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Since 1970s, aplysiatoxins (ATXs), a class of biologically active dermatoxins, were identified from the marine mollusk Stylocheilus longicauda , whilst further research indicated that ATXs were originally metabolized by cyanobacteria. So far, there have been 45 aplysiatoxin derivatives discovered from marine cyanobacteria with various geographies. Recently, we isolated two neo-debromoaplysiatoxins, neo-debromoaplysiatoxin G ( 1 ) and neo-debromoaplysiatoxin H ( 2 ) from the cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. collected from the South China Sea. The freeze-dried cyanobacterium was extracted with liquid-liquid extraction of organic solvents, and then was subjected to multiple chromatographies to yield neo-debromoaplysiatoxin G ( 1 ) (3.6 mg) and neo-debromoaplysiatoxin H ( 2 ) (4.3 mg). They were elucidated with spectroscopic methods. Moreover, the brine shrimp toxicity of the aplysiatoxin derivatives representing differential structural classifications indicated that the debromoaplysiatoxin was the most toxic compound (half inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) value = 0.34 ± 0.036 µM). While neo-aplysiatoxins (neo-ATXs) did not exhibit apparent brine shrimp toxicity, but showed potent blocking action against potassium channel Kv1.5, likewise, compounds 1 and 2 with IC 50 values of 1.79 ± 0.22 µM and 1.46 ± 0.14 µM, respectively. Therefore, much of the current knowledge suggests the ATXs with different structure modifications may modulate multiple cellular signaling processes in animal systems leading to the harmful effects on public health.

MiDCA1, a phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) neurotoxin isolated from Micrurus dumerilii carinicauda coral snake venom, inhibited a major component of voltage-activated potassium (Kv) currents (41 ± 3% inhibition with 1 μM toxin) in mouse cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. In addition, the selective Kv2.1 channel blocker guangxitoxin (GxTx-1E) and MiDCA1 competitively inhibited the outward potassium current in DRG neurons. MiDCA1 (1 µM) reversibly inhibited the Kv2.1 current by 55 ± 8.9% in a Xenopus oocyte heterologous system. The toxin showed selectivity for Kv2.1 channels over all the other Kv channels tested in this study. We propose that Kv2.1 channel blockade by MiDCA1 underlies the toxin's action on acetylcholine release at mammalian neuromuscular junctions.

During the development of selective peptides against highly homologous targets, a reliable tool is sought that can predict information on both mechanisms of binding and relative affinities. These tools must first be tested on known profiles before application on novel therapeutic candidates. We therefore present a comparative docking protocol in HADDOCK using critical motifs, and use it to "predict" the various selectivity profiles of several major αKTX scorpion toxin families versus K(v)1.1, K(v)1.2 and K(v)1.3. By correlating results across toxins of similar profiles, a comprehensive set of functional residues can be identified. Reasonable models of channel-toxin interactions can be then drawn that are consistent with known affinity and mutagenesis. Without biological information on the interaction, HADDOCK reproduces mechanisms underlying the universal binding of αKTX-2 toxins, and K(v)1.3 selectivity of αKTX-3 toxins. The addition of constraints encouraging the critical lysine insertion confirms these findings, and gives analogous explanations for other families, including models of partial pore-block in αKTX-6. While qualitatively informative, the HADDOCK scoring function is not yet sufficient for accurate affinity-ranking. False minima in low-affinity complexes often resemble true binding in high-affinity complexes, despite steric/conformational penalties apparent from visual inspection. This contamination significantly complicates energetic analysis, although it is usually possible to obtain correct ranking via careful interpretation of binding-well characteristics and elimination of false positives. Aside from adaptations to the broader potassium channel family, we suggest that this strategy of comparative docking can be extended to other channels of interest with known structure, especially in cases where a critical motif exists to improve docking effectiveness.