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The expansion of triticeae crops planting area in Southeast China in the Southern Song Dynasty was a special phenomenon, which was formed on the basic of special social and economy environment. In the early Southern Song Dynasty, wheat, barley, buckwheat and other triticeae crops were widely popularized to the five southeast provinces, and wheat farming achieved considerable development. However, its prosperity was also flourishing, and its decline was also sudden, in the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty, triticeae crops planting area rapidly shrank and stabilized as a supplement to rice cultivation. From the perspective of social and economic history, this paper, by observing the choices of interest groups such as the emperor, local officials, northern immigrants and southern natives, discusses the driving forces of expansion of triticeae crops planting area from four aspects: orders with rewards or punishments, relief loans and taxes, immigrants’ dietary preference, and triticeae crops’ relief function, and draws the following conclusions: The imperial court promoted wheat and barley through administrative and economic means: orders with rewards or punishments were the main contents of administrative means, while relief loans and taxes were the main contents of economic means. Northern immigrants’ pasta preference promoted wheat demand’s growth, especially in Liangzhe and Jiangnandong Province, but in Jiangnanxi and Fujian Provinces, the immigrants’ preference had not shaken the local rice eating habits. Triticeae crops were considered as “the grain that can meet the shortage of rice”, under the situation of tension between people and land, triticeae crops’ relief function was to promote rice farms to grow wheat and barley to cope with famine. To sum up, the expansion of triticeae crops planting area was the coupling of two driving forces: the promotion of the government and the dietary preference of immigrants, which were the external driving forces; the natural attribute that wheat and barley are harvested when rice is green, which was the internal driving forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Qing Dynasty, the flag cantonments in the Yili region had a significant impact on the development of local agriculture. The Qing court's cantonment in Yili included various forms such as criminal cantonment and Hui cantonment. The progress of flag cantonment, which appeared a little later, lies in the fact that the army was also engaged in farming and warfare, i. e., the main personnel engaged in farming were the Eight Banners army, which led to a change in the structure of the productive and non-productive population of the garrison and the structure of the arable land in the garrison, plus the allocation of land to army personnel, which stipulated that it was a person's worldly property and greatly increased the enthusiasm for production. Ili flag tunnels originated in the eight banners Xibo and other battalions, since then the scope of application has been expanding, playing an important role in the development of agriculture in Ili. The economic history of the Qing dynasty in the Yili region is due to the fact that the Qing court’s policy of stationing battalions such as the Xibe was well adapted to their farming habits, and the good economic benefits thereafter led to the spread of banner towns on a larger scale. This paper explores the rise and development of the Yili flag cantonment from an economic history perspective, hoping to contribute to the study of cantonment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Zhejiang University. Humanities & Social Sciences / Zhejiang Daxue Xuebao is the property of Zhejiang University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Modernization of Chinese Traditional Economic Thought has rigorous structure and clear logic. It is a useful attempt to promote the study of the history of Chinese economic thought with scientific philosophy. By using the theoretical tools of scientific philosophy, historical materialism and modern economics, and using the methods of case analysis, comparative analysis and historical empirical analysis, the author investigates the modern changes of the history of Chinese economic thought from the perspective of scientific evolution of Chinese traditional economic thought, and then puts forward the second path hypothesis of the modernization of modern Chinese economic thought—the modernization path of Chinese traditional economic thought, that is, inheriting and innovating Chinese traditional economic thought, following the paradigm of modern economic science so as to construct the school of economic science with regional and national characteristics. This book has rich implications for the exploration of research paradigms and methods of relevant fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses how the views of Russian scholars of economic history have changed since the downfall of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s from perspective of the systemic political and economic changes that have taken place not only within the Russian economy but also within academia. The article also looks at the "Revive Marxism" phenomenon among Russian scholars taking place at the end of the first decade of the 21st century. With the Soviet-era Marxism and the pre-Soviet belief in Western subjectivism and individualism, the Russian circle of economic historians has experienced much ideological and methodological fragmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM CONTRIBUTOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Archaeology is the property of Agricultural Archaeology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Qing History Journal is the property of Renmin University of China, Institute of Qing History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The economic achievement of imperial China reached its peak in the Ming-Qing period (1368-1912). While the Ming-Qing period has captured much scholarly attention, previous works on Ming-Qing socio-economic history mainly focused on the population growth, the development of the taxation system, and a variety of commercial issues. However, women were often neglected or regarded as objects of subordination. Is it true that Ming-Qing women had little importance and contribution to the economy? If we re-examine this significant period by shedding gender perspectives, how will the history of Ming-Qing economy look different? This article attempts to place women into the historical picture as active agents and trace their substantial participation in various economic activities by focusing on four main aspects: agricultural history, textile history, commercial history, and consumption history. Making use of different sources to rediscover women's active engagement in many economic activities, the author examines the extent to which women's participation has been overlooked in previous narrations, and calls for a revision of Ming-Qing socio-economic history by the integration of gender perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Theoretical Studies of Literature & Art / Wenyi Lilun Yanjiu is the property of Editorial Board of Theoretical Studies in Literature & Art and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shanghai Land & Resources / Shanghai Guotu Ziyuan is the property of Editorial Board of Shanghai Land & Resources and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agricultural Archaeology is the property of Agricultural Archaeology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article focuses on economic research of the period immediately before China’s economy became intertwined with the rest of the world, namely the early- to mid-Qing dynasty. As an agriculture-based society, the importance of grain production needs to be underscored. The author divides research questions into two broad approaches. The first one is the measuring unit of grains. Since there was no standard unit of measurement of grains, this presented challenging research problems. The second one is the measuring unit of farmland. The author reviews research on economic history conducted since the 1920s and 1930s, with particular attention on methodology, scale, and evolution of research methods.

Copyright of Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences / Chung-kuo ko Hsueh Yuan Yuan Kan is the property of Institutes of Science & Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Huaxi Village is regarded as the model of neo-socialist rural construction for the remarkable performance of its collective economy. In essence, the so-called Huaxi Village collectivism is centralization plus market: the quasi centralized planning system is executed within the village, while it trades with external markets through its large scale factories, and realizes rural industrialization in doing so. However, its three-legged strategy of "economical dependency, thought control and political monopoly" will inevitably lead to social stratification within the village. The miracle of Huaxi Village may be due to the combination of planning, marketization and industrialization. The rationale of Huaxi's collectivism is that it enables villagers to achieve common prosperity out of extreme poverty by sacrificing individual freedom for materialistic gains. However, with economic development, members of Huaxi Village begin to pursue diversity, and the constraints on individual freedom by the collectivistic economic system will be increasingly incompatible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic psychology, as an important branch of psychology and a multi-disciplinary subject between economics and psychology, aims to explore the psychological mechanisms of economic behaviors and the mental consequences of economic events. This subject was established at the beginning of the 20th century and developed slowly in the following decades; however, at the middle of the last century, research on economic psychology revived and then fully developed. Now the psychology of decision-making and game is the basic research fields of the subject; the psychological research on finance, consumption and happiness serves the the applied parts; and neuro-economic psychology and evolutionary economic psychology adopts new research techniques and ideas to study previous issues. In general, contrast to economics, economic psychology has stronger realistic concerns, and mainly uses experimental approaches to examine actual economic behaviors. The present paper reviews the history and current trends of economic psychology in western countries, which is helpful for domestic research and construction of this discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Khitan took the historical chance at the beginning of the 10th century to conquer north China and southern Manchuria and found the Liao Dynasty (907-1125), which stood in north Asia for more than two hundred years as rival for the Chinese dynasties in the south. In their effort to rule such a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural empire, the Liao rulers created a unique dual political system, in which two different sets of political institutions were established for the Khitan and the Han-Chinese respectively. The Liao central government was comprised of the northern and the southern administrations: the northern administration was responsible for Khitan and other nomadic tribes, while the southern administered Han-Chinese and Bohai. On the local level, traditional tribal organs of the Khitan were kept parallel to Han-Chinese prefectures and counties. This paper attempts to trace the origin and historical developments of this dual system, to identify various factors which helped to shape its form, and finally to discuss in detail various administrative institutions of this dual system in the Liao central and local governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Cold War, Mongolia was a member of the Asian countries among the group dominated by the Soviet Union, and a member of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance. The great changes of the Soviet Union and East Europe in the 1980s and 1990s had profoundly affected Mongolia, which in turn relinquished its highly centralized regime and planned economy and started the transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current economic situation, it is hard for the SMEs-' to continue their traditional extensive growth model. The upgrading and restructuring of SMEs is inevitable. Because of its small size and limited power, SME, as individual, faces many challenges in its upgrading and restructuring. Regional or industrial enterprises self - help organizations can help the SMEs to overcome their own weaknesses and realize their upgrading and restructuring dream because these organizations have the ability to improve SMEs competitiveness, help them to co - ordinate the overall situation, maintain market order and act as the communication channels between the SMEs and governments. The Taiwanese -- owned Corporations Association in Dongguan has set a successful example for these self-help organizations. By establishing integrated upgrading and restructuring service center, building up domestic distribution platform and expanding SMEs' financing channels, this association has become an excellent communication bridge between the Taiwanese - owned corporations and local governments in Dongguan. Practice has proved that it is extremely difficult for a SME to upgrade and restructure by itself. The SMEs have to rely on the strength of a credible external organization to overcome their inherent defects. The enterprises self - help organizations should be taken as an important element of the supporting system for SMEs' upgrading and restructuring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the world economic long wave running, there is an imbalance between the technologically advanced countries and the backward ones, which can be changed and adjusted with the running of the business cycle. Through empirical analyses, we found that since the world entering into the fifth long wave, economic indicators haven't shown the features which should have been reflected in the prosperous phase, not even the features of prosperity slumping into recession, while information technology's pushing function in advanced countries is still on up - trend and the prosperous phase has not ended by now. The fundamental cause of global imbalances is that the basic paradigm of the information technology which is the general purpose technology of the new long wave hasn't smoothly spread to the industries. This hasn't caused the readjustment of the international division of labor and trade patterns which is still based on the previous long wave general purpose technology, which makes the long - term existence of global imbalances and the risk of crisis highly possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Benhabib and Farmer's indeterminacy model, an improved model on two-dimensional system was presented by dynamic optimization. Then the stability of this system was analyzed. Finally, it proved that the government's overinvestment would cause the indeterminacy of economic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Qing History Journal is the property of Renmin University of China, Institute of Qing History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The newly discovered Iron Workshop Account Book provides detailed records of daily management expenses and receipts for the “Quetongchang Workshop”--a small iron smelting workshop in Shicang village, Songyang county, Zhejiang province--during the year 1820. Based on examination of each record in the account book as well as the construction of a dataset, the authors of this paper carry out explicit analysis as to the following issues: the managerial operation of the workshop, the costs and benefits of iron smelting, commodity prices and labor costs, sources of capital and joint-stock patterns, and the relationship between the iron smelting industry in Shicang and the national iron market. The article argues that before the mid-nineteenth century, China had already developed a mature market system, especially with regard to industrial raw materials. The success of Shicang’s iron smelting industry lay in its use of cheap labor, which enabled entrepreneurs to reduce capital investment to the lowest level. The decline of the iron industry in Shicang was most likely caused by the economic depression at the end of the Daoguang period. When the economic depression ended, foreign iron products began to saturate the Chinese market, preventing the revival of the iron smelting industry in Shicang and the southern Zhejiang region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the pre-modern East Asian system from the political and economic angle once provided a mirror for a more than superficial understanding of the relevant issues. However, this approach is characterized by extrapolation to the past from the present and also lacks the necessary inclusiveness, resulting in the exclusion of a lot of historical facts. However, many problems that cannot readily be interpreted by the previous research framework can be better understood if they are looked into at the ethical level. Research on the inherent pre-modern system of ethical relationships and its values will help us gain a more comprehensive understanding of the history and present realities of this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the interdependency of economic, socio-cultural and individual aspects of the identity negotiation experience of Chinese business people in Brisbane, Australia. Findings from semi-structured interviews conducted with 30 Chinese business owners indicated that their ability to translate between cultures and their competency of performing identities according to situational variations played a critical role in sustaining their ethnic business. Many Chinese ethnic business people are successful not because they fully assimilate themselves into the mainstream culture, but in fact, their success resides in the ability to live across two cultures and translate between them. The implication for policy makers is to create a social environment where migrants feel free to translate between cultures, rather than feeling pressured to either ground themselves in ethnic enclaves or to assimilate into the mainstream culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Cantor and Land (1985)'s theory, I tested the criminal-motivation-effect hypothesis (bad economic conditions increase crime rates with a one-year time-lag) and the criminal-opportunity-effect hypothesis (good economic conditions increase crime rates in the same year). I used Japanese time-series data (1959-2005) of male parolees' re-incarceration rates (as an indicator of crime rates) and annual average compensation rates (as an indicator of economic conditions). Based on Greenberg (2001), I used statistical models with cointegrating regression and error correction models. I found that the criminal-motivation-effect was significant as predicted. However, the trend was opposite to the prediction of the criminal-opportunity-effect hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the hypothesis about human nature entailed in Adam Smith's economic theory has cast some new light on his economic model and his understanding of the so-called "invisible hand" : the value basis of his economic model is constituted by the ethical standards and the principle of impartiality, which in his theory is actually symbolized by the "impartial spectator" that is an integration of God, the natural divinity and human morality. The impartial spectator thus has been playing a transitional role in the evolution of the economic ethics. The emergence of the theory of impartial spectator, which is a great innovation accomplished by the modem economic ethics and provides an ethical support for the sound social and economic operation in modem times, marks a significant shift in the understanding of the relationship between economy and ethics in the modem context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a very early time the Chinese economy had been characterized by a high man-arable land ratio as compared with the European history. Chinese rulers had not been pressed by severe labor shortages to institute tight control over labor. Consequently, local labor markets for hiring developed very early in China and, with a few exceptional periods, remained fairly free. This paper attempts to trace the development of labor markets and determine the extent to which waged workers were employed in the Chinese history. From scattered quantitative data, an increasing trend of labor employment over time seems discernible. Wage data have been compiled, too. When converted into real terms, i.e. the amount of grain that could be purchased with the cash wage at the price prevailing then, the wage data display a clear trend of decline in the long history. The level of real wages in the 19th century was more than ten times the level in the 19th century. It is believed that the decline reflects the enormous multiplication of population and labor, which depressed the marginal product of workers. Moreover, the decline in real wages was accompanied by a sharp deterioration of employment conditions. It is emphatically pointed out, however, that in most cases employment contracts were made on a voluntary basis. As long as this was true, the inferior status of workers should be interpreted as part of the worsening terms of employment rather than a symbol of slavery. In a basically uncontrolled labor market, the worker had the freedom to reject a job offer if he considered any of the employment terms unacceptable. The fact that the near-slave status of hired hands appeared after the 12th century suggests that the pressure of excess supply of labor forced workers to accept both the falling wage and the debased status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Archaeology is the property of Agricultural Archaeology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agricultural Archaeology is the property of Agricultural Archaeology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)