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This research attempted to investigate the semantic effect resulting from the synergy or merging of the lexical and contextual meanings to clarify intents. With the aim of reaching the intent of the analyst, the book Sharh Al-Radhiy ‘alaa Kaafiat Ibn Al-Haajib as a linguistic reading blog was used. The objective of the study was determined by tracing the two lexes (meaning) and (denotation) besides their derivatives in the book in a pursuit to elaborate the different meanings contained in it. To this end, the research was divided into a general introduction and a brief preface that talked about the debatable relationship between lexis and meaning, in addition to two parts where the first section is concerned with meaning and its derivatives (I mean, it means...), and the second which is concerned with denotation and its derivatives (signifier, signification, it signifies). At the end of the study, a number of results were reached at, with the most important being that Al-Radhiy made use of the word (meaning) in different usages, some being lexical and the others being contextual, in which the intents of speech and the aims of the discourse are clearly manifested. These usages carry the following meanings: signification, the lexical meaning, manifestation of terminology, and interpretation. Further, he used the word (denotation) in the book having the sense of (meaning) to some extent, implying (indication) often, and inferring (evidence) rarely. Moreover, the research refuted the use of the ancient Arab grammarians of denotation as being the meaning, and to their view of the former as synonymous to the latter. This is due to the fact that their use of it in the sense of (meaning) on the one hand, and on the other hand in the sense of the denotation causes a lot of ambiguity and vagueness. And perhaps it does not at present conform with the rules of terminology that stipulate the use of a single term to denote a single concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims at examining the urgent changes in the Israeli position from the Syrian crisis (2011-2017) which came as a result of the complexities of the positions of the conflicting parties to the conflict and the problems it left for Israel in visualizing the final status in line with its strategic interests. This made Israel deal with the crisis from the beginning in a tactical manner, and according to the updates imposed. Thus, the Israeli position on the crisis has undergone several transformations, influenced to a large extent by the development of its events, which is linked to the set of international and regional changes intertwined with it. This position ranged between the state of ambiguity, and sometimes limited intervention during the first years of the crisis, and the sufficiency of relying on the United States to protect its interests, and direct military action after the Russian intervention in 2015, to confront the threats to its national security, represented mainly by the growing of the Iranian controlling power from its northern border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem we would like to study on the topic: "The poetic picture between theoretics and application" is manifested in the difference of critics in the definition of the term "image", since it did not receive a distinctive definition of it that would remove it from the ambiguity of its term. This ambiguity is due to the interest of many different fields of knowledge in studying the term image. We find the interpreters of the Holy Quran to speak about them in the interpretations of the Holy Quran. We also find philosophers interested in studying them in philosophy and logic. We also find the linguists to mention them in their linguistic books. We also find the rhetoric expanding its study in Arabic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to derive a number of methods that linguists have followed in questioning the Bedouins to obtain answers from their mouths spontaneously, this makes the audible material in its purest linguistic form, as it considers the comprehensiveness of this audio and not being limited to what is called the “common” language. Thus, the research reveals the amount of investigation spent in order to collect this material in its purest form, it also responds to some of what was said about the ancients about their collection of the “common” or standard language, it concludes with a number of conclusions; the most important of these is the diversity and comprehensiveness of accountability methods for linguists, and seize the opportunity to reveal every ambiguity in the language. Other results reveal the awareness of linguists of the importance of elucidating the linguistic material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research deals with the study of the argumentative actors and links in Surat Al- Qasas, relying on the descriptive and analytical method. Through it, it was found that the connections formed a prominent effect on the orbital process, As well as its impact on interconnectedness and harmony. Therefore, the argumentative links have an advantage in linking arguments and results in explanation and removing ambiguity and ambiguity. The study proved that the relationships produced by the orbital connections vary according to the heterogeneity of the links, and this allows for a set of relationships. Among them, the relationship of sequence, causation, perception and explanation. The argumentative factors are based on the fact that they limit the significance of the speech to what the intended intention of the addressee. By directing an intended sign to the addressee, and this direction and restriction leads to the influence and persuasion that is obtained through the expressive means and the linguistic capabilities that the speaker has. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to know the impact of work stress in its three dimensions (role ambiguity, role conflict, and excessive role burden) on the level of employee turnover in the Electricity Corporation in the southern region - Saudi Arabia. The turnover of employees in the Electricity Corporation in the southern region - Saudi Arabia is attributed to personal and occupational variables. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the descriptive analytical approach, and the study adopted a questionnaire as a tool for collecting information. The study population was represented by all the administrative workers in the Electricity Company in the southern region - Saudi Arabia, and the study concluded that there is a positive statistically significant effect of work pressures in its three dimensions (role ambiguity, role conflict, and excessive role burden) on the turnover of employees in the Electricity Corporation in the southern region - Saudi Arabia, as well as There are statistically significant differences between the vocabulary of the research sample about work stress and its impact on the turnover of employees in the Electricity Corporation in the southern region - Saudi Arabia due to personal and occupational variables (age, educational qualification, years of experience, job position). The researcher presented a set of recommendations, the most important of which is not to lose balance when facing some unfair situations on my job rights. Not to be preoccupied with side conversations that hinder the progress of work. Also, the direct officials should use good relations to influence the workers more than the official authority. The direct officials should be keen on balancing the personal lives of employees and work requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fundamental and jurisprudential rules are among the most prominent types of legal rules as they are related to doctrinal aspects. This study is limited to investigating the jurisprudential rules of the Zaydi scholars, focusing on those doctrinal in nature. The jurisprudential rules of the Zaidi scholars were collected from the approved books in madhab. Jurisprudence is one of the most important legal studies within Islamic legislation, as it brings together the various rules of doctrinal branches (furu’) and jurisprudence rules have a lot of advantages. This study consists of an introduction and three sections. The introduction presented the research significance, objectives and literature review. The first section includes the definitions of jurisprudential and fundamental rules, showing the difference between them in terms of advantage, relationship, conclusion, strength, creation, existence, truth, method, extraction, generality, consistency and subject. The second section presented the overall controls, namely, the rules covering many issues with multiple subsections, including thirteen rules. Each rule was illustrated with examples to resolve ambiguity. An attempt is made to integrate similar and convergent rules, by referring to their sources in madhab. The third section discussed partial controls, i.e. the rules related to specific aspects of jurisprudence, including one hundred and twenty rules. Each rule is explained with examples and referred to its source in madhab. An attempt is made to integrate any two similar or convergent rules. The study also refered to the fundamentals taken from Kitab Al-Azhar (the Book of Flowers), and concluded with the most important findings and recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aimed to design and prepare a proposed training program based on the flipped learning strategy, and its impact on developing volunteer work skills, as well as the motivation for achievement of a sample of Islamic education teachers at Taif Governorate in accordance with their cognitive style (Ambiguity Tolerance - Intolerance of Ambiguity). The program has been designed and built as a material for experimental processing and measurement tools in accordance with the steps and stages of the ADDIE model in instructional design. Whereas, the experiment was carried out on the two experimental research groups for a period of three weeks in the first semester of the year 1440 / 1441 AH. The results indicate: - There were statistically significant differences among the two experimental groups who were trained on volunteer work skills for the benefit of the first experimental group, individuals with a cognitive style tolerate ambiguity, at the level of analysis, composition, evaluation, as well as for the test scores as a whole. - There were statistically significant differences among the two experimental groups who were trained on volunteer work skills for the benefit of the first experimental group, individuals with a cognitive style tolerate ambiguity, for their scores on the motivation for achievement scale. The researcher attributed these results to the effectiveness of flipped learning and its effect on the acquisition of training experiences related to volunteer work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to demonstrate the reliance of the commentator Diwan al-Mutanabbi on the context in analyzing the poetic text, and to indicate the type of meaning and determine its significance by employing verbal and current clues in a manner appropriate to the maqam, as the phenomenon of metaphor constituted a prominent feature in the poetry of al-Mutanabi. Because he was known for his awareness of the arts of language and his tendency to ambiguous and closed words, and strange in meaning, and the use of expressions of multiple semantics, the vision of the commentator was evident in the analysis of the poems of al-Mutanabi and standing at his purposes. The capacity with which his texts were distinguished, opening the horizons for commentators to present multiple readings, based in reality the context and the capabilities it offered in directing the texts, and included a definition of the context and what it is, the emergence of the term, the limit of metaphor and a statement of its types; Standing on the most prominent citizen in Sharwah Al-Diwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to reveal the nature of the relationship between the entrepreneur’s personal characteristics (level of ambition, tolerance of ambiguity) and creative self-efficacy, and uncover the effect of the interaction between the personal characteristics of an entrepreneur (ambition level, tolerance of ambiguity) on creative self-efficacy from the viewpoint of the students of the College of Education in Rustaq. In addition to identify the role of the entrepreneur’s personal characteristics in predicting the creative selfefficacy from the viewpoint of students of the College of Education in Rustaq. The research sample consisted of (200) male and female students in the College of Education in Rustaq, in the first grade, second grade and third grade during the first semester (fall) 2019/2020 AD. To achieve the research goals, the researcher built personal research tools for entrepreneur’s personal characteristics (ambition level, tolerance of ambiguity), and creative selfefficacy and their implementation after verifying the validity and stability of each. Using the Pearson correlation coefficient and two-way analysis (two-way analysis of variance) through the SPSS program, the results of the research include: 1- There is a statistically significant positive relationship at the level of significance (0.01) between the level of ambition and creative self-efficacy from the viewpoint of the students of the College of Education in Rustaq. 2- There is a statistically significant positive relationship at the level of significance (0.01) between tolerance of ambiguity and creative selfefficacy from the viewpoint of the students of the College of Education in Rustaq. 3- There is a statistically significant effect at the level of (0.01) for each level of ambition (high - medium) and tolerance of ambiguity (high - medium - low) in creative self-efficacy, while there is no statistically significant effect of the bilateral interaction between the level of ambition (high - low) and tolerance of ambiguity (High - Medium - Low) on creative self-efficacy from the viewpoint of the students of the College of Education in Rustaq. 4- Creative self-efficacy can be predicted from the entrepreneur’s personal characteristics (ambitious level - tolerance of ambiguity) from the viewpoint of the students of the College of Education in Rustaq. The researcher presented a set of recommendations: raising the motivation of university students' ambition for entrepreneurial work, and investing this ambition in activating creative self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to reveal the nature of the relationship between the entrepreneur’s personal characteristics (level of ambition, tolerance of ambiguity) and creative self-efficacy, and uncover the effect of the interaction between the personal characteristics of an entrepreneur (ambition level, tolerance of ambiguity) on creative self-efficacy from the viewpoint of the students of the College of Education in Rustaq. In addition to identify the role of the entrepreneur’s personal characteristics in predicting the creative selfefficacy from the viewpoint of students of the College of Education in Rustaq. The research sample consisted of (200) male and female students in the College of Education in Rustaq, in the first grade, second grade and third grade during the first semester (fall) 2019/2020 AD. To achieve the research goals, the researcher built personal research tools for entrepreneur’s personal characteristics (ambition level, tolerance of ambiguity), and creative selfefficacy and their implementation after verifying the validity and stability of each. Using the Pearson correlation coefficient and two-way analysis (two-way analysis of variance) through the SPSS program, the results of the research include: 1- There is a statistically significant positive relationship at the level of significance (0.01) between the level of ambition and creative self-efficacy from the viewpoint of the students of the College of Education in Rustaq. 2- There is a statistically significant positive relationship at the level of significance (0.01) between tolerance of ambiguity and creative selfefficacy from the viewpoint of the students of the College of Education in Rustaq. 3- There is a statistically significant effect at the level of (0.01) for each level of ambition (high - medium) and tolerance of ambiguity (high - medium - low) in creative self-efficacy, while there is no statistically significant effect of the bilateral interaction between the level of ambition (high - low) and tolerance of ambiguity (High - Medium - Low) on creative self-efficacy from the viewpoint of the students of the College of Education in Rustaq. 4- Creative self-efficacy can be predicted from the entrepreneur’s personal characteristics (ambitious level - tolerance of ambiguity) from the viewpoint of the students of the College of Education in Rustaq. The researcher presented a set of recommendations: raising the motivation of university students' ambition for entrepreneurial work, and investing this ambition in activating creative self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic signature plays a significant role in the electronic commercial transactions, the urgent needs to eliminate the ambiguity of concept as one of the core concepts, on which electronic commerce is based, and its arguments with regard to research. The electronic signature considered a means of legal proof. The concept of electronic signature is a new concept in the world of e-commerce. This signature is not limited to one form, but it has many forms in order to achieve that. It is necessary to be a legal regulation that governs the electronic signature and its validity in proof. Research aims to clarify the differences between traditional and electronic signature on subsection.The study has included two main subjects where the first one has devoted to the legal definition concerning on the electronic signature and clarifying its images. The second topic indicated to legal power and explained terms and conditions to be available in an electronic signature and clarify the authenticity of the signature. The study has concluded with certain findings and recommendations. Key words: Traditional Signature, Electronic Signature, e-commerce, Legal Regulation, Signature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper is devoted to create the term of ‘Creeping of Al-Khabab’ for describing one of the prosodic changes that come on the rhythm of Al-Mutadarak’s metre, as a term and concept. As the previous and contemporary views of those who interested in prosody did not provide an accurate view of its description, free from the anomaly of the prosodic rules that described by Al-Khalil bin Ahmad Al-Farahidi in regulating the work of creeping in the measures of the Arabic poetry meters, Therefore, this research paper provides a new dissertation for removing the ambiguity and anomaly described by the rhythm of this poetic meter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tackles an old grammar problem relative to the concept of securing ambiguity, a problem which emanates from a functional standpoint and which was given great importance by ancient grammarians. It was an issue constrained by their syntactic and morphological judgments for the requirement of the safety of meaning and its relation with case markers. The article pinpoints how the old grammar school dealt with this issue, shows its lack of precision, and approaches it in terms of a functional perspective which provides an adequate interpretation to this phenomenon through a clear-cut distinction between grammatical functions and semantic functions. The study also attempts to provide a detailed analysis of this issue through an analysis of some ancient controversial data and citations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is a case study in analyzing the strategies of a normal discourse and the maxims that it proposes in standardizing languages and subsequently in standardizing discourses in accordance to the maxim of quantity. It discusses the relation between text and context and its role in interpreting the content of discourse. Aḥmad al-Mutawakkil as a linguist had worked on the theorization of functional linguistic that had enabled him to attend to the issues of structure, semantic, lexis and pragmatics related to the Arabic language. His work ‘Toward a functional discourse’ in standardizing the discourses had benefited analyst of discourse to understand the strategies employed by the sender of discourse especially the discourse after the Arab Spring. The found that the debatable relation between the discourse and context became clear through the nature of the text itself due to the fact that communicativeness between the sender and receiver depends on the inclusion of context in order to overcome its ambiguity. This is related to the ability of discourse, the innate language competence and the understanding of the receiver. Functional linguistic had developed from the sentence linguistic to discourse linguistic and from there to standardization linguistics that warrants the standardization of discourses and languages. It also preserve the maxim of quantity and the theoretical template that governs functional grammar since Dyke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Job stress, the most important factor in reducing organizational productivity and the cause of psychosomatic disorders, today is more prevalent among the healthcare staff. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the level of job stress among the nursing staff of Kashan hospitals during 2009. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 190 nurses of Kashan hospitals using the Osipow questionnaire consisted of two parts: demographic data and six stress-inducing work roles (role overload, role insufficiency, role ambiguity, role boundary, responsibility and physical environment). In addition, job stress was divided into four (subnormal, normal, moderate and severe) levels. Results: Results indicated that the 95.3% of nursing staff were found to have a normal level of job stress. No significant relationship was seen between the job stress and gender; however, there was a significant relation between the role insufficiency, role boundary, responsibility and physical environment and gender. Moreover, no significant relationship was found between the job stress and some factors (e.g. age, education, marital status, income and type of hospital). The most frequent job stressors among the men and women were responsibility (90.2%) and role ambiguity (40.9%), respectively. Conclusion: Role ambiguity, responsibility and workload are the major sources of stress among the nursing staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]