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Viruses have long been a significant threat to human survival and development, with recent events such as the COVID-19 pandemic vividly highlighting their dangers. Small molecule drugs have historically played a crucial role in humanity's efforts to combat diseases. In the fight against viruses, humans have developed a range of strategies, with small molecule antiviral drugs occupying a pivotal position. Drawing inspiration from the classic "Thirty-Six Stratagems" of ancient Chinese military tactics, this article provides a concise overview of the developmental history of small molecule antiviral drugs, focusing on the design principles and mechanisms of representative drugs like idoxuridine, saquinavir, and oseltamivir. Furthermore, the article provides insights into future directions for small molecule antiviral drugs and antiviral methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, rapid progress has been made in strategies for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis C virus （HCV） in organ transplant candidates and recipients, and although HCV infections no longer threaten transplantation outcomes in liver or non-hepatic solid organ transplantation, they remain a focus of research. Since hepatitis C is still a leading cause of death worldwide due to decompensated cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma, appropriate organ transplantation is needed to improve survival rate and quality of life. With the increase in HCV-positive solid organ donors in recent years and the fact that the demand for organs still greatly exceeds organ supply, as well as the development of direct-acting antiviral agents, transplantation of HCV-viraemic organs into HCV-naïve recipients will significantly increase transplantation rates and reduce waitlist mortality. The efficacy of current HCV therapies has created an important opportunity to improve the survival rate of patients with end-organ failure by enhancing access to organ transplantation and reducing waitlist mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19, AIDS, influenza, and other infectious viral diseases have a significant impact on human health, and new antiviral drugs are continuously emerging to combat these diseases. Herein, aiming at anti-SARS-CoV-2, anti-HIV, and anti-influenza virus, the latest research progress of small-molecule drugs is reported in this paper. The discovery process, mechanism of action, synthesis process, and structure--activity relationship research of each drug are systematically expounded to promote antiviral drug research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a satellite virus of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and needs the help of HBV envelope protein to complete its own assembly and replication and then establish a new infection cycle. Chronic HDV infection is considered the most severe form of viral hepatitis, which can accelerate disease progression and increase the risk of liver cancer. Effective antiviral therapy is urgently needed to delay disease progression in patients with HDV infection, but Bulevirtide conditionally approved by European Medicines Agency in July 2020 and interferon previously recommended are the only drugs used for the treatment of HDV infection. At present, studies are being conducted for several antiviral drugs targeting viral replication cycle, and early clinical trials have obtained good results. This means that important breakthroughs have been made in the development of antiviral drugs, bringing hope for the treatment of hepatitis D. This article summarizes the current antiviral drugs for hepatitis D and discusses related treatment regimens, so as to provide a reference for the treatment of hepatitis D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Cancer Biotherapy is the property of Editorial Office of Chinese Journal of Cancer Biotherapy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the independent predictive factors for functional cure after long-term nucleos(t)ide analogue (NUC) antiviral therapy followed by pegylated interferon α-2b therapy in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Methods A total of 162 CHB patients who were admitted to several hospitals in Qingdao, China, from 2018 to 2021 were enrolled as subjects, and all patients received pegylated interferon α-2b for at least 48 weeks after NUC therapy for one year or longer. According to whether HBsAg clearance was achieved at week 48 of pegylated interferon α-2b treatment, the patients were divided into functional cure group with 79 patients and non-cure group with 83 patients, and related clinical indices were compared between the two groups. The two-independent-samples t test and the Mann-Whitney U rank sum test were used for comparison of continuous data between two groups, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. The Spearman correlation analysis was performed, and the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the independent predictive factors for functional cure. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted for related variables, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the prediction accuracy of the variables. Results Compared with the non-cure group, the functional cure group had a significantly lower HBsAg level at baseline [21.63 (3.33-157.60) IU/mL vs 794.70 (336.10-1 185.34) IU/mL, Z=-8.869, P < 0.001], at week 12 of pegylated interferon α-2b treatment [1.34 (0.04-16.59) IU/mL vs 567.11 (226.09-1 047.86) IU/mL, Z=-9.847, P < 0.001), and at week 24 of pegylated interferon α-2b treatment [0.01 (0.00-0.34) IU/mL vs 304.79 (89.24-772.23) IU/mL, Z=-10.474, P < 0.001) and a significantly greater reduction in HBsAg at weeks 12 and 24 of pegylated interferon α-2b treatment [week 12: 89.6% (57.5%-99.4%) vs 21.8% (2.0%-40.9%), Z=-7.926, P < 0.001; week 24: 99.9% (99.0%-100.0%) vs 44.1% (20.6%-73.8%), Z=-9.593, P < 0.001]. Compared with the non-cure group, the functional cure group had a significantly lower HBeAg positive rate at baseline (8.9% vs 25.3%, χ²=7.652, P=0.006), a significantly lower proportion of patients with baseline HBV DNA > 1000 IU/mL (0 vs 8.4%, χ²=5.073, P=0.024), a significantly lower level of total bilirubin at baseline [12.60 (10.12-15.93) μmol/L vs 15.50 (11.80-24.10) μmol/L, Z=-3.611, P < 0.001], a significantly higher level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) at week 12 of treatment [47.00 (34.00-68.00) U/L vs 41.00 (30.00-56.50) U/L, Z=-2.031, P=0.042], and a significantly higher proportion of patients with AST > 2×upper limit of normal (16.5% vs 4.8%, χ²=5.835, P=0.016). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that baseline HBsAg (odds ratio [OR]=0.996, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.995-0.997, P < 0.001), HBsAg at week 12 of pegylated interferon α-2b treatment (OR=0.990, 95%CI: 0.986-0.994, P < 0.001), HBsAg at week 24 of pegylated interferon α-2b treatment (OR=0.983, 95%CI: 0.975-0.991, P < 0.001), and baseline total bilirubin (OR=0.885, 95%CI: 0.826-0.949, P=0.001) were independent predictive factors for functional cure. The ROC curve of baseline HBsAg showed an AUC of 0.904 and the optimal cut-off value of 118.24 IU/mL; the ROC curve of HBsAg at week 12 of pegylated interferon α-2b treatment showed an AUC of 0.948 and the optimal cut-off value of 73.74 IU/mL; the ROC curve of HBsAg at week 24 of pegylated interferon α-2b treatment showed an AUC of 0.975 and the optimal cut-off value of 11.01 IU/mL; the ROC curve of baseline total bilirubin showed an AUC of 0.664 and the optimal cut-off value of 19.9 μmol/L. Conclusion Baseline HBsAg, HBsAg at week 12 of pegylated interferon α-2b treatment, HBsAg at week 24 of pegylated interferon α-2b, and baseline total bilirubin are independent predictive factors for functional cure at week 48 of pegylated interferon α-2b treatment in CHB patients receiving sequential therapy with NUC and pegylated interferon α-2b. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Imaging Science & Photochemistry is the property of Imaging Science & Photochemistry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is a key risk factor for the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and it promotes the progression of HCC by inducing liver fibrosis, genetic and epigenetic alterations, and the expression of active virally encoded proteins. Many studies have confirmed the influence of viral status on the prognosis of HCC, and effective antiviral therapy can help prevent or delay the recurrence of HBV-associated HCC, increase the overall survival time of patients undergoing radical or systemic, and improve the prognosis after multimodality therapy. Therefore, correct selection of antiviral drugs is crucial for the antiviral treatment of patients with HBV-associated HCC. This article briefly reviews the selection of antiviral drugs for patients with HBV-associated HCC, so as to provide a reference for clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection is still a serious disease threatening human health. Anti-HBV treatment is an extremely important means to reduce the threat of hepatitis B. In recent years, there has been no consensus on the timing and drug selection of anti-HBV therapy. The timing and drug selection of anti-HBV therapy in various populations are discussed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing global development of the COVID-19 epidemic has led to in-depth research on the disease, including therapeutic agents. As a promising specific antiviral agents, the neutralizing antibodies have been successfully applied on some viral infectious diseases. Currently, the development of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 is progressing rapidly internationally, several antibodies have been authorized for emergency use. This paper reviews the effect targets of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the research progress of drugs, and the problems and shortcomings that need attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In November 2018, the U.S. food and drug administration (FDA) issued guidance for the development of drugs for chronic hepatitis B virus infection (draft for comments) (hereinafter referred to as draft for comments), and in April 2022, the FDA issued Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Developing Drugs for Treatment, which has been updated with some details based on the Draft for Comments. This guidance further emphasizes the importance of HBsAg clearance in clinical trials, and classifies chronic suppressive therapy into two categories, namely noninferiority (NI) (or superiority) test with nucleos (t) ide analogues as control and add-on superiority trial with nucleos (t) ide analogues as control, and as for the latter, HBV DNA is no longer recommended as a primary endpoint of the trial, which poses a huge challenge to the development of innovative drugs targeting HBV DNA. The new finite duration therapy should aim to eliminate HBsAg and reduce virologic relapse and the risk of liver disease progression during treatment cessation. Reduction in HBsAg from baseline is not recommended as a primary endpoint for phase III clinical trials, since the correlation between such reduction and clinical response remains unclear. In addition, this guidance also specifies the duration of treatment cessation and treatment consolidation period and the criteria for withdrawal of nucleos (t) ide analogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional cure of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), defined as negative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with or without the presence of hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs), is considered the optimal endpoint for CHB treatment at present. Studies have shown that HBsAg clearance can reduce the risk of HBV complications such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, HBsAg clearance rate remains at a relatively low level, which may be associated with the immune tolerance state caused by HBV infection. HBsAg clearance and/or the presence of anti-HBs indicate the partial recovery of HBV-specific immunity. This article discusses the influencing factors for the functional cure of CHB and the underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the impact of the change in anti - hepatitis B virus ( HBV) therapy indication on treatment rate and the features of the population requiring treatment. Methods The treatment - nfilve patients with chronic hepatitis B ( CHB ) in the China Registry of Hepatitis B (CR - HepB) database were selected as subjects, and related demographic, virological, hematological, and biochemical data were collected. The Mann - Whitney U test was used for comparison of non - normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the Kruskal - Wallis H test was used for comparison between multiple groups; the chi - square test or the Fisher ' s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. Results A total of 3640 treatment - nafve CHB patients were included in this study, among whom 64. 4% were male, 68 . 7% had an age of 30 - 59 years, and 46 . 8% had an indeterminate clinical stage. According to the 2015 and 2019 editions of Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis Band the 2022 edition of expert consensus, the number of patients who had the indication for antiviral therapy was 625 ( 17 . 2% ), 1333 ( 36. 6% ), and 2890 ( 79 . 4% ), respectively. The number of patients requiring treatment was increased by 1557 according to the 2022 edition of expert consensus, among whom 1424 ( 91. 5 % ) met the treatment threshold of alanine aminotransferase ( ALT) > 30 U/ L for male patients or ALT > 19 U/ L for female patients. The additional patients requiring treatment according to the 2022 edition of expe rt consensus had significantly higher levels of ALT and HBV DNA and significantly lower scores of APRI and FIB -4 than the additional patients requiring treatment according to the 2019 edition of Guidelines (all P <0. 05). Conclusion The expansion of antiviral therapy indications for CHB may significantly increase the proportion of CHB patients receiving antiviral treatment and help mild CHB patients at the risk of disease progression to receive timely treatment and achieve the improvement in long - term prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) appeared, the epidemiology and spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)⁃related nervous system diseases have changed significantly. HIV⁃related neurological syndromes are more common, including primary infection, opportunistic infection, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, antiretroviral⁃drugs related neurotoxic effects, etc; and aging⁃related diseases, including HIV⁃associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), HIV⁃related cerebrovascular diseases, and HIV⁃related peripheral neuropathy. This article reviews the research progress of HIV⁃related nervous system diseases, which is helpful for clinicians to recognize early, diagnose and treat in time.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors for direct-acting antiviral agent (DAA) therapy failure in the treatment of hepatitis C by comparing baseline clinical data and resistance-associated substitution (RAS) in sequencing data between the patients with HCV RNA reactivation after DAA therapy and the patients with successful DAA treatment. Methods A total of 13 patients from multiple centers who failed DAA therapy from November 2019 to October 2021 were enrolled as treatment failure group, and sequencing was performed for their positive serum samples. A total of 51 patients with successful DAA treatment were enrolled as control group, and baseline clinical data and sequencing results were compared between the treatment failure group and the control group. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between groups, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups; univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate odds ratio (OR) and investigate the influencing factors for treatment failure. Results All 12 patients with complete treatment data experienced recurrence within 1 year after the end of medication. The male patients with treatment failure had significantly higher baseline total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and creatinine than their female counterparts (Z=-2.517, -2.440, and -2.132, P=0.010, 0.010, and 0.038), and the patients with an age of ≤55 years (OR=5.152, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.116-23.790, P=0.036) or genotype 3b (OR=9.726, 95%CI: 1.325-71.398, P=0.025) had a higher probability of treatment failure. There were differences in the incidence rates of major RAS mutations on three gene fragments between the treatment failure group and the treatment success group, and the common RAS mutations detected in the treatment failure group were not detected in the treatment success group. Conclusion Age, genotype, and RAS in serum virus gene sequence are influencing factors for DAA treatment failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antiviral therapy can reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis B. As for the first-line antiviral drugs, more studies have shown that tenofovir disoproxil fumarate may be better than entecavir in reducing the risk of HCC, especially among Asian patients; a limited number of studies have shown that tenofovir alafenamide fumarate may be better than tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in reducing the risk of HCC; interferon has a better effect than nucleos(t)ide analogues alone in reducing the risk of HCC. Among the currently available drugs, interferon combined with nucleos(t)ide analogues may be the best choice to reduce the risk of HCC in patients at a high risk of HCC. The level of evidence-based medicine is weak for comparing the effect of different drugs in reducing the risk of HCC, and randomized controlled trials are needed for further clarification. In practice, it is necessary to weigh the risk of HCC, drug tolerance and economic affordability based on the patient's basic conditions and actual situations, so as to develop individualized anti-viral strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbidol is a kind of non-nucleoside broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, which plays an antiviral role mainly by inhibiting the entry of virus into cells and regulating immunity. A large number of experiments have confirmed the antiviral activity of arbidol against a variety of viruses, including DNA and RNA viruses, enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. In China, arbidol is mainly used for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection caused by influenza A and B virus. After the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, the results of in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that arbidol has significant inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV-2, and the use of arbidol can improve the clinical outcomes of patients, yet there are also reports shows that arbidol has no definite curative efficacy. As a kind of potentially effective antiviral drugs, arbidol still needs a lot of clinical practice confirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the efficacy of switching to co - formulated elvitegravir/ cobicistat / emtricitabine / tenofovir alafenamide (E/ c / F/ TAF)combined with sofosbuvir/ velpatasvir (SOF/ VEL)in the treatment of previously untreated chronic hepatitis C patients with HIV/ HCV co - infection and the changes in blood lipid levels. Methods This prospective cohort study was conducted among 10 previously untreated chronic hepatitis C patients with HIV/ HCV co - infection who attended Department of Infectious Diseases in Tangdu Hospital from July 2019 to May 2021 and achieved continuous HIV suppression after antiretroviral treatment (ART). As for anti - HIV therapy, the ART regimen was switched to the E/ c / F/ TAF regimen for 32 weeks, and for anti - HCV therapy, the SOF/ VEL regimen was started since week 4 after switching and lasted for 12 weeks. Related indices were monitored before and after switching to E/ c / F/ TAF for anti - HCV therapy and SOF/ VEL for anti - HCV therapy, including body weight, body mass index, HCV genotype, alpha - fetoprotein, liver stiffness measurement, CD4 + T cell count, CD4 + T/ CD8 + T ratio, hepatic and renal function parameters, blood lipids, HIV RNA, HCV RNA, SVR12, SVR24, and adverse reactions. The Mann - Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups, and a Spearman correlation analysis was performed. Results After 4 weeks of treatment with E/ c / F/ TAF, 10 patients (HCV genotypes 2a and 1b)had HIV RNA below the lower limit of detection (20 IU/ ml)and a significant reduction in albumin (Z = - 2. 801, P = 0. 003 7), with the other indices remaining stable, and the patients reported significant improvements in the adverse events of anti - HIV therapy with the former ART regimen. After 4 weeks of E/ c / F/ TAF combined with SOF/ VEL, the patients had HCV RNA below the lower limit of detection (15 IU/ ml), and both SVR12 and SVR24 reached 100% ;after 12 weeks of anti - HCV therapy, there were significant reductions in alanine aminotransferase (Z = - 2. 732, P = 0. 004 8)and aspartate aminotransferase (Z = - 2. 501, P = 0. 010 7)and significant increases in total cholesterol (TC)(Z = - 2. 797, P = 0. 003 9)and low - density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL - C)(Z = - 2. 343, P = 0. 018 5), with a significantly positive correlation between them (r = 0. 87, P < 0. 001), and all the other indices were normal. Conclusion For previously untreated chronic hepatitis C patients with HIV/ HCV co - infection, switching to E/ c / F/ TAF combined with SOF/ VEL has good efficacy, tolerability, and safety, and the combination of the two regimens can avoid drug interaction, achieve a high HCV cure rate, and maintain HIV suppression. Transient increases in TC and LDL - C are observed during combination treatment, which suggests dyslipidemia caused by HCV infection and the pharmacological action of this regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Textile Leader is the property of China Textile Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of direct-acting antiviral agent (DAA) in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients with thrombocytopenia and its effect on platelet count (PLT). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 83 CHC patients with thrombocytopenia (PLT < 150×109/L) who received the DAA treatment regimen without interferon for 12-24 weeks in Tianjin Third Central Hospital from April 2018 to March 2019, and the changes in virologic response, liver function parameters, PLT, and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) were evaluated at the end of treatment (EOT) and at week 12 after EOT. Quantitative data accord with normal distribution were compared by repeated measures ANOVA. Normal transformation was performed before the comparison between skewed data, then repeated measures ANOVA was carried out. A logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the predictive factors for PLT elevation, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to analyze the value of LSM in predicting PLT elevation after treatment. Results Among the 83 CHC patients with thrombocytopenia, 61.4% had liver cirrhosis, and the rate of sustained virologic response at week 12 after the end of treatment (SVR12) was 98.8%. From baseline to EOT and SVR12, the patients had significant reductions in the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, total bilirubin, and globin, a significant increase in the serum level of albumin, and a significant reduction in LSM (all P < 0.05). For all patients, PLT at EOT and SVR12 was significantly higher than that at baseline [EOT vs baseline: (110.4±44.6)×109/L vs (97.8±33.2)×109/L, P < 0.01; SVR12 vs baseline: (109.0±47.7)×109/L vs (97.8±33.2)×109/L, P < 0.01]. At SVR12, there were significant differences in the proportion of patients with liver cirrhosis, baseline LSM, and baseline white blood cell count between the PLT elevation group and the non-PLT elevation group (all P < 0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that LSM was an independent predictive factor for significant PLT elevation after DAA treatment (odds ratio=0.929, 95% confidence interval: 0.864-0.999, P < 0.05). Baseline LSM had an area under the ROC curve of 0.644 in predicting PLT elevation, with a sensitivity of 81.0% and a specificity of 48.6% at a cut-off value of 20.15 kPa. The patients with PLT > 100×109/L at baseline had a greater increase in PLT(P < 0.05). Conclusion CHC patients with thrombocytopenia have significant improvements in liver function and LSM after receiving DAA treatment and obtaining SVR12, and baseline LSM is an independent predictive factor for PLT elevation. There is a significant increase in PLT from baseline to EOT and SVR12. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The launch of direct-acting antiviral agents is a milestone in the treatment of hepatitis C, but further studies are needed to explore its specific timing and effectiveness in liver transplantation for HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This article summarizes related guidelines, consensus statements, and recommendations in China and globally and the advantages of different treatment timing strategies. Furthermore, a retrospective analysis of related studies is performed to investigate the controversial topic of the impact of direct-acting antiviral agents on the recurrence rate of HCV-related HCC after liver transplantation, and it is pointed that direct-acting antiviral agents can reduce the risk of HCC recurrence in liver transplant recipients with HCV-related HCC. The selection of treatment timing should consider various factors such as liver function, waiting time for donors, and utilization of HCV-positive organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the influence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on the antiviral response of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and to provide a reference for clinical treatment of such patients. Methods A total of 187 patients who attended Shenzhen Third People's Hospital from January 2011 to December 2017 were enrolled and divided into CHB group with 43 patients, NAFLD grou p with 41 patients, and CHB + NAFLD group with 103 patients. Related indices were measured at enrollment different time points of follow - up, including body height, body weight, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, four blood lipid parameters, four indicators of liver fibrosis, aspartate aminotransferase - to - platelet ratio index, HBsAg, HBeAg, anti - HBe, and HBV DNA quantification, and the CHB patients and the CHB + NAFLD patients receiving antiviral therapy were compared in terms of treatment outcome at weeks 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 of antiviral therapy. The Kruskal - Wallis H test was used for comparison of non - normally distributed continuous data between multiple groups, and the Wilcoxon rank - sum test was used for comparison between two groups; the chi - square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. Results Compared with the NAFLD group at baseline, the CHB group and the CHB + NAFLD group had significantly lower platelet count, ALT, gamma - glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase, and right lobe of liver oblique diameter (all P <0. 05), and compared with the CHB group, the CHB + NAFLD group had significantly higher body mass index, total cholesterol, and triglyceride and a significantly lower spleen thickness (all P <0. 05), while there were no significant differences in the other indicators between the two groups at baseline (all P > 0. 05). At week 12 of antiviral therapy, there were no significant differences in liver fibrosis markers and inflammatory indices between the CHB group and the CHB + N AFLD group (all P > 0. 05); compared with the CHB + NAFLD group at weeks 24 and 48, the CHB group had significantly greater reductions in ALT (Z = - 2. 128 and -3. 055, both P <0.05) and GGT (Z = - 2. 025 and - 1. 631, both P <0. 05); at week 48, the CHB group and the CHB + NAFLD group had a significant reduction in HBV DNA (Z = -6. 445 and -4. 415, both P < 0. 001), and the CHB group had a significantly greater reduction. The CHB + NAFLD group had a significantly lower HBV DNA clearance rate than the CHB group at different time points of antiviral therapy (x² = 14. 237, 13. 961, 15. 226, 10. 462, and 13. 030, all P < 0. 05). At week 48 of antiviral therapy, the CHB + NAFLD group had a significantly lower HBeAg clearance rate than the CHB group (x² = 5. 309, P =0. 021), while there was no significant difference between the two groups at week 96 (x² = 0. 117, P = 0.732). At weeks 24, 48, 72, and 96 of antiviral therapy, the CHB + NAFLD group had a significantly lower ALT normalization rate than the CHB group (x² = 12. 049, 5. 287, 11. 407, and 11. 375, all P < 0. 05). Conclusion NAFLD reduces the antiviral response of CHB patients and prolongs the duration of antiviral therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an inevitable stage in the progression of various chronic liver diseases, liver fibrosis eventually develops into liver cirrhosis or cancer. Because viral infection is a major cause of liver fibrosis, antiviral therapy is critical in the seroconversion and reversal of liver fibrosis in viral hepatitis. This review summarizes the clinical effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of antiviral therapy in the pathological reversal of liver fibrosis, as well as the current limitations, with the goal of providing literature references for upcoming clinical and basic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of entecavir antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with persistently normal alanine aminotransferase (PNALT) and mild liver histological abnormalities. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 181 patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection who were admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from January 2008 to January 2018, and according to the baseline ALT level, they were divided into study group (61 patients with PNALT at baseline), control group 1 [62 patients with an ALT level of (1-2)×upper limit of normal (ULN)], and control group 2 (58 patients with an ALT level of > 2×ULN). Entecavir antiviral therapy was given for at least 1 year, and clinical outcome was compared between the three groups. The life-table method was used to calculate the cumulative progression rates and annual incidence rates of virologic response, HBeAg serological response, and virologic breakthrough. An analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between groups, and the SNK method was used for further comparison between two groups; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. Results Among the 181 patients enrolled in this study, there were 124 male patients (68.5%) and 80 patients with positive HBeAg (44.2%), with a mean follow-up time of 3.63 years. The three groups had a mean annual incidence rate of virologic response of 74.37%, 71.89%, and 74.21%, respectively (χ²=2.91, P=0.371) and an annual incidence rate of virologic breakthrough of 3.48%, 5.17%, and 2.73%, respectively (χ²=1.72, P=0.097). For the patients with positive HBeAg, the three groups had a mean annual clearance rate of 9.79%, 37.16%, and 38.24%, respectively (χ²=1.37, P=0.01) and a mean annual HBeAg seroconversion rate of 9.10%, 31.35%, and 36.74%, respectively (χ²=5.61, P=0.021); the study group had significantly lower mean annual clearance rate and seroconversion rate of HBeAg than the control groups 1 and 2 (all P < 0.05). Conclusion CHB patients with PNALT level can obtain satisfactory virologic response after entecavir antiviral therapy, while immunological response needs to be further improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HBsAg clearance can significantly reduce the risk of end-stage liver disease and liver cancer in patients with chronic hepatitis B;however,HBsAg clearance rate is very low,either by spontaneous clearance or antiviral therapy. This article summarizes the influencing factors for spontaneous clearance of HBsAg and HBsAg clearance after antiviral therapy and the durability of HBsAg clearance. In addition,thisarticle reviewsthe potentialofnew drugsindevelopment,suchasnucleic acid polymersand immunomodulators,in HBsAg clearance,so as to provide clues for the clinical cure of chronic hepatitis B in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the epidemiological of 48 imported dengue patients in Shanghai, to understand the prevalence of imported dengue fever, and we observe the clinical features of dengue fever and the effect of antiviral drugs on the disease and to provide evidence for disease prevention. Methods Retrospective analysis was used to explore the epidemiological characteristics of 48 imported dengue inpatients treated at Department of Infectious Diseases of Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center from February 2015 to October 2019, by analyzing their epidemiological history, viral nucleic acid and typing, dengue antigen and specific antibodies IgM, IgG, and the clinical symptoms, laboratory test results, and effects of ribavirin on the efficacy were analyzed. Results Dengue fever was mainly imported from Asian countries. Different degrees of fever were found in 48 cases, including high fever 41.7% (20/48). Besides we also found rash 56.3% (27/48), muscle sore 62.5% (30/48), decreased white blood cell counts 87.5% (42/48), and decreased platelet counts 66.7% (32/48). In addition, the positive rate of antigen detection was 96.6% (28/29); the positive rate of nucleic acid detection was 94.3% (33/35); the positive rate of antibody detection was 56.1% (23/41), including 56.5% (13/23) for IgM positive, 13.0% (3/23) for IgG positive, and 30.4% (7/23) for IgM and IgG positive . Then, NS1 antigen, nucleic acid positive rate within 1-8 days and the antibody positive rate detected within 3-8 days were statistically analyzed. The results showed the difference between antigen and nucleic acid was not statistically significant (P>0.05), However, there were significant difference between antigen and antibody (P<0.05). The similar result was found between nucleic acid and antibody (P<0.05). Particularly, the positive rate of antigen was the highest among the three pathogen detection methods, followed by nucleic acid and antibody. Then, the 5th day of the onset was chosen as time point, positive rate of antigen, nucleic acid and antibody were detected in 1-5 days and 6-8 days, respectively. The results showed there was no statistical difference in comparison of two observations in antigen, nucleic acid and antigen, antibody with P >0.05, but there was statistically significant in the comparison of nucleic acid and antibody with P<0.05, the positive rate of nucleic acid was decreased from 81.3% (26/32) to 21.9% (7/32) after 5 days, which was significantly lower than that of antigen and antibody. Laboratory tests showed that leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, creatine kinase and isoenzymes before and after treatment comparison, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05), while ALT, AST, ALT / AST, GGT, TBIL and creatinine were compared before and after treatment, the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). Eleven patients were given antiviral therapy with ribavirin, and the rest were given symptomatic supportive treatment. Comparing the average length of hospital stay and laboratory tests before and after treatment, and the differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05). Conclusion Dengue fever is characterized by fever, rash, muscle aches and reduced leukocyte and platelet, The imported destinations are mainly concentrated in Asian countries. According to our research, the positive rate of antigen was higher than that of nucleic acid and antibody within 8 days after onset. Besides, from the 5th day, the positive rate of nucleic acid was significantly decreased compared with that of antigen and antibody. There is no statistically significant difference in laboratory indexes between ribavirin group and non-ribavirin group. The difference is that the amount of ribavirin treated has no exact effect on the treatment of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the tolerance, pharmacokinetics, and antiviral activity of coblopasvir hydrochloride capsules in patients with hepatitis C. Methods A total of 36 patients with hepatitis C who were admitted to The First Hospital of Jilin University from November 2016 to January 2017 were enrolled as subjects, and four dose groups (30 mg, 60 mg, 90 mg, and 120 mg)and one placebo group were established. The subjects were administered once daily for 3 consecutive days; tolerance was evaluated on D2 and D6, and follow - up was performed on D8 and D10. The subjects were enrolled based on single dose escalation, and a multiple - dose study was conducted under the premise of good tolerance to single dose. Liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure the plasma concentration of coblopasvir hydrochloride in human body, and WinNonlin 6. 4 software was used to calculate main pharmacokinetic parameters. HCV RNA load was used to evaluate antiviral activity at different time points; a one - way analysis of variance was used for comparison between multiple groups, and the LSD t - test was used for further comparison between two groups. Results After coblopasvir hydrochloride capsules were administered orally once a day at a dose of 30 -120 mg, the plasma concentration and exposure of coblopasvir hydrochloride increased with the increase in dose. There were no significant differences in plasma concentration and exposure between multiple - dose administration and single - dose administration in a fasting state, without accumulation in human body. After the oral administration of coblopasvir hydrochloride capsules once a day, the subjects with HCV genotype 1b had a reduction in HCV RNA load since baseline, with the lowest level at 120 hours, and there was a significant difference in antiviral activity between different dose groups (F = 14. 621, P < 0. 000 1), among which the 60 mg group had a significantly greater reduction than the 30 mg group (P = 0. 025), while there was no significant difference between the 60 mg group and the 90 /120 mg group (P > 0. 05). There was no significant difference in HCV RNA load between different groups of patients with HCV genotype 2a (P > 0. 05). Of all 36 subjects, 20 reported 34 cases of treatment - emergent adverse events, among which 19 cases were associated with coblopasvir hydrochloride, and no significant adverse events or serious adverse events were observed. Conclusion Oral administration of coblopasvir hydrochloride capsules in a fasting state at a dose of 30 -120 mg/ d (for 3 consecutive days) has good safety and antiviral activity. Therefore, it has good application prospect in the treatment of HCV infection and provides a basis for dose selection in phrase 2 study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For chronic hepatitis C patents with end - stage renal disease ( ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis, most guidelines recommend the use of direct - acting antivirals containing protease inhibitor ( PI ), yet dialysis patients with severe liver injury are often unable to receive such treatment due to contraindications to Pis. This article briefly introduces the unmet treatment needs in hepatitis C patients with ESRD undergoing dialysis, reviews the data from clinical trials and real - world studies investigating the use of PI - free sofosbuvir ( SOF ) - based regimens in such patients, and explores the value of SOF - based regimens in the treatment of dialysis patients in China and issues requiring further research. It is pointed out that full - dose SOF - based regimens have good clinical effect, tolerability, and safety in dialysis patients and thus provide additional safe and effective treatment options for such patients with moderate or severe liver injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B is a chronic infectious disease caused by hepatitis B virus ( HBV ) infection, with liver inflammatory lesions as the main clinical manifestation, and continuous replication of HBV can lead to abnormal liver function, liver cirrhosis, and even liver cancer. At present, a variety of anti - HBV drugs have been applied in clinical practice, but no satisfactory therapeutic effect has been achieved . Therefore, it is urgent to develop new anti - HBV drugs and constantly update the concept of anti - HBV treatment. This article reviews the research advances in anti - HBV drugs and drugs that block the interaction between the host and the virus, proposes the new idea of the combination of anti - HBV drugs and the drugs blocking the inter action between the host and the virus, and looks into the future of the development of new drugs against HBV, so as to improve the cure rate of hepatitis B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) appeared, the epidemiology and spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - related nervous system diseases have changed significantly. HIV - related neurological syndromes are more common, including primary infection, opportunistic infection, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, antiretroviral-drugs related neurotoxic effects, etc; and aging - related diseases, including HIV - associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), HIV - related cerebrovascular diseases, and HIV-related peripheral neuropathy. This article reviews the research progress of HIV-related nervous system diseases, which is helpful for clinicians to recognize early, diagnose and treat in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, more than 150 million people in over 200 countries have been infected, with over 3 million people dying due to it, as of May 1, 2021. Many researchers are working continuously to find effective drug treatments for COVID-19; however, the optimal treatment approach remains unclear. In this article, current advances in pharmacological treatments for patients with COVID-19 are discussed. Data obtained from recent studies indicate a mortality benefit with the administration of dexamethasone or adjunctive tocilizumab and potential clinical benefits with remdesivir (with or without baricitinib). Several monoclonal antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 have been developed. The US Food and Drug Administration issued two emergency use authorizations: one for bamlanivimab/etesevimab and another for casirivimab/imdevimab for patients with mild to moderate COVID-19, at high risk of progression to severe disease and/or hospitalization. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 indicates that antiviral treatments would be most beneficial in the early phase of the infection that is primarily driven by replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, whereas immunosuppressive/anti-inflammatory therapies are likely to be more beneficial during the late phase of the infection, when the disease is driven by an exaggerated immune/inflammatory response to the virus that causes tissue damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives]Bush Sophora Root polysaccharide(BSRPS)possessed good antiviral effect, and sulfated modification could obviously enhance the antiviral effect. But the pollution caused by sulfuric modification was heavy and the operation was dangerous. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of polyphosphate modification on the antiviral activity of BSRPS. [Methods]In this paper, BSRPS was modified by polyphosphate method, its physicochemical properties were observed and its structure was analyzed by Fourier infrared spectroscopy, its activity against duck hepatitis virus, (DHAV-1)infection and its effect on virus replication in vitro were determined. At the same time, the protective effect of polysaccharides on DHAV-1 infection of duckling was compared before and after modification. [Results]Modification physical property changes and infrared spectroscopy results proved that pBSRPS was success, fully prepared by phosphorylating BSRPS. The viral inhibition rates of BSRPS and pBSRPS reached 53.66% and 57.87% at concentrations of 500 and 15.63 µg.mL-1, respectively, and the inhibition effect of pBSRPS on DHAV-1 replication was also significantly stronger than that of BSRPS(P<0.05). Both drugs significantly improved the survival rate of DHAV-1 infected duckling, and reduced the inflammatory exudation and necrosis of the liver, increased the activity of antioxidant enzyme(SOD, CAT)in the liver of the infected duckling, reduced the consumption of antioxidant substance(GSH)and the accumulation of oxidation product(MDA), showing good liver protection and antioxidant effects. [Conclusions]The results showed that phosphorylation of BSRPS could effectively improve the therapeutic effect of duck viral hepatitis, which was close to that of phosphorylated modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To probe into the application of antiviral drugs in patients with COVID-19, so as to provide references for the rational application of antiviral drugs in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: Retrospective research was adopted to analyze the basic information and application of antiviral drugs of 51 patients with COVID-19 discharged from the Infectious Disease Hospital of Heilongjiang Province (hereinafter referred to as “our hospital”) from Feb. 4th, 2020 to Mar. 16th, 2020. RESULTS: Among the 51 patients with COVID-19, 27 cases were male (52. 94%), 24 cases were female(47. 06%), with similar percentages; aged from 2-81 years old, disease occurred in all age groups, mostly were middle-age and elderly people; with the average length of stay was (20. 76±7. 46) days; the time of testing negative conversion of nucleic acid of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV- 2) was 5-35 days, with an average of (18. 00±7. 07) days; all the 51 patients had been treated with antiviral drugs, of which 49 cases were given arbidol, 37 cases were given lopinavir/ ritonavir, 50 cases were given interferon-α, 11 cases were given ribavirin injection, 2 cases was given Oseltamivir phosphate capsule, 17 cases were given hydroxychloroquine sulfate; the therapeutic regimen was mainly three-drug combination of arbidol, lopinavir/ ritonavir and interferon-α, very few patients was given four-drug combination. CONCLUSIONS: The application of antiviral drugs is basically rational in patients with COVID-19 in our hospital, with individualized diagnosis and treatment scheme, while there are also cases applied more than three-drug combination in individual patients, which needs more attention on its safety and rationality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the effect of direct - acting antiviral (DAA) on the recurrence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) - related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after curative treatment. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, CBM, Wanfang Data, and VIP were searched for the clinical studies of DAA and the recurrence of HCV - related HCC published up to April 2020. Stata 14.0 software was used to perform the meta - analysis. The Cochran Q test was used to evaluate heterogeneity between studies; the fixed effects model was used for non - heterogeneous data, and the random effects model was used for heterogeneous data. The Egger regression method or the Begg rank correlation method was used to evaluate the presence or absence of publication bias. Results A total of 10 articles (11 studies) were included in our study, among which 8 articles (9 studies) compared the effect of DAA versus the absence of anti - HCV therapy on the recurrence of HCC after curative treatment. There were 991 patients in DAA group and 808 patients in untreated group. The results of the meta - analysis showed that DAA reduced the recurrence rate of HCC after curative treatment in patients with HCV infection (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] : 0.28? 0.36, P < 0.001) . Three articles compared the effect of DAA versus interferon for the treatment of hepatitis C on the recurrence of HCC after curative treatment, with 267 patients in DAA group and 212 in interferon group, and the results of the meta - analysis showed that DAA and interferon had a similar effect on the recurrence rate of HCV - related HCC (HR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.64 -1. 15, P = 0.298). Conclusion Both interferon and DAA can significantly reduce the recurrence risk of HCV - related HCC after curative treatment, with no significant difference between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of elbasvir/grazoprevir in patients with genotype 1 hepatitis C in the real world . Methods A total of 35 patients with hepatitis C who received elbasvir/ grazoprevir treatment in Guangzhou Eighth People' s Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Guangdong General Hospital from August 2018 to March 2019 were enrolled, treated for 12 weeks, and then followed up for 12 weeks after drug withdrawal. The patients were observed in terms of sustained virologic response at week 12 after drug withdrawal ( SVR12), biochemical response, and incidence rate of adverse events during treatment and follow - up. The Kruskal - Wallis H test was used for comparison of non - normally distributed continuous data between groups, and the Mann - Whitney U test was used for further comparison between two groups; the chi - square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. A logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors for virologic response in patients with hepatitis C. Results Among the 35 patients with HCV infection, 97.1 % (34/ 35) had genotype 1b HCV and 2 . 9% (1/ 35) had genotype 1a HCV; of all patients, 28 (80%) were non - cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C and 7 (20%) had compensated liver cirrhosis. At the end of treatment, the virologic response rate of 100% (28/ 28) and SVR12 was 94. 74% (18/19). In addition, age, sex, baseline HCV RNA load, previous treatment history, presence or absence of liver cirrhosis, renal function, and presence or absence of other diseases did not affect the treatment outcome (all P > 0. 05). There were significant changes in the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma - glutamyl transpeptidase, and albumin from baseline to the end of 12 - week treatment (Z = - 7. 131, - 6.797, - 3.060, and - 2.875, all P < 0. 05). No patient experienced drug withdrawal during treatment. Conclusion This study confirms that elbasvir/ grazoprevir has good efficacy and safety in the treatment of hepatitis C in domestic real - world studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of sofosbuvir tablets, and to evaluate the bioequivalence and safety of two preparations. Methods Healthy volunteers were recruited through the platform of clinical trial recruitment in The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine. Screening physical examination was performed for fasting group on September 18, 2018 and for postprandial group on September 28, 2018, and the volunteers were enrolled after their physical examination results met the inclusion criteria. The fasting group and the postprandial group, with 40 volunteers in each group, v,ere given oral administration of the test preparation sofosbuvir tablets or the reference preparation sofosbuvir tablets ( SOV ALDI, 400 mg) . This was a randomized, open - label, two - sequence, four - cycle, single - dose, and completely repeated cross - over bioequivalence test in the fasting or postprandial state in the healthy population; in the fasting group, 20 volunteers each received oral administration of the test preparation and the reference preparation, and in the postprandial group, 20 volunteers each received oral administration of the test preparation and the reference preparation. Liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure the content of sofosbuvir and its major metabolite GS - 331007 in human EDTA - K2 plasma; the plasma concentration of sofosbuvir was measured at 15 time points from O hour to 8 hours after administration, and that of GS - 331007 was measured at 16 time points from O hour to 72 hours after administration. WinNonlin software was used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters and evaluate bioequivalence. Results After the administration of the test preparation and the reference preparation in the fasting state, when the pharmacokinetic parameters of sofosbuvir was used to evaluate the bioequivalence of the test preparation and the reference preparation, the ratios of the geometric means of Cmax, AUC0 _ 1, and A UC0 -inf v,ere 90. 55 %, 97. 26%, and 94. 62%, respectively; when the pharmacokinetic parameters of GS - 331007 was used to evaluate the bioequivalence of the test preparation and the reference preparation, the ratios of the geometric means of Cmax, AUC0 _1, and A UC0-inf were 98. 91 %, 98. 98%, and 99. 46%, respectively. All of the above values were within the range of 80. 00% - 125. 00%. An analysis of variance was performed after the pharmacokinetic parameters of sofosbuvir Cmax, AUC0 _ 1, and AUC0 _ inf were transformed by natural logarithm, and the results showed that sequence, cycle, and preparation had no marked influence on Cmax, AUC0 _t, and AUC0 _ inf ( all P > 0. 05 ) . Conclusion The test preparation of sofosbuvir tablets is bioequivalent to the reference preparation in the fasting and postprandial states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this article is on a male patient with hearing loss who was diagnosed with COVID-19 after returning to Taiwan from overseas. Due to the severe pneumonia infiltration, the patient received the clinical-trial treatment Remdesivir. In addition to facing the isolation and new-drug-related anxieties of the patient, the medical team faced difficulties in communicating effectively with the patient and in helping him through the isolation period. During the period of hospitalization (March 14th to April 13th, 2020), the author used Roy's adaptation model to perform a nursing assessment, which confirmed that the patient faced the following problems: (1) ineffective breathing pattern related to COVID-19, (2) impaired verbal communication related to hearing impairment, and (3) social isolation related to the isolation experience and the communication barrier with healthcare workers. During the nursing care process, the author helped the patient receive the antiviral treatment and taught him how to do diaphragmatic breathing in a comfortable, recumbent position to improve his breathing pattern. To reduce the difficulty of communication, the author made a pile of cards with common care-related words, provided pen and paper to write, and used a mobile-phone-based socialnetworking application to communicate with the patient. The author used writing to communicate with the patient and learned some simple signs from him to enable interaction. Moreover, the intervention helped him adapt to the isolation and treatment protocols to reach holistic nursing care. Based on this experience, the author suggests that hospitals cooperate with sign language organizations to teach healthcare workers simple communication skills, including sign language and cards to provide more complete care for patients with hearing loss during hospitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the changes in the senescence- and function-related parameters of CD8+ T cells after direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment and their clinical significance in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Methods A total of 26 patients with HCV infection who attended the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University from January 2017 to December 2018 were enrolled, and all patients were given sofosbuvir and daclatasvir tablets. A total of 22 patients who were cured and 20 healthy controls were enrolled. Flow cytometry was used to measure the expression of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), CD57, programmed death-1 (PD-1), and Tim-3 on CD8+ T cells; RT-PCR was used to measure the expression of p21 and p53; Luminex liquid suspension chip was used to observe senescence-associated secretory phenotype in peripheral blood. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups, and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. Results There were significant differences in the expression of SIRT1, PD-1, and Tim-3 between the three groups (F=6.712, 4.202, and 4.575, all P＜0.05). Compared with the healthy control group, the HCV group had significant increases in the expression of SIRT1, PD-1, and Tim-3 on CD8+ T cells (all P＜0.05), and the HCV cured group had a significant increase in the expression of Tim-3 (P＜0.05), with no significant changes in SIRT1 and PD-1 (both P>0.05). There were significant differences in the expression of p53 and p21 between the three groups (F=11.144 and 6.594, both P＜0.05). Compared with the healthy control group, the HCV cured group and the HCV group had significant reductions in the expression of p53 (both P＜0.001) and p21 (both P＜0.05), and there were no significant differences between the HCV group and the HCV cured group (both P>0.05). There were significant differences in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) between the three groups (F=3.920 and 6.337, both P＜0.05), and compared with the healthy control group, the HCV group had significant increases in the levels of IL-6 and TNFα in peripheral blood (both P＜0.05). There were no significant changes in IL-6 and TNFα in the HCV cured group (both P>0.05), and compared with the HCV group, the HCV cured group had a significant reduction in the level of TNFα (P=0.007). Conclusion Senescence of CD8+ T cells is observed in patients with HCV infection and is alleviated after DAA treatment, with partial recovery of the function of CD8+ T cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the real-world viral response of chronic hepatitis C( CHC) patients receiving direct-acting antiviral agent( DAA) treatment and its effect on liver stiffness measurement( LSM) and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index( APRI). Methods The CHC patients who were consecutively admitted to Tianjin Third Central Hospital from April 1, 2018 to November30, 2018 and received DAA treatment were enrolled, and all patients were treated with DAA( without interferon) for 12-24 weeks. Virologic response was evaluated at week 12 after treatment ended, and the changes of LSM and APRI from baseline to week 12 after treatment were compared. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups. Results A total of 212 CHC patients were enrolled in our study, among whom 35. 4% had liver cirrhosis, and the patients with genotype 1 b, 2 a, 3 a, or 6 a accounted for75. 0%, 18. 4%, 4. 2%, and 2. 4%, respectively. Of all patients, 174 completed the course of DAA treatment and the 12-week follow-up, and among these patients, 98. 3% achieved sustained virologic response( SVR) at the end of DAA treatment and 95. 4% acquired SVR at week 12 after the treatment ended. Among the patients with genotype 1 b, 2 a, 3 a, or 6 a, 96. 3%, 93. 1%, 80. 0%, and 100%, respectively, achieved SVR at week 12 after the treatment ended. There were significant reductions in LSM [9. 8( 6. 9-16. 3) kPa vs 11. 4( 7. 7-19. 1) kPa, Z =-2. 5, P = 0. 012]and APRI [0. 34( 0. 25-0. 64) vs 0. 76( 0. 56-2. 25), Z =-6. 6, P < 0. 001]from baseline to week 12 after the treatment ended. The patients were divided into groups according to the presence or absence of liver cirrhosis at baseline, and the results showed that from baseline to week 12 after treatment ended, the non-liver cirrhosis group had a significant reduction in LSM[7. 6( 6. 6-10. 7) k Pa vs 8. 8( 7. 2-13. 0) kPa, Z =-2. 7, P = 0. 007], while the liver cirrhosis group had no significant change in LSM [17. 4( 12. 7-22. 1) kPa vs 19. 8( 12. 8-24. 9) kPa, Z =-1. 4, P = 0. 152]. There was a significant reduction in APRI from baseline to week 12 after treatment ended in the liver cirrhosis group [0. 73( 0. 52-1. 34) vs 1. 37( 0. 80-2. 11), Z =-3. 4, P <0. 001] and the non-liver cirrhosis group [0. 29( 0. 21-0. 36) vs 0. 54( 0. 31-0. 95), Z =-6. 8, P < 0. 001]. Conclusion In this real-world study, CHC patients treated with DAA achieve a high overall virological response rate, with significant improvements in LSM and APRI at week 12 after treatment ends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the influence of different virologic responses on long-term survival rate and incidence rate of liver cancer in patients with decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis.Methods A total of 378 patients with decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis who were admitted to The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from September 2010 to September 2016 were enrolled, and according to whether HBV DNA was continuously undetectable during antiviral therapy, they were divided into sustained virologic response group with 243 patients and non-sustained virologic response group with 135 patients. The patients were stratified according to the application of different antiviral drugs. Baseline data were recorded and the patients were followed up to the occurrence of end events or study endpoint to record death and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). The independent samplest-test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the Mann-WhitneyUtest was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot survival curves, and the log-rank test was used to compare survival rates between groups.Results Compared with the non-sustained virologic response group, the sustained virologic response group had a significantly lower 5-year cumulative incidence rate of HCC(7.4% vs19.3%,χ2 =10.627,P= 0. 001) and a significantly higher 5-year transplant-free survival rate(93. 4% vs 80. 7%,χ2 =12.594,P<0.001). For the sustained virologic response group, there were no significant differences between the entecavir group and the non-entecavir group in the 5-year transplant-free survival rate(94.7% vs 90.2%,χ2 =1.122,P= 0. 290) and the 5-year cumulative incidence rate of liver cancer(6.4 % vs 9.7%,χ2 =0.552,P= 0. 458). For the non-sustained viral response group, there were also no significant differences between the entecavir group and the non-entecavir group in the 5-year transplant-free survival rate(78. 4% vs 82. 8%,χ2 =1.526,P= 0. 217) and the 5-year cumulative incidence rate of liver cancer(21. 5% vs 17. 1%,χ2 =1.844,P= 0. 174).Conclusion Antiviral therapy can improve the prognosis of patients with decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis, and sustained virologic response can reduce the incidence rate of liver cancer and prolong survival time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] (Tob acco mosaic virus (TMV) infects tobacco，tomato，pepper and other cash crops and causes huge economic losses to agricultiaral production，antiviral lead compounds and theoretical basis were provided for controlling TMV virias disease by using low toxici¬ ty and high eficiency botanical agents. [Method( Lesion counting was used to detect the activities of TMVafter treating with 11 sesquiterpe- noids from CH!。*— 【Result】11 sesquiterpenoids (100 "g/mL) were sprayed after being inoculated with TMVfor 24 hours，the inhibition rate of Euphorblin E (HZ-7) was 67. 54 '，which was higher than that of the control Ningnanmycin (52. 89 '); inoculated with TMVafter rprayed 11 sesquiterpenoids for 6 hours，the inhibition rate of Euphorblin E (HZ-7) was 72. 29 '，which was higher than that of the control Ningnanmycin (58 . 21 ') .【Conclusion 】The compound Euphorblin E from could be used as a lead compound for the development of environment friendly pesticides against TMV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

bjective To investigate HBV RNA level in patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma after long-term antiviral therapy and its clinical significance. Methods A total of 60 patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma who were admitted to Tianjin Second People's Hospital from June 2019 to August 2020 were enrolled in this study. These patients received antiviral therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) for at least two years, and high-sensitivity HBV DNA detection showed a HBV RNA level of < 20 IU/mL at least twice at an interval of 3 months. Liver function, HBV serum markers, and HBV RNA level were measured for all patients. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison between multiple groups, and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for comparison between two groups; a Pearson correlation analysis was used to investigate the influencing factors for HBV RNA. Results Among the 60 patients with HBV-related hepatocellualr carcinoma who received long-term antiviral treatment, 9 (15%) tested positive for HBV RNA. According to the level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), the patients were divided into AFP positive group and AFP negative group, and there was no significant difference in HBV RNA level between the two groups [0(0-3.57) vs 0(0-2.00), Z=-1.474, P=0.141). According to Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage, they were divided into BCLC stage A group and BCLC stage B+C+D group, and there was no significant difference in HBV RNA level between the two groups [0(0-2.0) vs 0(0-2.0), Z=-0.607, P=0.544]. According to HBeAg level, the patients were divided into HBeAg positive group and HBeAg negative group, and there was a significant difference in HBV RNA level between the two groups [2.99(0-4.80) vs 0(0-0.50), Z=-3.400, P=0.001]. According to the titer of HBsAg, they were divided into HBsAg≤100 IU/mL group, 100 IU/mL < HBsAg < 1500 IU/mL group, and HBsAg ≥1500 IU/mL group, and there was a significant difference in HBV RNA level between the three groups [0(0-0.0) vs 0(0-0.20) vs 2.00(0.0-4.54), H=-7.899, P=0.019]. A Pearson correlation analysis was performed for age, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, alpha-fetoprotein, HBsAg, and HBeAg, and the results showed that HBsAg level was correlated with HBV RNA quantification (r=0.292, P < 0.05). Conclusion In patients with HBV-related hepatocellualr carcinoma receiving long-term antiviral therapy with NAs, HBV RNA can still be detected after HBV DNA is lower than the lower limit of detection. HBsAg titer may be correlated with serum HBV RNA level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reported a case of a 65-year-old male who had been treated with obinutuzumab and chemotherapy for follicular lymphoma. He was infected with SARS-CoV-2 after the second course of therapy. He developed fever, cough and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. His nasopharyngeal swab became negative only temporarily after repeated courses of antiviral therapy, and the symptoms and pulmonary infiltrates waxed and waned. He presented to our hospital with exertional dyspnea and hypoxemia after his nasopharyngeal swab was positive for SARS-CoV-2 for the fourth time. He had an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase and a positive 1, 3-β-D-glucan test. The PCR test for Pneumocystis jirovecii in the sputum was positive. The patient was diagnosed with persistent COVID-19 and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. He responded well to the combination treatment of antiviral medication, convalescent plasma, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and corticosteroids.

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Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir combined with ribavirin in the treatment of treatment-naive patients with genotype 2 chronic hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection. Methods Treatment-naive patients with genotype 2 HCV infection were screened in sixteen research centers of China. All patients received sofosbuvir(400 mg/tablet, 1 tablet/d) combined with ribavirin(1000 mg/d for patients with a body weight of < 75 kg and 1200 mg/d for those with a body weight of ≥75 kg) for 12 weeks and were followed up for 12 weeks after drug withdrawal. The primary outcome measure was sustained virologic response at week 12 of follow-up, and the secondary outcome measures included the proportion of patients with HCV RNA below the lower limit of quantitation at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12 of treatment and after 4 weeks of drug withdrawal, virological rebound rate at weeks 4, 8, and 12 of treatment, and recurrence rate at weeks 4 and 12 of follow-up. Adverse events were observed during treatment to evaluate drug safety. Results A total of 136 subjects were enrolled, among whom 121 had no liver cirrhosis and 15 had compensated liver cirrhosis. The sustained virologic response(SVR) ratewas 92. 6%(95% confidence interval: 88. 3%-97. 0%) after 12 weeks of drug withdrawal. At week 8 of treatment, 1 patient experienced virological rebound; after 4 weeks of drug withdrawal, 8 patients experienced virological rebound; after 12 weeks of drug withdrawal, 10 patients experienced virological rebound. Among the 136 subjects, 128(94. 1%) reported 549 cases of treatment-emergent adverse events, among which 243 cases were associated with sofosbuvir and/or ribavirin and were reported in 99 subjects(72. 8%). No adverse events leading to the adjustment or discontinuation of sofosbuvir were observed. A total of 7 serious adverse events were reported in 6 patients(4. 4%), among which only one(a low echo area in the liver with unknown nature) was considered possibly associated with sofosbuvir and/or ribavirin. No adverse events leading to study discontinuation or death were observed. Conclusion Sofosbuvir combined with ribavirin can achieve a high SVR rate in treatment-na6 ve patients with genotype 2 chronic HCV infection, with mild adverse reactions and acceptable safety profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]