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The nickel content of nickel-based high-temperature alloy is between 50% and 70%, and the alloy contents of chromium, iron, cobalt, molybdenum, aluminum, titanium and tungsten are within 20%. A method of high resolution plasma mass spectrometry was established to determine the trace elements in nickel-based high-temperature alloy. According to the principle of large isotope abundance, small interference and high sensitivity, the isotopes and resolution of the elements to be measured were optimized, the interferences of most of the multi-atom and double-charged ions were effectively eliminated. The mass spectral interferences of matrix, compositions of alloy and dissolving acid on the trace elements were investigated. The appropriate internal standard of caesium was selected to overcome the matrix effect and reduce the signal drift. Chromium was extracted by methylisobutylone, the extraction efficiency reached up to 99.7%, which eliminated the mass spectral interference of principal component molybdenum in the nickel-based high-temperature alloy. The linear correlation coefficient of the calibration curve was greater than 0.999, and the method detection limit was between 0.002 1 and 0.074 μg/g. The trace elements in the reference material was analyzed, the relative standard deviation (RSD, n=6) was between 2.9% and 7.8%, and the measured value was very consistent with the standard value. This method is simple, fast, accurate and reliable, which can meet the requirement of trace elements determination in nickel-based high-temperature alloy.

The dolomite reservoirs in the fourth member of Leikoupo formation of the western Sichuan gas field have good prospects for natural gas exploration and development. However, the conventional and one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D NMR) logging data are not sufficient for a definitive classification of the reservoir fluid type, likely because of heterogeneity of the reservoirs. Through geological characteristics analysis, log response analysis and two-dimensional (2D) NMR experiment, the environmental factors and technical parameters leading to the differences between the laboratory results and actual logging data were determined. According to the analysis of T2-T1 and T1/T2 (R) differences, the distribution range of drilling fluid, bound fluid, movable water and natural gas signals in the 2D NMR spectra was delineated to build a gas-water 2D NMR identification chart. The results obtained using the identification chart were verified with the actual drilling test results. Complementary to conventional and 1D NMR logging, the 2D NMR identification method was proposed, and can be used to determine the fluid properties in the dolomite reservoirs effectively.

Formation porosity can be calculated from one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging data with a fixed cutoff value and the volume model of conventional logging data. However, the porosity calculated with this method often appears to be overestimated in the enlarged hole section. In this work, the calculation methods for T2 and T1 nuclear magnetic porosity from NMR results of core samples and two-dimensional NMR logging data were investigated. Firstly, the characteristics of NMR relaxation spectra of fluids at different pore sizes were obtained and used to analyze the distribution range of pore diameter and affecting factors of the cutoff value of the drilling fluid peak. A model for estimating the cutoff value of the drilling fluid relaxation time was then established. A method for calculating the effective porosity was then proposed with variable cutoff value of clay bond water relaxation time, according to the deterministic principle about cutoff value of clay bond water relaxation time in un-enlarged and enlarged hole section. The method proposed was applied to the data from many wells, and demonstrated better accuracy than the traditional method using T1 distribution spectra. The method can effectively solve the problem of overestimated porosity in the enlarged hole section and meet the requirement for reservoir evaluation.

BACKGROUND Iron is the most abundant element on earth with variable valences. It is widely distributed in various minerals, rocks, fluids and organisms, and is involved in diagenesis, mineralization, hydrothermal activities and life activities. The study of iron isotope composition provides important information for geochemistry, astrochemistry and biochemistry. The accurate measurement of Fe isotopes is an important basis for the development of related research. OBJECTIVES To summarize the research progress of Fe isotope measurement technology. METHODS The current chemical separation and purification methods and main instrumental analysis techniques commonly used for iron isotopes, were compared and analyzed in this review, and the mechanism of different types of fractionations during mass spectrometry were discussed. These advances included:(1) Improvement of anion resin during determination of iron isotope by solution method; (2) Mass spectrometry development from traditional thermal ionization mass spectrometry to multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; (3) Development of laser in situ analytical technology. On this basis, the steps and calibration methods that would cause iron isotope fractionation during the analysis were summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of different analytical methods were reviewed. RESULTS The analysis process of solution method was long and complicated, but the precision was high (0.03‰, 2SD) and the method was stable. In situ iron isotope analysis method developed from nanosecond laser denudation to femtosecond laser denudation, with shorter pulse duration, higher pulse peak intensity (up to 1012W), and focusing intensity exceeding 1020W/cm2. In situ iron isotope analysis method was fast and had high spatial resolution, which can be used to discuss the geochemical process from the microscopic perspective. However, the presence of matrix effects limited the widespread use of iron isotopes. CONCLUSIONS Shortening solution analysis process and developing a series of matrix-matched standard samples are the research direction of iron isotope analysis.

143Nd/144Nd isotope ratio is the key for Sm-Nd isotope method. The 143Nd/144Nd isotope ratio of geological samples varies within a small range, and thus the 143Nd/144Nd isotope ratio analysis must be precise. In order to obtain high precision and high accuracy of the analytical data, the analysis process involving Nd isotope reference material plays an important role. The previous Nd isotope reference material is neodymium oxide, which have been exhausted in recent three decades. A national reference material of 143Nd/144Nd isotope ratio was introduced in this paper, which shows sufficient homogeneity and stability. The certified value of this reference material was determined by eleven participating laboratories using MC-TIMS and MC-ICP-MS. The 143Nd/144Nd isotope ratio value for the reference material is 0.512438, with a combined expanded uncertainty (k=2) of 5×10-6. The standard solution gets certification in May, 2015 and the Serial number is GSB 04-3258—2015. The standard solution can be used for quality monitoring of the equipment calibration and analysis process during the 143Nd/144Nd ratio determination for geology, resources, ocean, environment, archaeological and other type samples.

Non-traditional lithium isotope is a frontier in isotope geochemistry and has been applied to the studies of Solid Earth Sciences, such as the lithosphere and fluids from the Earth's surface to the mantle. Lithium isotopic compositions of 7 standard reference materials BHVO-2, JB-2, BCR-2, AGV-2, NKT-1, L-SVEC and IRMM-016 are reported in this paper. The rock standards were digested with HNO3-HF mixed acids. Cation exchange resin AG50W-X8 was used for the separation of Li from other elements. Li isotope ratios were determined by Multi-Collector-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS), and isotopic mass fractionation was calibrated by standard-sample bracketing. The Li isotopic compositions and the analytical uncertainties (reported in 2SD) of analyzed standard reference materials were: 7LiBHVO-2-L-SVEC=4.7‰±1.0‰ (n=53), 7LiJB-2-L-SVEC=4.9‰±1.0‰ (n=20), 7LiBCR-2-L-SVEC=4.4‰±0.8‰ (n=8), 7LiAGV-2-L-SVEC=6.1‰±0.4‰ (n=14), 7LiNKT-1-L-SVEC=9.8‰±0.2‰ (n=3), 7LiL-SVEC-L-SVEC=-0.3‰±0.3‰ (n=10), 7LiIRMM-016-L-SVEC=0.0‰±0.5‰ (n=10). The results were in good agreement with published data within analytical uncertainties. The accuracy of this method is about ±0.5‰ and the long-term external precision (2SD) of replicate analyses including the entire pretreatment procedure is less than ±1.0‰, and is similar to the state of the art method. The reported data of 7 standard reference materials provided a new standard framework for Li isotope research, and enabled the evaluation of the quality of data retrieved from geological samples. The influence of sample size was also assessed by loading different amounts of separated IRMM-016 solutions. The results show that when the lithium concentration has reached 100 μg/L, the measured lithium isotopic compositions are in coincidence with the accepted value within uncertainty, and the sample size does not affect the accuracy of measurements.

The Epo intrusion with an exposed area of 200 km2, is mainly composed of biotite monzonitic granite, and is located on the western margin of the Yudu-Qingtang basin, the conjunction of E-W trending Nanling tectonic-magmatic belt and the NNE trending Wuyishan tectonic belt. Situated in such a special tectonic position, this region is advantageous to mineralization. The Yinkeng ore field, which lies to the west of the Epo intrusion, consists of Au-Ag-Pb-Zn and W polymetallic deposits. On the basis of field survey, zircon U-Pb dating for Epo biotite monzonitic granite has been carried out by Laser Ablation-Multicollector-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS). Magma series and petrogenesis have been discussed according to geochemical data, and metallogenetic potentiality of the intrusion has been studied by comparing with other metallogenetic granitic bodies in the district. Analysis results show that the diagenetic age of Epo granite is (412.5±1.7) Ma. The granite contains abundant aluminium minerals, such as muscovite and sillimanite. Major and trace elements indicate that Epo granite is strongly peraluminous S-type granite, and belongs to the High potassium calc alkaline-shoshonite series. The pluton stemmed from Neoproterozoic metamorphic shale by remelting and intruding during the Late Caledonian period. Comparative research with Caledonian and Yanshanian W-Sn metallogenetic granites shows that W and Sn had been concentrated during the formation of Epo granite. Proof that the previous Rb-Sr whole rock isochron age (307 Ma) represents a late geological event after the diagenesis period is given in this paper, and Caledonian granites have potential for W-Sn mineralization.

After years of rapid mining, the shallow resources of the polymetallic tin ore bodies in the Bali area, Dachang, have been depleted. Therefore, deep prospecting is imminent. The REEs of limestone samples in the Middle/Upper Devonian from drill holes of ZK39-1 in the Bali area, Dachang, by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) have been analysed and the process is presented in this paper. The drilling depth is 1580 m, which is one of the world's deepest hole drilling. The results showed that the amount of the REES (∑REEs) is 3.49-261.07 μg/g with a large range. ∑REEs (3.49-45.81 μg/g) of drill core samples at 1100-1580 m are significantly lower than ∑REEs (188.96-242.36 μg/g) at 1100 m above, which is about 10 times the regional background values and far more than common sedimentary limestone. The ratios of light rare earth elements and heavy rare earth elements (LREEs/HREEs) had a range of 2.96-10.04, which meant that there was a high degree of fractionation between light rare earth elements and heavy rare earth elements. δEu values varied between 0.11 and 1.00 and δCe values ranged from 0.53 to 0.99. The Chondrite-normalized distribution pattern chart was ‘right inclination’ LREE enrichment type. Samples from1100-1580 m had a negative Eu anomaly and Ce had a negative anomaly decreasing from top to bottom. The chondrite-normalized pattern chart of 1100-1580 m drill core samples was similar to that of granite from Dachang, indicating that the carbonates were altered by granite magma and that there might be deep magmatic hydrothermal origin or silicon skarn-type polymetallic mineralization near the granite contact zone, known as the ‘third metallogenic spatial’.

Apatite is a common accessory mineral, having a high Sr-Nd content and a low Rb content. The precise determination of micro-area Sr-Nd isotopic composition for apatite will provide important geochemical information for discussing the details of the geological process. Laser Ablation Multi-collector Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-MC-ICPMS) technique has the characteristics of rapid analysis, high analytical precision and high spatial resolution, and is particularly suitable for Sr-Nd isotopic analysis of a large quantity of fine-grained apatite samples. The precise deduction of isotopic interference and calibration of instrument mass bias are crucial for in-situ analysis to obtain Sr-Nd isotopic ratio. In this article a method is described, which adopts LA-MC-ICPMS and combines with the newly published method for deduction of interferences, like Kr, Rb, divalent ions of REEs and calcium-containing polymer for Sr isotopes, Sm for Nd isotopes. The calibration of instrument mass bias is carried out, and the in-situ Sr-Nd isotopic analysis approach for apatite is established. The test results of Durango apatite standard, Apatite 1 and PE show that Sr-Nd isotopic composition of apatite sample with high Sr-Nd content can be accurately determined. The specific results are consistent with literature or the measured values by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) within error. The measurement precision of Sr isotopes is < 0.015% (2SD), and that of Nd isotopes is < 0.005% (2SD). The established method is applied for Sr-Nd isotopic analysis of Durango apatite standard, Apatite 1 and PE (laboratory standard), respectively. The analysis results indicate that the Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of the three apatite samples are basically consistent, and can serve as ideal reference samples for in-situ Sr-Nd isotopic analysis.

Mining production brings damage to the surrounding environment inevitably. In order to speed up the recovery and comprehensive treatment of the mine geological environment, and do better in construction of material circulation of mine ecosystem, through the damage mode of Jinning phosphate mine land and the overall dumping planning, the ecological environment restoration and landscape reconstruction were studied by integrating the area of 6# dump with the completed covering planning of south dump. This paper uses CAD software to re-plan and design the 6# dump, determines the ecological protection and restoration management area of the mine reasonably, applies the 3D model software to simulate the late effect of the planning area, puts forward the measures of combining the waste dump with the later ecological restoration and landscape reconstruction. The results are of great significance to the restoration and improvement of mine ecological environment, the promotion of local economic sustainable development and ecological virtuous cycle, it also provides reference for similar open pit mines to solve the environmental problems of dump. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Jinping Chang an mining Co. Ltd., underground mining of upper Jinping--Laomeng provincial highway (Jinlao highway) as the research object, the influence of combined with field investigation and indoor rock mechanics experiment, on the basis of ore and rock mass quality classification, the large deformation of 2D-Block discrete element method, to study area 0 to 2#, 4#, 2#, 3# section under the condition of fully open stoping mining moving range are studied on the surface of the earth. The results show that the rock movement angle of section 0-2# with the largest mining influence range is 52°, and the movement range is about 75 m from Jinlao highway, while the minimum horizontal distance of other sections from Jinlao highway is more than 80 m, and underground mining has no influence on Jinlao highway. Practice shows that it is appropriate and feasible to study the influence range of underground mining on the surface by using discrete element method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of open field backfill mining method on surrounding rock and surface is studied by using orthogonal test design method. The stress and strain laws of surrounding rock and surface are studied at different sizes of ore house and pillar and different settlement rates of backfill. The results show that the value of roof tensile stress is not only related to stope span, but also closely related to pillar size, roof connection of backfill and settlement rate. From the overall displacement, it can be seen that with different calculation schemes, subsidence deformation will occur on the surface more or less, and the maximum displacement occurs on the upper part of ore body excavation. In the same calculation scheme, there is a relationship between the displacement at different positions; room displacement 0 pillar 0 displacement 0 surface displacement. At the position of the upper and lower wall faults, there are obvious displacement barriers. With the same size of ore house, the displacement decreases with the increase of pillar size. When the room size is larger than a certain value, the mining of ore body will have an impact on the surface, and there are certain safety risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of fault activation and sliding induced by deep continuous mining is characterized by grey system. The GM (1, 1) grey prediction model is established based on the field measurement data of fault activation slip induced by deep mining in a copper mine. By comparing the predicted and measured slip values of faults, the model has high accuracy. The grey prediction model of fault activation slip is used to predict the future four phases of fault slip. The growth rate of F2 fault slip is fast, which is consistent with the actual situation in the field. The research results are of great significance to the prediction of active slip under the influence of complex deep mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper introduces the important influence of the law of ground pressure on the deep mining of the mine. Through the application of FLAC3D software to numerical simulation calculation of two working conditions in the mining process of a copper mine 59# ore body, it is found that when the 59# ore body is mined to the middle of the 15th section, the disturbance to the surrounding rock is small, and there will be no large-scale collapse of the roof. Mining has the greatest impact on the stability of the 3# goaf, and has the least impact on the stability of the 2# goaf. The stability of the empty area has a certain effect, but the effect is not great. With the increasing mining depth of the 59# ore body, its influence on the fault is gradually increasing, while the waste rock filling has little effect on the stability of the fault. It is concluded that as the mining depth increases, the disturbance to the surrounding rock becomes more and more serious, the stability of the surrounding rock decreases, and the possibility of sudden roof caving is greater. Once the roof caving suddenly occurs, there will be greater noise and vibration in the underground. However, due to the caving mining method adopted in this copper mine, there are a lot of caving overburden and roof in the upper part of the stope. Sudden falling will not cause rock burst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas used as reducing medium for conversion catalyst of hydrogen plant is successful in Jingmen Branch, Sinopec. It has high application value as a technological innovation because of its time shorten, cost reduction, fuel and electrical energy saving. The economic benefit is considerable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, this study aimed to observe the proliferation and apoptosis of ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells at different concentrations of icaritin, in order to explore the possible molecular mechanisms. The research object was ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells. The cells were divided into the control group and icaritin groups(5, 10, 20 μmol·L~(-1)), and administrated with drugs for 48 hours. The cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)assay was used to detect the inhibitory effect of icaritin on the proliferation of ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells. The proliferation ability of the SKOV3 cells was detected by EdU assay. Hoechst 33342 fluorescence staining was used to observe the apoptotic morphology of SKOV3 cells in each group. The distribution of cell cycle and the apoptosis rate of each group were detected by flow cytometry. Quantitative Real-time PCR was used to detect mRNA expressions of PTEN, PI3K, Akt in each group of cells. Protein expressions of PTEN, PI3K, Akt and p-Akt were measured by Western blot. The results showed that the cell inhibition rates of icaritin groups were significantly increased compared with the control group(P&lt;0.05). The rates of EdU-positive cells of icaritin groups were significantly decreased(P&lt;0.05). SKOV3 cells in icaritin groups showed morphological changes of apoptosis. Apoptosis rates of icaritin groups were significantly increased(P&lt;0.05). The proportions of cells in G&#95;0/G&#95;1 phase of icaritin groups were decreased(P&lt;0.05), while the proportions of S phase cells were increased(P&lt;0.05). The gene and protein expressions of PTEN in icaritin groups were elevated(P&lt;0.05). The gene expressions of PI3K and Akt in icaritin groups were down-regulated(P&lt;0.05). The protein expression of PI3K and p-Akt in icaritin groups were reduced(P&lt;0.05). These results indicated that icarin may inhibit the proliferation of ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells in vitro, induce cell apoptosis and affect the cycle distribution of cells by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical effects of CT-guided percutaneous puncture and local chemotherapy for lumbosacral spinal tuberculosis., Methods: From January 2002 to March 2013, 145 patients (84 males and 61 females) with lumbosacral spinal tuberculosis underwent failed conservative treatment were treated with CT-guided minimally invasive surgery. Their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 143 patients were followed up, aged from 2.5 to 81 years with an average of (42.60 +/- 17.14) years. Fourteen cases (6 cases with internal fixation and 8 cases without internal fixation) recurred and 32 cases complicated with paraspinal abscess after operation. Preoperatively 1 case complicated with lower limb weakness and superficial sensation worse, 1 case with muscle strength decrease, this 2 cases were grade D of Frankle, other cases were grade E. And 1 patient underwent fenestration operation and local chemotherapy, 144 cases with CT-guided percutaneous puncture and local chemotherapy. ESR and lumbar lordosis angle of all patients were observed preoperatively and final follow-up., Results: The mean follow-up time was 67 months (ranged, 21 to 149 months) in 143 cases, and 73 cases more than 5 years. All patients obtained clinical healing. ESR was (44.96 +/- 12.41) mm/h before operation and (7.25 +/- 3.43) mm/h at final follow-up, there was significant difference between preoperative and postoperative (t=35.06, P=0.000). Lumbar lordosis angle was (36.32 +/- 8.55) degrees before operation and (33.35 +/- 8.16) at final follow-up, there was significant difference between preoperative and postoperative (t=13.90, P=0.000)., Conclusion: When conservative treatment fails for 3 months or more, the patients have good spinal stabilization, nerve function is more than grade D of Frankel, CT-guided percutaneous puncture and local chemotherapy can get satisfactory outcomes for lumbosacral spinal tuberculosis.

With the method of combining field sampling and plot test, we took saline-alkali paddy field of Qianguo county, Jilin province as an investigation object. According to the nature of soil in the area, we monitored CH4 and N2O which released from soil during rice growth period and tested the soil pH and soil organic carbon to analyze the law and reasons of greenhouse gas emission in the paddy fields. The results showed that N2O emission from paddy fields presented three peaks with distinct seasonal patterns. Application of fertilizer provided additional reactive substrate, which affected N2O emission significantly. Under flooding conditions, the main source of N2O is a denitrification process, while after drainage, nitrification was the predominance. CH4 emission showed a single peak at rice tillering stage when rice grew vigorously. That deoxidation condition dominated in the deep water layer in the paddy fields provided suitable conditions for CH4 producing microorganisms, which result in the emergence of CH4 emission peak. The pH doesn't have an obvious influence on CH4 and N2O, while SOC content in soil and pattern of CH4 emission showed a significantly positive correlation.

A home-made chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) has been developed for continuous measurements of atmospheric hydroxyl radical. Based on the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization technique, an ionization source with orthogonal dual tube structure was adopted in the instrument, which minimized the interference between the reagent gas ionization and the titration reaction. A 63Ni radioactive source was fixed inside one of the orthogonal tubes to generate reactant ion of NO(-)(3) from HNO3 vapor. Hydroxyl radical was first titrated by excess SO2 to form equivalent concentrations of H2SO4 in the other orthogonal tube, and then reacted with NO(-)(3) ions in the chemical ionization chamber, leading to HSO(-)(4) formation. The concentration of atmospheric hydroxyl radical can be directly calculated by measuring the intensities of the HSOj product ions and the NO(-)(3) reactant ions. The analytical capability of the instrument was demonstrated by measuring hydroxyl radical in laboratory air, and the concentration of the hydroxyl radical in the investigated air was calculated to be 1.6 x 106 molecules*cm ', based on 5 seconds integration. The results have shown that the instrument is competent for in situ continuous measurements of atmospheric trace radical.

Objective: To observe the influence of Ciclosporin A (CsA) on the expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1) on vascular endothelium of hyperlipidemic rats., Methods: Hyperlipidemic rats model as for the study objects firstly were established. Then the high [5 mg/(kg x d)] and low [1 mg/(kg x d] dose of CsA were used to stimulate these rats, while the rats of normal blood lipids as control. After the end of intervention, the protein expressions of LOX-1 and C-reactive protein (CRP) on vascular endothelium of thoracic aorta were observed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry respectively. The serum levels of ox-LDL and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also examined., Results: An obviously up-regulated expression of LOX-1 on vascular endothelium of hyperlipidemic rats treated with CsA was observed (P < 0.05), but not the serum level of ox-LDL (P > 0.05). The further study result implied that CsA could increase the expression of CRP on vascular endothelial cells and serum level of ROS (P<0. 05)., Conclusion: CsA can significantly upregulate the expression of LOX-1 on vascular endothelium of hyperlipidemic rats through not only ox-LDL/LOX-1 pathway but also ROS/CRP pathway, which could cause the probability of occurrence of atherosclerosis.

With the features of a broad range of ionizable compounds, reduced fragments and simple mass spectrum, a homemade magnetic field enhanced photoelectron ionization (MEPEI) source combined with single photon ionization (SPI) for time-of-flight mass spectrometer was built and applied to analyze thermal decomposition/combustion products of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The combined ion source can be switched very fast between SPI mode and SPI-MEPEI mode for detecting different targeted compounds, and only adjusting the voltage of the electrode in the ionization region to trigger the switch. Among the PVC thermal decomposition/combustion products, HCl and CO2, which ionization energies (12.74 eV, 13.77 eV respectively) were higher than the energy of photon (10.60 eV), were ionized by MEPEI, while alkenes, dichloroethylene, benzene and its homologs, monochlorobenzene, styrene, indane, naphthalene and its homologs were ionized by SPI and MEPEI simultaneously. Spectra of interested products as a function of temperatures indicated that products are formed via two main mechanisms: (1) dechlorination and intramolecular cyclization can lead to the formation of HCl, benzene and naphthalene at 250-370 degrees C; (2) intermolecular crosslinking leads to the formation of alkyl aromatics such as toluene and xylene/ethylbenzene at 380-510 degrees C. The experimental results show that the combined ion source of SPI/ SPI-MEPEI for TOF-MS has broad application prospects in the online analysis field.

An ion mobility spectrometer array was designed, in order to broaden the detection range of ion mobility spectrometer and improve the accuracy of compound identification. This instrument was based on the combination of ionization sources of 63Ni positive ion mode, 63Ni negative ion mode and photoionization mode with vacuum UV lamp, and it can continuously monitor the volatile organic compounds in air. With the automatic system of sampling and injection of this instrument, the positive ion of dimethyl sulfoxide and negative ion of dichloromethane were detected simultaneously. By comprehensive analysis of spectra with ion mobility spectrometer array, acrylonitrile, m-xylene and acetone were identified, which were difficult to be distinguished under the 63Ni positive ion mode. Acetone samples were determined quantitatively within four days continuously, and the results indicated that the linear range of acetone in this instrument was 2 orders of magnitude. The linear correlation coefficient R was higher than 0.995, and the relative standard deviations were controlled in the range of 4.0%-18.3%. Methacrylate leaked in simulation was monitored on-line for 24 h continuously, using the method of dynamic tracking, and the result showed the leaking time and the concentration of methacrylate directly.

A home-made membrane inlet- single photon ionization/chemical ionization- time-of-flight mass spectrometer has been described. A vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lamp with photon energy of 10.6 eV was used as the light source for single photon ionization (SPI). Chemical ionization (CI) was achieved through ion-molecule reactions with O2- reactant ions generated by photoelectron ionization. The two ionization modes could be rapidly switched by adjusting electric field in the ionization region within 2 s. Membrane inlet system used for rapid enrichment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water was constructed by using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane with a thickness of 50 microm. A purge gas was added to accelerate desorption of analytes from the membrane surface. The purge gas could also help to prevent the pump oil back-streaming into the ionization region from the analyzer chamber and improve the signal to noise ratio (S/N). Achieved detection limits were 2 microg x L(-1) for methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in SPI mode and 1 microg x L(-1) for chloroform in SPI-CI mode within 10 s analysis time, respectively. The instrument has been successfully applied to the rapid analysis of MTBE in simulated underground water nearby petrol station and VOCs in disinfected drinking water. The results indicate that the instrument has a great application prospect for online analysis of VOCs in water.

Objective: Gastric cancer cells are insensitive to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). To sensitize gastric cancer cells to TRAIL, we treated gastric cancer MGC803 cells with TRAIL and cisplatin., Methods: Cell proliferation was measured using MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. Expression of proteins was analyzed by Western blot. The distribution of lipid rafts and death receptors was analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy. MGC803 cells were pretreated with 50 mg/L nystatin for 1 h, and followed by the treatment of cisplatin and TRAIL., Results: 100 µg/L TRAIL resulted in (8.51 ± 3.45)% inhibition of cell proliferation and caused (3.26 ± 0.89)% cell apoptosis in MGC803 cells. Compared with the treatment with cisplatin alone, treatment with TRAIL (100 µg/L) and cisplatin (8.49 mg/L, IC(50) dose of 24 h) led to a dramatic increase in both inhibition of cell proliferation [(52.58 ± 4.57)% vs. (76.43 ± 5.35)%, P < 0.05] and cell apoptosis [(23.10 ± 3.41)% vs. (42.56 ± 4.11)%, P < 0.05]. Moreover, cleavage of caspase-8 and caspase-3 was detected. TRAIL (100 µg/L) did not induce obvious lipid rafts aggregation and death receptor 4 (DR4) clustering, while cisplatin (8.49 mg/L) significantly promoted the localization of DR4 in aggregated lipid rafts. Pretreatment with 50 mg/L nystatin, a cholesterol-sequestering agent, triggered (3.66 ± 0.52)% cell apoptosis after 24 h. Pretreatment with nystatin for 1 h before the addition of 8.49 mg/L cisplatin for 24 h caused a decreased tendency to cell apoptosis [(25.74 ± 3.28)% vs. (22.76 ± 2.97)%]. While, pretreatment with nystatin before the addition of cisplatin and TRAIL, the proportion of apoptotic cells decreased from (43.16 ± 4.26)% to (31.52 ± 3.99)% (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Cisplatin enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer MGC803 cells through clustering death receptors into lipid rafts.

Objective: To observe the change in bone marrow after intraosseous hypertonic saline- hydroxyethyl starch (HSH) in dogs with hemorrhagic shock., Methods: Eighteen male dogs were randomly divided into sham group, normal saline (NS) group (0.9% sodium chloride) and HSH group (7.5% sodium chloride-6% hydroxyethyl starch). Wiggers graded controlled hemorrhagic shock model was reproduced in NS and HSH groups, and above solutions were injected into bone marrow of the tibia in low dosage (4 ml/kg) rapidly (within 5 minutes). The sham group did not lose blood or receive infusion. CD34(+) expression of peripheral blood and bone marrow, and the change in picture of different hematopoietic series in bone marrow were examined before and after bone marrow resuscitation. Pathological change in bone marrow was examined after different resuscitation fluid infusion., Results: After 48 hours of resuscitation, the percentage of CD34(+) in bone marrow and peripheral blood in HSH group were significantly higher than that of NS group [peripheral blood: (6.915+/-1.178)% vs. (4.848+/-0.527)%, bone marrow: (7.900+/-0.648)% vs. (6.875+/- 0.403)% , both P<0.05]. One week after resuscitation, the erythrocyte count and granulocytic count in NS group were significantly increased compared with sham group (erythrocyte count: 0.289+/-0.016 vs. 0.253+/-0.014, granulocytic count: 0.615+/-0.019 vs. 0.560+/-0.013, both P<0.05], lymphocytic count was significantly decreased (0.049+/-0.007 vs. 0.132+/-0.015, P<0.05). In the HSH group, erythrocyte count (0.273+/-0.012), lymphocytic count (0.162+/-0.014) were all significantly increased (both P<0.05), while granulocytic count (0.517+/-0.038) was significantly decreased (P<0.05). After 4 week of resuscitation, the change in hemopoiesis series in NS group and HSH group recovered to normal level. The bone marrow morphology changed slightly, and no bone necrosis occurred., Conclusion: HSH in small amount through intraosseous space is safe and effective as a fluid resuscitation measure for shock, and little change in bone marrow has been found after the infusion.

The study was aimed to explore the mechanism of SYK and CBL family of ubiquitin ligases in Bufalin-induced HL-60 cells apoptosis. Cell viability was tested by trypan blue staining and apoptosis was detected by using flow cytometry. The expressions of CBL and CBL-b and the phosphorylation of SYK were detected by using immunoprecipitation and Western blot. The results showed that Bufalin inhibited HL-60 cell proliferation in time- and dose-dependent manners. IC(50) of suppressing cell viability at 24, 48 and 72 hours were about 26.3, 7.8 and 2.0 nmol/L respectively. The high dose of bufalin already induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells at 8 hours. SYK was quickly phosphorylated, and the expressions of CBL and CBL-b were down-regulated after treatment with Bufalin. It is concluded that SYK activation and CBL protein down-regulation may be involved in Bufalin-induced HL-60 cell apoptosis.

The aim of this study was to observe the effect of p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 on ATRA-induced differentiation of NB4 cells. The proliferation activity of cells was assayed by MTT method, the cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry, the differentiation of NB4 cells into granulocytes was measured by test of NBT reduction, the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was detected by substrate phosphorylation. The results showed that the ATRA in 0.01-01 micromol/L inhibited the proliferation of NB4 cells in time-and dose-dependent manner and induced the differentiation of NB4 cells into myeloid; the ATRA stimulated ERK activity in this process; ERK inhibitor PD98059 could partially block ATRA effect, specific inhibitor of p38MAPK, SB203580, combined with ATRA also could partially block the effects of ATRA on inhibition of NB4 growth and induction of differentiation. It is concluded that the ATRA stimulates ERK and p38MAPK pathway in the process inducing differentiation of NB4 cells, the ERK and P38MAPK may be necessary for the ATRA-induced differentiation in NB4 cells.

Objective: Glucocorticoid (GC) has occupied a central role in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia due to its ability to induce apoptosis in neoplastic lymphoid cells. Glucocorticoid resistance is present among 20% initial acute lymphoblastic leukemia, even 80% refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Glucocorticoid resistance has been an important determinant of clinical outcome. Glucocorticoid depends on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to induce apoptosis. Glucocorticoid receptor, a number of nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, is mediated by many signal transduction systems. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) superfamily of serine/threonine kinases has emerged as an important component of cellular signal transduction. Four MAP kinase families, ERK, p38 MAP kinase, JNK, and ERK5, have been well characterized. p38 MAPK usually plays a role in regulating apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and cytokines production, et al. In steroid resistance patients, IL-2 combined with IL-4 can decrease glucocorticoid receptor ligand-binding affinity via p38MAPK. In human alveolar epithelial A549 cells, dexamethasone could inhibit the activation of p38MAPK. It is unclear that the effect of p38MAPK on glucocorticoid receptor function induced by dexamethasone in CEM cells. This study aimed to investigate effect of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase on glucocorticoid receptor function induced by dexamethasone in CEM cells., Methods: Cell viability was determined by trypan blue dye exclusion. Apoptosis was evaluated by morphology and flow cytometry. Glucocorticoid receptor protein and p-p38MAPK protein were analyzed by Western Blot., Results: When treatment with SB203580 and dexamethasone for 24 h to 72 h, the survival percentage was increased from 62.3%, 35.5% and 11.6% to 82.8%, 54.7% and 48.1%, respectively (P < 0.01). Co-treatment with SB203580 and dexamethasone resulted in the decrease of apoptotic percentage from 26.2% to 7.1% for 36 h (P < 0.01). p38 MAPK activation was apparent at 15 min, peaked at 1 h after dexamethasone treatment, and was sustained for 6 h. The phosphorylation was still observed at 48 h. Treatment with dexamethasone at 5 micromol/L for 12, 24, 36 and 48 h resulted in increase of GR(alpha) protein to 117%, 121%, 122% and 125% respectively. Unbinding to dexamethasone, GR(alpha) is in the cytoplasm. Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of GR(alpha) is 0.27. Treatment with dexamethasone at the same concentration and time resulted in the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio increase to 0.48, 0.59, 0.95, 2.16 and 4.08 respectively. Combined treatment with SB203580 and dexamethasone resulted in the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio decrease from 4.08 to 0.43 for 48 h (P < 0.05). The total GR(alpha) protein was unaffected., Conclusions: Expression of GR(alpha) protein is upregulated and translocated into nucleus. p38MAPK enhances GR(alpha) protein translocation into nucleus.

Previous study revealed that bufalin can inhibit proliferation, and induce apoptosis in some human cancer cell lines. However, the mechanism of its anticancer effect has not been fully understood. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of bufalin-induced apoptosis on Bcl-2 and PKC in human leukemic HL-60 cells. The cell viability was determined by trypan blue dye exclusion. The apoptosis was detected by morphology, flow cytometry and DNA agarose gel electrophoresis. The expressions of Bcl-2 and PKC were analyzed by Western blot, and activity of PKC was assayed by [gamma-(32)P] isotope incorporation method. The results showed as follows: (1) proliferation of HL-60 cells was inhibited by bufalin and the IC(50) at 24, 48, 72 hours were (25.8 +/- 2.1), (8.0 +/- 1.2) and (2.3 +/- 0.3) nmol/L, respectively. (2) apoptosis of HL-60 cells was induced when the cells were treated with bufalin at concentration of 50 nmol/L for 24 hours. (3) compared with control, treatment with bufalin at concentration of 50 nmol/L for 6 - 24 hours resulted in downregulation of protein expression, decrease of phosphorylation, and cleavage of Bcl-2, simultaneously. (4) the activity of total PKC was unchanged when HL-60 cells were exposed to 1 - 100 nmol/L bufalin for 30 minutes, but PKCbetaII underwent translocation from cytosol to membrane. It is concluded that apoptosis induced by bufalin is associated with downregulation of protein expression, dephosphorylation, and cleavage of Bcl-2 in HL-60 cells.

The iron oxide/bentonite was prepared through a reaction of a solution of OH-Fe salt with bentonite clay dispersion. BET, XRD an d HRTEM were used t o study i ts surface area, microstructure, and average particle size. The iron oxide/bentonite nano composite was developed as the heterogeneous catalyst for successful discoloration and mineralization of dye rhodamine B And the effects of solution pH, H2O2 molar concentration, catalyst loading and initial rhodamine B concentration were studied in detail by photometric method. The process of degradation was traced by UV-Visible spectrum. Besides, the comparison between the heterogeneous photo-Fenton process and homogeneous photo-Fenton process was performed. The result shows that, it has large surface area and mainly consists of high catalytic activity alpha-Fe2O3. The discoloration ratio is up to 97% and the COD(Cr), removal ratio is 71% after 4 h in the presence of pH 3.0, 2.5 x 10(-5) mol x L(-1) rhodamine B 100 mL, 0.3 g x L(-1) catalyst, 10 mmol x L(-1) H2O2 and UV. The rhodamine B degradating speed of heterogeneous photo-Fenton process is much faster than that of homogeneous photo-Fenton process. The catalyst can be reused after being treated.

Objective: To investigate the effect of bufalin combined with all-trans retinoic acid-induced (ATRA) differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells in primary culture., Methods: Fresh leukemia cells were obtained from heparinized bone marrow aspirations of 12 newly diagnosed APL patients. Cell viability was determined by trypan blue dye exclusion. Apoptosis of APL cell was assessed by morphological analysis. Differentiation of APL cell was also assessed by morphological analysis. Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test and expression of the granulocyte/macrophage-specific antigen CD(11)b was carried out with flow cytometric assay., Results: Bufalin combined with ATRA can induce differentiation of APL cells towards mature stages, NBT reduction was increased 15% - 52% and CD(11)b expression was also increased 16% - 69% in combination of bufalin and ATRA as compared with that of ATRA alone, while the concentration of ATRA needed in the combination group was reduced to 30% and the time of differentiation was reduced from 7 days to 4 days., Conclusion: The combination of ATRA with bufalin can significantly enhance the differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells in primary culture by ATRA.

Objective: To investigate the expression of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway related genes bcl-2, Bax, survivin and Smac/DIABLO in bufalin induced HL-60 cell apoptosis., Methods: Cell viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion, apoptosis by morphology and flow cytometry, expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, Survivin, Smac/DIABLO and caspase-3 protein by Western blot, and expression of survivin mRNA by RT-PCR., Results: Proliferation of HL-60 cells was inhibited by bufalin and the IC(50) at 24, 48 and 72 h were 25.8, 8.0 and 2.1 nmol/L, respectively. Apoptosis was induced when the cells were treated with bufalin at concentrations of 50.0 nmol/L and higher. Compared with the control, HL-60 cells treated with bufalin at 50.0 nmol/L for 6, 12, 24 and 48 h showed decrease of Bcl-2 protein expression to 88.6%, 53.3%, 19.2% and 9.5%, Bcl-2/Bax ratio (control 2.0) to 1.7, 1.1, 0.4 and 0.2, Survivin protein expression to 75.2%, 54.8%, 37.5% and 20.3%, and survivin mRNA to 85.7%, 39.4%, 12.5%and 0%, respectively. The expression of Smac/DIABLO protein was downregulated to 77.5% (12 h), 21.2% (24 h) and 15.3% (48 h) in mitochondrial fraction and upregulated to 1.4-(12h), 2.0-(24 h) and 3.5- folds (48 h) in cytosolic fraction, respectively. The active subunits of caspase-3 were displayed after treatment for 8 h till 48 h., Conclusion: Apoptosis induced by bufalin is related to downregulation of expressions of bcl-2 and survivin, decrease of Bcl-2/Bax ratio, mitochondrial release of Smac/DIABLO, and activation of caspase-3. The mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway may be involved in the apoptosis induced by bufalin in HL-60 cells.

Background & Objective: Protein kinase C (PKC) has been considered to be a potentially suitable target for anticancer therapy. This study was designed to investigate the effect of PKC inhibitor staurosporine (ST) on the inhibition of proliferation, the induction of apoptosis, and the change of cell cycle in human gastric cancer cell lines MGC-803 and SGC-7901., Methods: The inhibition rates of cell proliferation were evaluated by trypan blue exclusion. The apoptotic bodies were observed under light microscope and electron microscope. The apoptotic peaks of the cells and the changes of cell cycle were analyzed using flow cytometry., Results: ST inhibited cell growth of MGC-803, IC(50) of 24 hours was 54 ng/ml and IC(50) of 48 hours was 23 ng/ml. ST inhibited cell growth of SGC-7901, IC(50) of 24 hours was 61 ng/ml and IC(50) of 48 hours was 37 ng/ml. MGC-803 cells were treated by ST at the concentrations of 40, 60, and 100 ng/ml for 24 hours, the percentages of G(0)/G(1) phage were 23.6+/-1.8%, 11.6+/-0.7%, and 3.3+/-0.2%, respectively (54.3+/-3.1% in control group); the percentages of G(2)/M phage were 22.6+/-4.0%, 35.5+/-0.4%, and 36.8+/-5.5%, respectively (13.5+/-0.2 in control group). SGC-7901 cells were treated by ST at the concentrations of 40, 60, and 100 ng/ml for 24 hours, the percentages of G(0)/G(1) phage were 27.1+/-1.4%, 17.0+/-3.4%, 13.7+/-0.7%, respectively (52.5+/-4.4% in control group); the percentages of G(2)/M were 21.9+/-2.6%, 39.5+/-4.9%, and 38.4+/-3.1%, respectively (13.5+/-2.2% in control roup). Compared with the control group, the percentages of G(0)/G(1) phage of two cell lines decreased and that of G(2)/M cells increased significantly in the ST treated group(P< 0.01). Treated by ST at the concentration of 200 ng/ml, the apoptotic peaks and typical apoptotic bodies were observed., Conclusion: ST significantly inhibits the proliferation and induces apoptosis of MGC-803 cells and SGC-7901 cells; ST induces G(2)/M phase arrest.