the concern of others. Conflict resolution is necessary for any family business to leverage growth and sustainability. At times, unsolved conflicts in a family business are not professional conflicts rather they become personal conflicts leading to bigger unresolved issues such as personal issues within the family members, loss in business, finally leading to closure of family business, etc.Family business is a business governed and/or managed with the intention to shape and pursue the vision of the business held by the dominant coalition controlled by members of the same family or a small number of families in a manner that is potentially sustainable across generations of the family or families (Chua, Chrisman & Sharma, 1999). Rosenblatt, et al (1985, pp.4) define a family business as any business in which majority ownership or control lies within a single family and in which two or more family members are or at some time were directly involved in the business.There are 3 overlapping systems in a family business: the family, the business and the ownership/governance systems (Federer, 2012). To lead a family business successfully, it mandates managing the different systems of the family and business. Balancing the family business interests and the business interests is of paramount importance. Thus conflict management is must.

This paper uses a unique natural experiment in Chinese villages to investigate whether access to telecommunications-- in particular, landline phones -- increases the likelihood of outmigration. By using regional and time variations in the installation of landline phones, the difference-in-differences estimation shows that access to landline phones increases the ratio of out-migrant workers by 2 percentage points, or about 50 percent of the sample mean in China. The results remain robust to a battery of validity checks. Furthermore, landline phones affect outmigration through two channels: information access to job opportunities and timely contact with left-behind family members. The findings underscore the positive migration externality of expanding telecommunications access in rural areas, especially in places where migration potential is large.

A business model is a sustainable way of doing business. Here sustainability stresses the ambition to survive over time and create a successful, perhaps even profitable, entity in the long run. The reason for this apparent ambiguity around the concept of profitability is, of course, that business models apply to many dif- ferent settings than the profit-oriented company. The application of business models is much broader and is a meaningful concept both in relation to public-sector administration, NGO’s, schools and universities and us, as individuals.

The digitization of society is changing the way we work, live, communicate, interact, as well as how and when we consume and produce products and services. The transformation of the information society into the digital society creates a new wave of business start-ups. Within this context, it is up to each individual to recognize and seize opportunities, namely each innovative entrepreneur founding a new business, as well as decision makers intending to restructure their companies. The research and education at IWI-HSG aims at supporting these projects. The digital society creates multiple new challenges for companies. Catchwords such as Industry 4.0, Service-led Economy, and Co-creation are often mentioned in this context. On the user side, the ever-increasing demand for customized services exactly providing the desired value in the desired quality at the right time can be observed. In many areas the trend is no longer to sell the products itself but their benefits and consequently to (re-)design the business, services and operating models. This inevitably leads to the creation of new digital benefits for the customer which already are or will become crucial for sustainable market success. In addition, the well-known prior challenges remain. Business processes and their optimization will not become less important in the digital society. Rather, the old challenges will be supplemented by additional digital transformation challenges. In the digital society, it will be therefore of utmost importance for businesses to both optimize their internal processes as well as to understand the digital users in order to be successful on the market. It is important to note that users of the digital age comprise of both own employees (internal digital users) as well as any type of customer (external digital users). The field of Business and Information Systems Engineering has always considered itself as an integrative discipline between business and IT. This integration task is becoming more and more important since IT increasingly influences people’s everyday lives and focuses on the digital users’ needs. The research program Digital Business & Transformation IWI-HSG intends to organize the cooperation between industry and the IWI-HSG, tackle important business problems, as well as develop solutions, process them in an academic context, and implement them in pilot projects in companies. The research program enables efficient and motivating work without extensive research bureaucracy. In cooperation projects between IWI-HSG and its industrial partners, we strive to learn from each other and to create new knowledge, which is valuable both for research at the IWI-HSG as well as our industrial partners.

The purpose of this article was to describe the reasons business plans of start-up ventures are rejected by financiers in South Africa. Understanding how financiers’ evaluate new businesses, the parameters they use for screening business plans continues to attract much interest from both academics and practitioners. In reality, the ability to craft a 'bankable' business plan usually defines a business’ ability to access capital or not. This study utilized verbal protocol analysis, a 'real time' methodology. The verbalizations of respondents were noted, transcribed and then content analysed by means of a coding scheme. The sample of four potential financiers comprising of a banker, business angel, government and marketing/branding agency were selected in Gauteng, South Africa. They evaluated 15 business plans relating to clothing and textile industry and where ask to indicate reasons why they would reject a business plan. Findings suggest that unrealistic financials, entrepreneur abilities and market related issue are the main reason to why business plans get rejected. South African financier also put emphasis on job creation. Entrepreneurs should ensure that when preparing the business plan that a thorough market research has been conducted which will aid in clearly defining a market niche for the product/service, target market and competitive edge. The plan should try to emphasize how one plans to minimize or mitigate risk in the venture proposed. If an investor is convinced by an entrepreneur marketing research and penetration strategy then the investor sees they financial projections as realistic and achievable.

E-business success is a consequence of the precise combination of four elements: leading-edge technologies, long-term business strategies, the entrepreneurial capacity to implement these strategies (by using the technologies), and aligning people behavior inside and outside the organization. From a functional perspective, e-business, that is companies conduct business electronically with regards to their clients, suppliers and partners. This activity is integrated with the internal systems of the firm such as logistics, operations and finance. For example, Amazon not only markets and sells online but also integrates its sales systems with its internal systems in real-time. This enables the company to invoice and update the order status of their clients as well as to work with a vast logistics network of partners who ultimately manufacture and dispatch the products to consumers. This success relies on a strong customer-centric organizational culture.

This work focuses on studying and defining the modern models of interaction between business and government. The fact that Russia is in a new stage of development and a course of modernization, for better interaction between business and government there is a need for institutionalized cooperation, daily dialogue, and a system of a joint goal-setting and decision-making. This work identifies the characteristic features of the interaction model between business and government through business associations. In this working paper we analyze different approaches to the problem of interaction between business and government. According to Russian realities we suggested the typologization of models of interaction between business and government. This typology is based on an analysis of the institutional practices in leading foreign states. The empirical base of research is a series of interviews with representatives of the business community, the heads and staff of business structures, business associations and public authorities. This paper shows that a model of interaction between business and government through business associations is the most effective for the Russian Federation. In this study several different tasks are solved: to examine existing approaches to business and government interaction; to compare existing models of interaction between business and government; to characterize institutional practices in foreign countries.

Integrating supply chain processes in e-business in emerging and transitional economies has elicited considerable attention from practitioners and researchers. Based on the theory of market orientation and the institution-based perspective, this study investigates the effect of market orientation on supply chain integration (SCI) in e-business and examines the moderating role of ownership type in the relationships between market orientation and SCI in China. The results of a survey of 229 firms suggest that the dimensions of market orientation have different effects on the supply and the demand process integration in e-business. In addition, ownership type moderates the relationships between market orientation and SCI. Implications and suggestions for future research are also discussed.

This working paper examines the origins and development of the Koc Group, which grew to be the largest business group in Turkey. This enterprise was an important actor in the emergence of modern business enterprise in the new state of the Republic of Turkey from the 1920s. After World War II it diversified rapidly, forming part of a cluster of business groups which dominated the Turkish economy alongside state-owned firms. This study shows how the founder of the Group, Vehbi Koc, formulated his business model, and analyzes how his firm evolved into a diversified business group. The research supports prevailing explanations of business groups which identify the role of institutional voids, government policies and contact capabilities, but it also builds on and extends earlier suggestions in both the management and business history literatures that entrepreneurship needs incorporating more strongly as an explanatory factor. This working paper argues that Koc acted as both a Kirznerian and Schumpeterian entrepreneur to build his business group, both in its formative stages and later in its subsequent growth into a diversified group.

The purpose of the paper is to discuss the key affordances of e-business technology and the related constraints in Africa. E-business technology is not only a main feature of today’s e-business environment, the affordances it brings facilitates the smooth conducts of e-business in many ways. The role of information systems have expanded over time and e-business has been a beneficiary of this expansion and has seen a transformation from its use of information systems to support single work systems in an organisation to supporting several and sometimes overlapping work systems within organisations in national and international borders. Using a theory of affordance, the paper reviews the notion that e-business technologies have affordances that characterise today’s e-business and how these affordances facilitate e-business. It argues that a clear articulation of these affordances would not only aid the understanding of e-business technologies but also how it can be used to facilitate as well as support e-business in Africa. The review portrays that e-business technology affords businesses the opportunity to reach over 1 billion users globally and connect them to millions of diverse products. It also provides rich and detailed product information on over 20 billion plus pages indexed by Google, whilst offering personalized messages for users. In the midst of diversity of several business across the globe, it also offers the chance for easy collaboration and communication through partnerships and affiliations. These affordances are better clarified through Gibson theory of affordance. Tapping the full benefits of the e-business technology affordance could easily be realised without any impediments. However, there are some constraints that may impede the smooth facilitation and effective utilisation of these affordances. These constraints do not only inhibit the facilitation of e-business, it also have implications for IS research, practice and policy.

Families are about caring and business is about money, combining these two is Family Business. The outcome can be both best and worst. The best may combine values, ethics, dedication and discrete potential of each family member. The worst is when hostile family members have to work together, where self-interest is first. The case becomes challenging when the business transfers from generation to generation for example Aditya Birla, Walmart, Samsung, Reliance, Tata, JP, Muruguppa, GVK, GMR group, etc.The owner plays the major role in a closely held family business. Owners may be one or more members of the family itself. Major decisions are under taken by the owner, keeping in mind the emotions within the family. The linkage between the family and business has a mutual influence on the firm’s working and on its objectives and interest of the family.Transition management is a “once in a life time” strategic decision, very critical by nature. Thus, sustainability of the family business solely depends on successful transition planning and management. It focuses on both procedural and psychological considerations that have to be kept in mind. It is the most crucial and dominant area in family business, the decision made at this stage always have an ever lasting impact on the future of the business, employees, customers and most importantly the founder and their family. On transition, a person with "business acumen" should be considered and not emotions in business. Transition planning should start at family level. If the core is strong then subsequent trans-generational decisions shall be successful. Unfavourable transition planning is the reason why most of the family business declines in the second generation. The invisible challenge is to pass on the baton of family business to trans generations, hereby termed transition planning and management.The research is based literature review, existing information on family businesses, besides analysis of few published cases on family business in Indian context that reflect how unstructured transition planning became the cause of its failure at inability and the same time how structured transition planning and management transformed the organisational on its sustainability and growth.Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to relay a better understanding on Transition planning and management within a closely held family business and how it is critically associated towards the organisation’s sustainability. Theoretical frameworkFamily business is a business governed and/or managed with the intention to shape and pursue the vision of the business held by the dominant coalition controlled by members of the same family or a small number of families in a manner that is potentially sustainable across generations of the family or families (Chua, Chrisman & Sharma, 1999). Rosenblatt, et al (1985, pp.4) define a family business as any business in which majority ownership or control lies within a single family and in which two or more family members are or at some time were directly involved in the business. The family business is the oldest form of multi-party business enterprise. In fact the world’s oldest continuously operated family business, Japanese temple-builder Kongo Gumi, began in 578 (Hutcheson, 2002, pp.119). There are 3 overlapping systems in a family business: the family, the business and the ownership / governance systems (Federer, 2012). To lead a family business successfully, it mandates managing the different systems of the family and business. Balancing the family business interests and the business interests is of paramount importance. Thus transition planning and management is must.Astrachan (1988) advocates formalizing job descriptions, writing out family protocol manuals, appointing an independent non-executive to the board and/or setting up an independent advisory board so that actions and ideas could be judged objectively by people outside the family.The patriarch must devise systems that clearly define transition planning and management if the organisation must provide sustainable solution for its existence and growth.Results and conclusions: Some Family businesses are not so successful as compared to their peer group. Effective transition planning and management is the clear outcome of this imbroglio, which is explored and discussed in this research paper.Implications for ‘Resilience the New Research Frontier’ Transition planning and management is a critical issue rather say a vector defining the sustainability within closely held family businesses. There has to be a resilience integrated within the operational framework of the organisation that will supplement its growth.

The internal and external key factors of increased performance in business activities and processes within micro, meta, macro, global and mega business systems are represented through investments in information technologies across intelligent interorganizational systems that enforce a more informational “intellectual” business system within the corporate environment. The key factor of added value and optimal business resource management as well as the development of infrastructure and superstructure is the recognition of strategic development of inter-organizational information in terms of connection with inter-organizational systems. Accordingly, we’ll approach this scientific discussion that analyzes the mentioned factors, and above all information technology, assuming a new paradigm standing point regarding the informatization of business systems, highlighted by an intensive evolution of strategic approaches to the development of informatization in interorganizational systems and their link to the development of electronic business. Under these conditions, business activities and process management are now depending, more than ever, on an appropriate computer supported business network that improves the performance of information technologies using intelligent solutions that encourage new levels of informatization. The first step, upon defining the best development strategies of business systems informatization in Croatia in terms of a more efficient and high-quality connection within the inter-organizational system, is to analyze the business system informatization conditions and advantages in order to ensure modern information technologies like those used in developed countries. Croatia’s position regarding business systems informatization and their actuation within inter-generational systems is assessed according to the research conducted on the level of information technology and electronic business applications. A strategic matrix is used to analyze the strategic approaches and development phases of business system informatization strategies. In regards to the development phase and application, the latter assigns strategies of information technologies practice to the four quadrants of the matrix. Appropriate levels of development of electronic business are allocated to every informatization strategy, whereas different levels can correspond to the same style of informatization strategy, and business systems informatization can be associated with different levels of development of electronic businesses. Croatian organizations are positioned in the appropriate quadrant of the informatization development strategic matrix, along with the corresponding level of electronic businesses. When analyzing the level of development and application of information technologies and electronic businesses of Croatian organizations, the features of every single level are being considered and compared. The key paradigm features of a transition to a higher level within the inter-organizational system, in terms of informatization opportunities and methods, are being evaluated. The synergic influence of informatization technologies development factors towards processes, goals and performances of inter-organizational systems are being modeled according to the analyses and fusion of different levels of informatization strategies and electronic business development.