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With the normalization of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, people are encouraged to stay at home as much as possible. This has deeply affected the tourism industry. The tourism market size is decreasing sharply, and the restoration of tourism destinations faces great difficulties. Wuhan, the first city to have fought the COVID-19 pandemic head-on, attracted all Chinese people's attention, as everybody said, "come on, Wuhan!" on social media and lent it great support in fighting the pandemic. People discussed the pandemic, became more aware about Wuhan, made plans to travel to Wuhan after the pandemic, and celebrated the stage victory when Wuhan was reopened, which constitutes a meaningful phenomenon in the tourism industry. To reveal the theoretical relationship between people's empathy and travel willingness, this article crawls the microblog data of Wuhan for one month before and after the reopening, from March 24 to April 23, and introduces the destination image as a mediator variable to reflect people's cognition about Wuhan. Then, the data are analyzed and the theoretical model is tested through qualitative and quantitative methods. The main conclusions are as follows: in the post-pandemic period, people's empathy toward Wuhan is dominated by positive emotions, accounting for 85.09% of responses. Respectively, neutral and negative emotions account for 3.42% and 11.49%, respectively. In addition to Wuhan's traditional image, "oriental cherry," "Wuhan hot-dry noodles," a specialty breakfast meal in the Hubei province, many new images of Wuhan have emerged, such as "hero" and "heroic," owing to its tenacious spirit and deep sacrifices during the pandemic. Generally, people have a strong willingness to travel to Wuhan, and the pandemic has transformed it into a special tourism attraction. Many inspiring emotions have emerged, such as "Wuhan," "come on," "hope," "pandemic," "definitely," "go again," and eat "Wuhan hot-dry noodles." According to the hypothesis model test results, empathy affects travel willingness significantly, however, the direct effect between empathy and travel willingness is completely mediated after the destination image is added, and its effect size is 0.191. In conclusion, the influence of empathy upon tourism willingness is fully implemented with the help of the destination image. Empathy between potential tourists and the destination produces emotional resonance, admiration, and other emotions. Such empathy spurs people's insight about the destination, produces a new destination image, and creates a strong travel willingness. This article clarifies why people travel to a specific destination after a public emergency. Additionally, the results suggest that it is necessary to guide the propagation of positive emotions, and consider the possible impact of emergency upon the destination image, by which the tourism industry may reach its revitalization after the pandemic crisis effectively. For Wuhan, it is a plausible approach to rely on people's empathy in the COVID-19 pandemic, and the new destination image can also stimulate people's travel willingness. Furthermore, many new tourism marketing activities based on the destination image may change, such as "come and enjoy the hot-dry noodles," "come and enjoy the oriental cherry again," and may play unique roles in the restoration of the tourism industry.

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Copyright of Journal of Zhejiang University (Science Edition) is the property of Journal of Zhejiang University (Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Information exposure is one of the most important daily behaviors for contemporary people. This study examines the influence of information contact strength, channel and mode on the effect of information contact（Guilin destination image evaluation）. The research finds that: （1）the intensity of passive information exposure through network channels positively affects destination image evaluation with intergenerational differences.（2）The intensity of passive information exposure through traditional channels negatively affects destination image evaluation with intergenerational differences.（3） The intensity of active information exposure through both network channels and traditional channels has a positive influence on the evaluation of destination image, with no intergenerational difference.（4）The intensity of on-the-spot experience has a negative influence on the evaluation of destination image, and there is a generational difference. Based on the positive evaluation of the impact of active information exposure methods found in the study, suggestions for innovative destination marketing such as conducting destination-related knowledge quiz tournaments, creating destination fun topics, and conducting destination information puzzle solving are proposed, which could promote proactive destination information exposure to potential visitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tropical Geography is the property of Tropical Geography Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Central China Normal University is the property of Huazhong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Marketing Review / Xing Xiao Ping Lun is the property of Academy of Taiwan Information Systems Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Marketing Review / Xing Xiao Ping Lun is the property of Academy of Taiwan Information Systems Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores the construction of destination image through data mining of travel notes on Sina Blog, one of the most popular online communities in China. "Five Golden Flowers", a famous rural tourism destination of China, was selected as the study area. Free text data mining is different from other data collection methods. such as questionnaires that use predetermined tourism image attributes; rather, it is a method that provides a comprehensive understanding and image of any message (i.e., freely written travel notes by blog authors in this research) . Content analysis and co- occurrence network methods were used to analyze the data to identify the image characters for a group of destinations. It was found that 1) Based on the featured word frequencies, content analysis and word cooccurrence networks are considered two good text-mining methods for destination image research; 2) The destination image for "Five Golden Flowers" is identified as "a suburb recreation and resort, characterized by local cuisine, traditional customs, culture and countryside scenery and rural village life"; 3) There are significant differences among the five specific destination images of "Five Golden Flowers", for example, "Lotus Pond in Moonlight" occupies a dominant position in tourists' image perception, whereas "Happy Plum Trees", "Picking Chrysanthemum at the Eastern Fence", and "Vegetable Garden in Jiang's home village"occupy a medial position in tourists' image perception, while "Farmers' Yards with Flowers Scent" is in the least attractive position and co-occurs fewer times with other key words; 4) In tourists' recognition of toponyms, "Chengdu" and "Sansheng Town" have remarkable significance. Chengdu promotes the image of"Five Golden Flowers"to seek international recognition, and Sansheng Town is the spatial carrier for this image; and 5)Tourism attraction names, with graceful cultural or literary meaning, are basic driving forces for destination image construction and promotion, while destination identification words used for classifying and ranking,"( Agritainment" is an exception), have little effect on destination image construction because of their low degree of recognition. The toponyms of "Jinjiang District" and five independent attractions also appear to have little effect on image construction. Freely written travel notes have great influences on tourists' recognition of rural tourism destinations, and the relevant toponyms with its spatial characteristics also play critical roles in destination image building and shaping. This paper provides a new perspective for tourism geography research in the information age. The results provide a reference for rural tourism destination management, destination planning and e-Commerce promotion. However, it should also be pointed out that travel note authors cannot represent all travelers because they are mostly young people with more interest and experience in using social media, while older people rarely write Blogs on computers or smart phones. Follow- up studies therefore should develop integration methods for multisource data analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Images are simplifications of complex ideas and things. They also guide behavior and help in decision-making. Country and destination images are very important in the fields of international business and tourism marketing. However, the research of destination and country images has developed separately. Although they have some overlapping concepts and related concerns, few researchers have attempted to marry the two types of images. This research proposes an integrative model of destination image in a country context. In addition to country image, destination image and destination loyalty, familiarity is considered as an important variable in the interaction between country and destination images. Six hypotheses were tested: (H1) familiarity with a country positively influences that country's image; (H2) familiarity with a country positively influences that country's destination image; (H3) country image positively influences that country's destination image; (H4) a country's destination image positively influences that country's image; (H5) country image positively influences foreign tourists's atisfaction about their travel to that country; (H6) a country's destination image positively influences foreign tourists' satisfaction about their travel to that country. The proposed model and hypotheses were empirically tested against the background of inbound tourism to Mainland China. As Beijing is the most important destination and a gateway for international tourists to China, a survey was conducted using on- site, personal interviews with international tourists at major attractions in Beijing. A pilot test was conducted with 30 international tourists. The questionnaire was revised based on the results of the pilot test. Some 387 useable responses were collected. Structural equation modeling (SEM) with AMOS 21.0 and SPSS 16.0 was applied to test the causal relationships of the proposed model. The results showed that H1 and H5 were not supported, while H2, H3, H4 and H6 were supported. This model fills the gap in the academic research literature by demonstrating the relationships between country and destination images. It can be inferred from the results that: (1) familiarity with a country significantly influences that country's destination image; destination image is stronger than country image from international tourists' perspectives; (2) destination and country images have a significant bi- directional effects, indicating that the two images are connected; (3) destination loyalty is directly influenced by destination image, and international tourists have stronger perception of loyalty toward destination image than country image. In particular, little knowledge and negative images of country appear to have little influence for international tourists to recommend and revisit China in the future. However, the potential influence of country image on destination image should not be overlooked. Positive country images may still have significant influences on the destination images of non-visitors (potential visitors). International tourists tend to have more positive destination images than their country images of China. Politically, tourism is an effective way to enhance country image. A contradiction exists between destination and country images and especially in developing countries; tourism development counter-balances negative country images internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Destination images are dynamic and time plays an important role in their evolution. This paper reviews previous studies of temporal change in destination image from four perspectives. Destination image can change: (1) along with the level of tourist visitation; (2) under the influence of events; (3) within the life cycle of a destination; and (4) between different seasons. It was found that researchers at home and abroad mainly focus on the first two of these aspects of image change: those which come along with tourist visitation levels and tourist behavior, and those which are influenced by the occurrence of events. The other two kinds of image change appear to receive much less attention. There is also a general opinion in the literature that the flow of information used to construct destination images is one-way, from destinations to tourists. In this paper, a new destination image structure is proposed. It is contended that destination image is in fact multi-directional. It is composed of perceived and projected images, but each should be studied from both the tourist and supply side perspectives. The perceived images of tourists and suppliers generally deviate from each other, and even from the original destination image, and the construction of a destination's image by one side can influence the perceived image held by the other. Furthermore, when projecting their perceived images, both sides are unable to deliver what they perceive without additional deviation. Based on this new theory of destination image, a mechanism describing and explaining the temporal change of destination image, combining both the tourist side and the supply side, could be built. In this model, temporal changes in destination image are seen to be affected by seven factors--three of which were found to have influenced both sides. For the rest, a tourist's individual characteristics and stage of visit behavior were found to be unique factors on the tourist side; and government intervention and market demand only influenced the supply side. The three common factors were destination seasonal change, destination life cycle change, and the effect of events (if any) on a destination. How these factors work in the model is discussed in this paper, with the mutual relationships of tourist side and supply side image making taken into consideration. This study has confirmed that temporal change of destination image is conspicuously complicated. The mechanism developed in this research, inevitably, is simplified. However, owing to the systematic analysis in this paper, the model is a powerful alternative explanatory tool for the study and understanding of destination image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researches on destination image provide guidance on destination marketing, and previous studies have paid more attention to individuals' perceived image formation process and the role of tourism organizations' projected image. Many previous studies were limited to researches on individual tourists and neglected the interaction between tourists. In fact, information exchange among tourists could also influence potential tourists' awareness of a destination and even their purchase decisions, and such influence is called the Tourist Information Power in the Tourist Power Theory. With the development of information and network technology, the influence of the tourist information power has been becoming more and more powerful. Based on a theoretical review of destination image literature, this paper puts forward the concept of Tourist Projected Image (TPI), and expands the tourists' cognitive process of their destination image from a single individual model (Figure 1) to group-and-network model (Figure 2). After the TPI is added to the new model, the development process from the organic image to induced image is affected by not only the projected image of destination marketing organizations (DPI), but also by the projected image of tourists who have visited the destination before. Then during their own travel, tourists form a complex image according to their own travel experience, and spread the destination image (i.e., the TPI) based on their own preferences, affecting other potential tourists' induced image. By comparing the influence of information spreading between the visitors and DMO, this paper states that the phenomenon of brand hijacking occurs when the TPI instead of DPI is accepted by more tourists. Actually, in the era of mass tourism, more tourists have completed tour activities independently by their own way. As a result, the DMO cannot control tourists' experience and the information they convey to others. Tourists can build the brand meanings based on their own preferences and pass on them to others. Basically speaking, it is the reason why the brand hijacking occurs. When the brand hijacking occurs, the destination image will follow the abnormal path to evolution. With the destination's life cycle theory proposed by Plog, this paper analyzes the alienated evolution process of destination image (Figure 3), and divides the entire evolution process into six stages by comparing the TPI and DPI. The characteristics of these stages are as follows. At the pre-start-up stage, the organic image dominates; at the start-up stage, the DPI dominates; at the early growth stage, image begins to split; at the medium-term growth stage, image splitting expands; at the late growth stage, brand hijacking occurs; during the process from the maturity to recession, new DPI dominates. Finally, this paper proposes some specific suggestions for improving the destination marketing. Firstly, TPI should be monitored. Secondly, destination marketers should be good at guiding tourists' information spreading behaviors, and make use of tourists' ability of information spreading to achieve a better marketing result. Thirdly, active efforts also should be made to repair the split image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasingly fierce competition in tourist market, much attention has been paid to the social responsibility of tourism enterprises. As a comprehensive industry, tourism industry should undertake adequate social responsibility in order to ensure the sustainable development of tourism destinations. Tourism enterprises exist in the first line of tourism market and are closely related with tourists. Tourism enterprises undertake social responsibility and focus on the interests of the stakeholders, which help to promote the establishment of good destination image, to improve the overall competitiveness of destinations, and to promote the prosperity of tourism market. Furthermore, undertaking social responsibility of tourism enterprises can build social credibility and good social image, improve the relationship between tourism enterprises and their stakeholders, establish positive emotions, and influence the behavioral intention of tourists to a destination, so as to create the sound environment in the healthy development of tourism enterprises. However, academic research on the effects of social responsibility of tourism enterprise is not systematic and in-depth. According to the information asymmetry theory, tourists are difficult to comprehensively understand the situation of tourism enterprises to undertake social responsibility. Therefore, the relationship between social responsibility of tourism enterprises and tourists' loyalty is influenced by some intermediate power. Existing research shows that destination image is antecedents of destination decision-making, destination perceived quality, satisfaction, revisit intention and recommendation intention, and it is also the key factor of destination marketing, and can stimulate or hinder consumer decision-making behavior of tourists. In tourism field, tourists' evaluations about tourism enterprises and tourism products are closely related with destination image, and affect tourists' satisfaction and loyalty to tourism experience through the perception and assessment of destination image. Hence, this paper considers destination image as an important intermediate variable between social responsibility of tourism enterprises and tourists' loyalty, and empirically tests the corresponding research model through structural equation modeling, in order to provide enlightenment and reference for tourism destination management practice. Specifically, this paper divides social responsibility of tourism enterprises into six aspects, including economical responsibility, environmental responsibility, tourist responsibility, employee responsibility, legal responsibility, charitable responsibility, and divides destination image into two aspects, including cognitive image and affective image, and builds a model that reflects the effects of social responsibility of tourism enterprises on destination image and tourist loyalty. The empirical results show that social responsibility of tourism enterprises plays an important role in the formation of destination image and tourist loyalty. Therein, economical responsibility, environmental responsibility, tourist responsibility, employee responsibility and legal responsibility positively impact cognitive image, and tourist responsibility, employee responsibility and charitable responsibility positively impact affective image. Cognitive image and affective image not only directly impact tourist loyalty, but also indirectly impact tourist loyalty through tourist satisfaction. However, affective image has more positive impact on tourist satisfaction and tourist loyalty than cognitive image. In addition, in order to clarify the degree of importance of social responsibility of tourism enterprises in all influencing factors of destination image and tourist loyalty, this research also discusses the weight of tourism enterprise social responsibility in all influencing factors. The analysis results based on the expert scoring and the method of AHP show that tourism enterprise social responsibility plays a very important role in the formation of destination image and tourist loyalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National image is an important concept in the fields of international business and international marketing. Destination image is an important concept in the field of tourism. They have important strategic value to gain competitive advantages for products and tourism destinations in the increasingly fierce competitive globalized market. Currently, studies on national image and destination market are basically independent. The study, based on the overall retrospect of the latest study progress in these two fields, analyzes similarity and difference of their definitions, theoretical foundations, image subjects and objects and image contents. In accordance with the analysis of the relationship between the two images and other social psychological variables, the paper puts forward tourist intention model that integrates with these variables and corresponding three propositions so as to provide guidelines for future empirical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]