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Currently, assessing exposure to toxic chemicals detected in foodstuffs is a vital issue, especially regarding foods for babies and toddlers. The research

The quality and safety of food, intended for baby in particular, is one of the global issues of our time. The group of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines is of especially dangerous. It is worth mentioning that currently there are no standards for their content in Vietnam. Therefore, to ensure the chemical safety of infant food, it is necessary to improve the control system, including the development of modern technical and methodological base.

The article provides an overview of the available literature on problems of infant nutrition, and shows the historical development of the principles of infant feeding. It discusses in greater detail the use of goat milk as a basis for infant nutrition. It notes the need for a comparative analysis of breast milk substitutes, and for clinical studies evaluating the value of goat milk in infant nutrition.

The study of the nutrition and the nutritional status children of the first year age and children earliest age were conducted on nationally representative surveys (2500 children, 2-24 months) the Institute of Nutrition, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences with the Institute of Sociology Russian of Academy of Sciences, Gerber Product Company and Nestle Company in 2006. The level the frequency of breast feeding had among children 1 m.--80%, 2-4 m.--70%, 4-6 m.--60%. The lowest body mass Z-scores were registered 0.5-5.0% among of children, the tendency of obesity increase in the age were registered from 1.6 to 13% of children. Calculations of chemical composition and energy value of actual nutrition have show according to the values requirements.

The modern data on biological properties and taxonomy of a new kind of pathogenic bacteria Enterobacter sakazakii, capable to cause infections of necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis and neonatal meningitis in neonates are submitted. The method of detection E. sakazakii, providing testing for presence of any enterobacteria and identification food isolates of E. sakazakii with a number of key phenotypic markers is developed.

Fumonisins content were studied in the baby foods, grits and flour by HPLC. FB1 +FB2 were found in 95% of 129 samples of grits and flour in quantities from 30 to 4350 microg/kg (mean: 580 microg/kg). Fumonisins were found in baby food in 52% of snacks in the range from 10 to 720 microg/kg (mean: 35 microg/kg). Processed cereal-based and cereal and dairy-based food contained FB1+FB2 in 39% of cases in the amount from 10 to 9200 microg/kg (mean: 244 microg/kg). Fumonisins were not found in canned baby food on the cereal-based with meat, fish or fruit products.

The present research was directed on study of an actual meal and status of nutrition of children in the age of from birth till 5 years living in Murmansk (region of Far North). 998 children were surveyed. At an estimation of an actual meal of children the data about breast feeding are received, the basic nutrients misbalance of structure of diets of children are established, and their reasons are analyzed. On the basis of the received data the regional recommendations for organization of a healthy meal in children's preschool establishments and program of hygienic training of the parents to skills of a balanced diet of children of early and junior age were developed.

The authors followed up (in outpatient conditions) a total of fifty 1-to-9-mounth-old infants with the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis, disseminated form, of subacute course. The infants were followed up for 3-12 months, with 83% of the 113 examined patients 1-3 weeks after the beginning of treatment having shown clinical improvement of cutaneous inflammatory processes. Of the 172 infants subjected to immunological examination, in 100--the level of total IgE in blood serum was significantly elevated. These children also had elevated level of the specific IgE antibodies to cow's milk proteins. The outcomes of the carried out dietotherapy using mixture "Nanny" showed that this therapeutic product resulted in remission in the majority of the followed up infants suffering from allergy to cow's milk proteins.

Some health and development indicators were comparably analyzed at 218 children at age up to 3 years depending on the mode of feeding during first 12 month. The research was made at two stages. The first stage was done from 1990 till 1994. This period was characterized by so call traditional approach of the feeding system. The second one took place from 1995 till 1999. This period was characterized by new approach implementation such as free breast feeding, availability of modem infant formulas (adapted breast milk substitutes), changes at feeding system resulted to postponed because starting. The result of our research stated, that new approaches implementation at first year feeding system leaded to significant decreasing of the rate of the nutritional-depended diseases during the first year. Rates of incidence of acute-respiratory diseases, food allergy, functional stomach and gut-intestinal disorders low morphological indicators were depended on the way of feeding during the first 12 month. The differences hold on up to the end of the 3-d year. The results of research stated, that optimal health and development indicators were at breast feeding infants. Positive breast feeding long term influence depended of its duration, which must be at least for 6 month.

The article of discussion character is devoted to a problem of adequacy of breast milk substitutes to a true breast milk composition. The data on a multiple composition of breast milk including both nutrients and factors of growth--biologically active substances of breast milk are resulted. In paper was accentuated that the solution of a problem of adequate nutrition of children during first year of life in the first place is connected to propagation of need of breast feeding, health nutrition of mother in the pregnancy period and breast feeding and also with further adaptation of breast milk substitutes with the count of physiological need of infant organism in a wide diversification macro- and micro-nutrients. In this connection it is important to take into account not only indispensable nutrients (indispensable amino acids, fatty acids, mineral substances and trace elements), but also wide quantity of trace components of milk with the expressed biological activity, indispensable for normal development of a children[symbol: see text]s organism in early age.?

The oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin (Cp, EC 1.16.3.1), the content of immunoreactive Cp and copper ion concentration were measured in the serum of eight day-old rats receiving either breast feeding (control group) or commercial nutritive mixture which has been recommended for the newborn children beginning from zero age (experimental group). It was shown that the artificial feeding caused almost 3-fold increase of Cp oxidase activity and copper content in the serum when compared to age-matched controls. No changes in the copper content per Cp molecule were observed. Dot-hybridization of the total liver polyribosomal RNA with Cp [32P]cDNA showed that the increased Cp level in the blood of the rats of experimental group correlated well with the level of expression of Cp gene. The copper content in the liver of experimental rats was two times lower that in control animals while no differences was found in the brain copper content between two groups of rats. The role of the regulation of Cp gene expression in the lactating mammary gland and of milk Cp in the copper homeostasis in the newborn body is discussed.

There was studied a possibility of immunochemical specificity conservation in immunoglobulins ingested with a bolus of experimental fermented milk formula. Adult rats received intragastrically 4 ml of studied formula supplied with gamma-globulin fraction of normal serum. Concentration was measured of IgG, IgA and IgM in gastric and intestinal content and in feces 1, 2 and 30 hours later the ingestion by radial immunodiffusion and ELISA. At two hours of digestion up to 25.7% of IgG could be recovered from gastrointestinal tract in immunoprecipitated form. IgA and IgM macromolecules degraded in the intestinal lumen with significantly higher rate. Only trace amounts of IgG were revealed in feces. Molecular weight of immunoprecipitated IgG in distal intestinal compartment was equal to 50 kD according gel filtration data. This corresponds to large breakdown fragments of Fab or Fc type. It was concluded that this fragments could stimulate in non-specific manner some kinds of immunocompetent lymphocytes of intestinal tract.

Selenium contents in breast milk of Russia's and Vietnam's women after term and preterm childbirth and in breast milk substitutes were studied. The concentration of selenium in breast milk of Russia's women was normal after term and preterm childbirth. The level of selenium in breast milk of Vietnam's women was decreased and could not satisfy completely the need of breasted infants. Selenium contents in babyfood "Malutka" Istra' manufacturing company were lower than those in Sybaj' company.

Selenium status was studied in 70 healthy children under 1 year of age being on breastfeeding or bottle feeding. Selenium status was determined by analysis of selenium in baby's hairs and nails. Selenium was also analyzed in breast milk in course of the lactation and in breast milk substitutes. The selenium status was better in breastfed children than in bottle fed ones. The most high level of selenium was found in breast milk in first month of lactation. Selenium status of bottle fed children was depended on selenium level in milk substitutes. It is necessary further investigations on selenium status of children under 1 year age to elaborate and suggest the standard level of selenium contents in milk substitutes.

Chemical composition and technology of preparation of fat part of breast milk substitutes closed in lipid composition of prototype (in PUFA, phospholipid and cholesterol contents) are presented. It was shown that chosen combination of fats with antioxidant vitamins provides effective defense of food against spoiling during storage.

Until now the questions related to the character of lipid-protein interaction, the nature and role of their complexes and compounds still remain in dispute. The subjects of this paper are the investigation of the character of lipid-protein interaction during technological treatment of baby food mixtures, the elucidation of technological conditions leading to the formation of such complexes and the optimization of the manufacturing conditions of final products.

Analysis of the free amino acids (AA) in a blood plasma of premature infants receiving kinds of baby food has allowed to reveal a feature of AA metabolism. A significant increasing of sum of the free AA and stable contents of aromatic AA have been found in blood of premature infants fed Prepiltti [correction of 'Prepilti'] that testified to adequacy of protein in Prepiltti [correction of 'Prepiltu'] to requirements of premature infants. Also it has been established different changes of concentration methionine and cystine in this group of the babies that confirms a hypothesis about immature of liver enzymes catabolizing a methionine.

The data on toxic element and parasitic contamination of the fish from the Atlantic Ocean have been systematized. Basing on the criteria of safety involving MAC for heavy metals, pesticides, histamine, radionuclides, absence of parasitic contamination, recommendations have been formulated on the conditions under which raw fish is ecologically permissible for production of canned food for children.

The authors examined 156 babies on bottle feeding or breast and bottle feeding against control group of 60 babies whose diets were identical with the study group except additional intake of cotton-boll pectin. The latter was used for the first time as a biologically active ingredient of infant food (1 g per 100 ml of infant milk or food 3 times a day for 45-60 days). As a result of the pectin addition the infants of the study group had better nutritional status and physical development, their erythrocytic system was superior to that of the controls. It is stated that the addition of cotton-boll pectin to baby diet is beneficial for their health.

The paper is concerned with principal know-how aspects in production of sour milk food for infants and subjects on diet. Ingredients of dry (Rostok, Rostok 1) and liquid (Kislomolochny, Biolact) mixtures are listed. Increased production of the above food will help to meet the requirement of children and diet-keeping adults in dairy produce in Russia.

High-performance liquid chromatography and computer program for identification of individual triacylglycerols (TAG) were employed for investigation of TAG composition of mature breast milk and 8 specimens of dry milk food for infants. The comparison was made by 15 molecular types of breast milk TAG using methods "close neighbour" and "star symbol plot" (Statgraphics). The composition appeared quite different. The design of artificial nutrition for infants basing on identity of fatty acids is believed inadequate as it cannot reproduce Tag composition of natural breast milk.

The possibility of identification of Erwinia bacteria was established during the microbiological analysis of child nutrition products, containing vegetable components, for the presence of coliform bacteria. Biochemical and cultural-physiological properties differentiating Erwinia herbicola from Enterobacter agglomerans were studied, and the most significant differential-diagnostic tests for bacteria identification were determined. To identify Erwinia bacteria that do not belong to coliform bacteria the following additional tests are recommended for practical use at the sanitary-bacteriological laboratories: the presence of yellow or brown pigment during the growth in Endo medium; inoculation into nutrient agar medium with saccharose; inoculation into gelatin -containing medium.

"Sandwich" variant of ELISA was used to identify staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), types A and B, in S. aureus filtrates inducing food poisoning, in extracts of the lactic acid product for infants "Biphilin" that caused staphylococcal infection, and in foods contaminated with SE in varying concentrations. It has been shown that ELISA used for SE identification in foods permits revealing SE, types A and B, in liquid products in concentrations of 1-2 ng/ml (that is 1000-fold more sensitive, than the immunodiffusion test, 400-800-fold more sensitive than the passive hemagglutination test, and 10-fold more sensitive than the indirect passive hemagglutination test), and in solid products--in concentrations of 5-10 ng/g (after artificial contamination).

The results of the investigations conducted have shown that most milk samples analyzed contained from 2 to 55.2 mg/l nitrates (P50 = 27.2 mg/l), dried milk and dry milk mixtures contained from 56.5 to 91.0 mg/kg nitrates (P50 = 72.9 mg/kg). The amount of nitrates detected in most products prepared at special milk centers for child nutrition did not exceed the mean level of nitrates in the whole milk. However, 12% of milk samples and 6% of dry milk mixtures contained significantly higher levels of nitrates. A conclusion has been made on the necessity of testing and regulation of nitrate content in the milk and milk products for child nutrition.

A total of 25 normal children and 131 children with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) were investigated, 53 out of 131 IDA patients served as controls and received a standard food ration for children suffering from IDA, the rest received nutrition containing medicinal canned food. The following paraclinical parameters were evaluated in all the children investigated: red blood cell and hemoglobin content, calcium concentration, the content of ascorbic acid and vitamin B1, iron metabolism indices (serum iron, general and latent iron-binding capacity of the blood serum, coefficient of transferrin saturation with iron, serum ferritin). The results of the study have shown a favourable effect of the special-purpose medicinal canned food on IDA course in young children that necessitates their wide production and practical use.

The content of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, calcium and phosphorus in blood serum was measured in 80 premature infants aged 12 to 120 days depending on the type of feeding and rickets prevention. Administration of vitamin D in a dose of 400 IU and increase of calcium consumption up to 110-120 mg and of phosphorus to 45-57 mg per kg body weight at the expense of calcinated cottage introduction into the diet provide for the optimal levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and calcium in the blood of these children. Administration of calcium and phosphorus to children receiving breast feeding in doses of 80-90 and 33-37 mg/kg, respectively, is not sufficient for the maintenance of calcium homeostasis and endogenous supply with vitamin D even if the latter is given prophylactically. When children are fed with the mixture Maliutka, the maximal permissible dose of vitamin D may amount to 800 IU a day. Administration of vitamin D in a dose of 3750 IU is fraught with a danger of hypervitaminosis D in the presence of high alimentary supply with calcium and phosphorus and does not make calcium homeostasis return to normal in the presence of low supply with these mineral substances.