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The study basically aimed to identify how the Egyptian paper and electronic newspapers dealt with phenomenon of child abduction in Egypt in terms of form and content, and to identify the issues raised by the newspapers in the context of their discussion of phenomenon of child abduction. The problem of the study lies in the main question: How do the Egyptian paper and electronic newspapers deal with the phenomenon of child abduction during the period from January 2013 AD to January 2018 AD? The study is one of descriptive studies, it used the survey method, the comparative method, and the content analysis tool to collect data, and it represents the community of the analytical study in All the issues issued by (Al-Ahram & Al-Wafd) newspapers as samples of newspapers, and (Mesr al-Arabiya, alMesreen) newspapers as representatives of e- newspapers, In the period from January 2013 AD to January 2018 AD, in order to represent one of the most stages which the cries gone through, however, the total study sample of the newspapers reached (240) per newspaper, and one of the most important reasons for choosing this period of time is spread of phenomenon of child kidnapping in this period. The study found that the journalistic treatment to the problem, provided by the study newspapers for the phenomenon, was far away from ethics and standards of professional Journalistic practice. The study recommended giving attention to treatments of an explanatory and investigative nature and strengthening the status of opinion writing in Egyptian newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper which is titled “Effect of Changing Values of Scales and Currencies on Commercial Ships Taxes in Egypt during the 1st Persian Era (525-404 B.C.)” tackles interest of the Persians in marine commerce. In addition, this paper scrutinizes the taxes imposed on exporting and importing as well as tackling influence practiced on such taxes by the change of scales and currencies that were widespread in the region of Far ancient near East not only Egypt. The current study has found out that the Persian Government in Egypt imposed multiplied tax on Ionian commercial ships because of several political and economic factors which were not sufficiently mentioned or analysed in its sources. Additionally, the Persian Government distinguished the Phoenician commercial ships and made them distinctive by a type of tax lowering. This coped with the numerous exemptions granted by the Persian Empire for inhabitants of this region. Throughout this research paper, it has been found out that the increasing taxes of ships during this period were based on the additional tax on the constant tenth of its value. Accordingly, this additional tax had come to be an extra burden on owners of such ships. On the other hand, such ships were also regarded as a source for bringing precious metals particularly silver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the existence of studies that confirmed that the quality of Built Environment (BEQ) is the most important factors that affect the quality of life, and In light of the absence of quality in the Egyptian built environment in one or more of its aspects and its repercussions on the behaviors of people living in it, which led to a decrease in the quality of life in general, this research paper seeks to present a model for a comprehensive framework for assessing the BEQ in general. To achieve this goal, a deductive approach is adopted by analysing built environments rating systems, identifying the concept of quality generally and BEQ, starting with the concept of quality, its aspects, and methods of measurement, and to analyse the current methods of assessing BEQ to check its comprehensiveness, followed by the proposed conceptual framework for assessing BEQ and its basic pillars. As a result, a conceptual framework for assessing the BEQ including its pillars and the mechanism of work was proposed. It could be a base for establishing a system for assuring and assessing the quality of the built environment in Egypt as the paper recommend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aimed to identify the theoretical foundations of the Egypt Government Excellence Award, and to diagnose the current situation of the Faculty of Education, Benha University by diagnosing the internal environment (strengths and weaknesses), and diagnosing the external environment (opportunities and threats) for it, and to reveal the reality of applying the standards of the Egypt Award for Government Excellence in the Faculty of Education. Education, Benha University through a field study, in addition to developing a proposed strategy for the development of the Faculty of Education, Benha University, in the light of the criteria of the Egypt Government Excellence Award. Its strength is (116) from the academic staff, and (69) from the administrative staff at the Faculty of Education, Benha University. The research concluded in its results that: The college provides training programs commensurate with the needs of human capital. papers, fuel, printing inks, chemicals, etc.), the college works to a certain extent on the security and sustainability of its property through maintenance programs, there are objective and declared criteria for selecting academic and administrative leaders, and there are some problems it suffers from: lack of holding workshops or special awareness seminars The national indicators contributing to the realization of Egypt's vision 2030 and related to the college's activity or its announcement, the college's lack of projects related to sustainability in the economic and environmental fields, the lack of cooperation protocols with the sectors of society to provide technological support, the college's lack of applying future-looking tools in its various fields of work, The college's lack of application of innovation management policies in all its activities, the college's weakness in achieving job satisfaction for its human capital, the college's low level of interest in developing precautionary measures to face potential risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scientific paper sheds light on the "image of time" in the poetic texts of the poet Ibn Daniyal (1249-1311 AD), to reveal the "structure-function" in his poems, by employing the meaning of "understanding" as one of the basic and primary research tools in the structural-formative approach that was founded by the French critic, Lucien Goldmann (1913-1970 AD). The argument of the research is that Ibn Daniyal's use of temporal structures in his texts did not come arbitrarily, but it is rather out of awareness of the dialectical relationship between time as a historical period and time as a source of inspiration; where Ibn Daniel mixes between the two concepts to create poetic themes, with expressive contents about the reality of a relived life. From this perspective, the study aims to prove a relationship of mutual influence between the moment of creative creation of Ibn Daniyal’s temporal structure and its social contexts of living by the class of workers and craftswomen in particular. This is to prove its impact in creating temporal concepts related to the temporal and spatial eras that appeared in the Mamluk era particularly in Egypt. This study also investigate impact of this "spatio-temporal" in creating the structure of the perceptions of his poetic themes and their motives manifested from the structure-function, revealing the vision of the creator of the work for his world. The methodology of this study adopts the descriptive analytical approach. The study concluded that his line of poetry was formed by multiple standards. Ibn Daniyal used it to express the image of time in his mind, to which he gave contradictory features, such as: The absence of viability and presence of annihilation, deserted reality and fertile imagination, unity in utopian society and abandonment in dystopian society, and the psychology of alienation and the psychology of stability. The minor structure of work in the texts of Ibn Daniyal came in perfect harmony with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egypt's construction sector faces enormous challenges related to the construction phase, the most important of which is a considerable waste of effort, time, and money that may result in increasing the risk of losing projects. Indeed, eliminating such a waste will certainly improve the project performance, thereby enhancing the value of the project stakeholders. The researcher assumes that adopting lean construction (LC) approach is necessary to reduce waste, improve performance, and enhance the performance of the Egyptian construction sector at large. The research relies on a simplified methodology that has several positive outcomes: (1) saving time and cost; (2) boosting quality and safety; and (3) improving management process control, resource management, and relationships between project team members. Therefore, the main objective of the current paper is to examine and analyse the ability of wasteless construction principles to reduce waste in the construction process through an applied case study of a large construction project in Egypt. The study employs lean construction (LC) methodology and utilizes its technologies and tools to reduce waste in construction, particularly at the finishing stage, measuring their effectiveness in achieving the desired goals. The study assumes to have two major contributions: (i) determining the main causes of waste in the Egyptian construction industry; and (ii) applying LC methodology to prevent and eliminate the causes of waste inherent in the construction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to uncover the impact of Al-Zuhūr Magazine - which was issued in the second decade of the twentieth century in Egypt - on the Arab literary renaissance. It sheds light on the magazine special attention to literature, which distinguished it from most of the magazines that appeared at that time. The paper also attempts to reveal its role in the renaissance, as well as its prominent literary and poetic contributions to the transformation of poetic styles .The paper highlights the magazine's efforts in drawing interest to innovative attempts in modern Arabic literature in both poetry and prose. It illustrates this new style in poetic structure and prosody in a poem written by Khalil Muṭrān, and in a prosaic text by May Ziadeh with a poetic style. In addition, the paper would also highlight the magazine's interest in translating modern European literature. This illustrates to what extent the magazine had contributed to changing the literary taste at the beginning of the twentieth century by providing a literary horizon that allowed for renewal attempts in later stages, as happened with the al-Diwan and Apollo poetry schools and what came after them . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this working paper was to identify the concept of the digital age and technical and industrial secondary education and the twenty-first century skills of technical secondary education students in Egypt in the digital age, and recommendations and proposals to activate the development of the twenty-first century skills of technical secondary education students in Egypt in the digital age. The Cores topics of the working paper were as follows: The first Core: the concept of the digital age and industrial technical secondary education in Egypt The second Core: twenty-first century skills for technical secondary education students in Egypt in the digital age The third Core: recommendations and proposals to activate the development and skills of the twenty-first century for students of technical secondary education in Egypt in the digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professor Ahmad Okasha is a pioneer in the history of psychiatry worldwide and in the Arab world in particular. He has been inspiring many people to become psychiatrists and has made significant contributions to the development of psychiatry in Egypt and around the world. The paper is a summary of his literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of Arab-Arab alliances at present, and with the circumstances that Arab countries are going through, including economic crises and a state of political instability, not to mention security risks and threats, has become an urgent necessity. Hence, the idea of the "new Levant alliance" between the three countries (Iraq, Jordan, and Egypt), which is important regionally and Arabian, to promote partnership relations and concepts of joint defense, economic integration, and structural stability in the light of balanced cooperative/reciprocal relations among them. And by an approach that is supposed to serve the present and benefit in developing the future to achieve the goals and objectives of these strategic countries . This paper focused on five axes, looking at the features of this alliance and the challenges it will face, in addition to the role of the external factor (international and regional), which varied between supportive or afraid of it. depending on the chronology of the formation of the blocs between the three countries, and the nature of the relations that governed them, leading to the "New Levant Alliance", which can reorganize the relationship between its parties to be able to modify the rules of international and regional relations and policies in the Arab region in particular, and the Middle East in general, in a manner that serves its higher interests and major issues. The paper concluded that Arab-Arab alliances remain a vital issue that has its positives for the Arab people. They are established on correct, logical, and studied foundations to ensure their sustainability. There should be a study and evaluation of these alliances to alert them to the potential risks that they may face. The paper also stressed the need for the three countries to alert the alliance's expansion to include other Arab countries that would strengthen it to achieve continuity. These projects should be linked to the Arab interest and stay away from attaining foreign agendas. Most importantly, the coalition countries should reduce their ties to the United States as the main supporter and ensure independence in making decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify the most important modern trends in the academic accreditation of higher education institutions in order to benefit from these trends in Egypt. Therefore, the theoretical and theoretical framework of accreditation was discussed, represented Its concept, philosophy and procedures. The modern trends in academic accreditation which Supports the independence of universities and calls for innovation like self-accreditation, and Six Sigma, which calls for the application of accurate measures to identify the most important errors that impede the achievement of the objectives of the institution and the establishment of these errors at the minimum, and the trend towards intensification and integration of accreditation standards and This paper recommended that a certain philosophy of accreditation should be established: a suitable reward for accredited institutions, and the use of the self-reliance system to distinguish higher education institutions that meet a certain level of achievement of performance standards For example, more than 80% of all standards), relying on accurate and standardized measures to measure the return of the quality assurance system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parametric design is called many meanings, including boundary design, modelling, standard design or variable design all lead to parametric meaning. Parameter design is an architectural approach that uses vocabulary in the light of a set of rules and design patterns that achieve design objectives in the presence of a design idea And research finds that the problem is that such a contemporary approach to design is rarely used in Egypt, although it is widely used around the world and in countries that share with Egypt the cultural heritage, nature and environmental condition, But the complexity of using programming techniques in design without studying or knowing the vocabulary on which the parameter and the associated formation rules depend directly affects design thinking and, in turn, affects the cost because it needs various and modern implementation techniques.. Therefore, the research aims to derive the vocabulary of the parametric approach and to identify the rules and patterns of this contemporary design approach. The paper addresses the different concepts of parameter design, the main principles on which it relies and the basic patterns on which the architect can identify the features of the parameter building. The study found that the parametric approach has been proven to be efficient using various modes of formation and various architectural vocabulary in achieving all design objectives. The research recommends using the benchmark for architectural design equation in identifying and analyzing parametric buildings in light of patterns and rules to reach the parametric vocabulary to achieve different design Features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this working paper was to identify the concept of the fourth industrial revolution and industrial technical secondary education and the digital skills of technical secondary education teachers in Egypt in light of the fourth industrial revolution, and recommendations and proposals to activate the development of digital skills for teachers of industrial technical secondary education in Egypt in light of the fourth industrial revolution. The Cores topics of the working paper included the following: The first core: the concept of the fourth industrial revolution and industrial technical secondary education in Egypt The second Core: digital skills for teachers of industrial technical secondary education in Egypt in light of the fourth industrial revolution The third Core: recommendations and proposals to activate the development of digital skills for teachers of industrial technical secondary education in Egypt in light of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study sought to identify the reality of integrating the mentally handicapped in general education schools and to identify the most important difficulties and obstacles that prevent the achievement of the goal of integrating them with the ordinary and to put some proposals based on building on the positives and avoiding difficulties and obstacles. And the mentally handicapped were taught for long periods within a special system called schools of intellectual education, provided they passed codified intelligence tests, and they were the ones who were called the educators, and the chances of them coming into contact with the ordinary were almost non-existent except within the family, and soon the world turned to a policy of gradual integration as it began The so-called attached classes, which are classes for the mentally handicapped, are attached to general education schools, and the precedence was in the Arab world for the Gulf states, by virtue of the researcher’s work, and that was in 2003. However, the opportunities for integrating with the ordinary people were very limited and were limited to sports activities, artistic and agricultural education and other activities, and after the end of the activities classes, everyone returns to his class, the mentally disabled, to their class as well as the ordinary. Then the global trend of educational integration of the mentally disabled began under the umbrella of comprehensive integration and Egypt took Serious steps towards this direction and the enactment of many legislations that contribute to the integration of people with special needs, including the mentally handicapped. However, the comprehensive integration adopted by the Ministry of Education faced many difficulties that prevented the optimum and great benefit from the idea of inclusion, and this is the problem of the current study that the researcher is dealing with. Where the researcher monitored the reality of integrating the mentally handicapped into public education schools after a series of decisions issued by the Egyptian Ministry of Education, which at the end of which made all the schools of the Republic inclusive schools that allow the mentally handicapped close to those schools to apply to them after fulfilling the papers and conditions, and the researcher found in these studies There are many difficulties and obstacles in the method of integrating the mentally handicapped into public education schools, and these difficulties are multiple, some of which are due to human cadres and others are due to buildings and equipment, including to legislation and decisions. At the end of this study, a proposed scenario can be avoided according to which those difficulties and obstacles that face the integration of the mentally disabled with the ordinary ones can be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) approach to investigate demand for the most important sources of animal protein in Egypt throughout the period (1997-2019) considering individual incomes and their associated expenditure level. However, animal protein in this study is composed of red meat (Candoz), poultry meat (farm chicken), fish meat (tilapia), eggs and buffalo milk. In addition, it aims to explore their price seasonality. The results suggest that demand price elasticity for red meat, poultry, fish, eggs and milk is inelastic, whereas for income elasticity, it shows that the above mentioned protein sources are necessary goods. Meanwhile, complementary and supplementary relationships haven been revealed among the five sources for cross elasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study gives an ideal vision for developing the internal environment of health buildings in line with the state's vision in developing health buildings for the year 2020 AD, as the health sector in Egypt needs to keep pace with modern trends at the level of health architecture, or what is known as hospital architecture, which is related to the efficiency of the performance of health buildings, especially at the level of Interior design and its impact on the physical and psychological aspects and on the mechanisms of transforming the user experience and its interaction with reality through realizing the vocabulary of interior design. The problem of the research is that there is ambiguity in the relationship between the colors used in hospital rooms and the psychological comfort of patients and their improvement in their health condition, feeling of safety and the effectiveness of employees as well, which reflects the lack of awareness of the indications and the functional effects of colors and the extent of their impact on the users of those spaces. The research paper aims to research the role of colors represented in the interior design elements of floors, ceilings, walls, furniture, lighting, and architectural supplements and their association with patients' well-being and improvement in their health status and the behavior and well-being of the staff of doctors and nurses, which represents the main component of the health performance efficiency "user satisfaction". The research is limited to investigating the visual effect variables only and ignoring other perceptual factors such as acoustics (language, noise), smell (hygiene materials), and taste (food, medicine). The research also deals with focusing on the impact of architectural variables on the color organization of the well-being and behavior of the staff It does not include their health condition. The research ends with determining whether there is, in fact, evidence that different colors make a difference in the patient’s health and the effectiveness of the staff as factors that influence the efficiency of health performance in spaces, and then the possibility of developing a color philosophy or a scheme for choosing colors in the residence rooms depends on certain standards and specifications and scientific reasons that do not take only Considering the psychological and physiological effects, but also the aesthetic effects on the concerned persons in order to achieve the user's satisfaction and thus the efficiency of the performance of those spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of developing professions in society begins with the development of education, and to bring its outputs in line with the changes in the labour market, and the requirements of the labor market have become significant pressures, as the preparation and qualification of graduates in various branches of science and knowledge has become an important requirement for all the professional areas necessary for the labour market, and architectural education is affected as one of the academic and vocational education programs with these changes and developments, where the architectural labour market suffers from the inappropriateness of the architecture graduate in the engineering faculties for his functional Requirements; This paper aims to develop architectural education courses in the Department of Architecture at Al-Azhar University to suit the functional Requirements, so the research conducted a field study (job description form) to account for the functional Requirements of the architecture profession by identifying the career tasks of the architect in Egypt and the knowledge and skills required by using the "DACUM" methodology, and then developing and designing the educational objectives That the graduate needs to qualify for the labor market, the research concluded a series of results to contribute to the development of architectural education courses at Al-Azhar University, in addition to a set of recommendations that can promote architectural education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study of red meat consumption in Egypt is one of the important goals of achieving Egyptian food security and which matters that contribute to producers making the decision to increase investment or not in this vital sector, Especially in light of the inability of local production to meet the consumption requirements of the population, and this deficit is covered through imports, As the amount of the domestic product of red meat reached about 792 thousand tons in 2017, While the amount of consumption of it amounted to about 1202 thousand tons in the same year, and the amount of the food gap reached about 410 thousand tons in the same year, which is compensated for through the import, which amounted to about 412 thousand tons for the same year. The paper mainly aimed to study the consumption of red meat based on targeted sample of red meat and its alternatives consumers in Alexandria Governorate the number of sample reached about 60 families, with average of each family was 5 members. This sample was collected during year 2020 The most important results of the research were the following: 1- The number of local cows slaughtered increased at an annual growth rate of about 7.3%, Meanwhile, the number of imported cattle calves increased at an annual growth rate of about 24.4% during the study period. 2- The decrease in the number of slaughtered buffaloes, at an annual rate of about 3.5%, While the number of slaughtered local sheep and goats increased at an annual growth rate of about 4.3% and 11.1%, respectively. 3- Retail prices for Canadian meat increased at an annual growth rate of 11.9%, Retail prices for veal also increased at an annual growth rate of about 12.6%, It was found that retail prices of mutton increased at an annual growth rate of about 11.1%. 4- The amount of red meat consumed in Egypt increased at an annual growth rate of about 1.6%, while the amount of Egyptian imports of red meat increased at an annual growth rate of about 6.5%. 5- The consumption expenditure of red meat, poultry and fish in the research sample in Alexandria Governorate is affected by the price of the commodity itself, the prices of the substitute commodities, and the total expenditure on those three commodities under study. 6- The demand for red meat, poultry and fish is flexible, as the change in spending on these commodities is greater than the change in their prices, Poultry and fish are also considered substitutes for red meat due to the substitution relationship between them, The research revealed that the aforementioned commodities are necessary for the consumer in the research sample in Alexandria Governorate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to study the effectiveness of travel and tourism influencer’s marketing of touristic destinations in Egypt across social media. The study utilizes the source credibility model. The study was performed on an available sample of 341 followers of travel and tourism influencers in Egypt. The study concluded that the influencers were viewed as credible in terms of three constituents of credibility which are trust, attractiveness and experience. Although followers revealed trust in influencer’s genuine posts; they trusted sponsored posts by the influencer to a lesser extent. The study showed that influencers had a noticeable impact on their followers in term of growing their knowledge of the Egyptian touristic product. Moreover, clear intention to visit the destination recommended by the influencer was noticed. The assumption of an associative relation between researched followers’ perception to influencer’s credibility and intention to visit the destination, was proven to be valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the world is witnessing many variables at the local, regional and other levels at the global level, which requires providing an educational system capable of contributing to facing these changes and the accompanying challenges. One manifestation of those challenges is the reproduction of educational systems and programs from some foreign countries without awareness of the extent of their suitability to the nature of Egyptian society as well. Minor application of information technology, and poor link between education and its outputs. Most educators were the means to achieve these outcomes and develop them and link them to the requirements of the labor market, in light of monitoring reality and future aspirations - the curriculum - with the information, knowledge, skills, trends and values consistent with the characteristics of learners on the one hand, and the aspirations and goals of society on the other hand, armed with a philosophy Flexible educational institutions able to address these challenges; Hence, the process of updating and developing the curriculum was an urgent need, dictated by moral responsibility and the national interest, because it is aimed at the benefit of the most valuable thing owned by society, which is educated today and tomorrow. Believing in the importance and role of the curriculum in preparing students for different academic stages in general, and students of technical education schools in a special person, and its role in improving their outcomes, the Services in Canada Curriculum Services Center issued a set of documents that all emphasized the importance of the curricula keeping pace with aspirations and future changes, and pursuing Its amazing developments in various fields of science, as it stressed the importance of monitoring and analyzing reality, including its successes and failures, and the extent of its impact in setting features for the future, and on the imperative of actual development and modernization of curricula and linking it to the requirements of the labor market. There have been many attempts in the recent period by the Ministry of Education and Technical Education in Egypt to develop curricula and programs for preparing the technical worker in technical education schools in accordance with literary competencies, but these attempts lack many of the educational foundations and rules that must be followed in developing curricula, due to inconsistencies Concepts and visions about what curricula are based on literal competencies, which the working paper will try to present in a scientific way, according to the researcher's personal point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the most effective digital stimuli (digital zoom and color cueing) used in the treatment of online academic content, with synchronous and asynchronous communication, in a mobile environment. This aims to explore their impact on developing postgraduates’ statistical data analysis skills and their attitude towards them, as well as on developing their self-efficiency. The sample comprises 48 postgraduates at the Faculty of Specific Education, Tanta University, Egypt. The participants were divided into 4 experimental groups. The academic content was available online via mobile phones. The results showed significant differences at 0.05 between the means of the experimental groups who handled the online, mobile, digitally treated content in the summative assessment, the product assessment card and self-efficiency scale in favor of the groups who studied the zoom-treated content rather than those who handled the spot-treated content. Other statistically significant differences were reported based on the modes of online communication and their attitude towards them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the relationships among academic procrastination, cognitive failure, and life stress in a sample of faculty of Education students. In addition, gender differences were explored across academic procrastination, cognitive failure, and life stress. The sample consisted of 300 fourth-year undergraduate students from the College of Education of Kafrelsheikh University in Egypt, (150) males and 150 females at the mean (21.92) years old, and standard deviation (2.32) during the 2017/2018 academic year. Measures used include Academic Procrastination, Cognitive Failure, and Life Stress scales created by the researcher. By using the appropriate statistical methods to analyze the data, positive statistically significant relationships among academic procrastination, cognitive failure, as well as life stress were found. In addition, male students reported statistically significantly higher levels of all three variables. Implications for teaching and learning in higher education are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is the main component of sustainable and integrated development in Egypt, and the horizontal expansion in agriculture is related to the state's ability to procure the water necessary for this expansion. The main problem with water resources is the imbalance between the increase in water demand and the availability of obtained quantity. Also agriculture occupies the largest share in the use of water resources and the economic return is not proportional with this use, where it consumes about 76.7% of the available water resources in 2017. Also, the study illustrate the current state of water resources, whether traditional and non-traditional water resources. Estimate the productive and economic efficiency of the water unit in agricultural use by estimating the productivity of m3 water, returning to m3 water. Study of some indicators of sustainable development of water resources. Therefore, the paper relied on the study of the water use efficiency index and the water stress index, also descriptive and quantitative analyses methods through estimating the annual growth rate, percentages and averages to achieve its goals using published and unpublished data in economic publications of Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Ministry of Planning, Follow-up and Administrative Reform and Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. Among the most important results obtained is that the annual growth rate of available water resources reached about 1%, while the annual growth rate of agricultural use of available water resources reached about 0.4% during the period (2005-2017). It was also found that sugar cane and rice crops have a relatively high water rating, and it was clarified that the crops of persistent alfalfa, aground alfalfa and full-ripe onions have a relatively high productivity advantage, and it was found that onion crops, ripe garlic, chickpeas and persistent alfalfa, are relatively highly economical compared to the rest of the crops in 2017. It was also found that the efficiency of water use reached its maximum in 2016 (about $ 3.9/m3), while it was found that water stress reached 117.5% in 2016, and it rose to about 120% in 2018, which greatly affects resource sustainability. This study recommend the necessity of spreading water awareness among the members of society to achieve the optimal use of the available water resources, also expansion of crops with high productivity and economic advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term of sustainability goes beyond applying green architecture strategies. Sustainability refers to techniques which conserve resources, preserve the natural environment, protect local population, and support the principle of justice and equity. Therefore, the achievement of sustainability in the field of construction requires great and multi faces effort to solve the social, economic, and environmental problems. At the local level (Egypt), although there are serious steps toward more sustainable construction industry, many research studies confirmed that the already used system currently in Egypt to rate the sustainable buildings (Green Pyramid Rating system, GPRS) needs to be developed in order to be more effective and usable. There is a great need for developing a rating system for sustainable hotels which can classify hotels in Egypt in terms of sustainability in a comprehensive way starting from early design stages and continue to evaluate the building during and after the construction stage. Therefore, it is necessary to benefit from the systems which are used globally for rating sustainable buildings in order to create a local system by modification of the already existed criteria and to add new criteria in order to achieve a system which meets the local requirements. This research paper suggests a sustainability rating system which classifies hotels in the southern region of Upper Egypt based on improving the local system (GPRS) to be used for classifying hotels particularly because hotels are considered from the most energy consuming buildings and they generate a huge amount of wastes in addition to the increasing awareness of users who consider the sustainable and environment friendly hotels as preferred destinations. The suggested rating system which is Green Pyramid Rating System for hotels, (GPRS-H) is based on using the criteria of the German system (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen, DGNB( by modifying them to be more suitable for the local environment in Egypt in addition to excluding certain criteria which are not consistent to the local context. Additionally, the principle of participation has been applied here to help in determining logic relative weights for the criteria and indicators of the suggested system through conducting a questionnaire for the experts in the field of sustainable buildings. The suggested rating system includes six categories of criteria. The environmental quality occupies the first rank in terms of relative weight, then the economic quality, social and cultural quality, technical quality, planning and construction quality, and site quality. Each category includes some criteria which can be evaluated by using certain indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the introduction of the philosophical reasoning and Aristotelian logic among the Muslims during the Abbasid period in the second and third/eighth and ninth centuries, Muslim theologian began to interpret debates regarding the nature and attributes of God and His relation to man and the universe. Three eminent scholars: al-Maturidi in Central Asia, al-Ash'ari in Iraq, and al-Tahawi in Egypt played a leading role in this context. This paper aims to study the theological work of Abū Manṣūr Al-Hanafī al-Māturīdī titular head of the Māturīdīyah School of Theology. He is considered one of the most important Sunni theologians. He endeavored to reconcile conflicting ideas and settle the theological problems of the time by adopting a system that would satisfy reason and conform to the general tenets of the Qur'an and the Sunnah. He exercised profound and lasting influence on the subsequent development of Muslim philosophy and theology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studied the Iraqi attitudes towards Camp David Accords in 1978. This Accord Considers One of the worst agreements that Signed by Egypt and the Zionist in 1978. keeping in mind that Egypt had many wars with Zionists. Egypt was the first Arabian country which faced the Zionist attacks on the Palastinies People Since 1948. The president Jamal Abdul Nasar is the most Nationalist Arabian leader who Stood against the Israeli plans. Iraq ، also ، Considers One of the first Arabian Countries which Supported Egypt in its Policies against the Zionists. The Iraqi - Egyptian relations were very distinguished and featured as very Co-operated until disaster of Egypt when it Signed the Comb David Accords which attacked the Iraqi policy towards Egypt and this accords Contributed in bad relations between Iraq and Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the next decade, an expected urban acceleration will occur in Egypt. The urban population will be increased by 34% more than 2006 ratio. Demographic pressures, rapid urbanization lead to more issues. While cities are growing rapidly in population, their development model is quite different from the Sustainable model. Egypt's 2030 vision for sustainable development has defined the future of Egyptian cities. The urban economy would be grown in more competitive and diversified manner. Therefore, an urban transformation should be taking place to induce the desired sustainable urban development. Our urban areas are in an urgent need for an advanced governance that is able to improve the socio-economical and environmental sustainability. At recent decades, policy-makers and academics, either in developed or developing countries, have focused on smart city concept. ICT addresses challenges and problems related to resource management, sustainable development, climate change, quality of life and improved performance of the city as a whole. This route will present the concept of the Smart City as a radical solution to many urban issues. Such concept is considerd as a revolution in the design and management of urban areas. This paper developped guidelines to manage the urban transformation of Egyptian cities with the drive of Smart City concept to help decision-makers and city managers to prioritize and to develop strategies to achieve the smart and sustainable development of existing Egyptian cities. The study depended on the inductive approach to define the concept of smart sustainable city and related information and concepts. literature review as well as a case study analysis were the methodology to reveal success's factors of urban transformation towards smartness to achieve the desired sustainable urban development. To deduce most important opportunities and challenges as well as to conclud guidelinese, the mental syllogistic reasoning approach was used. The study concluded that urban transition of Egyptian cities towards smartness is possible but its roadmap has many obstacles and challenges. The efforts of all decision makers, governors. academics and stakeholders have to be integrated to suggest and embrace our own initiative smart sustainable city as a prompt and costlyeffective solution towards sustainability. This critical situation demand a self evolution and reconstructuring for municiplities - the key actor. municiplities have to launch smart applications and encourage the participation of all stakholders, in developing goals, priorities, plans, policies, strategies and actions. Municiplities have to look for ingenious ideas to financ the smart city’s intiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egypt's agricultural land is limited to about 3.8% of its total area, However, it faces a problem of encroachment and conversion to non-agricultural uses, in particular, construction, The study aims to assess the negative /positive impacts of agricultural land conversion via construction on the social and personal levels, However, the results reveal the following:- The main negative impact for agricultural land lies in its area loss that amounted to about 10.517 feddan in Menoufia governorate compared to about a total loss of about 145.213 feddan during the period from 1983 to January 2018, In addition, the costs required for Menoufia governorate to reclaim new land to compensate for this loss is estimated at 2.3 billion pounds compared to about 32.5 billion pounds for grand total construction conversion. For irrigation water, the negative impact in Menoufia governorate is estimated at 161.8 million cubic meters of water that needed to new lands reclamation to compensate for the loss in old agricultural lands compared to about 2.9 billion cubic meters of water for grand total construction conversion allover Egypt. For agricultural crops, the negative effect embodies the loss of about 287,63 thousand tons from various crops in Menofuia governorate compared to about 3.475.7 thousand tons all over Egypt, In other words, there is an annual forgone income in Menofuia governorate estimated by LE 387,5 million compared to about 4.9 billion all over Egypt. For agricultural employment, the negative effect embodies the loss in agricultural employment opportunities in encroached land area, That is estimated by about 0.86 million men/working days in Menoufia governorate compared to about 11.73 million men / working days all over Egypt. On the other hand, the positive impact is confined to: (1) About the cultivated land area will be increased by the equivalent area size which converted to construction activity (2) The notable increase in average market value per feddan due to its construction activity transformation that reaches about 33 fold of its value in villages (rural area) compared to about 100 fold to its value in cities (urban area), (3) Cultivating in new virgin lands free of polluted chemical residuals compared to polluted old lands (due to over use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides) (4) Reducing the population density in countryside, thus reducing agricultural land demand for construction activities. For irrigation water, the positive effects are: (1) saving the amount of water that was used to irrigate the agricultural before construction conversion, In which is estimated at about 84.94 million cubic meters for Menoufia compared to 1.434 billion cubic meters for grand total construction conversion allover Egypt, (2) Reducing and rationing irrigation water consumption via employing modern irrigation methods developed by sprinkling and drip, saving about 40% of conventional irrigation water consumption. While, the positive effect constitutes the increasing of agricultural production from different crops by about 984.6 thousand tons compared to about 8.098 thousand tons all over Egypt as due to the increase in reclaimed than the encroached land by its equivalence area, In addition, the possibility of using agricultural mechanization and extension technological packages, Thus, the estimated annual increase in revenues for Menoufia governorate could reach about LE 984.3 million compared to about LE 11.4 billion all over Egypt, Moreover, producing of healthy crops free of chemical residuals due to employing bio agricultural technologies in reclaimed land, Thus, maintaining of the citizens health and increasing farmer’s income due to high bio products prices. On the other hand, the positive effect constitutes the increase in employment opportunities in newly reclaimed areas by about 2.2 million men/working days in Menoufia governorate compared to 27.33 million men/working days all over Egypt. The paper also addressed the most important reasons that encourage encroachment on agricultural land via construction, Moreover, it suggested some proposals for overcoming encroachments on agricultural land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is believed that the declining contribution of the agricultural sector to Egypt's GDP is due to many factors such as the nature of agriculture itself and the structure of its land holdings in addition to the modesty of public investments that are allotted to the sector. For example, 4 percent only of national investments were devoted to the agricultural sector in the fiscal year 2014/2015. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the effect of public investment on the growth of the agricultural sector through the application of the vector autoregressive model (VAR) and the Granger causality test for the relationship between investment on one hand and growth of the agricultural economy on the other hand. The results reveal that there is a one directional causality between investment and growth. The decomposition analysis indicates that investment strongly and positively impacts the growth of the agricultural sector. The study recommends the expansion of public investment in agricultural infrastructure in order to lower the costs of production and to attract private investment to the agricultural sector. It is recommended also that the banking system should provide loans to the agricultural enterprises at low interest rates. Low interest loans should encourage farmers to take the risk and invest in new agricultural projects and to upgrade their old farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egypt depends on the Nile River as a major source of water, it provides about 76.3% of its water requirements, other water sources provides about 23.7% of total water requirements. Agriculture sector is the main consumer of water in Egypt as it consumed about 85.9% of the total actual consumption of water in 2009. The main problem of the present paper is the decrease in the efficiency of water use in Egyptian agriculture. The objective of paper is to assess the efficiency of water use in agriculture in the old and new land Egypt through the use of partial efficiency measures. Results showed that inaverage of the cost of irrigation per feddan during the period (1998-2009), that was for winter crops in the old lands as follows: 85.3, 105.8, 119.3, 127.3 pounds/feddan for faba bean, sugar beet, alfalfa sustained, wheat at a cost of irrigation per feddan of which respectively. For summer crops in old land cost was about 114.7, 129.5, 139.8, 156.2, 217.8, 606.1 pounds/ feddan at a cost of, sesame, soybean, peanut, corn, rice, sugar cane, respectively. For the winter crops in the new lands irrigation cost per feddan was about L.E 99.3, 169.0 for garlic and onion respectively. Summer crops in the new lands irrigation costs for watermelon, cucumber, potatoes, eggplant, peppers, and tomatoes were as follows: L.E 92.4, 133, 138.7, 139.8, 157.7, 194.3 pounds/feddan respectively. The results of the statistical analysis of partial-efficiency measures showed that, according to the criterion of net revenue from the water unit - winter crops on the old land as follows: alfalfa, wheat, faba bean, and sugar beet. As for the summer crops of old land the results showed of the statistical estimate of the partial-efficiency measures that peanuts, corn, sesame, sugar cane, rice, soybeans respectively. In the new lands the results of statistical analysis for the partial-efficiency measures, according to the standard net return of the water unit for winter crops were garlic followed by the first crop of onions. As for the summer crops, the results of statistical analysis of partial-efficiency measures, according to the standard net return of the water unit came summer crops in the new lands, were as follows: potatoes, tomatoes, watermelon, cucumber, eggplant, pepper. The results in general indicated the necessaries of reconsidering the present structure of cropping pattern to increase the efficiency of irrigation water use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Egyptian agriculture sector has suffered from the governmental interventions that led to decreasing the efficiency of using the sector's resources especially those related to pricing of wheat, com and rice as strategic crops. These interventions led to market and price distortions. Accordingly, this paper, aims to investigate these distortions and evaluate the price policy using Policy Analysis Matrix and to investigate the price imbalances using the partial Equilibrium Model. The Policy Analysis Matrix for wheat shows that the nominal rate of protection for outputs is 0.23 as an average for the study period (2000-2013) and the effective rate of protection for the same period is 0.17. It has also shown that the nominal rate of protection for the inputs is 1.13. The average cost of local inputs for wheat has shown to be 0.068 as an average for the study period and the profitability coefficient is 0.106 for the same period. As for corn, the nominal rate of protection for outputs is 0.25 as an average for the study period (2000-2013) and the effective rate of protection for the same period is 0.18. It has also shown that the nominal rate of protection for the inputs is 1.17. The average cost of local inputs for wheat has shown to be 0.069 as an average for the study period and the profitability coefficient is 0.11 for the same period. As for rice, the nominal rate of protection for outputs is 0.133 as an average for the study period (2000-2013) and the effective rate of protection for the same period is 0.097. It has also shown that the nominal rate of protection for the inputs is 1.105. The average cost of local inputs for wheat has shown to be 0.038 as an average for the study period and the profitability coefficient is 0.059 for the same period. .. Using the Partial Equilibrium Model for wheat, several indicators estimated. These indicators include; the average net economic loss in production, average net economic loss in consumption, average net social loss, average loss- in production surplus, average consumer gains, average loss in government revenue, and change in foreign cash. Values of these indicators are 2.2, 3,5.2,5.4, 10.5, 55, and 13.4 million EGP respectively as an average for the study period. As for com, the same indicators estimated. Values of these indicators are 1.1, 1.6,2.6,3.9,6.6,31, and 7.1 million EGP respectively as an average for the study period. As for rice, the same indicators estimated. Values of these indicators are 3.5, 3.65, 7.2, 12.9, 12.5, 23.6, and 16.6 million EGP respectively as an average for the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial planning is the most important part of national planning in developing countries such as the Arab Republic of Egypt. Processing industries such as the Biscuits industry are growing fast. There fore an increasing share of industrial output is attributed to them. However, costs of production are one of the most important indicators for the economic efficiency in the use of economic resources in various processing industries. The research problem is presented in the deficient supply of various raw materials required for the Biscuits processing industries around the year, which leads to higher costs of production. The objective of this investigation are: (1) estimation of the optimum size and profit maximizing output, (2) estimation of the technical, economic and price efficiencies, (3) estimation of the optimum cost of production. However, due to the production of several varieties of biscuits in the "Bisco Misr" company, this research paper will cover only the "Lux Biscuits" because it is one of the most important varieties, with an average production amounting to 5926.9 tons in 2012, representing 43.6 % of the total productions in El Suaf Processing Factory, amounting to 13593.6 tons in the same year. The most important results of the study include: (1) The Egyptian company for Food Production "Bisco Misr" is considered one of the pioneering companies in Biscuits production . Its market share amount to 20% of the Egyptian Biscuits Market, (2) The number of labor force in the company amounts to 2888 person in 2011, and their total wages amount to 91.8 million pounds, (3) The company total production amounts to 397.7 million pounds in 2011, (4) the statistical estimation of the lux Biscuits costs of production functions, in El Suaf Factory in Alexandria, indicates that the cubic function is the best mathematical form, it also indicate that the optimum amount of output is estimated by 7943 tons, and the profit maximizing output amount to 9414 tons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]