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Copyright of e-Education Research is the property of Northwest Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Terminology is the property of China Terminology Magazine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The history of the construction of physical chemistry textbooks after the founding of the People's Republic of China was reviewed according to the 40-year experience of the author in building physical chemistry textbooks. It is suggested that we need to understand well the relationship between teaching materials and lectures, and manage properly the relationship between teaching materials and scientific research. Teaching material construction should keep up the pace with the time, and strive to achieve the diversification and three-dimensional construction of teaching materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the construction for organic chemistry textbooks by Peking University is reviewed. The main content and characteristics of Basic Organic Chemistry (4th edition) are introduced. The construction of textbooks should keep up with the pace of times, and bring forth the new through the old, to improve the cultivation of creative talents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Educational Studies (1673-1298) is the property of Journal of Educational Studies Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Capital Institute of Physical Education is the property of Shoudu Tiyu Xueyuan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The implementation of green urban planning (GUP) is a crucial strategic choice to overcome the bottleneck problem of urban development as well as to advance green and sustainable urban development in China. By classifying and summarizing the origin, development, and practice of various GUP theories from China and abroad, this study revealed three main findings: (1) Garden City: the sprout of green city planning and thinking. Here, the GUP ideas were centered on the planning of a garden city, which attempts to integrate the spatial planning elements as a theoretical system, includes the overall idea of a green sustainable development concept, and advances the construction of a horizontal garden city. (2) Ecology and compactness: green development of urban planning thought. Ecological thinking, green urbanism, and sustainable development have further promoted the evolution of GUP thoughts. Among them, the practice of eco-urban construction has provoked a strong response in Europe and America, and GUP has continually developed and deepened. (3) Low carbon, ecology, and friendliness: the upgrade of green city planning thought. Here, GUP thoughts have been upgraded from a spatial-material environment level to a cultural-historical level and from a regional level to a global level with more emphasis on the composition of the social, economic, and natural systems. Looking forward to a new era, the development of GUP theory should be guided by the concept of ecological civilization, and the theoretical breakthroughs and standard system innovations should originate from five aspects: urban spatial structure, ecological environment, green infrastructure, industrial system, and policy measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The definition of the freedom of speech, the freedom of press and the freedom of information are all from the western country in different periods. Actually, Chinese have the first view of the freedom of speech and the freedom of press in Eastern and Western Ocean's Monthly Investigation(1988). Then, Liangqichao have proposed the concept of the freedom of speech and the freedom of press between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. However, the concept of the freedom of information was not introduced in China until the American Information Freedom Movement in 1944. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The landscape of academic controversy in the field of Journalism and Communication Studies can be vividly described as a Chinese Saying: "Competitive Shining Stars in the Sky", since the mainland China launched Economic Reform and Open-door Policy from 1978 and numerous scholars were appeared. The process generally experienced 4 periods: (1) the "Reform" beginning period (1978-1984); (2) the exploring period (1985-1989); (3) the prosperous period (1990-1999); (4) the raising period (2000-2008). Based on the academic literature, it is categorized 10 series of academic controversy. The underlying logic shows that the booming of academic achievement rely on the Freedom of Academic, and Academic Debating can generated knowledge and demonstrated individual personality of scholar. Any successful academic controversy should be followed by basic ethical rules, and sometimes the academic tolerance is a competitive wisdom of debating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The system of land is an issue of its historical context. As to the 20th -century China, the land system correlated much more with the successive great political changes, and it involved the controversies of political systems between the public and the private as well. This produced the opposition and conflicts between the two kinds of land systems of the public and the private ownership. Nonetheless, the idea "every tiller should possess his own farmland " advocated by Dr. Sun Yat-sen is all the time the most important land policy during both the period of the Republic. the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Civil War, and the People's Republic including the reform and opening-up period. By the first halt of the 1950s. both the Mainland and Taiwan had realized "every tiller should possess his own farmland ", although one by way of revolution and the other moderation, and both used the same term "land revolution" as their stance for as long as one century. In fact, the process both in the Mainland and Taiwan yielded such a result that to develop the small private ownership system (the system of land ownership of petty farmers) with a negation of the big private ownership system (the system of land ownership of landlords). From the second half of the 1950s onward, however, the Mainland and Taiwan have finally stepped on two quite different roads in accordance with their different political directions. One of them started to go towards a new goal of land owned by the state and developed into some new forms of collective ownership, while the other, through its successful practice of land reformation, had acted out the idea of every tiller should have his own farmland' into the private land ownership. In the said history of change of land systems in the Mainland and in Taiwan, there is something going through all the time, that is, the traditional principle of equalitarianism which has lasted for a thousand years, and a poly-composite structure of land ownership system. These phenomena are mainly attributed to the resultant force of route dependence, state designing and groups arguing and contesting with each other, and so on. The route dependence played a much more important role in the change of the land system in the 20th century. "The choice people made in the past determines the possible choices they may make at present. " It is for this reason that the two regimes coincidently display the spirit of equalitarianism, and the ideas of petty peasant ownership of land haven't been terminated despite repeated revolutions and reformations. As to the composite structure of various ownership systems, it has never gone beyond the traditional frame. Such a particular change of Chinese land system in the 20th century has once more confirmed the truth: the balance between the peasants'/farmers' will and the state's designing is one of the determinants for a successful land system. Whereas the ideas of equalitarianism and impartiality will remain an important inhibiting factor for land system changes in a considerably long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acupuncture anesthesia (AA) is an anesthetic method created by medical workers and researchers in China during medical practice in 1950s. As a paragon of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, AA clinical practice and basic theoretic research have gained continuous improvement and progress, and obtained a series of outstanding achievements in the past 60 years. Consequently, the theory of traditional Chinese medicine was enriched, and the acupuncture therapy was pushed forward to the world. The present paper reviews the course of formation and development of clinical application of AA from the late years of 1950s up to now, including the initial stage (1958-1966), rapid propulsion stage (1967-1979), consolidation period (1980-2004) and newly developing period (2005-now). The AA has experienced flexural pathway from simple acupuncture analgesia, to acupuncture-drug compound anesthesia (or acupuncture-assisted anesthesia), and to the application of whole perioperative period. Nowadays, it keeps unceasing development and innovation from simple analgesia and sedation to organ protection during perioperative period and reduction of post-operative complications. The AA possesses unique prosperous vitality, and also has a plenty room for improvement, being worthy of further popularization and research.