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Objective: To explore the mechanism of hepatitis B virus (HBV) inhibiting M1 macrophages to promote immune escape, and to provide targets and strategies for antiviral therapy. Methods: The human monocyte cell line THP-1 was induced into M1 macrophages with PMA+LPS+IFN-γ. Cell morphological changes and the expressions of CD68, CD86, HLA-DR and functional molecules IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α in M1 macrophages were detected by flow cytometry and RT-qPCR to identify M1 macrophages. HBV stable replication cell line HepG2.2.15 were co-cultured with M1 macrophages, and the expression of HBV-DNA was detected by qPCR. The expression of CD68, CD86 and HLA-DR were detected by flow cytometry. The expressions of functional molecules TLR4, NLRP3, Caspase-1, pro-caspase-1, caspase-1 p20, IL-1β and IL-18 in M1 macrophages were determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry, and the expression of apoptosis related protein cleaved-caspase-3 was determined by Western blot. Results: THP-1 was successfully induced to differentiate into M1 macrophages. M1 macrophages inhibited HBV replication (P<0.05). HBV inhibited the expressions of CD68, CD86 and HLA-DR in M1 macrophages（P<0.01). HBV inhibited the expressions of TLR4, NLRP3, Caspase-1, caspase-1 p20, IL-1β and IL-18 in M1 macrophages (P<0.01). HBV induced M1 macrophage apoptosis (P<0.05). Conclusion: HBV inhibits M1 macrophages and their functional molecules TLR4, NLRP3 and downstream factors, reduces the synthesis and secretion of inflammatory factors, induces apoptosis, and then promotes immune escape, resulting in the persistence and replication of HBV in the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the performance of a blood nucleic acid testing kit, construct a consistency assessment system, and analyze the influencing factors of the test results. Methods A total of 18 644 samples of voluntary blood donors in our center were collected, and 189 double positive samples of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by ELISA were eliminated, and the remaining 18 455 samples were tested for HBV DNA in parallel with the test reagent and the control reagent (Roche Company). Samples with inconsistent results were confirmed with third-party reagents (Grifols Company, with the sensitivity of HBV DNA, HCV RNA and HIV RNA of 4.5 IU/mL, 2.4 IU/mL and 17.3 IU/mL by single reagent, which were significantly better than other reagents), and the consistency between the two methods was compared. Results No HCV RNA or HIV RNA positive samples were detected in this study. Among the 18 455 samples in initial test, 12 were positive with consistent results, 18 378 were negative with consistent results, and 65 were with inconsistent results between the test reagent and the control reagent, with positive concordance rate, negative concordance rate and concordance rate of the two reagents at 85.17%, 99.66% and 99.65%, respectively. In order to further clarify the infection of 65 inconsistent samples, five qualitative tests of hepatitis B and single NAT were conducted to comprehensively evaluate the infection. The results showed that there were 60 positive samples with consistent results, 18 371 negative samples with consistent results, and 24 samples with inconsistent results between the test reagent and the control reagent, with positive concordance rate, negative concordance rate and the concordance rate for the two reagents at 86.96%, 99.92% and 99.87%, respectively. The Kappa value was 0.83, and the Youden index was 0.40. The ROC curve was plotted with the false-positive rate (1-specificity) as the horizontal coordinate and the true-positive rate (sensitivity) as the vertical coordinate, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.705. 189 double-positive samples were selected for conformance testing, and the Ct values of the test reagent and the control reagent were analyzed and fitted linearly, with correlation coefficient r=0.972. A Bland-Altman model was constructed with the mean value of the logarithm of the quantitative values of the test reagent and the control reagent as the horizontal coordinate and the difference as the vertical coordinate, and 96.30% of the difference values of the test reagents were within the confidence interval. Conclusion The construction of the consistency evaluation system showed that the test reagent has similar detection efficiency with the control reagent, and is suitable for HBV DNA routine screening, which can effectively ensure the safety and effectiveness of blood screening.

Objective To analyze the infectious indicators, HBV s gene mutations and changes in bioinformatics characteristics of HBV DNA+ /HBsAg- blood donor. Methods A sample of HBV DNA+ /HBsAg- was screened by PCR method, and HBsAg/HBsAb/HBeAg/HBeAb/HBcAb of HBV in the sample were detected by ELISA and chemiluminescence methods. The mutation of the HBVs gene fragment in the sample was sequenced and analyzed, and the bioinformatics analysis was performed using analysis software. Results The sample showed HBV DNA+, HBsAg-, HBsAb+, HBeAg+, HBeAb- and HBcAb+, with an amino acid unit point mutation (P151L) occurred in the HBV s gene, and the spatial structure changed. Conclusion The spatial structural changes in the gene sequence of HBVs may be the reason for the appearance of serological HBsAg-/HBsAb+ /HBV DNA+ in the test results.

Objective To establish and verify a new nucleic acid extraction method for OBI detection with large volume and high sensitivity, and apply it in the quantitative determination of OBI samples with low viral load. Methods The method for nucleic acid extraction with large volume was established based on the method of Roche nucleic acid detection kit. HBV standards were configured into 10 000 IU/mL, 1 000 IU/mL, 100 IU/mL, 10 IU/mL and 1 IU/mL respectively, and nucleic acid was extracted from the 10 mL standards by magnetic beads. CT values of each concentration were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR and each concentration gradient was detected in parallel duplicates. The logarithm of virus concentration was taken as the X-axis and the average CT values of two tests were taken as the Y-axis to construct the fluorescence quantitative standard curve and regression equation. Three repeated experiments were conducted to verify the stability of the method. This method was used to extract nucleic acid from OBI samples with low viral load, and fluorescence quantification was performed. Results The amplification efficiency of fluorescence quantitative standard curves ranged from 90% to 105%, and the regression equation was greater than 0.99. The variation coefficients of variation of CT values were 0.63%, 0.78%, 1.52%, 1.36% and 0.78%, respectively. This method can extract nucleic acid from OBI samples with viral load of 1 IU/mL for quantification. Conclusion The detection limit of HBV nucleic acid quantitative detection system can reach 1 IU/mL, and it has strong stability and high sensitivity, which can be used for the quantitative detection of OBI with low viral load.

Objective To analyze the difference of Ct value of HBsAg-/HBV DNA + in blood samples from different types of voluntary blood donors by double ELISA and HBV DNA (MP6) detection, and to investigate the correlation between Ct value and the frequency of repeated blood donation, the first nucleic acid reactivity and the interval time of previous blood donation, so as to provide reference for laboratory evaluation of the effectiveness of nucleic acid testing(NAT) strategy for repeated blood donors occult hepatitis B virus infection(OBI). Methods The Ct value and information of blood donors from February 2019 to January 2022 in our laboratory were collected. According to the cumulative number of blood donations, they were divided into two groups:first-time blood donor group (Group A) and repeated blood donor group (Group B). Group B was subdivided into Group C 1( twice of blood donation) and group C 2(three or more times of blood donation) according to the cumulative times of blood donation, and Group D 1(< 1 year), Group D 2(1-3 years), Group D 3(3 years or more) according to the first NAT reactivity and the time of previous blood donation, the difference of Ct value and resolution yeild of HBV DNA in each group was compared. The yeild of HBV DNA in two groups was compared by chi-square test, and the difference of Ct values were compared by Nonparametric test. Results From February 2019 to January 2022, a total of 270 283 blood donors were tested, including 135 695 in Group A and 134 588 in Group B. The yeild of HBV DNA in Group A was 0.150% (203/135 695), which was higher than that in Group B [0.083% (111/134 588)] (P

Objective To analyze the preliminary screening and follow-up testing data of HBV in Yantai area, and discuss the rationality of following up and re-entry program of HBV reactive blood donors. Methods Donors who were single reagent reactive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in initial screening but non-reactive by nucleic acid testing (NAT) were followed up. Individual NAT(ID-NAT) was performed for HBV DNA, ELISA for HBsAg, HBsAb, HBeAb, HBeAg and HBcAb, and ECLIA for the detection of HBsAg. Results A total of 547 blood donors were HBsAg ELISA-/NAT+, and 97 were followed up, among which 24 met the requirements of re-entry while 73 did not. Of the 24 blood donors who met the re-entry requirements, 13 donated blood again, with test results all qualified. Conclusion The combination of ELISA, ID-NAT, and ECLIA methods for following up detection for HBsAg ELISA+ blood donors is recommended. Blood donors with HbsAb S/CO ≥ 10 and negative results for other tests met the re-entry requirements, with a re-entry rate at 24.74%, and the re-donation qualified rate of blood donors after re-entry was 100%.

Objective To compare the performance and cost-effectiveness between ID-NAT (individual detection of NAT) mode and MP-NAT (mini-pool nucleic acid test) mode in blood screening, and to provide reference for blood sample detection. Methods The results of 95 895 NAT-samples completed in 2021 were analyzed, and the Ct values of MP-NAT positive/ID-NAT negative group, MP-NAT positive/ID-NAT positive group, MP-NAT negative/ID-NAT positive group were compared. The amplification efficiency of MP-NAT and ID-NAT mode was estimated by PCR. Twelve samples from MP-NAT negative/ ID-NAT positive group were simulated by MP-NAT for 5 to 10 times. Results The Ct values of samples by MP-NAT were significantly higher than those by ID-NAT(P

Objective To investigate the characteristics of HBV serological markers of NAT reactive blood donors under different HBsAg status. Methods NAT reactive samples, with HBsAg-, HBsAg+ /retest - and HBsAg+ by single reagent were collected from September 2021 to May 2022 in our laboratory. The TMA non-reactive samples were retested by Roche PCR, then HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBe and anti-HBc were detected by ECLI for statistical analysis. Results A total of 66 samples were collected, among which 55 were HBsAg-/NAT+. The positive rate of anti-HBc, anti-HBs+ anti-HBc, anti-HBe+ anti-HBc was 87.3% (48/55), 43.6% (24/55) and 45.5% (25/55), respectively. The positive rate of anti-HBs was 10.9% (6/55) and the overall negative rate was 1.8% (1/55). In 7 HBsAg+ initially/retest -/NAT+ samples, the positive rate of anti-HBc was 100%(7/7), and the positive rate of anti-HBe+ anti-HBc was 71.4%(5/7). In 4 HBsAg+ /NAT+ samples by single reagent, the positive rate of HBsAg+ anti-HBs+ anti-HBe+ anti-HBc was 50% (2/4), and positive rate of anti-HBe+ anti-HBc was100% (4/4). Samples, not reactive to TMA discriminatory and anti-HBc negative, were also non-reactive to individual PCR retest. There were significant differences in the positive rates of anti-HBe+ anti-HBc between HBsAg-/NAT+ samples and HBsAg+ /NAT+ (single reagent) samples (P

Objective To investigate the distribution of Hepatitis B virus(HBV)genotypes and the genetic characteristics of genotype B HBV populations among voluntary blood donors in five regions of China. Methods A total number of 630 plasma samples from blood donors with positive HBV HBsAg neutralization test from 2014 to 2016 in Guangxi Blood Center, Chongqing Blood Center, Urumqi Blood Center, Mianyang Central Blood Station and Luoyang Central Blood Station were collected. The S-region sequence of the HBV genome was amplified by semi-nested PCR and followed with Sanger sequencing in order to investigate the HBV genotype distribution and population genetics. Results Among the voluntary blood donors in five regions, 55 cases of HBV S gene fragments were successfully amplified. Three genotypes were found in HBV typing, including 46 cases of type B(83.64%), 7 cases of type C(12.73%) and 2 cases of type D(3.63%). There were 15 cases of type B and 3 cases of type C in Guangxi; 10 cases of type B and 1 case of type C in Chongqing; 3 cases of type B, 1 case of type C and 1 case of type D in Luoyang; 15 cases of type B in Mianyang; 3 cases of type B, 2 cases of type C and 1 case of type D in Urumqi. The mismatch distribution of the HBVB type population with the largest population number showed a unimodal distribution, and the results of Tajima′s D test and Fu′s Fs test were both negative, indicating that the HBV population in these five regions was expanding. Conclusion The prevalent genotype of HBV in voluntary blood donors is type B, and the type B HBV population is experiencing a slow expansion, which should attract our attention. In the future, a thorough molecular epidemiological investigation of HBV should be carried out to ensure blood safety.

Objective To investigate the related viral markers of HBV DNA reactive samples among voluntary blood donors in Shiyan area, so as to provide some reference for donor re-entry. Methods From August 2019 to June 2021, 78 samples with HBV DNA reactivity from voluntary blood donors in our blood station were collected, and they were further detected for HBV viral markers(using chemiluminescence assays), nucleic acid testing(NAT) of virus quantification and sequencing analysis. Results Forty-seven (60.3%)out of 78 HBV DNA reactive samples were from repeated blood donors, and 56.4%(44/78)of them were over 45 years old. Among the five viral markers of hepatitis B, 37.2%(29/78) were positive for anti-HBs alone, 19.2%(15/78) were positive for anti-HBe+ anti-HBc and anti-HBs+ anti-HBe+ anti-HBc, and 11.5% (9/78) were all items negative.A total of 62.8%(49/78) of samples were detected by NAT quantification and seven samples had been successfully sequenced for HBV. Conclusion NAT can effectively minimize the missed detection of HBsAg methodology and reduce the risk of HBV transmission through blood. The re-entry of HBV DNA reactive blood donors should be treated with care.

Objective To investigate the effect of exosomes produced by hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected cells on the phenotype and function of macrophages. Methods The exosomes secreted by HepAD38 cells, which were capable of producing HBV and HepG2 cells, were collected by ultracentrifugation combined with immunosorbent method.The quality and purity of the extracted exosomes were verified by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), scanning electron microscope and Western blot.The M0 THP-1 macrophages differentiated by PMA were stimulated by HepAD38 derived- or HepG2 derived exosomes.Total RNA and protein samples were collected at different time points after stimulation.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect cytokine mRNA and protein expressions, respectively.Meanwhile, neutral red assay was performed to analyze macrophage pinocytosis activity, and a commercial kit was used to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) in THP-1 macrophages.Human reverse transcription chip detection was performed to obtain the microRNAs profile of the exosomes.And the effect of selected miRNA on macrophages was further confirmed by qRT-PCR. Results Compared with HepG2-derived exosomes, HepAD38-derived exosomes increased the mRNA and protein expressions of IL-1β, MCP-1 and TNFα significantly.However, no difference of pinocytosis capacity or ROS production was found between the HepAD38-derived exosomes group and HepG2-derived exosomes group.Human reverse transcription chip detection results were verified by KEGG analysis and qRT-PCR, and it was found that miR-6824-3p could also significantly increase the expression levels of IL-1β, MCP-1 and TNFα after high expression. Conclusion This study found that exosomes produced by HepAD38 cells may stimulate macrophages to produce inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, MCP-1 and TNFα through miR-6824-3p, thereby playing a role in HBV infection.

Objective To assess the trend of hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence and associated risk factors among voluntary blood donors in Guangzhou area from 2011 to 2020, and to explore the impact of hepatitis B vaccination in neonates on the risk of HBV infection. Methods Blood samples of 2 624 434 voluntary blood donors from 2011 to 2020 in Guangzhou were tested by HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reagents twice and nucleic acid test (NAT) reagent once. Samples reactive to ELISA twice, or ELISA once + NAT were considered as HBV infection. The gender, age, ethnicity and region of HBV infected blood donors were collected, and the incidence of HBV infection in blood donors born before and after 1992 (when HBV vaccination was conducted in neonates) was compared. The trend and risk factors of HBV infection in blood donors in Guangzhou from 2011 to 2020 were analyzed. Results An overall HBV prevalence of 0.75% was found in voluntary blood donors in Guangzhou area from 2010 to 2020, showing an overall downward trend(P0.05), but both were significantly higher than that in Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and foreign countries (P

Objective　To analyze and study the genotyping and drug resistance mutation sites of hepatitis B patients with low viral load in Kunming，so as to determine the difficulty of clinical antiviral treatment for low viral load hepatitis B patients and formulate individualized antiviral precision medicine programs. Methods　A total of 1 452 chronic hepatitis B patients with low viral load （HBV DNA < 2.0×10³ IU/mL） were selected for hepatitis B typing and drug resistance gene loci detection. Results　The proportion of HBeAg-negative patients in the low-load hepatitis B population in Kunming was higher （59.5%），and the proportion of male patients （70.6%） was higher than that of female patients. The age distribution was mainly 30-60 years old （72.7%）. Genotyping The C genotype accounted for the highest proportion （61.8%）. Among the 1 452 low-load hepatitis B patients in Kunming area，a total of 37 patients were detected with drug-resistant mutation sites. The drug resistance rates of lamivudine and emtricitabine were consistent （ 1.6%），and the drug resistance rate of telbivudine was the same 1.2%，adefovir resistance rate was 0.9%，entecavir resistance rate was 0.2%，and tenofovir resistance mutation sites were not detected. In addition to drug resistance mutation sites，112 other mutation sites were also detected，among which S256G， S213T， N/H238T/D， Q215H had the highest detection rate， and the mutation site with the lowest detection rate was A194T. Conclusion　The hepatitis B genotype in Kunming is mainly C type，which indicates that the distribution of HBV genotype in this area has independent characteristics. The resistance rate of entecavir in patients with hepatitis B with low viral load in Kunming area was the lowest，and TDF resistance was not found，but their sensitivity to tenofovir dipivoxil decreased. There is still some controversy whether the detected other mutation sites are related to drug resistance，but the detection rate also has a certain proportion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the factors affecting NAT reactive blood donors re-entry, so as to provide data support for formulation of scientific and reasonable strategy. Methods The basic data and laboratory test results of 174 NAT reactive returning blood donors from January 2019 to August 2021 were collected and statistically analyzed by logistic regression. Results Among 174 HBV DNA reactive blood donors applying for re-entry, 81 (46.6%) were eligible for re-entry. Blood donation type and deconstructed Ct value were independent influencing factors of blood donors’ re-entry (P0.05). No significant difference was observed in Ct values of deconstruction test, first re-entry test and second re-entry test (P

Objective To investigate the molecular mechanism of hepatitis B virus X (HBx) regulating the degradation of SAMHD1 and promoting the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Methods The SAMHD1 expression in hepatoma and para-cancerous tissues collected from 15 HCC patients was detected by Western blotting. A stable hepatocellular carcinoma cell line of HepAD38 with SAMHD1 knockout was constructed using CRISP9/Cas9 technology, and the effects of SAMHD1 knockout on the change of proliferation and cell cycle were measured by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively, and its effects on related cyclin expression and Akt/p27 pathway were also detected by Western blotting. The impacts of HBx protein overexpression on the mRNA and protein expression of SAMHD1 were subsequently examined. In addition, the molecular mechanism of HBx regulating the degradation of SAMHD1 was further investigated through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway using cycloheximide (CHX) and MG132 treatment along with immunoprecipitation (IP) analysis. Results ① The expression of SAMHD1 was significantly lower in liver cancer tissues than the para-cancerous tissues (P < 0.01).②A stable SAMHD1 knockout cell line HepAD38 (KO-SAMHD1) was successfully constructed, and MTT assay showed that the KO-SAMHD1 group had obviously faster cell proliferation (P < 0.01), and flow cytometry indicated the group had larger amounts of cells arrested in G2/M phase when compared with the control group. ③Western blot analysis indicated that the expression of related cyclins was changed in the KO-SAMHD1 group when compared with the control group, including the expression of p27 protein decreased and p-Akt protein increased. ④In vitro cell experiments showed that HBx overexpression induced decreased expression of SAMHD1 in Huh7.0 cells. ⑤The results of immunoprecipitation suggested that HBx were combined and interacted with SAMHD1. CHX and ubiquitination IP assay indicated an earlier decay time of SAMHD1 protein and enhanced ubiquitination of SAMHD1 induced by HBx. Conclusion HBx interacts with SAMHD1 and degrades it by regulating its ubiquitination, and thereby affects the Akt/p27 pathway to modulate the cell cycle and promote the proliferation of HCC cells.

The incidence of human cancers attributable to infectious agents has been estimated to be 15%. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects hepatocytes causing hepatocellular carcinoma. It can also infect extrahepatic cells and cause chronic inflammation, which is associated with a variety of extrahepatic cancers. Female reproductive organs communicate with the external environment through vagina. Viral nucleic acid can be detected in the vaginal secretions and ovarian tissues of HBV carriers. Epidemiological studies suggested HBV infection may be a risk factor for gynecologic malignancies, and related to poor prognosis of patients. Cervical cancer, endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer are most common gynecologic malignancies. This paper reviews the recent studies on the association between HBV infection and gynecologic malignancies, and analyzes the potential mechanism of HBV infection in the occurrence and development of cancer and prospects the future research direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【目的】调查慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染患者的主观睡眠现状。【方法】以2019年1月至6月中山大学附属第三医院门诊慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染患者353例，采用嗜睡量表、失眠程度量表、睡眠质量量表、焦虑自评表和抑郁自评表对患者进行评分，并按照睡眠情况分级标准进行分组，收集患者性别、年龄、疾病诊断、是否抗病毒治疗及文化程度资料，通过卡方检验及多因素logistic回归分析睡眠情况的影响因素。【结果】慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染患者总体嗜睡率为47.88%，总体失眠率为53.26%，6.8%的患者睡眠质量很差。嗜睡的危险因素为焦虑（P=0.000，OR=3.076，95%CI1.706~5.545），失眠的危险因素为焦虑（P=0.000，OR=14.693，95%CI5.046~42.782及抑郁（P=0.002，OR=2.279，95%CI1.340~3.877），睡眠质量差的危险因素为焦虑（P=0.000，OR=9.990，95%CI4.031~24.758）。【结论】慢性HBV感染患者出现主观睡眠障碍比例高，影响睡眠情况的主要因素为患者的心理状态，充分了解患者睡眠情况将有助于临床治疗。

Objective To provide guidance for the treatment according to dynamic changes of liver function in HIV patients combined with HBV or HCV under five years' ART. Methods Patients with HIV combined with HBV or HCV who started ART at the antiviral treatment clinic of the Third People's Hospital of Kunming from January 2010 to June 2013 were selected as the observation group， and 189 cases of patients with simple HIV during the same period of treatment were randomly selected as the control group. Non-parametric M test and H test were used to analyze the change trend of ALT， AST and total bilirubin during five years. Results HIV patients with HCV infection had a higher rate of intravenous drug use （ < 0.001） The AST and ALT values of the patients in the four groups showed a slow trend of decline during the five-year antiviral treatment， among which the AST and ALT values of the patients in the HIV/HBV group showed a relatively significant decline， and the AST and ALT values of the patients in the HIV/HCV group were always the highest among the four groups. Conclusion Mixed infection of HBV or HCV in HIV patients aggravates liver function injury，especially for HCV patients. It suggests that more attention should be paid to HIV patients combined with HBV or HCV .We should pay close attention to the changes of liver function and deal with liver injury timely in the process of ART treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the possible mechanism of Shen Shu Ning ( Kidney-tonifying and Liver-soothing Formula, SSN)in the intervention of HBV-induced HK-2 transdifferentiation and delay of renal interstitial fibrosis. Methods The drug-containing serum was prepared by intragastric administration of 75 C57BL/6 mice and models were made by using lipofectamineto transfect HBV to HK-2. The cells were divided into; blank serum control group, empty plasmid group, HBV group, benazepril group SSN ow concentration group SSN midd econcentration group and SSN high concentration group. The expressions of HBsAg, HBeAg, TGF-B1, pSmad2, pSmad3, Smad7, Col--II, Col IV and FN in HK-2 cells were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and Western blot. Results ELISA detection indicated that expressions of HBsAg, HBeAgandTGF-1were significantly increased in HBV group compared with the empty plasmid group (P < 0. 01). Compared with the HBV group, the expression of TGF-B1 protein was significantly decreased in the benazepril group SSN low concentration group SSN middle concentration group and SSN high concentration group( P <0.001 ) . Compared with the benazepril group thee xpresion of TGF-p1 in the SSN low concentration group was relatively high (P < 0. 05) ; qPCR detection showed that, compared with the HBV group, in the benapril group, and all SSN intervention groups the expressions of Col III, Col-IV and FN mRNA were significantly decreased (P <0.001). Western blot; Compared with the HBV group, the expressions of pSmad2 and pSmad3in the benazepril group and the SSN groups were significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Conclusion SSN could possibly alleviate HBV-induced transdifferentiation of human renal tubular epithelial cells and reduce the deposition of extracellular matrix by interfering with TGF-(51/Smad signaling pathway, thereby delaying the progression of fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine is the property of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to explore the key genes and signaling pathways in HBV-infected liver cells, we downloaded genes expression profile data GSE83148 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and conducted a series of studies. Differentially expressed genes were screened out after quality testing and data normalization, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis and gene network interaction analysis were further performed to select key genes and signaling pathways. In this study, 44 up-regulated differentially expressed genes that fold change ≥2 and p-value<0.05 were screened out from HBV-infected sampe group. Key genes BAK1 and TP63 were obtained by GO analysis. From GeneMANIA analysis, we obtained five genes located in the hub: NDUFS1, NDUFS2, COX7B, ATP5B, and OPA1. The key signaling pathways obtained by KEGG analysis were as follows: hepatitis B signaling pathway, viral cancerous signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Most genes selected in this study are related to mitochondria and oxidative respiratory chain, but the specific mechanisms that cause this phenomenon need further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To master the trend and epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis B infection in children aged 0-5 years2010-2015 years in Xi'an and find the high risk population of hepatitis B infection in children. To analyze the disease prognosis and the problem of hepatitis B monitoring system through follow-up and provide a scientific basis for the improvement of hepatitis B monitoring system and the development of prevention and control strategies. Methods: Descriptive epidemiological method was used to describe the distribution of hepatitis B patients with hepatitis B among children aged 0-5 years in Xi'an area during the period of 2010-2015. By using the method of cohort study and detection the HBV virus in peripheral blood of mothers and children, then the prognosis of children with hepatitis B was obtained. Results: A total of 175 cases of hepatitis B were reported in children aged 0-5 years in Xi'an during the period of 2010-2015, with an average annual HBV infection rate of 6.05/10 million, which was highest in 2013, for 9.73/10 million, mainly distributed. Boys were more than girls. 0-1 years old was the high incidence of age. Yanta District and Weiyang District were the highest incidence area. By the end of August 2016, 139 preschool children were followed up for HBV infection. Only 17 patients completed the epidemiological investigation and physical examination, the dropout rate was as high as 87.7%, Up to 88.2%. 17 cases of children were chronic HBV infection, including 14 cases(82.3%) were HBs Ag positive mothers. Conclusion: The high risk population of HBV infection among children aged 0-5 in Xi'an area were children whose mothers were HBs Ag positive, which may be related to the vertical and Horizontal transmission of HBV of mother and child. 0-5 years old HBV-infected children had poor outcome. To strengthen the work of HBV intrauterine blocking and monitor the hepatitis B antibody in high-risk neonates was recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been one of the most important public health problems, however, no complete cure is currently available. Although interferon (IFN)-α has been clinically used as a drug for chronic hepatitis B therapy because of its advantages including a higher rate of HBsAg/HBeAg seroconversion and a lower rate of recurrence after cessation of treatment, only 20%-40% of patients respond well to IFN therapy, thus hampering its clinical application.In recent years,based on the in vitro HBV replication and infection cell models, animal models and patient cohort with hepatitis B and by using a variety of methods, studies have been made. On the one hand, to identify new mechanisms underlying the IFN- and IFN-induced genes-mediated anti-HBV activities and signaling transduction, on the other hand,to reveal the effect and mechanisms of HBV replication and viral proteins in regulating the innate immune signaling pathways and IFN induction and antiviral action, based on which new strategies and approaches for optimization of IFN-based therapy and for a HBV cure have been further explored. This review mainly introduces the research findings of author's group and the future development is prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the influence of different pretreated methods on cleaning efficacy of surgical instruments polluted by hepatitis B virus(HBV) ．Methods 600 HBV-contaminated surgical instruments were selected and divided randomly into 4 groups of pretreatment methods A，B，C and D，after pretreatment， four groups of instruments were washed in the verified automatic cleaning sterilizer. After washing， instruments were washed with pure water， the samples were taken， and the cleanliness of the instruments was inspected visually and by 5-time magnifier that has light source; the cleanliness was test by 3M ATP fluorescence method；the positive rate of HBsAg was detected by Quantitative ELISA．Results The visual pass rate of the cleanliness of 600 HBV-contaminated surgical instruments after four types of pretreatment was 100.00%， 82.67%， 100.00% and 90.67% respectively; which was 100.00%，78.67%，97.33% and 85.33% by 5-time magnifier that has light source ; which was 98.67%，72.67%，96.00%and 80.00%by 3MATP fluorescence method；With regard to the above three test results， Group A was compared with Group B、Group D and Group B was compared with Group C while the differences were statistically significant(P<0.01) ．The positive rate of HBsAg detected by ELISA was 0. Conclusion Multiple Enzyme Detergent solution (1:270) can significantly improve the cleaning quality of HBV-contaminated surgical instruments，and reduce instruments loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective?? To verify the intracellular localization and tissue distribution of HBV preS1 protein and ASGPR so as to provide the basis for further study on their biological functions. Methods?? Intracellular localization of HBV preS1 protein and ASGPR was analyzed by confocal microscopy, respectively. Tissue specificity of HBV preS1 protein and ASGPR was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results?? Microscopy revealed that HBV preS1 protein was located on the membranes and in the cytoplasms and nuclei, while ASGPR was found on the cell membranes. We observed by double-channel confocal microscopy that HBV preS1 protein and ASGPR were co-localized on membranes of HepG2 cells; the localization pattern of ASGPR was similar to that of HBV preS1 protein in the liver tissues of HBsAg-positive hepatic cirrhosis patients (P>0.05). In addition, the expressions of ASGPR and HBV preS1 protein were correlated significantly with each other (Pearson corrlection 0.776, P<0.0001). Conclusion?? Besides mediating HBV entry, ASGPR may also play an important role in other life activities such as viral secretion and intracellular transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the miR-375 expression profiles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues. Methods: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q RT-PCR) was applied to examine the expression of miR-375 in 25 HCC from patients who were diagnosed and operated, in comparion with the corresponding adjacent non-tumor tissues.Based on the medical records, the relevant information was extracted. Results: There were 25 HCC patients in the study. HBs Ag of all patients were positive. The expression of miR-375 in HCC tissues was 2.51 ×10-3±3.61×10-3, the expression of miR-375 in adjacent non-tumor tissues was 15.23 ×10-3±20.85×10-3. The expression of miR-375 in HCC tissues significantly lower than that in adjacent non-tumor tissues (P<0.05). Conclusion: miR-375 expression was significantly decreased in tumor tissues of HCC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the response of four genotypes of HBV to interferon in cellular level and analyze the influence of HBV genotype on therapeutic efficacy of interferon. Methods: The plasmids with A, B, C. and D genotype HBV were transfected into Hep G2 cells using liposome method. Add interferon into the supernatant, test the levels of HBV antigens by ELISA and DNA by quantitative PCR, then compare the changes of HBV antigens and DNA between interferon treated and un-treated groups, which can show the response of four types of HBV to interferon. Results: A, B, C. and D genotype HBV showed different response to interferon. The effect of interferon on A and B genotype HBV was more apparent than C and D genotype HBV, but there was no difference between A and B, also between C and D. Conclusions: HBV genotype can influence the response of interferon. Genotyping was important for the choice of antiviral drug in the clinic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the prevalence of HIV/AIDS patients co-infected with HBV in some areas of Yunnan Province. Methods We collected the clinical data of 112 HIV/HBV co-infected patients in 2 cities of high AIDS incidence (Luxi and Kunming) in Yunnan province, and analyzed the prevalence of HIV and HBV co-infection. Results 112 patients infected by HIV/HBV (89 male, 23 female) were included in our study, whose mean age was 42.15 ± 10.02 years (range: 23-76 years). The rate of HIV/HBV co-infection was 4.2% in some areas of Yunnan. Sexual transmission was the main route of transmission of HIV, accounted for 55.4% (62/112) . We compared the general data of HIV/HBV co-infected patients in Luxi and Kunming, most of whom were married and middle-aged men, and received primary to secondary education, there was no significant difference between the two cities (P1=0.903; P1=0.971; P3=0.766; P4=0.168). The minority infected patients and patients infected through sexual transmission in Luxi were significantly more than those of Kunming (P1=0.001; P2=0.03). There existed significantly different routes of transmission in different infection models. Sexual transmission was the main route in HIV/HBV co-infection model and intravenous drug use was the main route in HIV/HBV/HCV co-infection model (P=0.00). Conclusions With an infection rate of 4.2%, HIV/HBV co-infection patients are common in some areas of Yunnan, so we should provide conventional detection for those HIV patients and take active measures for prevention and treatment of hepatitis virus. There is little social demography difference of HIV/HBV co-infection between Luxi and Kunming city. Different infection models have different routes of transmission. Intravenous drug use is the main route of HIV/HBV/HCV co-infection model. HCV should be the key indicator of intravenous drug users, especially for HIV-positive patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the correlation between liver function damage caused by chemotherapy and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in patients with breast cancer and to evaluate the effect of antiviral therapy in the prevention of chemotherapy-originated HBV reactivation. Methods: A total of 188 breast cancer patients who were diagnosed via pathology and recieved chemotherapy, including postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, in the Third Hospital of Wuhan from March 2006 to October 2010 were selected as the object of study. The post-chemotherapy liver damage situations of 138 HBsAg-negative and 50 HBsAg-positive patients were compared. And the difference in HBV reactivation rate in HBsAg-positive patients was analyzed and compared between the group (21 cases) that used antiviral drug lamivudine prophylacticly and the group (27 cases) which used no lamivudine. Results: The incidence of liver function impairment after chemotherapy was 31.25% (15/48) in the HBsAg-positive patients, and 16.67% (22/132) in the HBsAg-negative patients. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). In the HBsAg-positive group, the HBV reactivation rate was 4.62% (1/21) in patients who were given prophylactic lamivudine, and was 25.93% (7/27) in patients who received no prophylactic antivirus treatment. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). Conclusion: After chemotherapy, HBsAg-positive breast cancer patients are more prone to liver function damage than HBsAg-negative patients, prophylactic use of nucleoside analogs antiviral drug lamivudine can significantly reduce HBV reactivative hepatitis in breast cancer patients with type B hepatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lnc-HUR1 is an HBV-related long non-coding RNA, which can promote the proliferation of hepatoma cells and the occurrence and development of liver cancer. In this study we explored the effect of lnc-HUR1 on the apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by taking the approach of immunoblotting, quantitative real time PCR, luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and flow cytometry. We found that overexpression of lnc-HUR1 significantly reduced the activity of caspase3/7 and the cleavage of PARP-1, while knocking down of lnc-HUR1 significantly increased the activity of caspase3/7 and promoted the cleavage of PARP-1 in HepG2 cells treated with TGF-β, pentafluorouracil or staurosporine. Consistently, the data from Annexin-V/PI staining showed that overexpression of lnc-HUR1 inhibited apoptosis, while knockdown of lnc-HUR1 promoted apoptosis. Moreover, overexpression of lnc-HUR1 up-regulated the apoptosis inhibitor Bcl-2 and down-regulated the pro-apoptotic factor BAX at both RNA and protein levels. In the CCL4-induced acute liver injury mice model, the expression of Bcl-2 in the liver tissue of lnc-HUR1 transgenic mice was higher than that of the control mice. The data from ChIP assay indicated that lnc-HUR1 reduced the enrichment of p53 on Bcl-2 and BAX promoters. All these results indicated that lnc-HUR1 inhibited the apoptosis by promoting the expression of apoptosis inhibitor Bcl-2 and inhibiting the expression of apoptosis promoting factor BAX. Further studies showed that lnc-HUR1 regulated the transcription of Bcl-2 and BAX in HCT116 cells, but had no effect on the expression of Bcl-2 and BAX in HCT116 p53 -/- cells, indicating that lnc-HUR1 regulates the transcription of Bcl-2 and BAX dependent upon the activity of p53. In conclusion, HBV upregulated lnc-HUR1 can inhibit the apoptosis of hepatoma cells. Lnc-HUR1 inhibits apoptosis by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of p53. These results suggest that lnc-HUR1 plays an important role in the occurrence and development of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma.

Objective To analyze the clinical significance of GP73 and AFP in the detection of HBV related liver disease. Methods 83 patients with chronic hepatitis B (group A), 57 patients with liver cirrhosis caused by hepatitis B (group B), 41 patients with HCC (group C) were selected, GP73, AFP, and liver function related indicators were tested. Results The serum levels of GP73 in group B were significantly higher than group A (P < 0.05). The serum levels of AFP and GP73 in group C were significantly higher than group A and B (P < 0.05). The serum levels of ALT, AST, CHE, ALB, TBIL in group B were significantly higher than group A (P < 0.05). The serum levels of ALP, ALT, AST, CHE, ALB, TBIL of group C were significantly higher than group AandB (P < 0.05). AFP and AST, CHE were significantly correlated (P < 0.05), GP73 and ALT, AST, CHE, ALB were significantly correlated (P < 0.05), and ALP, TBIL did not show significant correlation (P > 0.05). Conclusion Compared with AFP, GP73 is an important index in HBV related liver disease progress, and is associated with the degree of liver damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of abnormal prothrombin (DCP) in Alpha-fetoproteins (AFP)-negative (AFP≤20 ng/mL) hepatocellular carcinoma and the relationship between DCP level and Child-Pugh grade, tumor size, TNM stage as well as differentiation., Methods: The inpatients diagnosed with hepatitis B-related liver disease were collected from June 2016 to December 2017, The diagnostic efficacy of DCP for AFP-negative HCC was analyzed by ROC. Area under the curve ( AUC ), the best cut point, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated. The relationship between DCP levels and the clinical characteristic of HCC was analyzed., Results: A total of 459 hepatitis B markers positive patients were included, including 136 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 173 cases of hepatitis B cirrhosis and 150 cases of chronic hepatitis B. DCP in AFP-negative hepatocellular carcinoma group was significantly higher than that in non-HCC group (CHB and LC) ( P <0.05). The AUC of DCP was 0.858, P <0.05. The optimal cut-off point for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma was 61 mAU/mL. The corresponding sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 72.8%, 88.2%, 61.1% and 89.7%, respectively. In different size of hepatocellular carcinoma, DCP level of those with diameter>3 cm was significantly higher than those with diameter≤3 cm ( P <0.05). In different TNM stages, DCP level in stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in stage Ⅰ ( P <0.05). There was no significant difference of DCP level among different Child-Pugh grades and differentiation ( P >0.05)., Conclusion: DCP has diagnostic value for AFP-negative hepatocellular carcinoma, its level may reflects the degree of tumor progression., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Science Edition).)

Objective: To investigate the influence of IFN-γ and IL-12 levels in prenatal peripheral blood of HBsAg-positive parturients on intrauterine transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Methods: A case-control study was conducted in 282 HBsAg positive parturients and 43 health parturients (control group) in Northwest Women and Children Hospital of Shaanxi Province. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect five serological makers of hepatitis B in peripheral blood of parturients. HBV DNA was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Detection of cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12 levels were conducted with liquid chip-based flow cytometry method. The serum levels of five serological markers of hepatitis B and HBV DNA in 285 newborns were detected within 24 hours after birth. Results: The incidence of intrauterine dominant infection (DBI), occult infection (OBI) and intrauterine transmission of HBV in HBsAg positive parturients were 7.37 % (21/285), 40.70 % (116/285) and 48.07 % (137/285), respectively. The level of IFN-γ in peripheral blood of HBsAg-negative parturients was significantly lower than those of HBsAg-positive parturients ( t =-2.55, P =0.011), NBIT group ( t =-2.54, P =0.012) and OBI group ( t =-2.33, P =0.021). In HBV DNA load of 10(3)-10(6) copies/ml group, the levels of IFN-γ in the DBI group were significantly lower than those in OBI group and NBIT group ( P <0.01). The level of IFN-γ in maternal peripheral blood decreased significantly with the increased severity of intrauterine transmission of HBV ( χ (2)=6.40, P =0.041). In the antiviral treatment group, the level of IL-12 in maternal peripheral blood decreased significantly with the increased severity of intrauterine transmission of HBV ( χ (2)=8.90, P =0.012). Multivariate analysis showed that there was a significant linear relationship between maternal IFN-γ level and maternal age, placenta previa and hepatitis B vaccine injection ( P <0.05). The linear relationship between the level of maternal IL-12 and the mode of rupture and hepatitis B vaccine injection had statistical significance ( P <0.05). Conclusions: HBV can stimulate the expression of IFN-γ and inhibit the secretion of IL-12 in pregnant and lying-in women, but the expression of IFN-γ in HBsAg-positive parturients showed intra-group differentiation, and the maternal level of IFN-γ will decrease in HBeAg-positive and high-HBV DNA loadstatus. Increasing the levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 in HBsAg-positive parturients is beneficial to block intrauterine transmission of HBV, especially DBI.

Objective: To explore the role of TLR 9 in intrauterine transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) through blood pathway and placenta. Methods: Epidemiological investigation was carried out in 290 HBsAg positive parturients and 45 normal parturients (control group) in Northwest Women and Children Hospital of Shaanxi Province. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect five serological makers of hepatitis B and TLR 9 levels in peripheral blood of pregnant women and newborns. HBV DNA was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Detection of TLR 9 expression in placenta by immunohistochemical method. A case-control study was conducted to analyze the difference of TLR 9 levels in placenta and peripheral blood of HBsAg- positive pregnant women with intrauterine transmission of HBV. Results: The incidence of dominant HBV infection (DBI), occult HBV infection (OBI) and intrauterine transmission of HBV were 9.28 % (27/291), 40.21 % (117/291) and 49.48 % (144/291) respectively. (1) The level of TLR 9 in peripheral blood of HBsAg-positive parturients, non-HBV intrauterine transmission (NBIT) group and OBI group were significantly lower than that of control group ( P <0.001). The level of TLR 9 in DBI group was significantly higher than those in NBIT group and OBI group ( P =0.000). (2) The TLR 9 level in HBeAg-negative group was significantly lower than that in HBeAg-positive parturients in OBI group ( P =0.01). (3) With the increased severity of intrauterine transmission of HBV in each HBV DNA load group, the TLR 9 level in maternal peripheral blood increased significantly ( P <0.05). (4) With the increased severity of intrauterine transmission of HBV, the levels of TLR 9 increased significantly in antiviral therapy, immunoglobulin injection and non-hepatitis B vaccine groups ( P <0.05). (5) The expression of TLR 9 in placenta tissues with DBI group was significantly higher than that in OBI group and NBIT group ( P <0.05). Conclusions: HBV can inhibit the secretion of TLR 9 in parturient to some extent, but HBeAg can stimulate the secretion of TLR 9. However, with the increased severity of intrauterine transmission of HBV, the level of TLR 9 in parturients is increased by intra-group cross-differentiation. Therefore, TLR 9 is not an independent marker for screening and grouping, but it can be used as an reference indicator for the monitoring and management of HBsAg-positive parturients.

The new research of intrauterine transmission of HBV includes intrauterine dominant infection and occult infection. Intrauterine dominant infection of HBV is the traditional intrauterine infection. Although intrauterine infection of HBV has been studied for decades, the intervention effects on HBV infection are very limited. As a result, mother to child transmission has become the main route of the transmission of HBV. With the development of science and technology, people's understand of intrauterine occult infection of HBV has been deepened, and the definition of intrauterine transmission of HBV has been further completed and expanded. The study of intrauterine occult infection of HBV will play an important role in prevention and control of hepatitis B in China through filling in a gap in the field of prevention and control of vertical transmission of HBV, exploring new research perspective and providing guideline for related decision-making.

Objective: To investigate the current status and influence factors of HBV intrauterine transmission (BIT) in HBsAg-positive parturients and understand the outcome of HBV transmission and response to hepatitis B vaccine immunization in children in Xi'an. Methods: An epidemiological survey was conducted in 341 HBsAg-positive parturients who gave birth in Northwest Women and Children Hospital of Shaanxi Province from January 2015 to January 2018. Serological tests were performed by using venous blood from 344 newborns within 24 hours after birth and at the age of 1 year old. A nested case-control study was conducted to analyze the infection rates of intrauterine dominate HBV infection (DBI) and intrauterine occult HBV infection (OBI) in BIT and their influencing factors in newborns. The epidemiological survey was conducted to collect the information about the outcome of HBV transmission and the positive rate of HBsAb in children at high-risk from August 2016 to October 2018. Results: The BIT rate was 46.51 % (160/344) in HBsAg-positive parturients, the DBI rate was 8.14 % (28/344), the OBI rate was 38.37 % (132/344), and the odds ratio of DBI and BIT in neonates of HBeAg-positive parturients were respectively 2.60 (95 %CI : 1.19-5.70) and 2.21 (95 %CI : 1.36-3.61) times higher than that of HBeAg-negative parturients. The odds ratio of BIT in neonates with maternal peripheral blood HBV DNA load ≥200, ≥10(3) and>10(6) copies/ml were 1.99 (95 %CI : 1.29-3.08), 1.73 (95 %CI : 1.11-2.69) and 2.33 (95 %CI : 1.33-4.10) times higher than those in neonates with maternal peripheral blood HBV DNA<200,<10(3), and ≤10(6) copies/ml respectively. The incidence of DBI in neonates of parturients with placenta previa was 14.07 times higher than that of parturients without placenta previa (95 %CI : 1.23-160.76). The incidence of BIT in neonates of parturients who received no hepatitis B immunoglobulin during pregnancy was 1.60 times higher than that in neonates of those who received hepatitis B immunoglobulin (95 %CI : 1.02-2.53). Follow-up results showed that HBsAg negative conversion was found in 9 of 14 children with DBI, and 24.17 % (22/91) of children had OBI. The overall rate of immune response to hepatitis B vaccine was 69.23 % (63/91). The immune response rate in children with OBI was only 59.09 % (13/22). Conclusion: Newborns of HBsAg-positive parturients had high rate of OBI and lower rate of immune response to hepatitis B vaccine detected in follow-up, indicating a gap in hepatitis B prevention and control. HBV monitoring and intervention in HBsAg-positive women of childbearing age and hepatitis B antibody monitoring in children at high-risk are important measures to control infection source and protect susceptible population.

Objective: To investigate the expression of IL-18 in peripheral blood of HBsAg positive parturients in intrauterine transmission of HBV. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in 282 HBsAg positive parturients and 43 health parturients (control group) in Northwest Women and Children Hospital of Shaanxi Province. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect five serological makers of hepatitis B, real time PCR was used to detect HBV DNA, and flow liquid chip method was used to detect IL-18 levels in peripheral blood of parturients and newborns. Results: The incidence of dominant HBV infection (DBI), occult HBV infection (OBI) and intrauterine transmission of HBV were 8.42 % (24/285), 40.00 % (114/285) and 48.42 % (138/285), respectively. The level of IL-18 in peripheral blood of HBsAg-negative parturients were significantly lower than those of HBsAg-positive parturients ( P =0.001), non-HBV intrauterine transmission (NBIT) group ( P =0.001) and OBI group ( P <0.001). The level of IL-18 in HBeAg negative group was significantly lower than that in HBeAg positive group ( P =0.023). When HBV DNA load was ≥10(3) copies/ml, the level of IL-18 was significantly higher than that in HBsAg-negative group ( P <0.01). With the increase of HBV DNA load in maternal blood, the level of IL-18 increased ( P =0.024). When HBV DNA load was 10(3)-10(6) copies/ml, the level of IL-18 in DBI group was significantly lower than that in NBIT group ( P =0.022), and increased with the increase of HBV DNA load in maternal blood ( P =0.016). With the increased severity of intrauterine transmission of HBV, the level of IL-18 in non-hepatitis B vaccine group decreased significantly ( P =0.044). The level of IL-18 in non-hepatitis B vaccine group and immunoglobulin injection group was significantly higher than that in NBIT group ( P <0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the linear relationship between maternal HBeAg status and maternal IL-18 levels had statistical significance ( P =0.01). Conclusions: IL-18 is a higher level balance regulator of Th1/Th2 immune network. Monitoring the level of IL-18 in HBsAg-positive parturients can be used not only for predicting the probability of DBI and OBI, but also as an intervention mean, especially for those who are HBeAg-positive and had HBV DNA load ≥10(3) copies/ml, to improve maternal cellular immune function, which is conducive to interrupting intrauterine transmission and providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of HBV intrauterine transmission.

Objective: To reveal the prevalence and the related factors of hepatitis B (HepB) virus infection among HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in two HIV clinics, affiliated to local Centers of Disease Control and Prevention in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regional. A face-to-face interview, with questionnaire was conducted to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics, drug use, and sexual behavior. Blood samples were used to test HBsAg. χ (2) test or Fisher's exact test and unconditional logistic regression models were used to identify the influencing factors. Results: The prevalence of HBV and HIV co-infection was 13.85% (113/816). Results from multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that age (25-45), family history of HBV and history of HepB vaccination were independent influencing factors for HBV and HIV coinfection, with OR (95% CI ) as 1.738 (1.031-2.931), 2.898 (1.678-5.005) and 1.744 (1.052-2.892), respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV among HIV/AIDS patients was significantly higher than that in general population. HIV/AIDS patients aged between 25 and 45 and with family history of HBV were more likely to be infected with HBV, while HepB vaccination was associated with the reduction of HIV/HBV coinfection. Specific comprehensive prevention and treatment programs on HIV/AIDS patients need to be set up.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV infections in children aged 1-13 years in Yi ethnic area in Sichuan province. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the form of field survey in four townships selected from Yi ethnic area of Sichuan during 2014-2015. Participants were children aged 1-13 years by sample size of 900 and were screened for HIV antibody, HBV surface antigen and HCV antibody, and laboratory comfirmation was conducted. The area, age, gender and ethnic group specific infection rates were compared by using Fisher's exact test, and multiple comparisons were corrected by using Bonferroni correction. Results: A total of 677 children aged 1-13 years were surveyed. The infection rates of HIV, HBV and HCV were 1.03 % (7/677, 95 %CI : 0.42 % -1.12 % ), 6.65 % (45/677, 95 %CI : 4.89 % -8.79 % ) and 0.15 % (1/677, 95 %CI : 0 % -0.82 % ), respectively. The infection rates of HIV differed among townships ( P =0.000), the infection rate was higher in township D than in township B, the difference was significant ( P <0.001). The differences in HIV infection rate among different age, gender and ethnic groups were not significant. The differences in HBV and HCV infections were not significant among different townships, age, gender and ethnic groups. The difference in HBV viral load between age group 5-9 years and age groups 10-13 years was not significant ( U =115.000, P =0.967). Conclusions: The burden of HIV and HBV infections in children aged 1-13 years was heavy in rural area of Yi ethnic area in Sichuan. Therefore, it is necessary to take effective measures to block the vertical transmission of HIV and HBV as well as to increase the coverage of HBV vaccination.

Both HIV and HBV infection have become major health problems, of global concern, due to the high prevalence in the past few decades. Data from cumulated epidemiological surveys have shown the links between maternal HIV or HBV infection and adverse outcomes on pregnancy. Maternal HIV or HBV infection may also increase the mother-to-child (MTCT) transmission of the two diseases. However, association between HIV-HBV co-infection and adverse pregnancy is still inconclusive. Does maternal HIV-HBV co-infection have an impact on mother-to-child transmission on either HIV or HBV? Study on effective precautionary measures to promote both maternal and child's health is deemed necessary.

Objective: To grope for an ideal immune strategy in grown-ups via comparison of immunological effects under 4 different vaccination schemes. Methods: Study population was selected by stratified random cluster sampling. A total of 4 different vaccination proposals, including Strategy A (3 doses, 10 μg, administrated repeatedly into the unilateral deltoid muscle at 0-1-6 months), Strategy B (2 doses, 20 μg, administrated into the bilateral deltoid muscles simultaneously), Strategy C (3 doses, 10 μg, administrated repeatedly into the unilateral deltoid muscle at 0-1-2 months) and Strategy D (2 doses, 10 μg, administrated to the bilateral deltoid muscles at the same time), were conducted in Liangzhou, Minqin Gulang, and the Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomic county respectively, in Wuwei city, Gansu province. Under 4 different strategies, post-vaccination immunological effectiveness was evaluated when blood samples of participants collected in the eighth months, post-first injection and in the third year, and tested by enzyme-linked immunoassays and electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay. Chi -squared test and Fisher exact test were used to evaluate the immunological differences between the 4 strategies. Wilcoxon' s signed rank test and Kruskal-Waillis H test were conducted to compare the differences of the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of antibody against HBV surface antigen (anti-HBs) titers. Results: A total of 1 621 eligible participants aged 16 to 60 years old, were recruited for the study. Numbers of administration and gender were testified as the presuming factors for influencing immune effectiveness. The vaccination completion rates were 53.97% and 79.82% in Strategy A and C, respectively, and the difference statistically significant ( P <0.05). In the first year, the protective antibody sero-conversion rates (standardization rate) were 89.21%, 54.88%, 92.11%, and 41.63%, in Strategy A, B, C and D, respectively, and the significant statistically differences emerged ( P <0.05) if Strategy B, C and D were compared with Strategy A (as the gold standard). Over a 3-year follow-up period, the levels of GMTs on protective antibody declined from 179.2 IU/L, 51.6 IU/L, 277.1 IU/L and 10.1 IU/L to 61.3 IU/L, 21.2 IU/L, 31.8 IU/L and 6.0 IU/L in Strategy A, B, C and D, respectively, and the differences of declination on GMTs showed statistically significant differences ( P <0.05) when compared within or between the 4 strategies. Conclusion: The 0-1-2 months' prophylactic schedules (Strategy C) seemed superior to the others, in terms of effectively inducing the protective antibody, with shorter duration of vaccination, persisting longer immunity and having higher rate of completive vaccination, so is worth to be recommended as a feasible immune programme for adults, especially for migrants from the rural regions.

Objective: To understand the epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors related to HBeAg sero-clearance in chronic hepatitis B patients so as to provide evidence for regular management on chronic HBV patients. Methods: From 2012 to 2014, a cohort study was conducted among HBeAg positive chronic HBV patients in Jiangsu province. Association between the characteristics and incidence of HBeAg sero-clearance was analyzed by Cox regression method. The changing trend on HBV DNA between patients with HBeAg sero-clearance and those with persistent HBeAg positive status was compared by repeated measure data variance analysis method. Results: In 2012, there were 721 HBeAg positive hepatitis B patients aged (45.2 ± 14.2) years enrolled in this study. By 2014, the follow-up observation period was 1 058 person-years, and 393 cases had lost their HBeAg status, with the rate as 37.2/100 person-years. The HBeAg sero-clearance rate was 32.4/100 person-years in hepatitis B patients who received antiviral treatment. The probability of HBeAg clearance in HBeAg positive hepatitis B patients aged ≥60 year (62.0/100 person-years) was higher than those of aged <20 year (7.0/100 person-years). The rate of HBeAg sero-clearance in HBeAg positive patients with HBV DNA <20 000 IU/ml (75.8/100 person-years) was higher than those whose HBV DNA were ≥200 000 IU/ml (16.1/100 person-years). By Cox regression analysis, the HBV DNA level was an important influencing factor on the progress of HBeAg sero-clearance. Patients with HBV DNA levle as ≥200 000 IU/ml, had a lower HBeAg clearance rate ( HR =0.18, 95 %CI : 0.13-0.23, P <0.001). Compared to the persistent HBeAg positive group, HBV DNA showed a more dramatic fall in the HBeAg-lost group ( P <0.001). Conclusion: The rate of HBeAg sero-clearance among HBeAg positive hepatitis B patients was correlated with age and HBV DNA status of the patients that called for comprehensive management and intervention programs to develop for the HBeAg positive hepatitis B patients with different characteristics.