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In the context of "big data", artificial intelligence based on deep learning has been increasingly influencing the diagnostic mode of pathology. The application of artificial intelligence in clinical diagnosis, especially in diagnosis of pathology, has offered the opportunity for precision medicine. This paper reviews the progress in the application of artificial intelligence in pathological diagnosis in respect of cytological screening, histopathologic diagnosis, immunophenotypic prediction and prognosis based on genetic typing.

【Objective】 Maize is a main staple crop cultivated in central and Northern China but it requires irrigation at certain stages during its growth. In this paper, we present the findings of an experimental study on the effect of irrigation amount on photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation of the crop during its tasseling-silking stage. 【Method】 The field experiment was conducted in the long-term experiment established in 2018 at the experimental base of the academy of agricultural and animal husbandry sciences of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The experiment compared six irrigation amounts: 315 m3/hm2 (W1), 645 m3/hm2 (W2), 945 m3/hm2 (W3), 1 275 m3/hm2 (W4), and 1 605 m3/hm2 (W5); the control was rain-fed (W0). During the experiment, we measured photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumulation of the crop in each treatment. The photosynthetic characteristics and its correlation with dry matter accumulation were calculated by fitting the response curve parameters to a non-right-angle hyperbolic model. 【Result】 The leaf SPAD in W3 was lower only than that in W4 in 2019, but in 2020 it increased by 3.96%, 5.12%, 11.10%, 12.64% and 19.90%, respectively, compared with that in W4, W2, W1, W5 and W0. In 2019 and 2020, the average daily net photosynthetic rate was the highest in W3, while in 2019, the dry weights of stems, leaves and ears in W3 were the second highest among all treatments. In 2020, the physiological indexes of the crop in W3 were higher than that in other treatments. There was no significant difference in leaf photosynthesis between W3, W4 and W5. 【Conclusion】 In central and western regions of Inner Mongolia, when the total rainfall during growing season of maize exceeded 365 mm, irrigating 945 m3/hm2 of water can effectively improve photosynthetic efficiency of the maize during its tasseling-silking stage, promote dry matter accumulation and increase grain yield.

The experiment was to study the effect of jujube polysaccharide on immune function of chickens. 150 black chickens at the age of 118 d were selected and divided into five groups with three replicates in each group and ten chickens in each replicate. During laying period, the black chickens in KOBA group were fed with compound feed without adding drugs. The black chickens in ZXMZ group were fed with compound diet supplemented with 0.2 g/kg levamisole hydrochloride. The black chickens in DZDT1 group, DZDT2 group and DZDT.3 group were fed with compound diet supplemented with 1, 2 and 4 g/kg jujube polysaccharides. The results showed that compared with KOBA group, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody titer and immunoglobulin M (IgM) content in black chicken's serum of DZDT1 group, DZDT2 group and DZDT.3 group were extremely increased (P<0.01). The secretion of interferon -γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the content of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in black chicken's serum of DZDT2 group were extremely increased (P<0.01). Compared with KOBA group, the spleen index, spleen lymphocyte stimulation index and splenic lymphocyte necrosis factor -α (TNF-α) secretion in black chicken's spleen of DZDT1 group, DZDT2 group and DZDT3 group were extremely increased (P<0.01). The secretion of interleukin-4 (IL-4) in black chicken's spleen of DZDT2 group was extremely increased (P<0.01). The experiment indicates that adding jujube polysaccharides in compound diet can improve the immune function of laying hens, and the DZDT2 group has the best effect under experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of drip irrigation amount on dry matter accumulation and distribution, as well as the yield formation of the grain machine harvest maize. 【Method】 The study was based on the drip irrigation experiment established in 2018 in the Experimental Field of Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences. The experiment consisted of five irrigation treatments by irrigating 415 m3/hm2 (W1), 645 m3/hm2 (W2), 945 m3/hm2 (W3), 1 275 m3/hm2 (W4) and 1 605 m3/hm2 (W5), respectively. A rain-fed plot was taken as the control (CK). In each treatment, we measured the accumulation and distribution of above-ground dry matter in 2020 and 2021. Logistic model was used to describe the temporal change in dry matter accumulation, from which we further analyze the characteristics of dry matter accumulation and distribution, as well as the relationship of drip irrigation amount and yield under different treatments. 【Result】 Irrigation significantly increased the dry matter accumulation in the upper part of the plant; temporal change in the dry matter accumulation is well described by the logistic model, with R2>0.888. In 2020 and 2021, the maximum growth rate of the dry matter accumulation increased as the irrigation amount increased, with the increase in the CK being the least and the increase in W5 being the highest. The biological yield in W5 was the highest in both 2020 and 2021; the harvest index in W4 and W3 was the highest, being 0.51 and 0.50 respectively. Compared with CK, irrigation reduced dry matter distribution in the vegetative organs at maturity stage but increased dry matter accumulation in the grains. With the increase in irrigation amount, the economic yield in 2020 first increased, followed by a decline, maximizing in W4, reaching 14 282.42 kg/hm2 in 2021. The yield in W4 (15 480.33 kg/hm2) and W5 (15 892.52 kg/hm2) was significantly higher than that in other treatments. 【Conclusion】 Optimizing irrigation amount can significantly increase dry matter accumulation in the aboveground part, and promote distribution of dry matter in the grain. In drought years with average annual natural precipitation between 364.2 and 390.7 mm, the optimum drip irrigation amount is 1 275 m3/hm2 for grain machine harvest maize (planting density is 7.5×104 plants/hm2) in the arid and semi-arid areas in central and western Inner Mongolia.

【Background and objective】 Waterlogging is a natural disaster facing agricultural production in many countries across the world. Global warming is expected to increase its frequency. The objective of this paper is to analyze the spatiotemporal variation of climate-induced waterlogging for winter wheat in Jianghuai Region in central-southern China. 【Method】 The analysis was based on archived meteorological data measured from 143 weather stations across Anhui and Jiangsu provinces, from which we calculated the annual and monthly precipitation, potential evapotranspiration of the winter wheat. We divided the two provinces into a number of sub-regions based on climate and analyzed the data in each sub-region using the principal component analysis and K-means cluster methods. The spatiotemporal variation in waterlogging for each sub-region was calculated from daily standardized antecedent precipitation evapotranspiration index. 【Result】 ①From November to next February, long-lasting waterlogging was mostly likely to occur in the Jianghuai watershed and eastern Yangtze River, while from March to May, it was more likely to happen in the south and less likely in the north of the region. ②In west Yangtze River and in the high mountain areas, the occurrence of waterlogging in each 10 days increased as the crop grew from seedling to harvest, while in the Jianghuai watershed and east Yangtze River, the occurrence of waterlogging was independent of the growing season. In the north of the Huaihe River, the occurrence of waterlogging in the seedling stage was more frequent than in other growing stages. ③Intra-annual variation of waterlogging in each 10-day showed a significant increase from later November to middle of next February, and the variation coefficients was high. 【Conclusion】 Climate-induced waterlogging for winter wheat in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces is high but its occurrence varies spatiotemporally. These results are helpful for developing mitigating methods to alleviate the detrimental impact of waterlogging in the two provinces.

ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics of polysomnography （PSG） in depression patients complicating moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome （OSAHS）.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on the outpatients， inpatients and physical examination population who completed overnight PSG monitoring in the sleep medicine center of Suzhou Guangji Hospital from December 2017 to October 2019. Four groups of subjects were finally enrolled， including depression patients with moderate-to-severe OSAHS （n=31）， depression patients without OSAHS （n=79）， moderate-to-severe OSAHS patients （n=96） and normal control group （n=32）. The sleep process related indicators （total sleep time， sleep latency， number of awakenings）， sleep structure related indicators （N1， N2， N3， percentage of REM sleep， REM latency， REM sleep duration）， sleep-related respiratory variables （oxygen reduction index） and other polysomnographic parameters of the four groups were compared.ResultsIn terms of sleep process， the total sleep time， sleep latency and number of awakenings yielded significant differences among the four groups （F=2.874， 3.959， 12.291， P

In this study, the γ-radiolysis of boric acid-lithium hydroxide-ammonia coolant was investigated under different conditions, including boric acid concentration, absorbed dose, and absorbed dose rate. The concentrations of H2O2, NO2-, and NO3- were determined using UV-visible spectroscopy and ion chromatography. With an increase in boric acid concentration, the concentrations of H2O2 and NO2- in the coolant system did not change significantly within a pH range commonly used in pressurized water reactor operation. Specifically, the concentration of H2O2 varied from 9.28×10-5 to 1.07×10-4 mol/L, while that of NO2- changed from 0.9×10-5 to 1.5×10-5 mol/L. In contrast, the concentration of NO3- fluctuated significantly, ranging from 4×10-5 to 8×10-5 mol/L. With an increase in the absorbed dose (1-30 kGy), the equilibrium concentration of H2O2 and NO2- in boric acid-lithium hydroxide-ammonia system increased to 1.28×10-4 mol/L and 1.30×10-5 mol/L, respectively. Meanwhile, the concentration of NO3- did not change significantly (4×10-5 to 6×10-5 mol/L). The concentrations of the three radiolytic products were not significantly affected within the given absorbed dose rate range (1.27 to 18.86 Gy/min). Overall, this work provides valuable basic data for optimizing the new boric acid-lithium hydroxide-ammonia coolant system.

Most of currently function call relationships analysis tools can not analyse pointer function, system start processing and loadable kernel module, in order to solve the above problem, this paper proposed on a way based on CG-RTL with the name "dynamic call graph based on OS kernel tracking" and developed a call graph tool binding static and dynamic functions(DCG-RTL).First running system in virtual machine(S2E), and the same time tracing function called and returned information through LinuxCallMonitor and SymbolResovler Plugins, second regulated the data into standized data, and last binding dynamic and static data into CG-RTL.DCG-RTL inherited and developmented CG-RTL made it more humanized and easy to use and provided more functional. Experimental results show that, DCG-RTL can provide pointor function relationships, and can analyse the function call with loadable modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]A real-time fluorescence PCR method for detection of G-protein-coupled receptor 109 A (GPRW9A) gene was established to provide foundation for further research on disorder of lipid metabolism and pathogenesis of k etas is in postpartum dairy cow. [Method]Two pairs of primers were designed according to the conservative sequence of bovine GPRI09A and β-actin( internal reference) gene published by GenBank. With cDNA from liver tissues of cow as the template, target genes were amplified by PCR and inserted into vector to establish the recombination plasmid. The recombination plasmids were used for amplifying by real-time PCR. Standard curve was made and the specificity, sensitivity and repeatability were tested. [Result]The linear equation of standard curve and regression coefficient of GPR109A and β-actin genes were y=-3.309x+10.92(R2=0.9985), and y=-3.289x+9.794(R3=0.9997) . respectively. The amplification efficiency was 101.0% and 100.0%, respectively. Specificity test results showed that each gene melting curve had a single peak without primer dimer and nonspecific amplification products. Sensitivity test results showed that each gene had a wide range of linear amplification, which could detect out 180 copies of GPR109A gene. The repeatability test results showed that the coefficient of variation was less than or equal to 1.7%. [Conclusion]The established SV BR Green I real-time PCR assay based on G PR 109 A gene was easy to operate, specific, sensitive and repeatable, which provides a rapid and reliable tool for detecting bovine GPR109A gene expression quantitatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate extraction methods of Astragalus polysaccharides, the methods of water extract-alcohol precipitation and microwave extraction were used to extract Astragalus polysaccharides. The two processes for the extraction rate and extraction time of Astragalus polysaccharides were compared and the content of Astragalus polysaccharides was calculated by using Uv-spectrophotometry. The results showed that the extraction rate of Astragalus polysaccharides was 4.468% with the Astragalus polysaccharides content of 29.40% by using water extract-alcohol precipitation method, and the extraction rate of Astragalus polysaccharides was 4.502% with the content of 31.25% by using microwave extraction. Compared with the water extract-alcohol precipitation method, the extraction time of the microwave extraction method reduced by nearly 8 times. The results indicated that microwave extraction had the advantages of high efficiency and energy saving, and it was superior to the traditional water extract-alcohol precipitation method in the improvement of the productivity and efective:y shortening the extraction time of Astragalus polysaccharides. The microwave extraction is an ideal method for the highest content and extraction rate of Astragalus polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present experiment was conducted to study the influences of bamboo vinegar on seed germination and seedling growth of different flue-cured tobacco varieties in order to provide references for its application in tobacco production. [Method] By using indoor culture dish method and greenhouse seedling-raising plate culture, four different bamboo vinegar dilutions (400, 200, 100, and 50 times) were designed and water was used as the control (CK). The germination indices of Yunyan 97, Guiyan 2, Jiucaiping 2, Bina 1 and Honghuadajinyuan were determined after seed germinating for 14 days. The seedling growth indices of Yunyan 97 were investigated after 10 days of spaying bamboo vinegar on seedling leaves at the 3rd time. [Result] Compared with the CK, different bamboo vinegar dilutions could inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of all flue-cured tobacco varieties. The seed germination rate and index, whole length, root length, stem length and fresh weight of seedling for all varieties presented decreasing to varying degrees. The bamboo vinegar dilution of 50 times showed thorough inhibition to seed germination of all varieties. With the increase of bamboo vinegar concentration in culture dish, the seed germination rate and index, whole length, root length, stem length and fresh weight of seedling for all varieties showed decreasing trend. Excepting for variety Honghuadajinyuan, the sequence from low to high for seed vigor index of the other varieties was as follows: 100 times<200 times<400 times

Lactic acid bacteria play a dual role by enhancing both the flavor and nutritional benefits of fermented foods, and helping the body to prevent a variety of diseases caused by oxidation. The fulfillment of these beneficial functions is inseparable from the antioxidant activity of lactic acid bacteria. This article elaborates on the antioxidant mechanism of lactic acid bacteria including regulating antioxidant enzymes, regulating signaling pathways, scavenging free radicals, and inhibiting lipid peroxidation and metal ion chelation. The current status of the application of the antioxidant activity of lactic acid bacteria in dairy, meat, aquatic, and fruit and vegetable products is also reviewed. Finally, this article outlines the in vitro and in vivo evaluation methods for the antioxidant activity of lactic acid bacteria, aiming to provide a reference for deepening the application of lactic acid bacteria in the food processing sector.

Objective To explore the application of event-related potentials （ERP） by positive, negative, and neutral face expression images in the evaluation of mood disorders in brain traumatic patients. Methods ERP was tested by face expression images in 24 patients mainly with anxiety and depression symptoms （depression group） and 19 patients mainly with hostile and suspicion symptoms （hostile group）, respectively. The findings were compared with those of the control group. Results There were no significant differences, between the depression group and the hostile group, on latencies and amplitudes of late positive potential （LPP） induced by the three types of face expression images, except the amplitude induced by negative face expression image. Compared with the control group, the latencies were extended and the amplitudes were lower in both depression and hostile groups. Within each group, the difference of latencies induced by the three images was not significant. The amplitudes induced by negative face expression image was higher than those induced by positive and neutral face expression images, with significant differences in the hostile group and the control group （P

The present study was aimed to explore the involvement of dopamine D1 receptor of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in the regulation of chronic inflammatory pain-related emotion. On the first day, the rats were acclimated to the environment and the baseline indices were measured. On the second day, the rats were administered with the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 or agonist SKF38393 in the ACC, and then they were subcutaneously injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, 0.08 mL) in the left hind paw to establish conditioned place avoidance (CPA) response after pairing with specific environment. On the third day, the CPA response and the firing frequency of ACC neurons were observed synchronously, and the open-field behavior, mechanical pain behavior and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) tests were also observed subsequently. In other experiments, rats were given subcutaneous injection of normal saline (NS) on the left hind paw after SCH-23390 or SKF-38393 was administered in the ACC, and then the same observations were performed. The results showed that: (1) Compared with the control group, the PWL and mechanical pain thresholds of rats injected with CFA on the left hind paw were significantly decreased (P < 0.05); (2) The residence time of rats injected with CFA in the "pain environment" and open field center was significantly shortened (P < 0.05); (3) Pre-injection of antagonist SCH-23390 in ACC (10 μg) alleviated the anxiety-like negative behavior response induced by CFA (P < 0.05) and reversed CFA-induced increases of discharge frequency of ACC neurons (P < 0.05); (4) Pre-injection of agonist SKF-38393 in the ACC (10 μg) induced CPA-like behavioral response in rats injected with NS in the left hind paw, and increased the firing frequency of ACC neurons (P < 0.05); (5) Immunofluorescence detection showed that dopamine D1 receptor and NMDA receptor were co-expressed in the same neuron. These results suggest that inhibition of dopamine D1 receptor in ACC can alleviate the negative emotional response induced by persistent pain.

Objective: To compare the difference between the built-in and external reference electrode of microwire electrode array in the process of recording rat brain neuron firings, optimizing the production and embedding of the microwire electrode array, and providing a more affordable and excellent media tool for multi-channel electrophysiological real-time recording system. Methods: A 16 channel microwire electrode array was made by using nickel chromium alloy wires, circuit board, electrode pin and ground wires (silver wires). The reference electrode of the microwire electrode array was built-in (the reference electrode and electrode array were arranged in parallel) or external (the reference electrode and ground wire were welded at both ends of one side of the electrode), and the difference between the two electrodes was observed and compared in recording neuronal discharges in ACC brain area of rats. Experimental rats were divided into built-in group and external group, n =8-9. The test indicators included signal-to-noise ratio ( n =8), discharge amplitude ( n =380) and discharge frequency ( n =54). Results: The microwire electrode array with both built-in and external reference electrodes successfully recorded the electrical signals of neurons in the ACC brain region of rats. Compared with the external group, the electrical signals of neurons in built-in group had the advantages of a higher signal-to-noise ratio ( P ＜0.05), a smaller amplitude of background signals and less noise interference, and a larger discharge amplitude( P ＜0.05); there was no significant difference in spike discharge frequency recorded by these two types of electrodes ( P ＞0.05). Conclusion: When recording the electrical activity of neurons in the ACC brain region of rats, the microwire electrode array with built-in reference electrode recorded electrical signals with higher signal-to-noise ratio and larger discharge amplitude, providing a more reliable tool for multi-channel electrophysiology technology.

Objective: To establish an improved method of separating microglia from aged rats and to observe the biological characteristics of spinal microglia of aged rats. Methods: Young SD rats (2 months) were used as control group. Single cell suspension of rat microglia were prepared by trypsin, trypsin substitutes or mechanical net rubbing method. Then, by assessing the purity and survival rate of cells, and observing the morphological characteristics and analyzing the inflammatory functional characteristics, we optimized the isolation and purification method of microglia from aged rats (20 months old) , and observed the functional characteristics of spinal microglia in aged rats. Results: The survival rate of cells digested by pancreatic enzyme was low(young rats 83%, aged rats 60%). Although the survival rate of mechanical net rubbing method was higher than that of pancreatic enzyme digest methods (95%), the cell acquisition rate was lower(young rats(0.207±0.020)×10 6 , aged rats(0.243±0.023)×10 6 ). Trypsin substitute dissociation combining density gradient centrifugation method was the best way to get abundant, active and higher survival microglia, and the purity reached more than 85%. We used this method to separate microglia from spinal cord of rats. Compared with the young rats, the spinal cord tissue of old rats was larger, the digestive fluid volume was higher, but the digestion time was shorter. Compared with the young rats, the aged rat spinal microglia had larger and rounder cell body, fewer and shorter protrusions, it tended to be activated morphologically, the level of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β of microglia in aged rats was lower, and the level of antiinflammatory factor IL-10 was higher. Conclusion: The method of trypsin substitute dissociation combined with density gradient centrifugation was successfully established to isolate and purify microglia from spinal cord of rats, the spinal microglia of old rats showed anti-inflammatory phenotype.

Objective: To explore the effect on the core symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) treated with acupuncture at "ghost points", combined with the acupoints selected by syndrome differentiation., Methods: A total of 124 ASD children were divided into a control group and a treatment group according to random number table, 62 cases in each group. In the control group, the routine rehabilitation treatment was provided in all of children, while in the treatment group, acupuncture was exerted at "ghost points", combined with the acupoints selected by syndrome differentiation. Acupuncture treatment was conducted for 15 min each time, 5 days weekly, for 3 months totally. Before and after treatment, the children were assessed with autism spectrum rating scale (ASRS) in two groups., Results: After treatment, the total score (T-score) of ASRS and the score of each sub-scale, e.g. peer socialization, adult socialization, social/emotional reciprocity, atypical language, stereotypy, repetitive behavior, sensory sensitivity, attention/self-regulation were all reduced remarkably as compared with those before treatment in intra-group comparison ( P <0.05, P <0.01). Compared with the control group, the scores aforementioned were all significantly reduced in the treatment group ( P <0.05)., Conclusion: Acupuncture at "ghost poitns" combined with the acupoints selected by syndrome differentiation effectively relieves the core symptoms of ASD in children and improves the holistic therapeutic effect.

Objective: To introduce a method of marking neurons using patch clamp technique. Methods: The brain slices of the target area was cut with a vibrating microtome. The glass microelectrode was perfused with the electrode liquid containing Neurobiotin TM Tracer, and the whole-cell patch-clamp recording was performed. After recording, the brain slices were fixed and rinsed with 4% paraformaldehyde. After stained in phosphate buffer with Streptavidin-Texas Red and Triton X-100 for at least 2 hours, the neurons can be observed under a fluorescence microscope. Results: The cell membrane voltage was clamped at -70 mV, and the neuron showed a gradually increasing membrane current after step stimulation. When recording in the current clamp mode, the step stimulus caused the neuron to depolarize to the threshold potential and then burst into action potentials. The morphology of intact neurons with clear cell body and protrusions of a neuron could be observed under a fluorescence microscope. Conclusion: This method is suitable for observing the morphological features of the recorded neuron after patch clamp experiments, which is easy to operate, and the image is intuitive and clear.

Objective: To establish a nicotine intravenous self-administration rat model, and to examine, with this model, the effects of two flavoring additives, menthol and cineole, on nicotine dependence., Methods: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were included in the study. After jugular venous catheterization was performed, fixed concentration of nicotine was administered in order to train the rats and establish the rat model of intravenous self-administration groups, receiving intraperitoneal injection of menthol, cineole, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the vehicle that was used for the control group. The rats were tested with different fixed-ratio (FR) schedules, including FR1 schedule, in which the rat received one nicotine infusion for every active nose poke, FR2 schedule, in which the rat received one nicotine infusion for every two active nose pokes, and FR5 schedule, in which the rat received one nicotine infusion for every five active nose pokes. The number of active and inactive poke responses and the number of nicotine infusion were documented accordingly., Results: After 10 days of training in nicotine self-administration, the 30 rats demonstrated significant increase in the number of active poke responses and the number of nicotine infusion, which were maintained at a stable and relatively high level. The number of active poke responses was significantly higher that of inactive poke responses ( P < 0.001). The rat model of intravenous nicotine self-administration was successfully established. In the testing phase, under the FR2 schedule, the menthol group showed a reduced number of active poke responses ( P =0.020). Under the FR5 schedule, the groups showed obvious interaction between time and the number of active poke responses ( P <0.011), with the menthol group showing reduced number of active poke responses on day three ( P =0.011) and the cineole group showing rising number of active poke responses on day three ( P =0.003). The DMSO control group did not show any significant change., Conclusions: Menthol and cineole are shown to have an effect on nicotine dependence. When there is relative difficulty involved in obtaining nicotine, menthol suppresses nicotine dependence, whereas cineole enhances nicotine dependence., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences).)

The unreasonable resource allocation and lower resource use efficiency for rice-wheat double cropping system in Jianghuai region resulted from climate change severely limit the coordinated development of annually high yield and high efficiency crops. Optimizing seasonal resource allocation through sowing date adjustment is an important way to tap the annual high-yield potential and improve resource use efficiency. To quantify the effects of sowing date of rice and wheat on annual yield and resource allocation and utilization efficiency, field experiments were conducted in 2013-2015. Results showed that compared with the conventional rice-wheat cropping system (T 2 ), the two seasons appropriate late-cast cropping system (T 3 ) could coordinate resource allocation in the two seasons through the sowing date adjustment, and transfer the redundant radiation and heat resources in the wheat season to the rice. The distribution rate of accumulated temperature, radiation and rainfall resources for T 3 were: rice season accounted for 60.5%, 46.5% and 56.7%, wheat season accounted for 36.3%, 50.0% and 40.9%, and the ratio between two seasons was 1.67, 0.94 and 1.39, respectively. Rice yield and its proportion of annual production were significantly increased. The wheat yield was significantly decreased, with the variation range being smaller than that of rice. The total annual yield was increased by 336.3 kg·hm -2 as compared with T 2 . The temperature, radiation and rainfall production efficiency for rice in T 3 were increased by 9.8%, 5.6% and 8.3% in compared to T 2 , respectively. There was no significant difference in the climate resource utilization efficiency of wheat season. The annual resource production efficiency of T 3 was increased by 4.8%, 3.1% and 6.0% over the T 2 , respectively. Earlier (T 1 ) or latest sowing (T 4 ) of two seasons cropping system was not appropriate for annual yield formation and resource utilization. In summary, improving resource utilization efficiency in rice season is the key way to increase annual grain yield potential in Jianghuai region. The results provided theoretical and practical bases for the excavation of yield potential of the regional annual cropping system and the adjustment of planting structure.

It is important to obtain the size distribution of carbonaceous components in aerosols for studying the formation and transformation mechanisms and radiation characteristics of regional aerosols. However, only a few studies on the size distribution of aerosol carbonaceous fractions have been conducted in Beijing. In this study, a Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI)-120 sampler was used to collect size-resolved aerosol samples in three seasons in Beijing, and the concentrations of different types of carbonaceous fractions were analyzed. Furthermore, the size distribution, characteristics, sources, and interrelationship of each carbonaceous component in different seasons and under different pollution levels were systematically studied. The results show that the carbonaceous components were concentrated mainly in fine particles, and the proportion of carbonaceous components in fine particles in autumn and winter was higher than that in summer. The carbonaceous components are distributed in two main modes:accumulation mode and coarse mode. Organic carbon fraction 1 (OC1) and OC2 were distributed mainly in the accumulated mode, with a higher proportion in the range of 0.056-0.56 μm, and OC3+OC4 was more abundant in the coarse mode. The concentration of Soot-elemental carbon (EC) was low but was highest in the 0.10-0.18 μm size range, which indicates that the EC emitted by high temperature combustion was distributed mainly in the ultra-fine particle size range. The Char-EC concentration was much higher, accounting for the majority of EC. The distribution appearances of the main carbonaceous components were essentially the same in the daytime and at night. Summer and winter were more conducive to the formation of SOC, and the OC/EC ratio was significantly higher than that in autumn. The OC/EC values varied greatly in different particle sizes because the water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) were distributed mainly in the range of 0.056-0.10 μm, with significantly higher OC/EC values than other particle sizes. Sunlight and high temperature were beneficial to the oxidation of gaseous organic matter to SOC, resulting in the OC/EC ratio in summer in daytime to be significantly higher than that at night. Among the carbonaceous components, EC1 and OC1 had the strongest interrelation. In addition, EC1 also had stronger interrelation with potassium.

Crop productivity depends on photosynthetic source capacity. Appropriate nitrogen (N) fertilizer management is beneficial for improving growth, photosynthetic capacity and thereby increasing crops yield. A two-year pot experiment was conducted with four N treatments, i.e., conventional basal application 100 kg N·hm -2 as control (FP), a total of 80 kg N·hm -2 applied either 100% at basal application (JS), 100% at tuber initiation stage (35 d after transplant, KS), 50% at basal application and 50% at tuber initiation stage (35 d after transplant, FS), to examine the effects of reduced nitrogen fertilizer combined with application methods on the photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) during summer 2016 and 2017. The results showed that the conventional basal application of a reduced N rate decreased photosynthesis of sweetpotato during the final growth phases compared to conventional application, dressing application relatively delayed late-season leaf senescence as indicated by the increased net photosynthetic rate (P n ), stomatal conductance (g s ), intercellular CO 2 concentration (C i ) and chlorophyll (Chl a+b) content during tuber expansion period. Split application of N fertilizer had noticeably higher P n , g s , C i and Chl a+b than other treatments. Furthermore, split application of N fertilizer had a significantly higher photochemical efficiency of photosystem 2 (F v /F m ), quantum yield of electron transport (Φ PS2 ), and photochemical quenching co-efficient (q P ), but lower initial fluorescence (F o ) and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) during tuber expansion period. The improved photosynthesis by split N was due to both increased F v /F m with higher electron transfer rate and reduced thermal dissipation of light energy in the tuber expansion period. Results were consistent between two sweetpotato cultivars across years. The results indicated that one-time fertilization at basal or tuber initiation stage were not conducive to sweetpotato leaf photosynthesis. The split N application was more beneficial in terms of delaying late-season leaf senescence, extending leaf function period, enhancing photosynthesis and biomass production under reduced N application rate, which would be beneficial for sweetpotato yield.

A micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI-122) was used to collect ambient aerosol at an urban site in Beijing in both winter and summer from 2016 to 2017. The water-soluble components, including ions and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were analyzed. The characteristics of concentrations and size distributions for water-soluble components under different seasons and pollution conditions were determined. The results showed that NH 4 + , NO 3 - , SO 4 2- , and K + in both seasons and Cl - in winter mainly distributed in the accumulation mode, and Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ primarily distributed in the coarse mode. The secondary ions were still the main components of PM 2.5 in Beijing. The concentrations of SO 4 2- were higher in summer, whereas those of NO 3 - , K + , and Cl - were higher in winter. Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ had lower correlations with other main components of aerosols, indicating their independent sources. The average size distributions and concentration levels of NO 3 - and SO 4 2- exhibited apparent differences between daytime and nighttime in summer. During polluted periods, the concentrations of secondary ions increased in both the accumulation and coarse modes but decreased in the Aitken mode. As pollution levels increased in winter, the mass median diameters of secondary ions in the droplet mode also increased. The WSOC concentration and particle size distribution under accumulation mode in summer were significantly larger than those in winter. The distribution peaks of WSOC in accumulation mode were higher in summer than those in winter. The WSOC in particles of 0.056-0.32 μm were relatively stable under different pollution levels. However, the WSOC concentration in particles larger than 0.32 μm during polluted periods was evidently higher than that during clean periods.

Objective: To establish the reference value of high sensitive cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and the efficiency of reference value in the diagnosis of chest pain., Methods: Volunteers from eight independent communities in Chengdu,Sichuan were selected with detailed records of physical examination,electrocardiogram,ultrasound examination. The level of hs-cTnT for healthy volunteers was tested to determine ninety-ninth percentile references according to sex and ages. 2 249 patients with chest pain in the emergency department of Western China Hospital from July 2009 to July 2014 were enrolled to measure the efficiency of reference value for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction (AMI)., Results: There were 1 305 volunteers included finally. Among them,the mean hs-cTnT level of male was 4.3 (3.2-5.9) ng/L,which was significantly higher than that of female 3.0 (3.0-3.1) ng/L ( P <0.01) . The correlation coefficient between age and hs-cTnT level was 0.43 (male) and 0.29 (female),and the P -value was less than 0.01. The 99th percentile values of male were 10.8 ng/L,15.4 ng/L and 19.7 ng/L for <45 yr.,45-<60 yr. and ≥60 yr.,respectively. Those values of female were 4.6 ng/L,8.9 ng/L,18.8 ng/L,respectively. There was no difference in sensitivity and specificity between the value we figured out and manufactures provided (14.0 ng/L) for those<60 yr.. For the patients ≥60 yr.,the sensitivity and negative predictive value did not show diversity ( P >0.05) but the specificity and positive predictive value showed significant difference (male: 0.67 vs. 0.56 and 0.83 vs. 0.79, P <0.05;female:0.75 vs. 0.68 and 0.74 vs. 0.69, P <0.05)., Conclusion: We recommends that the ninety-ninth percentile reference value of patients<60 yr. should be 14.0 ng/L,while 20.0 ng/L for those patients≥60 yr.

Objective: To determine the clinical effect of acupuncture treatment on cerebral palsy in children with language retardation using the Midnight-noon Ebb-flow method combined with syndrome differentiation., Methods: One hundred and thirty-six children with cerebral palsy and language retardation were randomly divided into control group and treatment group. The control group received routine treatment for language rehabilitation, while the treatment group received acupuncture treatment using the Midnight-noon Ebb-flow method combined with syndrome differentiation for 3 months based on language rehabilitation. The children were assessed by sign-significate relations for language comprehension and language expression before and after treatment., Results: After treatment, the development quotient scores for language comprehension and language expression were (60.37±4.64) and (51.13±3.81) in the control group, and (73.54±4.73) and (64.08±3.93) in the treatment group, and the differences were statistically significant compared with those before treatment in the same one group, respectively( P <0.05, P <0.01). The effects of the treatment group were statistically better than those of the control group ( P <0.05)., Conclusions: Acupuncture treatment using the Midnight-noon Ebb-flow method combined with syndrome differentiation has a better therapeutic effect in improving language comprehension and language expression, and promoting language development in children with cerebral palsy.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of spastic cerebral palsy (CP) children by stimulating acupoints selected according to the day to match the heavenly stems and earthly branches (Ziwu Liu-zhu Najia Zhenfa)., Methods: A total of 130 CP patients were randomized into a control group and a treatment group ( n =65 in each). Both groups were given with routine rehabilitation therapy, while the treatment group additionally received 3 months' acupuncture intervention. All patients were assessed before and after treatment with gross motor function measure (GMFM-88), mo-dified Ashworth scale (MAS) and activities of daily living (ADL) in cerebral palsy., Results: After the treatment, the control group scored (25.12±2.74) points in GMFM-88, (1.53±0.71) points in MAS, (19.25±5.08) points in ADL, while the treatment group were respectively (31.87±2.58) points in GMFM-88, (1.07±0.74) points in MAS, (25.67±6.15) points in ADL. Both groups experienced significant improvement in increasing GMFM-88 and ADL scores, and reducing MAS score compared to those before treatment ( P <0.05, P <0.01), and the effects of the treatment group were evidently superior to those of the control group in increasing GMFM-88 and ADL scores, and reducing MAS score ( P <0.05)., Conclusions: The "Ziwu Liuzhu Najia Zhenfa" acupuncture achieved greater improvement in gross motor function and reduction in muscular tone and enhancement of capacity of daily living activity.

In order to measure the temperature of the object in the case of non-diffuse emission within a finite solid angle, a new concept for radiation thermometry, the apparent emissivity, has been presented firstly after a proper mathematical transformation of the radiation measurement equation and its characteristics have also been investigated. The results indicated that although the apparent emissivity is complex in form, it is only the function of the wavelength for one measurement even if the object is non-diffuse. So the temperature of the object in the case of non-diffuse emission within a finite solid angle can be solved by modeling the apparent emissivity. Then the equations for monochromatic and wavelength radiation measurement were deduced. At the same time, the measurement of temperature for a finite area was investigated, and it can be found that if the temperatures of the finite area are the same, they can also be determined by modeling the apparent emissivity.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of laryngeal mask airway Supreme, ProSeal and I-gel in patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecological surgery., Methods: From Jan 2010 to Sep 2012 in Beijing Hospital, approved by hospital ethics committee, ninety ASA IorII patients, aged 21-64 yr, weighing 45-90 kg, undergoing laparoscopic gynecological surgery, were randomized into 3 groups (n = 30 each): LMA Supreme group (group S), LMA ProSeal group (group P)and LMA I-gel group (group I). Mallampatti test was performed before operation for each case. Anesthesia was induced with target-controlled infusion. After the patients lost consciousness, rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg was given to facilitate the LMA insertion. LMA Supreme, LMA ProSeal and LMA I-gel were inserted in S, P and I groups respectively. A gastric tube was inserted through the drain tube of the LMA. The LMA placement time, the number of attempts of LMA insertion, the number of attempts of gastric tube placement, the airway sealing pressure, the parameters of ventilation, and complications (sore throat, odynophagia, hoarseness, regurgitation of gastric contents, LMA with adhesion of blood)were recorded. The fiberoptic laryngoscopy scores were assessed after LMA placement. The anesthesia time and recovery time were also recorded., Results: There was no significant difference in the anesthesia time, recovery time, fiberoptic bronchoscopy scores among the three groups (P > 0.05). Parameters of ventilation in each group were normal. The success rates of LMA and gastric tube placement were 100% in each group. The airway sealing pressure in S, P and I groups were 25 ± 5 cm H2O, 32 ± 5 cm H2O, 30 ± 6 cm H2O respectively, the airway sealing pressure was significantly higher in group P and group I, compare with group S (P < 0.05). The LMA placement time in S, P and I groups were 8 ± 4s, 10 ± 5s, 8 ± 3s respectively, while the incidence of sore throat were 17%, 20%, 3%. The LMA placement time was significantly shorter and the incidence of sore throat was significantly lower in group I than in group P (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: The three LMA can all be used effectively for gynecological laparoscopic surgery. LMA I-gel and LMA ProSeal can provide higher airway sealing pressure. LMA I-gel provides adequate ventilation during operation with fewer complications.

Objective: Six1 and Six4 are expressed in several tumors, and associated with tumor progress and poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of Six1 and Six4 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and to evaluate their correlation with the clinicopathological factors and prognosis., Methods: Tissue microarray technology and immunohistochemical method (EnVision) were used to detect the expression of Six1 and Six4 in the tumor tissues and corresponding adjacent normal epithelium of esophagus from 292 ESCC patients., Results: Among the 292 ESCC patients, the positive rates of Six1 and Six4 protein expression in tumor tissues were 72.9% (213/292) and 56.2% (164/292), respectively, significantly higher than the expression rate of 33.2% (97/292) and 32.5% (95/292) in adjacent normal epithelium of esophagus (P < 0.05). Chi square test showed that the expression of Six1 protein was related to tumor size, depth of tumor invasion and patient survival status; higher Six4 protein expression level was related to poor differentiation and increased depth of invasion. Single factor Log-rank analysis revealed that gender, TNM stage, Six1 protein expression level were related to the overall survival of ESCC patients (P < 0.05), while the five-year survival rate was significantly higher in the Six1-negative group than the Six1-positive group [51.9% (41/79) vs. 43.7% (93/213)]. Multi-factor Cox proportional risk model analysis showed that TNM stage and positive expression of Six1 were independent prognostic factors for ESCC patients (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Six1 and Six4 are highly expressed in ESCC. Their expression levels are closely related to the progress and prognosis of ESCC. Over-expression of Six1 is related to poor prognosis in ESCC patients. Thus, Six1 could be used as an important prognostic indicator for ESCC patients.

Accurate calculation of spectral line profiles of a gas is very important for gas sensing. As we know, a variation in pressure (temperature) of a gas will result in the corresponding variation in temperature (pressure) of the gas. In the present paper we calculated spectral line profiles of a gas by considering the changes in both temperature and pressure. The authors found that in our case the Lorentzian profile has broader applicable ranges of pressure and temperature, and the Gaussian profile is only applicable in some extreme conditions. Furthermore, the authors found that the influence of variations in pressure and temperature has to be considered in calculating the peak values of the spectral line profiles such as Gaussian, Lorentzian, and Voigt; otherwise the resultant relative errors of the calculated peak values can exceed 0.1. The similar observations were also found for other gases such as CH4, CO2, CO, and NO, although the parameters such as wavelength, coefficient of pressure-broadening, relative molecular mass, and temperature were different.

Objective: To retrospectively analyze KRAS and BRAF gene mutation features in Chinese colorectal cancer (CRC) and their clinicopathologic relationship., Methods: 557 colorectal cancer cases were collected, including 325 colon cancer and 232 rectal cancer. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing were used to detect mutations in exon 2 of KRAS gene and exon 15 of BRAF gene mutation., Results: (1) KRAS mutation was found in 40.4% (225/557) colorectal cancer. The most common mutation locations were in codon 12(79.1%, 178/225) and codon 13 (20.4%, 46/225). The most common mutation types were GGT > GAT (G12D) (37.8%, 85/225), GGT > GTT(G12V) (20.0%, 45/225) in codon 12 and GGC > GAC (G13D) in codon 13 (19.6%, 44/225). These three point mutations accounted 77.3% (174/225) in total KRAS gene mutation cases. All cases showed only one of point mutation types. (2) Among 557 CRC cases, KRAS mutation was significantly higher in female (46.2%, 92/199) than in man (37.2%, 133/358; P < 0.05). KRAS gene codon 13 mutation was higher in right colon cancer (11.3%, 12/106) than that in left colon cancer (4.8%, 6/124), but it didn't show any statistical significance (P > 0.05). (3) BRAF gene mutation was 5.1% (10/197) in colorectal cancer and 8/10 were the point mutation of GTG > GAG (V600E). Eight colorectal cancer cases with GTG > GAG (V600E) were not showing KRAS gene mutation. Both two cases with mutation on codon 600 (GTG > ATG, V600M) and codon 606 (GGG > AGT, G606S) showed codon 12 mutation of KRAS gene. (4) BRAF (V600E) gene mutation was higher in female (8.5%, 6/71) than that in male (1.6%, 2/126; P = 0.05); BRAF mutation in colon cancer (8.3%, 6/72) was higher than that in rectum cancer (2.1%, 2/94), but hadn't statistical significance (P > 0.05)., Conclusions: (1) Codon 12, 13 in KRAS gene and codon 600 in BRAF gene are the most common mutation points in Chinese colorectal cancer. KRAS and BRAF mutations are mutually exclusive. (2) KRAS and BRAF gene mutation is higher in female than that in male, suggesting that RAS-RAF-MAPK signal pathway is probably related to hormones directly or indirectly. (3) There is a trend that codon 13 mutation in KRAS and codon 600 mutation in BRAF in right colon cancer are higher than that in left colon cancer, respectively, however, which needs more cases to be further verified.

Objective: To study the current situation and features of forensic psychiatric identification in Chongqing., Methods: The demographic data and criminological characteristics of 324 cases were analyzed using self-made questionnaire., Results: There were 322 cases in which opinions to diagnosis and law-related items were both given. One hundred and forty-five cases were schizophrenias (45.03%), 51 were mental retardation (15.84%), 78 were others (24.22%), and 48 showed no psychosis (14.91%). In legal conclusion, 211 cases (65.53%) were evaluated for criminal responsibility and 41 (12.65%) were evaluated for competence of sex defense., Conclusion: Most cases has psychosis shows the importance and necessity of forensic psychiatric identification, and various jurisprudence conclusions indicated the diversity and complexity of these cases.

In the present study, the feasibility of using wavelet analysis to extract the eigen spectra from the absorption spectra of phytoplankton for species detection was investigated. Thirteen absorption spectra taken from single species cultures, representing four divisions (Dinophyta, Bacillariophyta, Haptophyta, and Chlorophyta), six genus (Gymnodinium, Prorocentrum, Skeletonema, Guinardia, Phaeocystis, and Prasinophyte) and seven species (Karenia mikimotoi, Karenia brevis, Prorocentrum minimum, Skeletonema costatuma, Guinardia delicatula, Phaeocystis globosa, and Pyramimonas parkeae), were used. First, the 1D wavelet analysis with five levels was applied to the thirteen absorption spectra, so each spectrum was decomposed with 5 levels. The 5th level component of low frequency corresponds to the background without information for species detection, and 1st and 2nd level component of high frequency is the random noise. The other levels (3rd to 5th) of high frequency are the useful information, and the sum of levels (3rd to 5th) of high frequency was retained as the eigen spectra for species detection. Second, the clustering analysis was used to the eigen spectra for examining the performance of the wavelet analysis in extracting species information. The clustering results were compared with the known species class information, and the results show that the 13 absorption spectra are correctly classified at the level of division, genus and species. This means that the wavelet analysis has good performance in extracting the eigen spectra for species detection. However, the above results were obtained with only limited species, and the more species data are required to identify the extensive validity of the conclusion.

Objective: To investigate the value of 64-detector spiral computed tomography versus MRI in the assessment of right ventricular function., Methods: Thirty healthy volunteers (15 males, 15 females, 48 +/- 24 years) underwent 64-detector spiral computed tomography CT and breath-hold MRI. With semiautomatic contour detection software, the parameters of end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume and ejection fraction were determined from short-axis CT reformations (MPR) created at every 5% of RR-interval. The results from CT were compared with those from MRI using Pearson correlation test and Bland-Altman plot., Results: The CT values of mean end-diastolic volume (146 +/- 27) ml, end-systolic volume (70 +/- 20) ml, stroke volume (75 +/- 12) ml and ejection fraction (52% +/- 5%) correlated well with those by MRI [146 +/- 25 ml (r = 0.959), 66 +/- 17 ml (r = 0.914), 80 +/- 15 ml (r = 0.706), 55% +/- 7% (r = 0.612)]. A strong correlation between MSCT and MRI was also found in the Bland-Altman plot., Conclusion: 64-detector spiral CT can accurately assess the right ventricular function. It is a valuable method for evaluating cardiac function.

Objective: To prepare magnetic resonance (MR) molecular probe for somatostain receptor expressed on breast cancer cell membranes and investigate its physico-chemical properties and imaging features in vitro., Methods: Molecular probe was prepared through superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) conjugated to somatostatin analog-octreotide (OCT) using chemical method. Its features at different Fe(2+) concentrations were tested by MTT assay and Prussian blue staining respectively. Molecular probes at different Fe(2+) concentration and various numbers of cells labeled with the probe at Fe(2+) concentrations of 20 mg/L were scanned with 1.5 Tesla MR. Resovist was used in control group when labeling cells., Results: Various blue-staining particles were found in the cytoplasms of labeled cells with the molecular probes at different concentrations after Prussion blue staining and there were more particles with the increase of Fe(2+) concentration. The label rate of the probe was 96.15% which was higher than that in control group (80.00%). The bioactivity had no difference between labeled and non-labeled cells (P>0.05). There was remarkable low signal intensity on T(2)-weighed imaging and no evident artifacts for molecular probe when the concentration of Fe(2+) was 20 mg/L. The least number of labeled cells detected by MR in vitro was 6 x 10(6) when the concentration of Fe(2+) was 20 mg/L., Conclusion: Molecular probe, SPIO-OCT, can effectively label breast cells which express SSTR. The reasonable Fe(2+) concentration of labeled cells and imaging was 20 mg/L. There is a correlation between MR signal intensity in vitro and the number of labeled cells.

Objective: To compare and analyze the MRI features of different renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subtypes., Methods: The MR images of 81 surgically and pathologically confirmed renal cell carcinomas from 79 patients were reviewed retrospectively. The MR imaging features of lesions in plain scan, the degree and patterns of lesion enhancement (homogeneous, heterogeneous, peripheral), and tumor spreading patterns were analyzed. In order to evaluate the diagnostic validity of differentiating RCC subtypes using signal enhancement, receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were generated. The cutoff value of post-contrast signal intensity to noise ratios (SNR) of the tumor parenchyma were also generated in order to differentiate clear cell RCC from other subtypes., Results: Of the 81 lesions, 58 were clear cell carcinomas, 10 chromophobe cell carcinomas, 8 papillary cell carcinomas, and 5 unclassified RCC. All the chromophobe cell subtype tumors showed a homogeneous density (P < 0.05). The clear cell subtype tumors were likely heterogenous, and also showed heterogenous enhancement with mixed signal than other subtypes (P < 0.05). The cutoff value of SNR, which was used to differentiate clear cell subtype from the other subtypes, were 616 (corticomedullary phase), 579 (nephrographic phase) and 278 (excretory phase), retrospectively. The nephrographic phase is the most appropriate for differentiation, with a sensitivity of 62.1%, specificity of 91.3%, positive predictive value of 94.7%, negative predictive value of 48.8% and an accuracy value of 70.3%. No significant difference was found in tumor spreading patterns among all subtypes of RCC., Conclusion: MR imaging features, particularly tumor heterogeneity and degree of enhancement are useful in differentiation of the renal cell carcinoma subtypes, and in choosing an individualized therapy.