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To study the relationship between peripheral blood Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the progression and prognosis of acute pancreatitis (AP). Methods A total of 250 patients with AP were divided into the mild group (121 cases), the moderately severe group (89 cases) and the severe group (40 cases) according to the disease severity. Patients were divided into the poor prognosis group (33 cases) and the good prognosis group (217 cases) based on the prognosis after 5 days of treatment. Peripheral blood levels of TLR4, IL1β and NLR were compared at different time points, different conditions and different prognosis in patients. The correlation of peripheral blood levels of TLR4, IL-1β and NLR, Ranson score and amylase were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. The value of each indicator in the diagnosis of severe AP was analyzed using ROC curve, and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the prognostic risk factors. Results TLR4, IL-1β and NLR levels in AP patients were higher 24 h after admission than 48 h and 72 h after admission (P＜0.05). Peripheral blood TLR4 and IL-1β levels in AP patients at 24 h after admission increased with the condition became worse. NLR level was higher in the severe group than that in the moderately group or the mild group (P＜0.05). Peripheral blood TLR4, IL-1β and NLR levels in AP patients 24 h after admission were positively correlated with Ranson score at 48 h after admission and amylase level at 24 h after admission (P＜0.05). The area under ROC curve, sensitivity and specificity of the combination of TLR4, IL-1β and NLR at 24 h after admission for predicting severe AP were 0.895, 84.53% and 81.69%. Peripheral blood TLR4, IL-1β and NLR levels 24 h after admission were higher in the poor prognosis group than those in the good prognosis group (P＜0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that elevated TLR4, IL-1β and NLR at 24 h after admission were independent risk factors for poor prognosis of patients with AP (P＜0.05). Conclusion Peripheral blood TLR4, IL-1β and NLR in patients with AP are closely related to disease progression and prognosis. Therefore, they can be taken as important monitoring indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: M2 macrophages have the function of reducing inflammatory factors and promoting tissue healing. Therefore, how to regulate M2 polarization of macrophages has been a hot research topic in recent years, and some miRNAs have been found to have this function. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of miR-378a on the polarization of the Raw264.7 macrophage cell line. METHODS: The M1 polarization of macrophages was induced by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ. Interleukin-4 induced M2 polarization and the expression of endogenous miR-378a in each cell type was detected using qRT-PCR to verify whether miR-378a was involved in the polarization of macrophages. By transfection with lentivirus as the vector of overexpression of miR-378a, the stable expression of miR-378a cell lines was screened. Macrophage M1 polarization was induced synergically by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ. Macrophage M2 polarization was induced by interleukin-4. The levels of M1/M2 polarizationrelated cytokines in the supernatant of the macrophage culture medium were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. qRT-PCR was used to detect the polarization characteristics of M1/M2-type macrophages and the mRNA expression levels of related cytokines. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The expression level of endogenous miR-378a in Raw264.7 cells of each group increased after macrophage polarization. (2) Compared with the non-transfected group, the expressions of proinflammatory cytokine-induced nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β in macrophage M1 induced polarization were significantly decreased in the miR-378a transfection group (P < 0.05); the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in cell supernatant were also significantly decreased (P < 0.05). (3) Compared with the nontransfected group, the expressions of CD206, interleukin-10 and arginase-I in macrophage M2 induced polarization were significantly increased (P < 0.05); the levels of CD206 and interleukin-10 in cell supernatant were also significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the miR-378a transfection group. (4) It is indicated that overexpression of miR-378a promotes the M2 polarization of macrophages and inhibits the M1 polarization of macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Interleukin-4 can promote the osteogenic effect of bone substitute materials, but its molecular mechanism is not yet clear. Further elucidating the mechanism of interleukin-4 promoting osteogenic effect can help find safe, economical, and effective methods for the regeneration treatment of alveolar bone defects in patients. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of interleukin-4 intervention on polarization transformation of macrophages and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and its possible mechanism. METHODS: RAW264.7 cells in the M1 group were induced with interferon gamma + lipopolysaccharide for 24 hours. RAW264.7 cells in the interleukin-4+M1 group were induced with interferon gamma + lipopolysaccharide for 24 hours and then interleukin-4 was added for 24 hours. RAW264.7 cells in the interleukin4+AG+M1 group were induced with interferon gamma + lipopolysaccharide for 24 hours, and then interleukin-4 and AG-490, a JAK/STAT pathway inhibitor, were added for 24 hours. After intervention, immunofluorescence staining was used to analyze the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and CD206, the phenotypic marker protein of macrophages. ELISA kit was used to detect the expression of interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the supernatant of cell culture. The gene expressions of nodular receptor protein-3 (NLRP3), interleukin-1β, and caspase-1 were detected by RT-qPCR. The expression levels of tyrosine protein kinase 1 (JAK1)/ phosphorylated tyrosine protein kinase 1 (p-JAK1), signal transduction and transcription activator 6 (STAT6)/phosphorylated signal transduction and transcription activator 6 (p-STAT6), NLRP3, pro-interleukin-1β and pro-caspase-1 were detected by western blot assay. Then, RAW264.7 cells in the above four groups were indirectly co-cultured with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by transwell for 24 hours, followed by alkaline phosphatase staining and alizarin red staining. The mRNA expressions of alkaline phosphatase, collagen type I, and osteocalcin were detected by RT-qPCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Immunofluorescence and ELISA results showed that interleukin-4 intervention could promote the expression of CD206 and interleukin-10 in M2 macrophages, and inhibit the secretion of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-α. (2) RT-qPCR results showed that interleukin-4 could suppress the expression of NLRP3, interleukin-1β, and caspase-1 mRNAs. (3) Western blot assay showed that interleukin-4 could promote the expression of JAK1/p-JAK1, STAT6/p-STAT6 and NLRP3 proteins. (4) The alkaline phosphatase staining and alizarin red staining of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells co-cultured with the interleukin-4+M1 group were significantly enhanced, and the mRNA expressions of alkaline phosphatase, collagen type I, and osteocalcin were significantly increased. It is concluded that interleukin-4 may inhibit the activation of NLRP3 by up-regulating JAK1/STAT6 pathway, thus promoting the transformation of macrophages from M1 polarization to M2 polarization, and finally enhancing the osteogenic differentiation ability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the proportion of peripheral blood T follicular helper (Tfh) cell subsets and serum cytokine levels in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and to analyze the relationship between the two and their relationship with the prognosis of patients. Methods Thirty newly treated ALL patients (observation group, includ‑ ing13 patients with good prognosis and 17 patients with poor prognosis according to the risk stratification criteria for ALL patients) and 20 healthy subjects (control group) were selected. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of Tfh cell subgroups (Tfh, Tfh1, Tfh2, Tfh17) in the peripheral blood of the two groups. Serum cytokine levels [interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL）-4, IL-17] were detected by ELISA, and the correlation between the proportion of Tfh subsets in peripheral blood and serum cytokine level in the observation group was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Results Compared with the control group, the proportions of Tfh and Tfh2 in peripheral blood increased, and the proportion of Tfh1 decreased in the observation group (all P<0. 05). Compared with those with poor prognosis, the proportions of Tfh and Tfh2 decreased in the observation group with good prognosis (both P<0. 05). Compared with the control group, the serum IFN-γ level decreased and serum IL-4 level increased in the observation group (both P<0. 05). Compared with those with poor prognosis, the serum IFN-γ level increased and serum IL-4 level decreased in patients with good prognosis in the observation group (both P<0. 05). The proportions of Tfh and Tfh2 in the observation group were positively correlated with the serum IL-4 level of ALL patients (r=0.860 and 0. 965, respectively; both P<0. 05), and the proportion of Tfh was negatively correlated with the serum IFN-γ level (r =–0. 289, P<0. 05). Conclusion In ALL patients, the proportions of Tfh and Tfh2 in peripheral blood increase, the proportion of Tfh1 decreases, the level of serum IFN-γ decreases, and the level of IL-4 increases, which are related to the poor prognosis of patients, and they may participate in the immune dysfunction of ALL, enhance the immunosuppressive effect, and participate in the disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Acupoint catgut embedding can alleviate airway inflammation in asthma, which is related to regulating the imbalance of Th1/Th2 in the p38 MAPK pathway. Whether the above process is affected by the functional state of type II alveolar epithelial cells at the same time remains to be further studied. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of acupoint catgut embedding on p38 MAPK pathway, interleukin-4, γ-interferon and type II alveolar epithelial cells in lung tissue of asthma rats. METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into blank control group, asthma model group, dexamethasone group and acupoint catgut embedding group (n=10 per group). Asthma models of asthma were prepared by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin and aluminum hydroxide suspension on days 1 and 8 and aerosol inhalation of ovalbumin solution from day 15 was given to induce symptoms of airway inflammatory responses, once a day for 2 weeks, in the latter three groups. Meanwhile, the dexamethasone group began to receive intraperitoneal injection of dexamethasone on day 15, once a day for 2 weeks; and the acupoint catgut embedding group received embedding treatment at Feishu, Dingchuan, and Danzhong acupoints on day 15. At the end of aerosol inhalation, the relative content of eosinophils in the alveolar lavage fluid was counted by Richter-Kimsa staining, the ultrastructural changes of type II alveolar epithelial cells in lung tissue were observed by transmission electron microscopy, the positive expression of interleukin-4 and γ-interferon in lung tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the protein and gene expression of p-p38 MAPK, interleukin-4 and γ-interferon in lung tissue were detected by western blot and PCR respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the asthma model group, the relative content of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was significantly reduced in the dexamethasone group and acupoint catgut embedding group (P < 0.01), while compared with the dexamethasone group, the relative content of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was significantly higher in the acupoint catgut embedding group (P < 0.05). Under the transmission electron microscopy, damage to lamellar vesicles and mitochondria in type II alveolar epithelial cells was alleviated in the dexamethasone and acupoint catgut embedding groups compared with the asthma model group. Immunohistochemical detection showed that compared with the asthma model group, the expression of interleukin-4 in lung tissue was decreased (P < 0.01) and that of γ-interferon was increased (P < 0.01) in the dexamethasone and acupoint catgut embedding group; compared with the dexamethasone group, the expression of interleukin-4 in lung tissue was increased (P < 0.01) and that of γ-interferon was decreased (P < 0.01) in the acupoint catgut embedding group. Compared with the asthma model group, the protein and mRNA expressions of p-p38 MAPK and interleukin-4 in the lung tissue of the dexamethasone and acupoint catgut embedding groups were decreased (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), while the protein and mRNA expressions of γ-interferon were increased (P < 0.01). To conclude, acupoint catgut embedding may upregulate γ-Interferon and downregulate interleukin-4 by inhibiting the p38 MAPK signal pathway, thereby reducing stress damage in type II alveolar epithelial cells and alleviating the airway inflammatory response in asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that a certain dose of interleukin-4 intervention can yield the appropriate ratio of M1/M2 macrophage profile to generate a microenvironment conducive to bone healing and promoting bone regeneration. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of interleukin-4 on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and osteoclast differentiation during bone tissue regeneration guided by bone replacement materials. METHODS: Forty-eight 6-8-week-old male SD rats were selected to establish a 5-mm diameter cranial bone defect model on the left and implanted with BioOss bone replacement material at the same time, and the periosteum was sutured. Rat models were randomly divided into control and experimental groups (n=24) at postoperative 3 days. Interleukin-4 and PBS were injected locally into the cranial bone defect area for the experimental and control groups, once a day, for 5 consecutive days. SD rats were executed at 1 and 2 weeks after surgery and skull samples were taken. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expression of cleaved caspase-1 and interleukin-1β protein. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to observe the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (M1 surface marker) and cleaved caspase-1 (NLRP3 indicator). Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was performed to detect the expression of related inflammatory factors caspase-1, interleukin-1β and osteoclast factor histone K gene. The differentiation and number of osteoclasts were observed by anti-tartrate acid phosphatase staining. At 6 and 12 weeks after surgery, micro-CT and hematoxylin-eosin staining were performed to observe the osteogenesis of the skull. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Immunofluorescence staining showed that the number of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cleaved caspase-1 doublestained cells in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 1 and 2 weeks (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining showed that the expression of cleaved caspase-1 and interleukin-1β in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 1 week (P < 0.05). RT-qPCR suggested that the expression of caspase-1 mRNA in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group at 1 week (P < 0.05). The expression intensity of interleukin-1β and osteoclast factor histone K mRNA was significantly lower in the experimental group than that in the control group at postoperative 1 and 2 weeks (P < 0.05). Anti-tartrate acid phosphatase staining showed that the number of osteoclasts was significantly lower in the experimental group at 1 and 2 weeks than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Micro-CT results showed that the bone volume fraction and bone mineral density in the bone defect area were significantly higher in the experimental group than those in the control group at 6 and 12 weeks after injection (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that 12 weeks after injection, multiple ossification centers were formed in the center of the defect in the experimental group, with scattered mature bone cells and lacunae, and a large number of osteoblasts around the material arranged into a single layer to participate in the formation of bone matrix. The results suggest that interleukin-4 may be involved in downregulating NLRP3 inflammasome expression, inhibiting the activation of caspase-1 and thus reducing the secretion of interleukin-1β, reducing the inflammatory state of the local microenvironment, as well as inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and playing a role in promoting new bone production during bone tissue regeneration guided by bone replacement materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Previous studies had shown that hair follicle epidermal neural crest stem cells have the great potential in facilitating peripheral nerve rehabilitation, but the role in regulating inflammation after facial nerve injury had rarely been reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether epidermal neural crest stem cells can modify the expression of pro-inflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor α and anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-4 during facial nerve regeneration to promote the functional and morphological recovery of the facial nerve. METHODS: Epidermal neural crest stem cells were extracted from one 4-day-old SD rat, cultured and identified. Fifty-four adult SD rats were used to construct the bridge model of facial nerve trunk defect with the autologous venous catheter. Models were randomly and equally divided into the normal saline group, Dulbecco's modified eagle medium group and epidermal neural crest stem cell group. Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-4 expression levels were detected at postoperative 4 to 14 days using western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. The facial nerve function of rats was scored 12 weeks after the operation and the morphology of the facial nerve was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Double positive expression of Nestin and p75NTR could be observed in epidermal neural crest stem cells and the cell purity was over 90%. (2) Compared with the other two groups, tumor necrosis factor α expression in the epidermal neural crest stem cell group turned weaker 7 days after surgery (P < 0.05), and interleukin-4 expression in the epidermal neural crest stem cell group was enhanced on postoperative 3, 7 and 14 days, respectively (P < 0.05). (3) The recovery score of facial nerve function in the epidermal neural crest stem cell group was significantly better than that in the other two groups (P < 0.05). (4) There were abundant nutrient vessels and regenerative axons in the graft segment. Compared with the other two groups, the arrangement of nerve fibers was more orderly and the wrapped myelin sheath was thicker in the graft and distal segment in the epidermal neural crest stem cell group. (5) The data inferred that epidermal neural crest stem cells regulate the local expression of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-4 at the early stage of facial nerve injury, inhibit the local inflammatory reaction, and improve facial nerve function and morphology of the regenerated nerve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the effect of Bairui granule combined with ceftezole sodium in the treatment of children with acute bronchitis. Methods: 102 children with acute bronchitis who were admitted to our hospital from April 2020 to January 2022 were divided into control group (ceftezole sodium treatment) and observation group (Bairui granule combined with ceftezole sodium treatment) according to random number table method, with 51 cases in each group. The curative effects, clinical indicators, blood routine indicators, serum inflammatory factor levels changes and the incidence of adverse reactions were compared in the two groups. Results: Compared with the control group, the total clinical effective rate in the observation group was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, sputum, asthma, pulmonary rales, cough and other symptoms disappeared time in the observation group were shorter (P<0.05). 7 d after treatment, the white blood cell count, neutrophil percentage and lymphocyte percentage in the two groups were decreased, and the observation group was lower than the control group in the same period (P<0.05). 7 d after treatment, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) in the two groups were decreased, and the observation group was lower than the control group in the same period (P<0.05). There were no serious adverse reactions in the two groups. Conclusion: Bairui granule combined with ceftezole sodium in the treatment of children with acute bronchitis can effectively improve clinical symptoms, reduce inflammatory reaction and improve blood routine indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Diabetic ulcers are a common complication of diabetes mellitus, which is manifested as foot ulcers complicated with infection, long treatment cycle, high disability rate and mortality rate, and brings a heavy burden to patients and social care. OBJECTIVE: To review the mechanism of action and the latest treatment progress of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of diabetic ulcers, and to provide a basis for further theoretical research and clinical application. METHODS: CNKI, WanFang Database and PubMed database were searched for relevant literature using the keywords of “diabetic ulcer, medicinal herb, inflammation, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor, hypersensitive C-reactive protein, γ-interferon, interleukin-4, interleukin-10” in Chinese and English, respectively. The relevant literature in recent years was searched, and finally 75 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The high glucose environment of the body will increase the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, so that diabetic ulcer wounds are in a state of chronic inflammatory response for a long time, and difficult to heal or even not heal. TCM has summed up a lot of experience in the long-term struggle with diabetic ulcer. At present, TCM divides diabetic ulcers into four syndrome types: dampness and heat poison syndrome, blood and blood stasis obstruction pattern, heat poison injury Yin pattern, and Qi and blood deficiency syndrome, as well as representative prescriptions for treatment. According to their clinical characteristics, diabetic ulcers can be also divided into three stages: primary, middle and late stages. Different treatment methods are proposed: “clear method,” “warm and clear combined use” and “maintenance method.” Under the guidance of dialectical typing and staging of TCM, TCM monomers, extracts and compounds inhibit the inflammatory response and promote the healing of diabetic ulcers by down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factors and/or up-regulating the expression of anti-inflammatory factors. Compared with modern medicine, TCM has significant advantages in the treatment of diabetic ulcers. There are many TCM monomers, extracts and compounds for the treatment of diabetic ulcers, such as angelica, curcumin, improved Chonghe ointment, Sanhuang blood exhaustion prescription and sore-ulcer I. formula, etc. It has been found that TCM for the treatment of diabetic ulcers is mainly heatclearing and detoxifying, invigorating blood circulation and removing blood stasis, and amassing sores and muscle-building drugs, and the frequency of use, treatment scope and therapeutic effect of TCM compounds are obviously better than those of TCM monomers and extracts. Among them, the most commonly used are the Sanhuang blood exhaustion prescription and the sore-ulcer I as well as prescription for the treatment of damp heat toxicity syndrome and Zizhu ointment for the treatment of non-ischemic diabetic ulcers. However, there are also some shortcomings in the treatment of diabetic ulcers with TCM. First, there are few clinical syndrome studies on diabetic ulcers. Secondly, there are a wide variety of TCM monomers, extracts and compounds for the treatment of diabetic ulcers, and the relevant research is insufficiently in-depth. Finally, the research on the mechanism underlying TCM treatment of diabetic ulcers is still in the preliminary exploration stage, and the mechanism of action still needs to be further explored. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen the research on the pharmacology of TCM and the clinical syndrome of diabetic ulcers, analyze the potential targets and related signaling pathways of TCM in the treatment of diabetic ulcers, give full play to the therapeutic advantages of TCM with multiple targets, multiple pathways, multiple levels and multiple systems, and develop TCM with significant efficacy, active ingredients and clear targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Allergic rhinitis is a globally prevalent allergic disease that seriously affects people's quality of life and often has a poor clinical treatment effect. The effects of mesenchymal stem cells on allergic rhinitis animal models were systematically evaluated, hoping to provide inspiration for clinicians. METHODS: Articles related to the treatment of allergic rhinitis mice with mesenchymal stem cells were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Chinese biomedical literature database, Embase, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Web of Science. The retrieval time was from the establishment of the database to March 1, 2022. Data were independently extracted by two researchers. SYRCLE Animal Experiment Bias Risk Assessment table was used to evaluate the literature quality. Stata 16.0 was used for meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 152 mice were included in 6 randomized controlled animal experiments, including 51 mice in stem cell group, 51 mice in blank control group, and 50 mice in animal model control group. The meta-analysis results demonstrated that the number of sneezes in stem cell group was significantly less than that in the animal model control group [SMD=-9.83, 95%CI(-17.45,-2.22), P=0.011]. The number of nose rubbing in stem cell group was significantly less than that in the animal model control group [SMD=-13.27, 95%CI(-25.04,-1.49), P=0.027]. Serum interleukin-4 level in stem cell group was significantly smaller than that in the animal model control group [SMD=-8.23, 95%CI(-11.28, -5.17), P=0]. Serum interleukin-6 level in stem cell group was significantly smaller than that in the animal model control group [SMD=-4.27, 95%CI(-5.43,-3.10), P=0.035]. Interleukin-10 level in the spleen in stem cell group was significantly higher than that in the animal model control group [SMD=25.63, 95%CI(17.92, 33.33), P=0]. Interleukin-6 level in the spleen in stem cell group was significantly lower than that in the animal model control group [SMD=-40.64, 95%CI(-80.16, -1.13), P=0]. CONCLUSION: According to the included animal experiments, stem cells help to improve the symptoms of allergic rhinitis, decrease serum interleukin-4 and interleukin-6 levels and spleen interleukin-6 level, and increase spleen levels of interleukin-10. Stem cells play an important role in allergic rhinitis, and clinical trials are expected to carefully evaluate their safety and efficacy in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of adalimumab in the treatment of severe psoriasis and its effect on peripheral blood Th1/Th2 balance and monocyte P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Methods: 118 patients with severe psoriasis who were treated in the fifth medical center of PLA general hospital from March 2019 to March 2022 were selected, and they were divided into control group (routine treatment, 59 cases) and study group (adalimumab on the basis of the control group treatment, 59 cases) according to random number table method. The efficacy, symptom score changes, peripheral blood Th1/Th2 balance and monocyte p38MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathwayway changes were observed in the two groups, the incidence of adverse reactions in the two groups was recorded. Results: The total clinical effective rate in the study group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, Th1, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the study group were lower than those in the control group, while interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Th2 were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The expression levels of p38MAPK and NF-κB protein in the study group after treatment were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score in the study group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Adalimumab has a good efficacy in the treatment of severe psoriasis, which may be related to the regulation of peripheral blood Th1/Th2 balance and monocyte p38MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, without increasing the incidence of adverse reactions, and which has a good safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of adalimumab in the treatment of severe psoriasis and its effect on peripheral blood Th1/Th2 balance and monocyte P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) /nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Methods: 118 patients with severe psoriasis who were treated in the fifth medical center of PLA general hospital from March 2019 to March 2022 were selected, and they were divided into control group (routine treatment, 59 cases) and study group (adalimumab on the basis of the control group treatment, 59 cases) according to random number table method. The efficacy, symptom score changes, peripheral blood Th1/Th2 balance and monocyte p38MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathwayway changes were observed in the two groups, the incidence of adverse reactions in the two groups was recorded. Results: The total clinical effective rate in the study group was higher than that in the control group (P＜0.05). After treatment, Th1, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the study group were lower than those in the control group, while interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Th2 were higher than those in the control group (P＜0.05). The expression levels of p38MAPK and NF-κB protein in the study group after treatment were lower than those in the control group (P＜0.05). The psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score in the study group was lower than that in the control group (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P＞0.05). Conclusion: Adalimumab has a good efficacy in the treatment of severe psoriasis, which may be related to the regulation of peripheral blood Th1/Th2 balance and monocyte p38MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, without increasing the incidence of adverse reactions, and which has a good safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to investigate the effect of milk exosomes on colitis mice induced by sodium dextran sulfate (DSS). Forty-two 21-day-old SPF male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups: Control group, model group (DSS group) and milk exosome group (Exo group), with seven replicates in each group and two mice in each replicate. The mice in control group drank water freely during the experiment. Mice in DSS group were given 3.5% DSS solution for the first 5 d, and drank water for the last 7 d. Mice in Exo group were given 3.5% DSS solution for the first 5 d, and each mouse was fed with 10 μL milk exosomes (1 g/L) for the last 7 d. The experiment lasted for 12 d. The results showed that there was no significant difference in average daily gain among all groups (P>0.05), and the average daily feed intake of mice in DSS group and Exo group was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05). Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content was significantly increased in DSS group and Exo group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in serum interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in serum antioxidant indexes and intestinal length among all groups (P>0.05). On 12 d, DAI score of Exo group was significantly lower than that of DSS group (P<0.05). The study indicates that 10 μL bovine milk exosomes (1 g/L) has limited effect on DSS induced colitis mice, possibly due to the low dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the expression levels of serum transcription factor PU.1 and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in children with acute upper respiratory tract infectious diseases and explore their clinical diagnostic values. Methods A total of 78 children with acute upper respiratory tract infection treated in our hospital were selected as the disease group, and 78 healthy children with physical examination during the same period were selected as the normal control group. Fluorescence quantitative method and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect the expression levels of serum transcription factors PU.1 and IL-4 in children respectively. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze its clinical diagnostic value. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors affecting the occurrence of acute upper respiratory tract infectious diseases. Results The serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL6), C reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-4 and the relative expression of PU.1 were significantly higher in the disease group than those in the normal control group (P＜0.05). The areas under the ROC curve of serum IL-4 level and the relative expression of PU.1 and their combined detection for diagnosing the upper respiratory tract infectious diseases in children were 0.752, 0.855 and 0.984, respectively, the corresponding sensitivities were 58.97%, 78.21%, 94.87%, respectively, and the specificities were 83.33%, 78.21% and 97.44%, respectively. A multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed, and the results showed that higher serum IL-4, PU.1, IL-6, CRP and TNF-α expression levels were independent risk factors affecting the occurrence of upper respiratory tract infectious diseases (P＜0.05). Conclusion The serum levels of PU. 1 and IL-4 in children with acute upper respiratory tract infectious diseases are relatively high, which have certain diagnostic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the relationship between plasma interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-17 levels and implantation syndrome (ES) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and to determine the diagnostic and predictive markers of ES. Methods The plasma samples were collected from38 patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT (the study group) from 2017 to 2020 and their plasma concentrations of 12 cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) before HSCT, ten days after HSCT, onset of ES and onset of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) . At the same time, they were compared with 20 healthy subjects (the control group), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) were used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of IL-4 and IL-17 biomarkers for the diagnosis of ES. Results In the study group of the 38 patients, a total of 9 patients developed ES after HSCT, a total of 13 patients developed aGVHD, and 16 patients did not develop ES or aGVHD. Compared with the aGVHD group, the no ES group and aGVHD group, the plasma levels of IL-4 and IL-17 in the ES group were significantly increased, and the differences were statistically significant (P <0.05) . After HSCT, the plasma levels of IL-4 and IL-17 in ES patients were significantly up-regulated compared with those before transplantation, and the expression levels were down-regulated after treatment compared with those in ES patients, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference compared with the levels before HSCT (P>0.05). On the 10th day after HSCT, the levels of IL-4 and IL-17 in patients with ES were significantly higher than those in patients without ES, and the differences were statistically significant (P <0.05), and the increased expression levels preceded clinical diagnosis. At the detection time point, the AUC of IL-4 predicting ES was 0. 947 d±0.024, the specificity was 0.93% and the sensitivity was0. 72%;the AUC of IL-17 predicting ES was 0. 853 d±0. 056, the specificity was 0.83% and the sensitivity was 0.75 %;the AUC of IL-4+IL-17 predicting ES was 0. 896±0.031, the specificity was 0. 90% and the sensitivity was 0.73%. Conclusion IL-4 and IL-17 may serve as early biomarkers for the diagnosis and curative evaluation of ES after allogeneic HSCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of azelastine hydrochloride combined with mometasone furoate in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. METHODS: Wanfang Data, CNKI, Baidu Library, Embase, the Cochrane Library,PubMed and other databases were retrieved to collect the randomized controlled trial (RCT) of azelastine hydrochloride combined with mometasone furoate in the treatment of allergic rhinitis ( the study group and control group were respectively treated with azelastine hydrochloride combined with mometasone furoate and mometasone furoate alone). The retrieval time was from the establishment of the database to Sept. 2022. Meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5. 4 software after data extraction, selection of literature and evaluation of risk of bias of included literature by two investigators. RESULTS: Totally 8 RCT were enrolled, including 809 patients, with 405 patients in the study group and 404 patients in the control group. Meta-analysis showed that in terms of effectiveness, the total effective rate (OR = 4. 11,95% CI = 2. 75-6. 16,P < 0. 000 01) and significant effective rate (OR = 2. 12, 95%CI = 1. 59-2. 82,P<0. 000 01), nasal symptom score (MD = -1. 33,95%CI = -1. 45--1. 21,P<0. 000 01) and interleukin-4 level (MD= -5. 58,95%CI = -6. 38--4. 78,P<0. 000 01) of allergic rhinitis patients in the study group treated with azelastine hydrochloride combined with mometasone furoate were significantly better than those in the control group treated with mometasone furoate alone, with statistically significant differences. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse drug reactions between the study group and the control group (OR = 1. 19, 95%CI = 0. 66-2. 15,P = 0. 56). CONCLUSIONS: Available evidence suggests that azelnostine hydrochloride combined with mometasone furoate is safe and effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, with significant advantages over mometasone furoate alone. Due to the limitation of the number and quality of the selected RCT, the above conclusions need to be validated by more high-quality RCT in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective 　To observe the effects of Buzhong Yiqi Tang ( Center-supplementing and Qiboosting Decoction, BZYQT) on thyroid antibody, Th-related cytokines and histopathological morphology of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) model rats. Methods　The EAT rat model was replicated using a mixed immunoinjection method of pig thyroglobulin and Fredrin's adjuvant combined with high iodine feeding method, and the rats were randomly divided into the model group, selenium yeast group, BZYQT group, and blank group, with nine rats in each group. Selenium yeast group was given selenium yeast (20. 67 μg/ kg), while BZYQT group was given Buzhong Yiqi Granules (0. 93 g/ kg), and the blank and model groups were given equal volums of drinking water. After 56 days of the intervention, free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH), thyroperoxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-38 (IL-38), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were detected in the peripheral blood of rats by enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) determination, and the histopathological changes of rat thyroid were observed under light microscope by HE staining. Results　Compared with the blank group, FT3, FT4, T3, T4, TPOAb, TGAb, IFN-γ and IFN-γ/ IL-4 increased (P<0. 05), while IL-4 and IL-38 decreased (P<0. 05), and a large number of lymphocytes were infiltrated in thyroid tissue in the model group. Compared with the model group, FT3, FT4, T3, T4, TGAb, TPOAb, IFN-γ and IFN- γ/ IL-4 in BZYQT group and selenium yeast group decreased (P<0. 05), while IL-4 and IL-38 increased (P<0. 05). Compared with selenium yeast group, TGAb and TPOAb in BZYQT group decreased (P< 0. 05). Under light microscope, the degree of lymphocyte infiltration in the thyroid tissue of rats in the two groups significantly reduced compared with that in the model group, and the improvement of infiltration in the BZYQT group was better than that in the selenium yeast group. Conclusion　BZYQT can improve the thyroid function of EAT rats by regulating the autoimmune function, reduce the levels of TGAb and TPOAb, and alleviate the lymphocyte infiltration in thyroid tissues. Both selenium yeast and BZYQD can improve EAT by regulating Th1/ Th2 balance and IL-38 level, and the effect of BZYQD is slightly better than that of selenium yeast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the protective effect of interleukin-4 （IL-4） on acute lung injury （ALI）. Methods ALI cell models were developed using lipopolysaccharide （LPS） to induce A549 cells. The model was treated with different concentrations of IL-4 （0.1 μg/mL, 1 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL） for different durations. Then the apoptosis rate of A549 cells was detected by flow cytometry, and the secretion of IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, TNF-γ of A549 cells was determined by ELISA. Results IL-4 reduced the apoptosis rate of A549 cells and inhibited the expression of Caspase3 in ALI model （P < 0.05）. The effect was enhanced with the increase of IL-4 concentration and the extension of intervention time. IL-4 promoted the expression of Bcl-2 （P < 0.05）, and the best effect was achieved when the concentration of IL-4 was 1 μg/mL for 12 h. Under the above conditions, IL-4 decreased IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, TNF-γ and increased IL-10 in A549 cells in ALI model （P < 0.05）. Conclusion IL-4 can positively regulate acute lung injury by improving cytokine secretion in ALI in vitro model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to explore the effect of Ginkgo biloba polysaccharide on immune function of palace yellow chicken. 450 120-day-old imperial yellow hens were selected and divided into five groups, with three replicates in each group and 30 replicates in each group. Set up ZXMZ group (add 0.2 g/kg levamisole hydrochloride), YXDT0 group, YXDT1 group, YXDT2 group and YXDT4 group (add 0, 1, 2 and 4 g/kg Ginkgo biloba polysaccharide, respectively). The experimental period was 80 d. The results showed that compared with YXDT0 group, Newcastle disease virus antibody titers of chickens in other groups were extremely increased (P<0.01). Compared with YXDT0 group, except for YXDT1 group, the interferon- γ (IFN- γ) content of the other groups was extremely increased (P<0.01), and the interleukin-2 (IL-2) content of the other groups was extremely increased (P<0.01). Except for YXDT4 group, the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-2) in the other groups were extremely higher than those in YXDT0 group (P<0.01). Compared with YXDT0 group, the relative expression of IFN- γ mRNA in YXDT4 group was extremely increased (P<0.01), and ZXMZ group and YXDT2 group were significantly increased (P<0.05). The relative expression of IL-2 mRNA in ZXMZ group, YXDT1 group and YXDT2 group was extremely increased (P<0.01), and YXDT4 group was significantly increased (P<0.05). The relative expression levels of IL-4 mRNA in ZXMZ group, YXDT1 group and YXDT2 group were extremely increased (P<0.01), and significantly increased in YXDT4 group (P<0.05). Lymphocytes in splenic nodules increased, the number of cells increased and periarterial lymphatic sheath thickened in YXDT1 group, YXDT2 group and YXDT4 group. The boundary between white pulp and red pulp was obvious in YXDT1 group and YXDT2 group. The experiment indicates that Ginkgo biloba polysaccharide can improve the immune function of laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to study the effect of jujube polysaccharide on immune function of chickens. 150 black chickens at the age of 118 d were selected and divided into five groups with three replicates in each group and ten chickens in each replicate. During laying period, the black chickens in KOBA group were fed with compound feed without adding drugs. The black chickens in ZXMZ group were fed with compound diet supplemented with 0.2 g/kg levamisole hydrochloride. The black chickens in DZDT1 group, DZDT2 group and DZDT.3 group were fed with compound diet supplemented with 1, 2 and 4 g/kg jujube polysaccharides. The results showed that compared with KOBA group, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody titer and immunoglobulin M (IgM) content in black chicken's serum of DZDT1 group, DZDT2 group and DZDT.3 group were extremely increased (P<0.01). The secretion of interferon -γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the content of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in black chicken's serum of DZDT2 group were extremely increased (P<0.01). Compared with KOBA group, the spleen index, spleen lymphocyte stimulation index and splenic lymphocyte necrosis factor -α (TNF-α) secretion in black chicken's spleen of DZDT1 group, DZDT2 group and DZDT3 group were extremely increased (P<0.01). The secretion of interleukin-4 (IL-4) in black chicken's spleen of DZDT2 group was extremely increased (P<0.01). The experiment indicates that adding jujube polysaccharides in compound diet can improve the immune function of laying hens, and the DZDT2 group has the best effect under experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Post-stroke depression is a common complication of stroke, with complex pathophysiological mechanism. The theory of inflammatory response is currently a hot spot in relevant fields. Some inflammatory factors not only mediate the pathogenesis of post-stroke depression, but also play an important role in the diagnosis and prognosis of post-stroke depression. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the role of different types of inflammatory factors in the pathophysiological mechanism and diagnosis of post-stroke depression, and put forward the possible application prospect. METHODS: Databases of Wanfang, CNKI and PubMed were searched for relevant articles published from January 2010 to February 2021 with the key words of “post-stroke depression, depression or stroke, inflammation reaction, inflammatory factor, cytokine” in Chinese or English, respectively. A few classic early literatures were included. By reading the titles and abstracts, repetitive studies, low-quality or irrelevant literatures were excluded. Finally, 69 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 16 factors were screened out, which may be associated with post-stroke depression, including pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-18, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ), anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin-4, interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-β1), and other nonspecific factors (C-reactive protein, neopterin, adiponectin, NLRP3 inflammasome, matrix metalloproteinase 9, growth differentiation factor-15, and serum amyloid A. Antagonizing the expression of pro-inflammatory factors or supplementing exogenous antiinflammatory factors is beneficial to the relief of the symptoms of post-stroke depression, while anti-post-stroke depression treatment can cause changes of inflammatory factors in serum. Inflammatory factors participate in the occurrence and development of post-stroke depression by interacting with their own receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, neurotransmitters or hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Detection of serum inflammatory markers or gene polymorphism has an important predictive value for the diagnosis of post-stroke depression. However, the related research is still very scattered, and there is a lack of systematic multi-level and high-quality research. The construction of standardized animal models of post-stroke depression is helpful to further explain its pathophysiological mechanism, and the multicenter and large sample longitudinal clinical research is conductive to establish a reliable prediction model of post-stroke depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to explore the effect of momordica charantia polysaccharide on immune function and serum biochemical indexes of laying hens. A total of 300 thirty-day-old Hylan brown commercial laying hens were selected and divided into five groups, with 60 hens in each group. The KOBA group was set as basal diet, the ZXMZ group was supplemented with 0.2 g/kg levamisole hydrochloride in basal diet. The KGDT1 group, KGDT2 group and KGDT4 group were supplemented with 1, 2 and 4 g/kg momordica charantia polysaccharide in basal diet. The trial period was 12 w. The results showed that the titers ofNewcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody in serumof laying hens inZXMZgroup,KGDT1 group, KGDT2 group and KGDT4 group were extremely higher than those in KOBA group (P<0.01). The serum content of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interferon- γ (IFN- γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and total protein in ZXMZ group, KGDT1 group, KGDT2 group and KGDT4 group were significantly (P<0.05) or extremely (P<0.01) higher than those in KOBA group. The experiment indicates that momordica charantia polysaccharide can improve the immune function and serum biochemical indexes of laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of composite plant extracts Piper sarmentosum Roxb. and guava leaf on growth performance and serum indexes of weaned piglets. A total of 200 21-day-old weaned piglets were selected and randomly divided into two groups, with five replicates in each group and 20 piglets in each replicate. Piglets in control group were fed with a basal diet, the piglets in experimental group were fed with the basal diet supplemented with composite plant extracts at 200 mg/kg. The experimental period was 21 d. The results showed that there was no significant difference on growth performance of piglets among the groups（P>0.05）. Compared with control group, the experimental group supplemented with the compound plant extract in the diet significantly decreased the serum cholesterol（CHOL） and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol（LDL-C） content of piglets（P<0.05）, glutathione peroxidase（GSH-Px）activity was significantly increased（P<0.05）, serum content of interleukin-4（IL-4）, interleukin-10（IL-10） and transforming growth factor-β（TGF-β） were significantly increased（P<0.05）, the content of interleukin-1β（IL-1β）,interleukin-6（IL-6） and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） were significantly decreased（P<0.05）, and serum endotoxin（ET-1） content and diamine oxidase（DAO） activity were significantly decreased（P<0.05）. The study indicates that adding compound plant extracts to diet can improve the antioxidant performance and immune function of weaned piglets, and improve the intestinal mucosal barrier function of piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To observe the effect of external application of Xiaohuang powder combined with oral administration of Jiawei Wuhu decoction on lung function and serum tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), γ-Interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4) in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) of phlegm heat blocking lung type. The research objects were 80 children with MPP who were admitted to our hospital from June 2019 to January 2021, the children were randomly divided into control group (n=40, azithromycin anti infection treatment) and study group (n=40, on the basis of control group, combined with external application of Xiaohuang powder and oral administration of Jiawei Wuhu decoction) by using computer program to generate random number, all patients were treated for 7 days. The clinical effects of the two groups were compared. The traditional Chinese medical symptom score, clinical symptom relief, lung function and the levels of serum TNF-α, IFN-γand IL-4 between the two groups were compared before treatment and 7d after treatment. The clinical total effective rate of the study group at 7 d after treatment was 92.50%(37/40), which was higher than 72.50%(29/40) of the control group(P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the disappearance time of symptoms (cough wheezing, fever, lung dry and wet rales) of the study group were shorter (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), maximal expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and FEV1/FVC of the study group at 7 d after treatment were higher (P<0.05), the traditional Chinese medical syndrome score and the level of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4 of the study group at 7 d after treatment were lower (P<0.05). The treatment of MPP children with external application of Xiaohuang powder combined with oral administration of Jiawei Wuhu decoction can effectively shorten the time of symptom improvement, and the improvement of lung function and serum cytokines level is more significant, and the effect is reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the efficacy of hysteroscopic cold knife separation and electrotomy in the treatment of intrauterine adhesion (IUA) and its effect on the recovery of intrauterine morphology and serum interleukin. Methods: The clinical data of 83 patients with IUA who were treated in our hospital from April 2019 to February 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. According to the different operation methods, the patients were divided into group A (electrosurgical resection under hysteroscopy, 40 cases) and group B (cold knife separation under hysteroscopy, 43 cases). The operation time and hospital stay, the recovery of uterine morphology and the changes of serum interleukin were compared between the two groups. The incidence of postoperative complications, the improvement rate of menstruation and the incidence of uterine re adhesion were observed. Results: The operation time and hospital stay in group B were shorter than those in group A(P<0.05). The total effective rate and satisfactory rate of epithelial healing of intimal wound in group B were higher than those in group A(P<0.05). The levels of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in group B were higher than those in group A (P<0.05). The levels of serum interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in group B were lower than those in group A (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative complications between the two groups (P>0.05). The improvement rate of menstruation in group B was higher than that in group A, and the incidence of uterine re adhesion was lower than that in group A(P<0.05). Conclusions: Compared with hysteroscopic electrotomy in the treatment of IUA, hysteroscopic cold knife separation in the treatment of IUA has shorter operation time and hospital stay, better recovery of uterine morphology and improvement of menstruation, milder inflammatory reaction, lower incidence of uterine re adhesion and better curative effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effect of Xiaoer Xiaoji Zhike Oral Liquid combined with budesonide on serum interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), nitric oxide (NO) level in children with bronchial asthma. Selected 67 cases of patients with bronchial asthma who were treated in our hospital from January 2018 to December 2019, divided into two groups randomly. The control group was treated with budesonide alone, and the observation group was treated with Xiaoer Xiaoji Zhike Oral Liquid combined with budesonide. The effective rate of the observation group 93.94 % was significantly higher than that of the control group 70.59 % (P<0.05). The disappearance time of wheezing, cough disappearance, hospital stay and wheezing disappearance time of the observation group were significantly shorter than control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of serum NO and IL-4 of the two groups of children were significantly reduced (P<0.05), and the levels of serum TGF-β1 and IFN-γ were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the levels of serum NO and IL-4 in the observation group The level of IL-4 was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05), and the levels of serum TGF-β1 and IFN-γ were significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the serum IgM, IgA and IgG levels of the two groups of children were significantly reduced (P<0.05), and the serum IgM, IgA and IgG levels of the observation group were significantly lower (P<0.05). Erxiaoji Zhike Oral Liquid combined with budesonide has a significant effect on children with bronchial asthma. The mechanism may be related to the regulation of serum IFN-γ, IL-4, TGF-β1 and NO levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Classically activated and alternative activated macrophages have different phenotypes and functions, and there are few studies to explore the effect of different induction methods on the biological functions of bone marrow-derived macrophages. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of different induced polarization ways on biological behaviors of bone marrow-derived macrophages from rats. METHODS: Rat bone marrow-derived macrophages were isolated and cultured in vitro, and identified by morphological observation, Wright Giemsa staining and flow cytometry. After being induced and activated by interferon-γ, lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-4 for 24 hours, the morphology of bone marrow-derived macrophages was observed by inverted microscope. The expression levels of cell surface markers Nos2 and Arg1 were detected by real time-PCR. CCK8 assay was performed to determine the proliferation ability of bone marrow-derived macrophages. Flow cytometry was performed to detect the apoptosis, and neutral red staining was performed to identify the phagocytic function of bone marrow-derived macrophages. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Bone marrow-derived macrophages that stimulated by interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide were highly expressing the cell surface marker Nos2 of M1, and apoptosis of bone marrow-derived macrophages can be slightly promoted as well as the phagocytic function of bone marrow-derived macrophages is reduced; while bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated by interleukin-4 are highly expressing the cell surface marker Arg1 of M2. Cell proliferation and phagocytosis of bone marrow-derived macrophages are promoted, and apoptosis of bone marrow-derived macrophages is inhibited. The results confirm that the biological behavior of bone marrow-derived macrophages can be affected by different methods of induced polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the changes of plasma leptin, interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-18 (IL-18) and tumor necrosis factor - α (TNF-α) levels in patients with nephrotic syndrome and their clinical significance. Methods:110 cases of nephrotic syndrome diagnosed and treated in our hospital from February 2018 to October 2019 were selected as the observation group, and 110 healthy patients who underwent physical examination in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. The plasma leptin, IL-4, IL-18, TNF-α, 24 h proteinuria and plasma albumin levels were measured and compared between the two groups. The correlation of plasma leptin, IL-4, IL-18 and TNF-α with 24 h proteinuria and plasma albumin were analyzed by Pearson method. The diagnostic value of each index to nephrotic syndrome was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Results: Compared with the control group, the plasma leptin, IL-4, IL-18 and TNF-α levels in the observation group were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, 24 h proteinuria in the observation group was significantly increased, and plasma albumin level was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The plasma leptin, IL-4, IL-18 and TNF-α levels were positively correlated with 24 h proteinuria, while negatively correlated with plasma albumin (P<0.05). The diagnostic value of plasma leptin, IL-4, IL-18 and TNF-α in the combined diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome was significantly higher than that of single diagnosis of plasma leptin, IL-4, IL-18 and TNF-α. Conclusions: The plasma leptin and inflammatory cytokines levels are significantly increased in patients with nephrotic syndrome, which are correlated with the patients' 24 h proteinuria and plasma albumin. The combined detection of plasma leptin, IL-4, IL-18 and TNF-α is of high diagnostic value for nephrotic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the possible mechanism of Hezhong zhiqiu granules in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR) based on the Toll-like receptor(TLR)- nuclear transcription factor-κB(NF-κB) pathway. Methods 12 AR patients (treatment group) admitted to the Department of Otolaryngology of Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University from November 1,2017 to November 30,2018 and 5 healthy volunteers (healthy control group) during the same period were selected as the research objects. Patients with AR were given oral and discontinued treatment with Hezhong zhiqiu granules, and healthy volunteers were not given any intervention. The venous blood and mucosal tissues of the nasal cavity and nasal mound region were collected from patients before and after treatment and healthy volunteers only before treatment, and stored in a refrigerator at -80 ℃. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the expression levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in venous blood. Fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to detect the RNA and protein changes of TLR4 and NF-κB in mucosal tissues in the nasal cavity and nasal collum area. Results Compared with the healthy control group, the expression level of IFN-γ in the serum of patients in the treatment group before treatment was down-regulated, and the expression level of IL-4 was up-regulated, and the differences were statistically significant (P <0.05). TLR4 in the nasal cavity and nasal colloid mucosa of the treatment group and NF-κB mRNA gene protein expression levels were up-regulated at the same time, the differences were statistically significant (P <0.05). After treatment, the above three indicators of patients in the treatment group were negatively correlated with those before treatment (P <0.05). Conclusion Hezhongzhiqiu granules may be able to treat AR by regulating the TLR4-NF-κB pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective : To study The effect of functional endoscopic sinus surgery on Total immunoglobulin (TIgE), eosinophil (Eos) and nasal cilia transport in patients with chronic sinusitis. Method : 120 patients with chronic sinusitis treated in our hospital from December 2015 to December 2019 were selected and divided into the observation group (n=61) and the control group (n=59) by lottery. The control group was treated with traditional adenoidectomy and the observation group was treated with functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The clinical efficacy, serum TIgE, Eos, interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) levels, nasal mucociliary clearance rate, clearance rate, transmission rate and complications were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Result : After treatment, the total effective rate of observation group was 95.08%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group (77.97%, P<0.05). Before treatment, there was no significant difference in the serum TIgE and Eos levels between the two groups. After treatment, the serum TIgE and Eos levels in both groups were significantly lower than those before treatment, which were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Before treatment, there was no significant difference in clearance rate, clearance speed and transmission speed between the two groups. After treatment, the above indexes in both groups were significantly increased, and those in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Before treatment, there was no significant difference in the serum IL-4, IL-8 and TNF-α levels between the two groups. After treatment, the serum IL-4, IL-8 and TNF-α levels in both groups were significantly lower than those before treatment, and the above indicators in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The total incidence of complications in the two groups was 4.92% and 20.34%, respectively, which was significantly lower in the observation group than that of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion : The clinical effect of functional endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic sinusitis is significantly better than that of traditional adenoid curettage with higher safety. It can effectively improve the nasal ciliary transport function in patients, which may be related to the reduction of serum TIgE and Eos levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study effect of symbicort turbuhaler (ST) combined with montelukast on pulmonary function and serum cytokine levels in patients with acute stage of bronchial asthma(ASBA). 86 patients with ASBA who were treated in our hospital from February 2015 to August 2017 were selected as research subjects. The patients were divided into the observation group (n=43) and the control group (n=43) according to the random number table method. The control group was treated with ST, and the observation group was treated with montelukast on the basis of the control group, two groups were treated for 3 months. The lung function, cytokine levels, cough score, St. George's respiratory disease questionnaire (SGRQ) before treatment and 3 months after treatment and drug safety were compared between the two groups. After treatment, the levels of forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC in the two groups were increased significantly compared with those before treatment, and the observation group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5), interferon-酌 (INF-酌) and tumor necrosis factor-琢 (TNF-琢) in the two groups were all lower than those before treatment, and the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the scores of cough in two groups were significantly higher than before treatment, and the observation group was significantly higher than the control group(P<0.05). After treatment, the scores of SGRQ in two groups were significantly lower than before treatment, and the observation group was significantly lower than the control group(P<0.05). The total incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was 20.93%, and there was no statistical difference compared with 16.28% of the control group (P>0.05). ST combined with montelukast can effectively improve the symptoms of the ASBA patients, alleviate the inflammatory reaction of the body and improve the pulmonary function and quality of life of the patients at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the clinical effect of fluticasone propionate nasal spray combined with subcutaneous immunotherapy and the effect on inflammatory cytokines in allergic rhinitis patients. Methods 120 patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis in April 2018 in October 2019 were selected as the research subjects. They were randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 60) and control group (n = 60). The control group was given subcutaneous specific immune therapy, and the experimental group was given the fluticasone propionate nasal spray with subcutaneous immunization therapy. We observed the clinical effects and compared the clinical symptom scores, serum interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 12 (IL-12), immunoglobulin E (IgE), adverse reactions occurrence, scores by nose conjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ) between the 2 groups of patients. Results The total effective rate was 96.67% in the experimental group and 85.00% in the control group (P < 0.05). Before treatment, the differences in clinical symptom scores between the two groups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). After treatment, the clinical symptom scores of the two groups were improved,with significant difference (P < 0.05). Among them, the clinical symptom score of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Before treatment, there were no significant differences in il-4,il-12 and IgE levels between the two groups (P > 0.05). After treatment, the levels of il-4,il-12 and IgE in the two groups were significantly improved (P < 0.05). The levels of il-4 and IgE in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group, while the levels of il-12 in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions was 6.67% in the experimental group and 16.67% in the control group (P < 0.05). Before treatment, there was no significant difference in RQLQ scores between the two groups (P > 0.05). After treatment, RQLQ scores in the two groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05), and those in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Fluticasone propionate nasal spray combined with subcutaneous immunotherapy has a significant clinical effect in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. It can effectively alleviate the clinical symptoms of patients,reduce the levels of il-4 and IgE, improve the level of il-12, control the degree of inflammation, shorten the course of disease of patients, improve the quality of life of patients, and is worthy of promotion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of inhalation of recombinant human interferon α-2b combined with budesonide on inflammatory factors and rehabilitation process in children with bronchiolitis. Methods: 102 children with bronchiolitis who were admitted to Huaian Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University from March 2015 to May 2018 were selected as the research subjects. According to the digital table method, the children were randomly divided into control group (n=51) and research group (n=51). The control group was given budesonide aerosol inhalation therapy, the research group was treated with recombinant human interferon α-2b on the basis of the control group. The clinical efficacy and clinical indicators of the two groups were compared. The inflammatory factors before and 6d after treatment were compared between the two groups, and adverse reactions of the two groups were observed. Results: The total effective rate in the research group was 92.16% at 6d after treatment, which was significantly higher than that in the control group 76.47% (P<0.05). The time of wheezing disappearance, fever abatement, lung rale disappearance, cough disappearance and hospitalization in the research group were shorter than those in the control group (P<0.05). 6d after treatment, the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in both groups were lower than those before treatment, and the research group was lower than the control group (P<0.05). The levels of interferon-γ(INF-γ) were higher than those before treatment, and the research group was higher than the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusions: Recombinant human interferon α-2b combined with budesonide aerosol inhalation in the treatment of children with bronchiolitis has a significant effect,it can effectively improve the clinical symptoms of children, accelerate the rehabilitation process, and can effectively improve the level of inflammatory factors, without increasing the incidence of adverse reactions, it has a certain clinical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To prepare recombinant adeno-associated virus harboring truncated murine interleukin-4 mutant gene and detect the exogenous protein expression in vitro. Methods: An m IL-4 antagonistic mutant DNA expression plasmid pSNAV-mIL-4ΔC22 was constructed through gene clone technology, a recombinant virus vector r AAV5-mIL-4ΔC22 was prepared by three plasmids co-transfection, human bronchoid epithelioid cell line 16 HBE and BEAS-2 B were transfected with recombinant AAV5 vectors, then the expression of foreign protein was detected by Western blot and ELISA. Results: The mutant gene m IL-4ΔC22 was verified by DNA sequencing and the titer of virus vector r AAV5-mIL-4ΔC22 is about 3×1011vg/m L. 16 HBE and BEAS-2 B expressed GFP lastly and stably when 36 hours after receiving r AAV-GFP trensfection. Conclusions: Our study constructed recombinant vector r AAV5-mIL-4ΔC22 encoding murine IL-4 antagonistic mutant protein deleting the C-terminus region, the virus vector effectively transfected 16 HBE and BEAS-2 B, and mediated exogenous protein secretory expression in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics of refractory mycoplasmal pneumonia (RMPP) in children with refractory pneumonia and the predictive value of serum interleukin-4(IL-4), interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-10(IL-10) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ ) detection for RMPP. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 453 cases of children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MMP) clinical data whocollected from June 2014 to January 2014 in our hospital, including 81 cases of RMPP and 372 cases of general MPP (GMPP), the clinical features, clinical manifestations, chest imaging, extrapulmonary complications, laboratory examination results in the both groups were analyzed and compared, multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the related factors of RMPP, the ROC curve was used to analyze the predictive value of each factor on RMPP. Results: Age, warmth, fever, chills, breath sounds, lung dullness, pleural effusion, lobar pneumonia, heart damage, oxygenation rate, hospital stay, levels of white cell count, neutrophil percent- age, prealbumin, serumof IgM , IgA, IgG, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ in the RMPP group were significantly higher than GMPP group, there was a statistically significant difference(P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that serum of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ levels were independent risk factors for RMPP(P<0.05). Areas under of serumof IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ , and the combined detection of the four groups were 0.681, 0.699, 0.693, 0.767, and 0.857, the area under the combined detection curve was significantly higher than that of serum of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ were detected separately. Conclusion: RMPP children is relatively elder, the clini- cal manifestations, chest imaging, and extrapulmonary complications were more severe in children than those with GMPP, they need more oxygen therapy, extended hospital stay, the serumlevels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ of RMPP children were significantly in- creased and the combined detection of these four cytokines is of high clinical value for predicting the occurrence of RMMP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Imbalance of Th1/Th2 immune response is an crucial pathophysiological manifestation of asthma, but recent studies have proved that asthma also has a close correlation with the imbalance of Foxp3+ Treg/Th17. Accumulating evidence indicate that the immunoregulatory capacity of mesenchymal stem cells are mainly related to exosomes secreted by the cells. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell exosomes on Foxp3+ Treg cells, Th17 T cells and airway inflammation of asthmatic mice as well as cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. METHODS: Twenty-seven BALB/c mice of SPF grade were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group, asthmatic model group, and exosomes group. Except the normal control group, each mouse in the other groups was sensitized by ovalbumin to establish asthma models. In the exosomes group, each mouse was intravenously administrated with exosomes at 21 days of sensitization. At 24 hours after the final administration of ovalbumin, the proportion of Foxp3+ Treg and Th17 in the sleep of asthmatic mice as well as the expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1 in Foxp3+ Treg cells were detected by flow cytometry. The total number of inflammatory cells, and the number of eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were counted to analyze the degree of airway inflammation in the combination with pathological observation. We also detected the expression of interleukin-4, 5, 13, 10, 17 and interferon-γ in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as well as p27kip1 in CD4+ T cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The proportion of Foxp3+ Treg in splenic lymphocytes and the CTLA-4 and PD-1 expression in Foxp3+ Treg were significantly higher in the exosomes group than the asthmatic model group (P < 0.01). (2) The proportion of Th17 in splenic lymphocytes was ranked as follows: asthmatic model group > exosomes group > normal control group (P < 0.01). (3) The total number of inflammatory cells and the number of eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were ranked as follows: asthmatic model group > exosomes group > normal control group (P < 0.01). (4) Pathological observation of the lung showed that the asthmatic mice appeared to have severest airway inflammation. However, mesenchymal stem cell exosomes could significantly alleviate the airway inflammation. (5) The detection of cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed that levels of interleukin 13 and interleukin 17 were significantly reduced (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), while the level of interleukin 10 increased (P < 0.01). (6) The p27kip1 expression in the CD4+ T cells was obviously higher in the exosomes group than the asthmatic model group. In conclusion, exosomes from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can reverse the imbalance of Foxp3+ Treg/Th17 and significantly inhibit the airway inflammation in asthmatic mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Stem cell transplantation can inhibit the loss of dopaminergic neurons and improve behavioral symptoms in an animal model of Parkinson's disease, which has a certain therapeutic effect. OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes of behavior symptoms and inflammatory factors in Parkinson's disease rats after neural stem cell transplantation. METHODS: Totally 108 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group, model group and stem cell transplantation group, 36 rats in each group. In the model and stem cell transplantation groups, 6-hydroxydopamine was injected into the striatum of rats to establish Parkinson's disease models, immediately followed by normal saline (5 μL) and 1×109/L neural stem cell suspension (5 μL), respectively. Six rats from each group was taken at each time point (1, 2, 4 weeks after cell transplantation) and subjected to intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mg/kg apomorphine, followed by a 5-minute rotation test at 10 minutes after injection. ELISA was used to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, interferon γ and interleukin-4 in the brain. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Rats in the normal control group had no rotation, while those in the stem cell transplantation and model groups presented with rotation behaviors. Moreover, the number of rotations was dramatically reduced in the stem cell transplantation group at 2 weeks after transplantation, which was significantly lower than that in the model group at 2 and 4 weeks after transplantation (P < 0.05). In both model and stem cell transplantation groups, the number of rotations was reduced significantly at 2 and 4 weeks as compared with that at 1 week after transplantation (P < 0.05). Compared with the normal control group, the levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1β were significantly increased in the model group at different time after cell transplantation (P < 0.05); compared with the model group, these levels were significantly decreased at different time after stem cell transplantation (P < 0.05). Compared with the normal control group, the levels of interferon γ and interleukin-4 were significantly increased in the model group at different time after transplantation; compared with the model group, these levels were significantly increased at 1 and 4 weeks after stem cell transplantation (P < 0.05). To conclude, neural stem cell transplantation can improve the behavior symptoms of Parkinson's disease rats, decrease the levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β (pro-inflammatory factors), and increase the levels of interferon γ and interleukin-4 (anti-inflammatory factors). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare of the effects of laparoscopic and open radical hysterectomy on the serum Iuterleukin-4(IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10). tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and Interferon-/ (IFN-γ) levels of Patients with Cervical Cancer. Methods: 64 patients of cervical cancer who were treated from March 2014 to September 2016 in our hospital were selected as research objects. The patients were randomly divided into the abdominal cavity group and open group. The operative time, blood loss,postoperative ventilation time and the levels of IL-4. IL-10. TNF-α and IFN-γ in senmi before and after treatment were compared between the two groups. Results: The intraoperative blood loss and postoperative ventilation time were significantly lower or shorter in the abdominal cavity group than in the open group (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the operation time between the two groups (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the levels of serum IL-4. IL-10. TNF-α and IFN-γ between the two groups before operation(P>0.05); The serum IL-4 level was significantly lower than that of the open group during the operation (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the other three index between the other three groups and the laparotomy group (P>0.05). The serum levels of IL-4. IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ in the abdominal cavity group were significantly lower than those of the laparotomy group on the 1st and 7th day after operation(P<0.05). Conclusion: Laparoscopic radical mastectomy in cervical intraoperative less blood loss and more secure. The effect of IL-4. IL-10. TNF-α and IFN-γin the postoperative patients was more obvious. Conducive to the recovery of patients after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study clinical research of ulinastatin in treatment of bronchial asthma and analysis of the changes of serum interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4 and T cell subsets. Methods: 98 patients of bronchial asthma who received therapy from January 2014 to October 2016 in our hospital were selected. According to random number table, those patients were divided into the observation group (n=49) and the control group (n=49). The control group was treated with routine treatment, including anti inflammation, improve ventilation, correct acid-base balance disorders, inhaled corticosteroids and β2 receptor agonists, electrolytes, etc, while the observation group was combined with ulinastatin treatment. The clinical efficacy and clinical symptom regression time were compared, and collection 3ml fasting venous blood was collected before and after treatment, the changes of serum IL-2, IL-4 and T cell subsets were detected by flow cytometry. Results: After treatment, the total effective rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P＜0.05); the dyspnea, wheeze, chest tightness, cough symptoms subsided time in the observation group was significantly shorter than that of the control group (P ＜0.05); before treatment, there was no significant difference in serum IL-2 and IL-4 between the two groups(P＞0.05), compared with before treatment, the serum IL-2 and IL-4 were significantly improved in the two groups after treatment (P ＜0.05), the serum IL-2 in the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group, the serum IL-4 was significantly lower than that of the control group (P＜0.05); There was no significant difference in CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+ between the two groups (P＞0.05), compared with before treatment, the CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+were significantly improved in the two groups after treatment (P＜0.05), the CD3+, CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ in the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group, and the CD8+was significantly lower than that of the control group (P＜0.05). Conclusion: Ulinastatin is well for bronchial asthma, which can effectively relieve clinical symptoms, to improve the expression of serum IL-2, IL-4 and T cell subsets, regulation of immune function, high clinical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is mainly chronicity of hepatitis B virus infection caused by specific immune impairment. Modern studies have shown that activated specific inflammatory cells and the cytokines released by these cells such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) play important roles in virus clearance and improvement of autoimmune function. With the constant development of traditional Chinese medicine, it has a widespread effect on the immune regulation system (especially IFN-γ and IL-4). This article reviews the research advances in immunologic mechanism if CHB in Chinese and Western medicine in recent years and provides new ideas and measures for traditional Chinese medicine to break the immune tolerance of CHB in terms of immune regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of serum eosinophil cationic protein(ECP), Interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-5 and gamma interferon(IFN-γ)in children with acute attack of bronchial asthma. Methods A total of 40 cases of children with bronchial asthma treated in the pediatric asthma outpatient and ward of the hospital in Xiamen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine from January 2015 to June 2017 were selected as the observation group,30 healthy children of the same age were selected as the control group. Levels of above five serum inflammatory cytokines were detected before treatment and 2 weeks after treatment in the two groups.the correlation between serum inflammatory cytokines and asthma severity in children with asthma were analyzed. Results (l)The levels of serum ECP, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ before treatment in the observation group were compared with those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant P<0.05); (2)The levels of serum IL-2.IFN-γ in asthmatic children were negatively correlated with the severity of asthma (rs =— 0.940, — 0.938, P<0.05), but ECP,lL-4 and IL-5 were positively correlated with the severity of asthma(rs = 0.944, 0.920, 0.915, P<0.05);(3)After two weeks treatment, the levels of ECP, IL-4 and IL-5 in the observation group were decreased, while the levels of IL-2 and INF-γ were increased, the differences were statistically significant P<0.05). Conclusion The combined detection of ECP, IL-4, IL-5, IL-2,IFN-γ is helpful for the diagnosis of bronchial asthma, and judging the change of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the expressions of serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in ulcerative colitis (UC) rats with damp-heat syndrome and explore their significance in assessing inflammatory severity. Methods We randomly divided 50 healthy Wistar rats of SPF grade (half males and half females) into normal group, and damp-heat syndrome model of UC I (3 days), II (7 days), III (14 days) and IV (21 days) groups, with 10 in each group. Rats in normal group were raised in the natural environment of breeding, while those UC model groups with damp-heat syndrome were fed with high-sugar and high-fat food in the high-temperature and high-humidity environment for 4 weeks. The rat model of damp heat syndrome UC was established by using TNBS-ethanol enema. Then we detected the changes of disease activity index (DAI), colonic mucosa damage index (CMDI), IL-1β and IL-4 in each group. Results Compared with those in normal control group, DAI, CMDI and IL-1β levels in damp heat syndrome UC model I, II, III groups were significantly increased (P<0.01, P<0.05), with model group II having the most obvious increase (P<0.01). Serum IL-4 level decreased significantly (P<0.01, P<0.05), with model group II having the most significant decrease (P<0.01). The above indexes did not significantly differ in model group IV (P>0.05). Conclusion Inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-4 are involved in the pathogenesis of damp-heat syndrome UC. The increased IL-1β and decreased IL-4 levels are consistent with the time of inflammatory severity; therefore, they can be regarded as markers for assessing inflammatory severity in UC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the protective effects of active components of notoginseng on immunological liver injury in mice. Methods Sixty Kunming mice were randomly divided into normal group (group A), model group (Group B), PNS group (Group C), total flavonoids group (Group D),and polysaccharide group (group E). C,D and E groups were given PNS, total flavonoids and polysaccharide orally, 1/day for 14 days. Then BCG was intravenous injected in B, C, D and E groups, and after 26 days lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was intravenous injected. Samples of eye venous plexus blood were collected, and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and Interleukin-4 (IL-4) were detected. Organs index was calculated by checking pathological results of liver, spleen and thymus. Results Compared with group B, the thymus index and serum ALT levels were significantly decreased in C, D and E groups (P < 0.01), but the levels of IL-4 and T-SOD increased significantly (P< 0.01). Pathological results showed that there were more serious inflammatory cell infiltration in liver, edema and necrosis of dot in C, D and E groups than those in group B. Conclusion The active components of notoginseng showed a significant protective effect on immunological liver injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Janus kinase ( JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription ( STAT) signaling pathway is an important signal trans-duction pathway activated by a variety of cytokines and growth factors and mediates various cellular processes involved in liver fibrosis, inclu-ding proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammation. In this article, the recent findings related to the function of JAK/STAT sig-naling and its activating factors in liver fibrosis are reviewed. Specifically, the roles of three cytokines leptin, interferon - alpha (IFN -a) and interleukin - 4 ( IL - 4 ) are detailed in regards to their activation of the intracellular JAK/STAT pathway through the hepatic stellate cell membrane to promote expression of target genes involved in the fibrotic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the effects of Radix Astragali Injection on the Th1/Th2 balance in child patients with viral myocarditis(VMC). Methods Sixty-eight cases of VMC in our hospitals from January 2014 to December 2015 were randomly divided into the conventional group and Astragali Radix group ,34 cases in each group. The conventional group was treated with the conventional therapy. Based on this, the Radix Astragali group was added with Radix Astragali Injection. After 14 d treatment, the clinical curative effects were evaluated. Serum was collected before and after treatment. ELISA was used to detect the concen-trations of Th1 cytokine interferon-γ(IFN-γ) and Th2 cytokine interleukin-4(IL-4), and then the ratio of IFN-γto IL-4 was calculated. In addition,30 healthy children served as normal control group in the same period. Results The total effective rate in Radix Astragali group was significantly higher than that in the conventional group with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). In the comparison with the normal control group,serum IFN-γ concentration and the ratio of IFN-γ to IL-4 in the conventional group and Radix Astragali group were significantly increased, while serum IL-4 concentration was significantly decreased, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.01). The serum IFN-γconcentration and the ratio of IFN-γto IL-4 after treatment in both Radix Astragali group and conventional group were decreased compared with before treatment ,but serum IL-4 concentration was in creased,the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). Moreover,in the comparison with the conventional group after treatment,serum IFN-γconcentration and the ratio of IFN-γto IL-4 after treatment in the Radix Astragali group were decreased, while serum IL-4 concentration was increased(P<0.01). Comparing with the conventional group after treatment,the serum IFN-γconcentration and the radio of IFN-γto IL-4 both decreased in the Astragali group after treatment without statistically significant difference(P>0.05),while the serum IL-4 concentration increased with statistically significant difference(P<0.05). Conclusion Radix Astragali Injection has a better curative effect in the treatment of VMC children patients, can cause the shift of Th1/Th2 balance to Th2, thereby promotes the recovery of impaired myocardium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the effect of aerosol inhalation of L-arginine on acute airway inflammation in mice model with asthma and to investigate the mechanism. Methods Thirty male BALB / c mice were randomly divided into three groups and 10 mice in each group: L-arginine group,model group and the control group. The L-arginine group and model group were sensitized by intraperitoneal( i. p.) injections of 0. 3 m L suspension of 100 μg OVA and 2 mg AL( OH)3,and the control group was injected with 0. 3 m L PBS at the same time. Since the 21 st day,these three groups were put into homemade glass atomization box. L-arginine group and model group were given 30 g / L OVA for aerosol inhalation and the control group with PBS for aerosol inhalation,once a day,thirty minutes one time and for 12 days. L-arginine group was given 174 mg / m L L-arginine for aerosol inhalation for 30 minutes before every sensitization. Twenty-four hours after the last sensitization,mice of the three groups were bled to death,and then we collected the left lung tissues and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. HE staining was used on the upper left lobe of lung tissue,and the pathological changes were observed. We counted the total number of leukocytes,esosinophils,lymphocytes and macrophages. The levels of interlerkin-4( IL-4),NO and interferon-γ( IFN-γ) in BALF were measured by ELISA. Results In the model group,the airway epithelium fractured, fell off and had mucous edema with more folds under HE staining, and there was inflammatory cell infiltration with a large number of esosinophils and lymphocytes around the bronchus. The inflammatory cell infiltration and mucous edema in the L-arginine group was less than that of the model group. Compared with the control group,the leukocytes, esosinophils, lymphocytes and macrophages in BALF were increased in the L-arginine group and the model group, and the above indexes of the L-arginine group were less than those of the model group( all P 0. 05). Compared with the control group, the levels of IL-4 and IL-4 / IFN-γ were increased, but the levels of IFN-γ and NO were decreased in the Larginine group and model group; compared with the model group, the levels of IL-4 and IL-4 / IFN-γ declined, but IFN-γand NO elevated in the L-arginine group, and significant difference was found among these groups( all P 0. 05). Conclusion The aerosol inhalation of L-arginine can inhibit the airway inflammation of asthmatic mice, and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting IL-4 expression, promoting IFN-γ expression and the production of NO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To approach the effect and significance of astragalus membranaceus to imbalance of Th1/Th2 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell(PBMC) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of septic rats. Methods A total of clean 60 SD rats were randomly divided into the control group[group C including group EC and group LC], the sepsis group [group S including group ES and group LS] and astragalus membranaceus intervening group[group H including group EH and group LH], 10 of each group. It adopted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect the expression level of IFN-γ and IL-4 in PBMC and BALF in the rats of each group and calculate the ratio of IFN-γ/IL-4. Results Compared to the group C and group H, the expression level of IFN-γ in the PBMC and BALF of group S were significantly decreased. The downtrend in the PBMC showed time dependence while the IL-4 expression level were improved obviously. With the time prolonging, the expression of IFN-γ/IL-4 in the PBMC and BALF of septic rats was dropped progressively. The difference had statistical significance (P<0.01 or 0.05). Conclusion The imbalance of helper T cells function participates to the development of sepsis. Astragalus membranaceus may inhibit the inflammatory response of astragalus membranaceus to improve their immunologic imbalance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]