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Curdlan is a natural exopolysaccharide produced by microorganisms without branching structure which is composed of glucose linked with β-1,3 glycosidic bonds, and used as a stabilizer, thickener in the food industry. Curdlan exhibits excellent functional properties such as gelling ability, anti-digestion and immunomodulatory effects, but the water-insoluble property of curdlan greatly limits its wide applications. Modification of curdlan can enhance its functional properties, especially the water-soluble ability of curdlan, which will expand its development and utilization in food area. In this review, the effects of modification methods on the functional properties of curdlan are discussed from three aspects: Physical modification, chemical modification and enzymatic modification. Moreover, this review highlights the recent research trends in curdlan applications in the food industry in recent years from four perspectives: Food packing materials, improving food texture, developing bionic food and functional food carrier. Overall, curdlan has great potential to be used in food industries. This review provides a reasonable reference for the further development and application of curdlan.

Objective To estimate adolescents and children age using stepwise regression and machine learning methods based on the pulp and tooth volumes of the left maxillary central incisor and cuspid on cone beam computed tomography （CBCT） images, and to compare and analyze the estimation results. Methods A total of 498 Shanghai Han adolescents and children CBCT images of the oral and maxillofacial regions were collected. The pulp and tooth volumes of the left maxillary central incisor and cuspid were measured and calculated. Three machine learning algorithms （K-nearest neighbor, ridge regression, and decision tree） and stepwise regression were used to establish four age estimation models. The coefficient of determination, mean error, root mean square error, mean square error and mean absolute error were computed and compared. A correlation heatmap was drawn to visualize and the monotonic relationship between parameters was visually analyzed. Results The K-nearest neighbor model （R2=0.779） and the ridge regression model （R2=0.729） outperformed stepwise regression （R2=0.617）, while the decision tree model （R2=0.494） showed poor fitting. The correlation heatmap demonstrated a monotonically negative correlation between age and the parameters including pulp volume, the ratio of pulp volume to hard tissue volume, and the ratio of pulp volume to tooth volume. Conclusion Pulp volume and pulp volume proportion are closely related to age. The application of CBCT-based machine learning methods can provide more accurate age estimation results, which lays a foundation for further CBCT-based deep learning dental age estimation research.

Objective To investigate the effect of proanthocyanidins(PC) induced by amyloid-beta peptide(Aβ25-35) in human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y and its possible mechanism. Methods SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to Aβ25-35 to establish a cell injury model in vitro. PC and(or) secretory protein Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1), the endogenic inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were used for intervention. The cells were divided into control group, Aβ25-35 group, PC(different concentrations)+Aβ25-35 groups, Dkk1 group, Dkk1+ PC+Aβ25-35 group.The cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. The expressions of β-catenin, GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β were measured by Western blot. The secreted Aβ1-42 was detected by ELISA. Results Compared with the control group, the cell viability, the expression of β-catenin and p-GSK-3β were reduced in Aβ25-35 treated group(P＜0.05), while the secreted Aβ1-42 was increased (P＜0.05). PC improved the cell viability, increased the expression of β-catenin and p-GSK-3β, and reduced the secreted Aβ1-42 in SH-SY5Y cells induced by Aβ25-35 (P＜0.05). After using Dkk1,the ability of PC was decreased on the enhancement of β-catenin expression, the improvement of p-GSK-3β expression, and the reduction of the secreted Aβ1-42 (P＜0.05). Conclusions PC may decrease Aβ1-42 secretion in SH-SY5Y cells induced by Aβ25-35 through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Objective To analyze serum exosome using proteomic in mice with Candida albicans infection and to find out marker. Methods Mice model of Candida albicans infection was established by injection of Candida albicans liquid through tail vein. Exosome in serum were extracted and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Mice models of both Staphylococcus aureus infection and Escherichia coli infection were established to compare the protein expression in exosome among three groups of infection. Results A total of 4 055 peptides and 418 proteins were identified. With the ratio 2.0 times between Candida albicans infection group and normal control group and with P

[Purpose/Significance] In the era of big data, agricultural research institutions in China have begun to increase the investment in informatization construction to bring great convenience to scientific research and management, but corresponding information security issues have risen to the surface. Tasks such as relying on the network hierarchical protection and performing in-depth analysis of each weak link in the information system construction of agricultural research institutions to improve the information system security and avoid network security problems have been placed in a prominent position in the work of agricultural research institutions. [Method/Process] This article discusses the issue of strengthening the information security management of agricultural research institutions based on hierarchical protection 2.0. First of all, this article introduces the importance of hierarchical protection. Secondly, the difference between hierarchical protection 2.0 standard and h1.0 standard is analyzed. Thirdly, the system of network security management and the network security management technologies of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences were analyzed in detail. Finally, it discusses and summarizes the effective strategies to strengthen the information security construction of agricultural research institutions.[Results/Conclusions] Taking the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences as an example, this paper discusses its practices in detail, in the hope of providing reference for agricultural research institutions to carry out network security hierarchical protection.

Medical physics is an interdisciplinary subject that combines physics with medical practice, resulting from a broad need for physics knowledge in the clinical practice of radiology and radiation oncology. At present, the developed countries represented by the United States have formed a systematic medical physics training system in the process of radiology resident training. The standardized training of radiology resident in China is still in its infancy. This paper introduces the system of physics training in the American radiology resident training program and explored its enlightenment to the standardized training of radiological resident in China.

This study is to explore the effect of Xiangdan Injection on anticoagulation of warfarin in rats. Rats were randomly divided into different groups and then administered, subsequently the blood samples were collected at a set series of time points to measure PT(prothrombin time) and APTT(activated partial thromboplastin time) values, and INR(international normalized ratio) value was calculated. The plasma concentrations of warfarin enantiomers were determined by UPLC-MS/MS technology, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS 2.0 software. Statistical analysis was performed to compare differences between the groups. Single-dose study of warfarin showed that Xiangdan Injection alone had no effects on PT, APTT and INR, but when co-administrated with warfarin, PT and INR values were increased(P<0.01), while APTT was unaffected; after co-administration of the two drugs, C_(max), AUC_(0-t), and AUC_(0-∞) of S-warfarin increased(P<0.01), and t_(1/2) prolonged(P<0.01), while the pharmacokinetic parameters of R-warfarin were not changed significantly. Steady-state study of warfarin showed that after co-administration of the two drugs, the PT and INR values increased(P<0.05), and the plasma concentration of S-warfarin increased(P<0.01), while the plasma concentration of R-warfarin was not changed significantly. The results suggest that Xiangdan Injection itself has no effect on coagulation index, but can enhance the anticoagulant effect of warfarin by slowing metabolism of S-warfarin.