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Copyright of Traditional Chinese Drug Research & Clinical Pharmacology is the property of Traditional Chinese Drug Research & Clinical Pharmacology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was done in order to investigate the changes of the major biochemical components and in vitro antioxidant activity of the water extracts from different kinds of tea during the process of their multistage membrane separation, ultrafiltration membranes with molecular masses cut-off (MMCO) of 20, 10, and 3.5 kDa, respectively were successively used to separate the water extracts from the major kinds of tea in Fujian including green tea, white tea, oolong tea from south Fujian, oolong tea from north Fujian, and black tea into fractions with different molecular masses. The fractions were spray dried and investigated for their ultraviolet (UV) spectra, biochemical compositions and in vitro antioxidant activity. The results showed that the UV absorption spectra of all samples were similar, exhibiting two obvious peaks at 210 and 274 nm. Absorbance at 274 nm exhibited a significant positive correlation with the contents of free amino acids (FAAs), caffeine (CAF), gallic acid (GA) and epicatechin gallate (ECG), and a significantly negative correlation with the contents of epigallocatechin (EGC) and epicatechin (EC). The distribution of biochemical components and the changes in antioxidant activity in vitro were affected by membrane separation, among which, the 20 kDa MMCO membrane had the most pronounced impact. The retentate from black tea after 20 kDa MMCO membrane ultrafiltration had the highest antioxidant activity in vitro, while the antioxidant activity of the permeate was lower than that of the permeate from the other kinds of tea. The biochemical components and antioxidant activity in vitro varied significantly among different types of tea samples, and the changes in biochemical components and antioxidant activity during the membrane separation process were not completely consistent. The water extract from black tea showed the greatest changes after 20 kDa MMCO membrane ultrafiltration. These results could provide a scientific basis for the membrane separation of aqueous extracts from different types of tea.

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The preventive and therapeutic effects of the aqueous extract of Ficus pumila on COPD model rats were observed and its mechanism was also discussed. Methods: COPD model was established by intratracheal injection of lipopolysaccharide and smoking. Using the pulmonary function test, the level of related inflammatory factors detection in the BALF by ELISA, the blood gas analysis and HE staining for lung pathological observation. Results: The results showed that the indexes of the model rats were consistent with the pathological characteristic of COPD. The model group animals had obvious airflow obstruction, while the high dose of F. pumila aqueous extract group could significantly increase the levels of FVC, Fev0.3, PEF, Fev0.3/FVC （P2 and CO2 in the lungs of the model rats; At the same time, the high dosage of Ficus pumila aqueous extract can significantly improve the pulmonary ventilation function of COPD, and the effect was better than positive drug. Medium dose-, high dose aqueous extract group and positive drug group could significantly reduce the number of leukocytes （P

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are precursor cells of osteoblasts. Exploring its differentiation mechanism is of great significance for guiding the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Eucommia ulmoides Oliver can induce the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. However, it is unclear about the effects of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver on proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and Nur77/MDM2/p53 pathway. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and mechanism of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver aqueous extract on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and differentiation. METHODS: The aqueous extract from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver bark was used to treat human and mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The CCK-8 assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI assay were used to detect the proliferation and apoptosis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The expression of proliferation and apoptosis related proteins and the expression of Nur77 and its downstream MDM2, p53 pathway related proteins and the ubiquitination of p53 protein were detected by western blot assay. After directed induction of adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation, the degree of differentiation was evaluated by detecting the expression of adipocytes and osteoblasts marker proteins using western blot assay. Nur77 small interfering RNA (siRNA) was transfected into bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells treated with 10 mg/mL Eucommia ulmoides Oliver aqueous extract. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation were detected. Finally, after knocking down Nur77, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were treated with p53 inhibitor (Pifithrin-α), and the changes of cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation were detected to clarify the mechanism. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The Eucommia ulmoides Oliver aqueous extract promoted the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, inhibited cell apoptosis and adipogenic differentiation. (2) Eucommia ulmoides Oliver aqueous extract upregulated Nur77 and MDM2 protein expression and promoted p53 ubiquitination. Knockdown of Nur77 inhibited MDM2 protein expression and p53 protein ubiquitination, promoted p53 protein expression, and further inhibited bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. (3) Pifithrin-α reversed the effects of Nur77 siRNA, promoted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation, and inhibited cell apoptosis and adipogenic differentiation. (4) It is concluded that the Eucommia ulmoides Oliver aqueous extract promotes bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation via the Nur77/MDM2/p53 pathway, which provides a theoretical reference for the research of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver in bonerelated disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To explore whether the allelopathy of Metasequoia glyptostroboides litter is an obstacle to its natural regeneration, eight concentrations (200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1 g·L-1 and CK) of aqueous extracts from fresh and natural litter of M. glyptostroboides were set to analyze the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of different types and concentrations on seed germination and growth of M. glyptostroboides. The results were as follows:(1)The aqueous extract of the fresh M. glyptostroboides litter had no significant effects on seed germination rate and germination energy (P>0.05), but had significant effects on germination index (P<0.05), and seed germination was significantly inhibited by 1, 100, 200 g·L-1 treatments. The effects of aqueous extracts of the natural M. glyptostroboides litter on three indexes of seed germination were not significant (P>0.05), but the inhibitory effect was reflected in 5, 10, 50, 200 g·L-1. (2)The shoot length, hypocotyl length and main root length of M. glyptostroboides seeds were significantly different between different concentrations of fresh and natural litter aqueous extracts (P<0.05), and decreased gradually with the increase of aqueous extract concentrations (≥10 g·L-1), especially in the range from 50 to 200 g·L-1. (3)Compared with seed germination, the aqueous extracts of fresh and natural M. glyptostroboides litters had stronger inhibitory effect on the growth of seeds after germination, and the allelopathic effect of fresh litter was stronger than that of natural litter. (4)The main root length was the most sensitive to allelochemicals among seeds germination and growth indexes. (5)The dynamic change of shoot length growth of M. glyptostroboides seeds accords with the “S” type growth curve (R²≥0.988). In summary, the litter of M. glyptostroboides has a certain allelopathic inhibitory effect on its own seed germination and growth, which affects the natural regeneration of its population. It is suggested that the litter under the forest should be properly cleaned to promote the natural renewal of the M. glyptostroboides population in the management of M. glyptostroboides populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the utilization value of tobacco leaves by making full use of tobacco, aqueous extracts of tobacco were prepared from leaf residues after subcritical extraction, and the Maillard reaction products prepared under different conditions were quantitatively analyzed by GC-MS. The effects of amino acid species, glucose/amino acid molar ratios and reaction time on the chemical composition of the reaction products and the sensory quality of cigarettes were systematically studied. The correlations between 18 components in the Maillard reaction products and the sensory indexes of prepared cigarettes were investigated. The results showed that: 1) The Maillard reaction products of glutamic acid and aspartic acid were similar to those of the aqueous extract itself. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural was dominant in the products, followed by hydroxyacetone and 2-acetylpyrrole. The products of Maillard reaction involving proline were dominated by hydroxyacetone, furfuryl alcohol and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. 2) On the basis of cigarette smoke sensory effects, the optimal conditions for the Maillard reaction for the tobacco aqueous extract were at the molar ratio of reduced sugar (glucose) and glutamic acid 1:0.5, reacting for 2 h at 110 °. 3) Among the 18 components, the relationship between 2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one and smoke concentration was close; furfural, 5-methyl-2-furfural, 2-furanyl hydroxymethyl ketone and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were closely correlated to smoke volatility; and hydroxyacetone and 3-methylcyclopentane-1,2-dione were closely correlated to baked aroma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Hydrobiology is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Hydrobiology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: The concept of modern diagnosis and treatment of hypertension is to protect target organs, improve clinical symptoms and minimize clinical events through antihypertensive treatment. Cassia seed has an antihypertensive effect that has been confirmed in animal experiment and clinical practice, but whether it can improve the vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress and end organ damage of hypertension remains to be further studied. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antihypertensive effect of cassia seed water extract on hypertensive rats induced by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. METHODS: A rat model of hypertension was established by intragastric administration of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester to observe the changes of blood pressure and heart rate after the intervention of cassia seed aqueous extract (500 mg/kg per day), once a day, for 4 continuous weeks. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured once a week. At 24 hours after the final administration, serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea and serum creatinine, and lipid mass spectrometry were detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer. Malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, reduced glutathione levels and angiotensin converting enzyme activity in rat liver and kidney were determined by corresponding assay kits. The expression levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein and gene in rat kidney tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry as well as real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the model group, cassia seed aqueous extract treatment significantly reduced mean arterial pressure, diastolic pressure and systolic pressure (P < 0.05) in hypertensive rats, and improved liver and renal markers, lipid distribution and oxidative status. In addition, cassia seed aqueous extract significantly reduced the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme in the liver and kidney of hypertensive rats (P < 0.05). The protein and mRNA expression levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the kidney of rats treated with cassia seed aqueous extract were significantly higher than those of the model group. In conclusion, cassia seed water extract has shown considerable potential for antihypertension, and its anti-hypertension mechanism includes up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, antioxidants and inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To explore the allelopathic effects of exotic mangrove species Laguncularia racemosa on the native species, it was observed that the effects of three concentrations(0.1, 0.3, 0.5 g·mL-1)of aqueous extracts from L. racemosa roots and leaves on the germination, seedling growth and leaf antioxidase activity of the two native mangrove species Aegiceras corniculatum and Rhizophora apiculata. The results were as follows:(1)The aqueous extracts of Laguncularia racemosa had inhibitory effects on seedling rate of seeds, germination index and root length of Aegiceras corniculatum, in which the inhibitory effects on root length increased with the concentration of aqueous extracts increasing.(2)In addition, effects of root aqueous extracts on the growth indexes of root length, seedling height and biomass of A. corniculatum seedlings were positive in lower concentration and negative in higher concentration.(3)Meanwhile, the aqueous extracts of Laguncularia racemosa had promoting effects on the germination rate, germination index and growth index of Rhizophora apiculata hypocotyls. Bud length in the groups treated by the root aqueous extracts of 0.1 and 0.3 g·mL-1 and biomass in the groups treated by the root and leaf aqueous extracts of 0.1 and 0.3 g·mL-1 were significantly larger than those in control. The aqueous extracts of Laguncularia racemosa had promoting effects on the biomass of the Rhizophora apiculata seedling as well.(4)In stress physiology, the SOD activities of Aegiceras corniculatum and Rhizophora apiculata seedlings decreased with the concentration of aqueous extracts increasing, while and the POD activities of R. apiculata seedlings in treatment group with 0.3 g·mL-1 root aqueous extract and in the group with 0.1 g·mL-1 leaf aqueous extract were significantly higher than those in control. The results indicate that the sensitivities of the two native species to the allelopathy of Laguncularia racemosa are different. The aqueous extracts have inhibitory effect on the growth of Aegiceras corniculatum, while have promotional effect on the growth of Rhizophora apiculata to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) is an important enzyme in secondary metabolism of phenylalanine synthesis pathway. We analyze the expression of the four genes(0s01g082000 , 0s02g0467600 , 0s02g0467000, and Os05g0320700) in rice with different al-lelopathic potential to reveal the mechanism of the allelopathic rice. [Method] Allelopathic rice PD 12777 and non-allelopathic rice Lemont were chosen to be treated with SA and JA. The expression of the four genes were evaluated by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR). The effect of aqueous extracts from two rice leaves on root growth of barnyard grass was calculated and determined. [Result] Aqueous extracts from the two rice leaves showed the inhibitory effects on root growth of barnyard grass. After treatment by JA and SA. the inhibitory effects for PD 12777 was increased by 40 % and 28 % , while for Lemont was by 22 % and 18 % , respectively. The result of q-PCR showed that OsO 1 g0820000 and the 0s02g0467000 had similar expression level in the two rice alter treatment with JA and SA, but 0s02g0467600 and 0s05g0320700 were up-regulated in PI312777 .which were more than that in Lemont. [Conclusion] Allelopathic potential of rice could be regulated by JA and SA, and the allelopathic potential of rice was enhanced alter being treated by JA and SA. The expression of the 4 genes was different between two rice, especially for 0s02g0467600 and 0s05g0320700. The results suggested that the genes 0s02g0467600 and 0s05gQ320700 might be the important element result to different allelopathy potential in rice varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】 The present paper aimed to verify the variation regulation of soil successive cropping obstacle and provide the scientific basis for further exploitation and utilization of Artemisia annua environment-friendly cultivation and its secondary metabolism components. 【Method】 The seed germination rate, seedling growth, leaf POD, SOD and CAT activity and leaf MDA content of Raphanus sativus and Brassica chinensis seeds treated with different extracts with different concentration from Artemisia annua roots, stems and leaves were discussed. 【Result】 The different extracts with different concentration from Artemisia annua roots, stems and leaves all have the significant inhibition effect on seed germination rate and seedling growth of Raphanus sativus and Brassica chinensis and the inhibition effect of Artemisia annua extracts on seed germination of Raphanus sativus and Brassica chinensis rises with increase of the extract concentration. There is a difference in allelopathic effect of different extracts with different concentration from Artemisia annua roots, stems and leaves on growth of Raphanus sativus and Brassica chinensis seedlings. The different extracts with different concentration from Artemisia annua roots, stems and leaves have the concentration effect on leaf POD, SOD and CAT activity of Raphanus sativus and Brassica chinensis seedlings but the leaf MDA content rises with increase of Artemisia annua extracts concentration. 【Conclusion】 The allelopthic effect of the allelopathic inhibition substance in the extracts from Artemisia annua roots, stems and leaves exceeds the adjusting ability of POD, SOD and CAT activity in Raphanus sativus and Brassica chinensis, which increases in vivo membrane lipid peroxide level of Raphanus sativus and Brassica chinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ageratina adenophora was used as the donor, and seven kinds of native plants were used as the receptor, they were Pinas massoniana, Cunninghamia lanceolate, Broussonetia papyifera, Castanea mollissima, Zanthoxylum bungeanu, Camellia oleifera, Pyracantlui fortuneana, respectively. We studied the allelopathic effects of Ageratina ade-rwphora aqueous extraet solution on chlorophyll content and growth of seedlings of tested plants. The results are as follows; (1) A. adenophora aqueous aqueous extract solution at low concentration can improve the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents of Zanthoxylum bungeanu and Pyraeantha fortuneana, but the effects on chlorophyll of the other five species was not significant. Ageratina adenophora aqueous extract solution at high concentration reduced the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents of Cunninghamia lanceolate, Costarica mollissima, Broussonetia papyifera significantly. The chlorophyll b of Pyraeantha fortuneana decreased significantly, while the chlorophyll b of Pinus massoniana increased on the contrary, there was no significant influence on Costarica mollis-sima and Zanthoxylum bungeanu. (2) We measured the receptor plant growth parameters and found that, Ageratina adenophora aqueous extract solution at high concentration had significant inhibitory effects on all growth parameters of the six receiver plants except for Costarica rnollissima. Ageratina adenophora aqueous extract solution at low concentration could improve the ground diameters and crown widths of Pyraeantha fortuneana, Zanthoxylum bungeanu and Cunning-hamia laneeolata, but had no significant effects on growth parameters of the other four species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To screen out the sedative and hypnotic components of the Sugmel-3 decoction aqueous extract. Methods Totally 102 rats were randomly divided into 17 groups: the blank group,the SD model group,high-dose and low-dose Sugmel-3 decoction aqueous extract groups,positive group,and high-dose and low-dose Baidoukou-Xianghanqin aqueous extract groups,high-dose and low-dose Baidoukou-Biba aqueous extract groups,high-dose and low-dose Xianghanqin-Biba aqueous extract groups,high-dose and low-dose Baidoukou aqueous extract groups,high-dose and low-dose Xianghanqin aqueous extract groups,and high-dose and low-dose Biba aqueous extract groups,with six in each. In addition to the blank group,the rats in the other groups were injected intraperitoneally with 300 mg/kg p-chlorophenylalanine acid suspension to make models of insomnia. After successful modeling,the rats in the blank group and model group were given normal saline every day,the rats in the positive group were given alprazolam 0.12 mg/kg,those in the high-dose and low-dose Sugmel-3 decoction aqueous extract groups were given extract infusions of 108 and 54 mg/kg,and those in the high-dose and low-dose Baidoukou-Xianghanqin aqueous extract groups were given extract infusions of 84 and 42 mg/kg,those in the high-dose and low-dose Baidoukou-Biba aqueous extract groups were given extract infusions of 82 and 45 mg/kg,those in the high-dose and low-dose Xianghanqin-Biba aqueous extract groups were given extract infusions of 98 and 49 mg/kg,those in the high-dose and low-dose Baidoukou aqueous extract groups were given extract infusions of 33 and 16.5 mg/kg,those in the high-dose and low-dose Xianghanqin aqueous extract groups were given extract infusions of 74 and 37 mg/kg,and those in the high-dose and low-dose Xianghanqin-Biba aqueous extract groups were given extract infusions of 29 and 14.5 mg/kg,1/d,for 7 d. The rats in each group were sacrificed and their brain tissues were taken. The insomnia index 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT),neurotransmitter alpha-aminobutyric acid (GABA),interleukin-1β (IL-1β),superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by ELISA. Results Compared with the blank group,the content of 5-HT,GABA and SOD in the brain tissues of the model group decreased,and the content of IL-1β increased (all P < 0.05). Compared with the model group,5-HT increased in the brain tissues of the remaining groups (P < 0.05);except for the low-dose Sugmel-3 decoction extract group,the GABA increased in brain tissues of the remaining groups (P< 0.05). IL-1β decreased in the high-dose and low-dose Sugmel-3 decoction aqueous extract groups,high-dose Baidoukou-Xainghanqin aqueous extract group,low-dose Baidoukou aqueous extract group,and high-dose Biba aqueous extract group (P < 0.05); MDA decreased in the high-dose Baidoukou-Xianghanqin aqueous extract group,low-dose BaidoukouBiba aqueous extract group,high-dose Xianghanqin-Biba aqueous extract,and low-dose Baidoukou aqueous extract group (P < 0.05); and SOD increased in the low-dose Sugmel-3 decoction extract group,low-dose Baidoukou-Xianghanqin aqueous extract group,high-dose and low-dose Baidoukou-Biba aqueous extract groups,low-dose Xianghanqin aqueous extract group,low-dose Biba aqueous extract group and positive group (P < 0.05). Conclusion The sedative and hypnotic components of Sugmel-3 decoction aqueous extract derive from the single herbs of Baidoukou,Xianghanqin,Biba. Baidoukou,Xianghanqin,and Biba can exert sedative and hypnotic effects by decreasing the levels of IL-1β and MDA,increasing 5-HT,GABA and SOD in the brain tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ｉｎ ｏｒｄｅｒ ｔｏ ｓｔｕｄｙ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｍａｉｎ ｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓ ａｎｄ ａｎｔｉｏｘｉｄａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ Ｃｅｒｃｉｄｉｐｈｙｌｌｕｍ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ ａｑｕｅｏｕｓ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ａｎｄ ｅｔｈａｎｏｌ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ, ｔｈｅ ｓｅｃｏｎｄａｒｙ ｍｅｔａｂｏｌｉｔｅｓ ｏｆ Ｃ. ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ ｌｅａｆ ｗｅｒｅ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔｅｄ ｂｙ ａｑｕｅｏｕｓ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｅｔｈａｎｏｌ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｍａｉｎ ｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓ ｏｆ ａｑｕｅｏｕｓ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ａｎｄ ｅｔｈａｎｏｌ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ｏｆ Ｃ. ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ ｗｅｒｅ ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄ. Ｔｈｅ ａｎｔｉｏｘｉｄａｎｔ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｏｆ ａｑｕｅｏｕｓ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ａｎｄ ｅｔｈａｎｏｌ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ｏｆ Ｃ. ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ ｗｅｒｅ ｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｄ ｂｙ ｉｎ ｖｉｔｒｏ ａｎｔｉｏｘｉｄａｎｔ ａｓｓａｙｓ, ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｓｃａｖｅｎｇｉｎｇ ｈｙｄｒｏｘｙｌ ｒａｄｉｃａｌ (􀅰ＯＨ), ｔｈｅ ａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｓｃａｖｅｎｇｉｎｇ ＤＰＰＨ ｆｒｅｅ ｒａｄｉｃａｌ (ＤＰＰＨ􀅰), ｔｈｅ ａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｓｃａｖｅｎｇｉｎｇ ｓｕｐｅｒｏｘｉｄｅ ａｎｉｏｎ (Ｏ２ －􀅰) ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇ ｉｒｏｎ ｉｏｎ (Ｆｅ３＋). Ｔｈｅ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ ｓｈｏｗｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｍａｉｎ ｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ａｑｕｅｏｕｓ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｅｔｈａｎｏｌ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ｏｆ Ｃ. ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ ｂｏｔｈ ｃｏｎｔａｉｎ ｋａｅｍｐｆｅｒｏｌ. Ｉｎ ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ, ｔｈｅ ｍａｉｎ ｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ａｑｕｅｏｕｓ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ｏｆ Ｃ. ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ ａｌｓｏ ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｅｄ ｆｌａｖｏｎｏｉｄｓ ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ａｌｆａｌｆａ ａｎｄ ｉｓｏｑｕｅｒｃｅｔｉｎ, ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｍａｉｎ ｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｅｔｈａｎｏｌ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ｏｆ Ｃ. ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ ａｌｓｏ ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｅｄ ｆｌａｖｏｎｏｉｄｓ ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ｎａｒｉｎｇｉｎ ａｎｄ ｑｕｅｒｃｅｔｉｎ ３-Ｏ-β-ｄｇｌｕｃｏｓｉｄｅ. Ｔｈｅ ａｑｕｅｏｕｓ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｅｔｈａｎｏｌ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ｏｆ Ｃ. ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ ｂｏｔｈ ｈａｄ ｔｈｅ ａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｓｃａｖｅｎｇｅ ｈｙｄｒｏｘｙｌ ｒａｄｉｃａｌｓ, ＤＰＰＨ ｆｒｅｅ ｒａｄｉｃａｌｓ, ｓｕｐｅｒｏｘｉｄｅ ａｎｉｏｎｓ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇ ｉｒｏｎ ｉｏｎ. Ｔｈｅ ａｎｔｉｏｘｉｄａｎｔ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ａｑｕｅｏｕｓ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｅｔｈａｎｏｌ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ｏｆ Ｃ. ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ ｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｓ, ｗｈｉｃｈ ｗａｓ ｄｏｓｅｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ. Ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃａｌｌｙ, ｔｈｅ ａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ａｑｕｅｏｕｓ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｅｔｈａｎｏｌ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ｏｆ Ｃ. ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ ｔｏ ｓｃａｖｅｎｇｅ ｓｕｐｅｒｏｘｉｄｅ ａｎｉｏｎ (ＩＣ５０ ｖａｌｕｅｓ ｗｅｒｅ ０.０９２ ｍｇ􀅰ｍＬ-１ ａｎｄ ０.００２ ｍｇ􀅰ｍＬ-１ ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ) ｗａｓ ｓｔｒｏｎｇｅｒ ｔｈａｎ ｔｈａｔ ｏｆ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ Ｖｃ (ＩＣ５０ ｖａｌｕｅ ｗａｓ ０.２４１ ｍｇ􀅰ｍＬ-１ ). Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｍｏｒｅ, ｔｈｅ ＩＣ５０ ｖａｌｕｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ａｑｕｅｏｕｓ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｅｔｈａｎｏｌ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ｏｆ Ｃ. ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ ｏｎ ｉｒｏｎ ｉｏｎ ｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇ ｐｏｗｅｒ ｗａｓ ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙ ｓｍａｌｌ (ｔｈｅ ＩＣ５０ ｖａｌｕｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ａｑｕｅｏｕｓ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ｗａｓ ０.０１４ ｍｇ􀅰ｍＬ-１ꎻ ｔｈｅ ＩＣ５０ ｖａｌｕｅ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｅｔｈａｎｏｌ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ｗａｓ ０.００１ ｍｇ􀅰ｍＬ-１), ｗｈｉｃｈ ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｔｏｔａｌ ａｎｔｉｏｘｉｄａｎｔ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ ｏｆ Ｃ. ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｓｔｒｏｎｇ. Ｉｔ ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｓｅｅｎ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ａｑｕｅｏｕｓ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｅｔｈａｎｏｌ ｅｘｔｒａｃｔ ｏｆ Ｃ. ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ ｂｏｔｈ ｈａｖｅ ｇｏｏｄ ａｎｔｉｏｘｉｄａｎｔ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ, ａｎｄ ｉｔ ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｕｓｅｄ ａｓ ａ ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ ｓｏｕｒｃｅ ｏｆ ｎａｔｕｒａｌ ａｎｔｉｏｘｉｄａｎｔｓ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective To establish the HPLC characteristic chromatogram of Simiao Yong ' an Tang (Four Wonderfully Effective Heroes Decoction,SMYAT) aqueous extract,determining the source of each characteristic peak in HPLC chromatogram in order to provide a method for the quality control and evaluation of aqueous extract of Simiao Yong' an Tang. Methods SunfireTM C18 (4. 6 m m x 150 m m, 5 jjim) was used with acetonitrile - 0. 1% formic acid aqueous solution as mobile phase with gradient elution,flow rate at 1.0 mL/min,column temperature at 35。C,and detection wave length at 254 nm. The HPLC chromatogram of S M Y A T aqueous extract were set up. The Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of T C M (State Pharmacopoeia Commission 2004A version) was applied for similarity evaluation. The source of each characteristic peak of S M Y A T aqueous extract was identified by comparing chromatogram of the whole prescription,ingredient-missing prescription and single-herb preparation. The relative deviation of retention time was utilized as an index to identify the source of each peak in HPLC chromatogram. Results The HPLC chromatogram set up in this study was precise, reproducible,and stable. 25 common characteristic peaks were determined in the HPLC chromatogram of Simiao Yong ' an Tang aqueous extract. Peaks 1,4,8 〜14, 16,and 18 〜22 came from Jinyinhua (honeysuckle ffower,Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) ; peaks 2,5,7,23 〜24 from Xuanshen (figwort Radix Scrophulariae) ; peaks 3,15 from Danggui (Chinese angelica, Radix Angelicae Sinensis) ; peaks 6, 17, 25 from Gancao (licorice root, Radixet Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae). Conclusion The HPLC chromatogram of of Siimiao Yong,an Tang aqueous extract can reflect the chemical components of this formula,and the method can be used for its quality control and evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the allelopathy mechanism of an invasive plant (Galinsoga parviflora Cav. ) in China，the leaf guard cells apoptosis and signal regulation of broad bean (Vicia faba L. ) epidermis were treated with the aqueous extracts of G. parviflora were stiadied. The results showed that when broad bean was exposed to the aqueous extracts, its guard cell viabilities reduced，the typical featiares of apoptosis including nuclear pyknotic, malposition, stretch and degradation were observed, and these effects were concentration-dependent. The mortality rates and the abnormal nuclei rates were 90.53% and 87. 77%, respectively while the aqueous extracts concentration were 0.05 g/mL. However，the mortality rates significantly decreased when the strips exposed to the aqueous extracts combined with different concentrations of plasma membrane Ca2 + channel blocker LaCl3 or nitrite reductase inhibitor NaN3 or antioxidant ascorbic acid (AsA) or Caspase inhibitor( Z-VAD-FMK), which were 19. 44%，16. 12%, 50.08%，23. 67%. These results suggested that the apoptosis of broad bean induced by the allelochemical stress of G. parvifora was associated withi Ca2+, NO and ROS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the effect of superfine powder and aqueous extract of Polygonati Rhizomaon on natural perimenopausal syndrome in rats and explore the underlying mechanism. To be specific, a total of 60 female SD rats(14-15 months old) with estrous cycle disorder were screened by the vaginal smear and randomized into model control group, β-estradiol 3-benzoate group(0.1 mg·kg~(-1)), superfine powder of Polygonati Rhizoma group(0.25, 0.5 g·kg~(-1)) and aqueous extract of Polygonati Rhizoma group(0.25, 0.5 g·kg~(-1)), and another 10 female SD rats(14-15 months old) were selected as the youth control group. The administration lasted 6 weeks. Then the perimenopausal syndrome-related indexes such as body temperature, microcirculatory blood flow of face and ear, vertigo period, salivary secretion, grip force, and bone strength were determined and open field test was conducted. The immune system-related indexes such as the wet weight and index of thymus and spleen, percentage of T lymphocytes and subgroups in peripheral blood, and hematological indexes were measured. In addition, the ovary-related indexes such as estrous cycle, the wet weight and index of uterus and ovary, ovarian tissue morphology, and cell apoptosis were determined. Moreover, hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis(HPO)-related indexes such as serum sex hormone levels, cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1(CYP11A1), cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1(CYP19A1), and cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1(P450 17A1) in ovarian tissue were measured. The results showed that the superfine powder and aqueous extract of Polygonati Rhizoma significantly decreased body temperature(anal, facial and dorsal temperature), microcirculatory blood flow in the ear, and vertigo period, increased salivary secretion, grip force, bone strength, total distance and total speed in the open field test, wet weight and index of thymus and spleen, lymphocyte ratio, CD3~+ level, and CD4~+/CD8~+ ratio, reduced neutrophil number and ratio, estrous cycle disorder ratio, and number of ovarian apoptotic cells, raised wet weight and index of uterus, wet weight of ovary, levels of inhibin B(INHB), estradiol(E&#95;2), anti-müllerian hormone(AMH), and ovarian CYP11A1 and CYP19A1, decreased follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH) content, and improved ovarian tissue morphology. It is suggested that the superfine powder and aqueous extract of Polygonati Rhizoma can improve the symptoms associated with natural perimenopausal syndrome in rats and enhance ovarian function and immune function. The mechanism is that they regulate HPO axis function by increasing estrogen synthesis.

In order to understand the allelopathy mechanism of white clover in the mixture grassland establishment of white clover and cocks foot, different concentration of the aqueous extracts of root, stem, leaf in white clover were designed to treat cocksfoot seedling and the effect of cocksfoot seedling growth was studied. The results indicated that there existed the allelopathy of white clover extracts to cocksfoot seedling, which was the trend of no significant effect or improved effect under lower concentration and inhibited effect under higher concentration. The allelopathy potential of different white clover extracts to cocksfoot seedling was different. The effect of white clover extracts to the activity of SOD and POD of cocksfoot seedling, the allelopathy potential of leaf was stronger than stem and root. But for other physiological index in the experiment, the order of allelopathy potential of white clover extracts to cocksfoot seedling was stem > leaf and root. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the Betula platyphylla root-, branch-, and foliage aqueous extracts and Larix olgensis root-, branch-, foliage-, and bark aqueous extracts over a range of concentrations 5.0, 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, and 100.0 mg•mL-1 were used to study their interspecific allelopathic effect on the seed germination and seedling growth of the two tree species. All the L. olgensis organs' extracts, except its root extracts at concentration 5.0 mg•mL-1, had inhibition effect on B. platyphylla seed germination rate, which was 54%, 58%, 59%,and 66% under the effects of L. olgensis foliage-, branch-, bark-, and root extracts, respectively, as compared with the control. With increasing concentration, the inhibition effect of L. olgensis root- and branch extracts increased while that of L. olgensis foliage- and bark extracts decreased. The L. olgensis organs' extracts, especially the foliage extracts at concentration 100.0 mg•mL-1, had strong inhibition effect on B. platyphylla seed radicle- and hypocotyl length growth, with a decrement of 38% and 55% (P<0.05), respectively. L. olgensis branch- and foliage extracts promoted, but root- and bark extracts inhibited B. platyphylla seedling growth and biomass production. B. platyphylla organs' extracts promoted L. olgensis seed germination, root- and branch extracts promoted hypocotyl length growth, but foliage extracts at 50.0 and 100.0 mg•mL-1 decreased the hypocotyl length growth by 27% and 28% (P<0.05), respectively. B. platyphylla organs' extracts mainly promoted L. olgensis seedling growth, with the height- and collar diameter growth and biomass accumulation at B. platyphylla foliage extracts concentration 5.0 mg•mL-1 increased by 54%, 60%, and 100% (P<0.05), respectively. Our results suggested that there existed obvious allelopathic effect between B. platyphylla and L. olgensis, and thus, mixed planting B. platyphylla and L. olgensis could have promotion effects on the growth of the two tree species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borrelia latifolia is an annual herb suitable to be used as cover crop for weed control in orchards in southern China. To understand the competition between B. latifolia and common weeds in orchards, we investigated the allelopathic interactions between B. latifolia and two Asteraceae species, Ageratum conyzoides and Bidens alba . The results showed that the aqueous extracts of B. latifolia at 10-50 mg·mL -1 significantly inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of A. conyzoides and B. alba , with the radicle length of A. conyzoides and B. alba being reduced by 57.4%-90.2% and 57.3%-62.3%, respectively. The aqueous extracts of A. conyzoides and B. alba also had strong allelopathic effects on seed germination of B. latifolia. Under the treatment of 50 mg·mL -1 aqueous extracts, the two Asteraceae species almost entirely inhibited the germination of B. latifolia . After treated with 10 mg·mL -1 aqueous extract of B. latifolia for 30 d, net photosynthesis, plant height and biomass of A. conyzoide were reduced by 15.2%, 20.6% and 41.5%, respectively, compared with the control, while the biomass of B. alba also showed a decreasing trend. Instead, the growth of B. latifolia was not affected. Under mixed culture, biomass of B. latifolia was comparable to that under monoculture, whereas those of A. conyzoides and B. alba were reduced by 86.0% and 27.1%, respectively. Compared with A. conyzoides and B. alba , the allelopathic advantage of B. latifolia is that it can inhibit growth of the two Asteraceae species as well as inhibit seed germination.

An ultra-performance liquid chromatography hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry(UPLC-QtrapMS) method was established to identify the metabolites in rat plasma,bile,urine and feces after oral administration of Cinnamomi Cortex(CC) aqueous extract. Several survey experiments,such as enhanced mass spectrum scan(EMS),precursor ion scan(PI),neutral loss scan(NL) and multiple ions monitoring(MIM) were applied to search target components,and two separate enhanced product ion(EPI) scans were triggered via information-dependent acquisition(IDA) method to generate the MS/MS spectra. According to the mass spectrometric data collected from reference standards and reported literature,the structures of metabolites were deduced. A total of76 metabolites and 5 original compounds were tentatively identified in rats after oral administration of CC aqueous extract. Deglycosylation,methylation,sulfonation,and glucuronidation were observed as the primary metabolic pathways for the chemical constituents of CC. These data are able to benefit the clarification of the therapeutic material basis,the clinical usage and further R&D of CC.

To determine the optimum aqueous extract protocol for Yugubao traditional Chinese medicines formula by using orthogonal experiment design. Through serum pharmacology research, L9(34) orthogonal design with single factor investigation was used to optimize the aqueous extract protocol for Yugubao formula. The effect of water extraction on activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in osteoblast was referred as the evaluation index for investigating four factors: water consumption (A), heating time (B), soaking time (C), and number of decocting (D), analyzing the optimum extraction conditions, and verifying the effectiveness of this process. The optimum aqueous extract protocol for Yugubao was as follows: adding 8 times water into Chinese medical materials, heating for 60 min, soaking for 30 min, and decocting for 1 time. The drug serum of this aqueous extract of Yugubao could significantly up-regulate the osteogenic genes expression. The optimum aqueous extract protocol for Yugubao formula was established in this experiment, providing evidence for the development and utilization of Yugubao traditional Chinese medicines formula., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)