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This study aims at sulfuryl fluoride fumigation in large warehouses.By comparing and analyzing the penetration,uniformity and insecticidal effect of three different methods of application in the real warehouses.The best technology for sulfuryl fluoride fumigation in the real warehouses was explored.Research results show that sulfuryl fluoride gas can diffuse through the grain pile naturally within 2.5 hours,and penetrate the entire warehouse within 24 hours.Recirculation fumigation can accelerate the uniformity of the gas,but it causes more chemical loss.Among the three fumigation methods,the whole warehouse fumigation operation is the simplest and the most effective in killing adults.The upward recirculation fumigation under the membrane causes large chemical loss,while for the downward recirculation fumigation under the membrane,the concentration is uniformly distributed,even though the dosage is smaller.The concentration of the agent is maintained for a long time,and the insecticidal effect is significant.

To understand the diffusion and distribution of sulfuryl fluoride in wheat,rice and soybean piles,experiments were carried out in 6 warehouses to compare and analyze the diffusion speed,uniformity,and attenuation speed of fumigant gas in different grain piles.Data were collected in the process of fumigation.Experiment results show that the diffusion rate of sulfuryl fluoride gas in different grains is quickest in the soybean pile,followed by the rice pile and wheat pile:the soybean pile can achieve uniform gas in its warehouse as soon as 8 hours after fumigation.The average gas concentration half-life is longest in the soybean pile,shortest in the rice pile with the wheat pile stands in the middle:the fumigation concentration of 5.0～12.7 g/m3 can safeguard an insect-free environment for 6 months.

Ethylene glycol is a raw chemical material for production of polyester fibers used in coating material, dynamite and etc. The presence of trace methyne (CH) containing impurities greatly affects the quality, transportation and storage of ethylene glycol. So far it is difficult to analyze these trace impurities quickly with the traditional methods. Hereby, we demonstrated a simple procedure to analyze the key impurity (1, 2-butanediol) in polymer grade coal-based ethylene glycol by the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) multiple signal suppression technique combined with peak shape analysis.

In flight test, the test data captured is transported to ground system by telemetry link for real-time monitor, and the test data needs to be proceeded before telemetry transported. Using software defined radio technology, a flight test data relay management system was designed. The key parts of unit are fully detailed, including the FPGA,hardware circuit and the embedded software. The functions of processing and transmitting flying test data and management of wireless link are designed, meeting the application requirements by means of flight test.

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of different concentrations of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus of mice. C57BL/6J mice (30 days old) were randomly divided into control group, three CGRP groups, and CGRP + CGRP 8-37 group (10 mice for each group). Different concentrations of CGRP (50, 100 and 200 nmol/L) were given to the hippocampal slices of mice. The presynaptic release of neurotransmitters and the induction of LTP were measured by extracellular field recording techniques. The result showed that different concentrations of CGRP did not affect the presynaptic release of neurotransmitters, but 100 and 200 nmol/L CGRP increased the amplitude of LTP induced in the hippocampus of mice. This facilitation effect of CGRP was blocked by its specific antagonist CGRP 8-37 . These results suggest that CGRP dose-dependently facilitates the induction of LTP in the hippocampus of mice through its specific receptor.

The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of different doses of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) injected into the central nucleus of amygdala on cognitive function, learning and memory of mice. C57BL/6J mice (30 days old) were randomly divided into control, sham, and three CGRP groups (10 mice for each group). Three doses of CGRP (200, 400 and 800 ng) were bilaterally administered into the central nucleus of the amygdala. Open field test was used to assess cognitive function. Novel object recognition and Morris water maze test were used to evaluate learning and memory of the mice. The results of open field test showed that 800 ng CGRP significantly increased the locomotive score. The results of novel objective recognition test showed that 400 ng CGRP significantly increased the recognition index. Compared with control group, 400 and 800 ng CGRP groups showed significantly shortened latency period and increased crossing times. Simultaneously, the latency periods of 400 and 800 ng CGRP groups were shorter than that of 200 ng CGRP group. These results suggest that bilateral injection of CGRP into amygdala dose-dependently enhances the learning and memory function of mice.

The supply deficiency of crude medicinal plant of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis has become a bottleneck for related medicinal industry. An important approach to increase herbal production is to breed high-yield cultivated variety, which characterized ideal plant morphology. In the present study, we collected 99 wild germplasm resources of P. polyphylla and then measured their 12 main agronomic traits and contents of polyphyllin Ⅶ,Ⅵ,Ⅱ,Ⅰ. Followed analyses were used to characterize those traits and explore the potential connection with herbal yield or quality. The results showed that: ①There was ample morphological diversity in wild P. polyphylla, whose variation of agronomic traits reduced according to followed order: content of polyphyllin, weight of dry rhizome, petiole length, stem length, petal length, pedicel length, sepal length, leaf width, leaf length, sepal width, leaf number, stamen number, petal number. ② Most of those traits were significantly correlated to each other and generally represented the characterization of photosynthetic organs or reproductive organ. ③The total content of polyphyllin Ⅶ,Ⅵ,Ⅱ,Ⅰvaried between 0.02% and 0.87% and averagedat 0.13%, which showed no significant correlation with any agronomic trait. ④Plant breeders should play more attention on those germplasm resources with large leaves, large sepals and high stem., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Objective: To assess the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of mannose-binding lectin 2 gene (MBL2) (rs1800450, rs1800451 and rs11003125) and protein kinase C-beta 1 gene (PRKC beta 1) (rs3700106, rs2575390) with diabetic macroangiopathy in northern Chinese Han population., Methods: The samples have included 318 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and 448 normoglycemic controls. The five SNPs were determined by a Multiplex SnaPshot method. Biochemical indices such as fasting plasma-glucose, triglyceride and total cholesterol were also measured. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analysis were carried out for all samples using Haploview 4.2. Additive model was applied to assess the effect of interaction between SNPs and environment factors on macrovascular complications., Results: Genotypic frequencies of rs11003125 have differed significantly between the controls and patients with coronary heart disease and peripheral vascular disease (P=0.024 and 0.004, respectively). The allele frequency of rs11003125 was also statistically significant between the two groups (P=0.014 and 0.001, respectively). Compared with patients without macrovascular complications, the allele frequency of rs11003125 was significantly different in patients with peripheral vascular disease (P=0.031). No significant differences were found between the distribution of the genotype frequency and allele frequencies of other variants. Haplotype analysis indicated that, compared with controls and patients without macrovascular complications, individuals with G allele of rs1800450 and C allele of rs11003125 had a higher risk for macrovascular complications., Conclusion: The rs11003125 polymorphism located in the promoter region of MBL2 gene is associated with macrovascular complications of T2DM in northern Chinese Han population. G allele of rs1800450 and C allele of rs11003125 may be risk factors for macrovascular complications. There were additive interactive effects for rs11003125 polymorphism (GC+CC) and hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy on macrovascular complications.

Aim: To investigate whether monocytes activated with lipopolysaccharide(LPS) have an effect on Th17 cell differentiation in humans, CD4(+) T cell and CD14(+) monocytes activated with LPS were treated in the absence or presence of anti-CD3 mAb with various concentrations at different time points., Methods: Purification of CD4(+) T cell and CD14(+) monocytes were performed by magnetic cell sorting and cultured together. Cultures were stimulated with LPS alone or anti-CD3 mAb alone or LPS plus anti-CD3 mAb for 3 days. In the anti-CD3 mAb stimulation cells were added different concentrations of LPS. Cells were activated under LPS/anti-CD3 costimulation for 3, 6, or 10 days. The percentage of IL-17(+) T cells and INF-γ(+) T was determined by flow cytometry., Results: LPS or anti-CD3 mAb alone induced only very low levels of IL-17(+) T cells, (1.30 ± 0.19)%, (1.10 ± 0.21)%, respectively. The percentage was substantially higher in the LPS and anti-CD3 mAb costimulationa as much as(2.01 ± 0.46)%. In the presence of 0.1 μg/mL, 1 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL LPS, the proportion of Th17 reached to (1.92 ± 0.21)%, (1.30 ± 0.37)%, (1.01 ± 0.25)%. Low-concentration LPS (0.1 μg/mL) stimulation favored Th17 differentiation. The highest proportion of IL-17(+) T cells was found at day 3(2.13 ± 0.32)%, with levels declining at day 6 and day 10, while, Th1 at day 6(17.45 ± 3.04)%, declining at day 10., Conclusion: Low-concentration LPS stimulation plus anti-CD3 mAb in short term support optimal Th17 generation. Nevertheless, this model closely mimics the environment of rheumatoid arthritis in vivo and proposes an effective model for the generation of human Th17 cells.

Objective: HPLC method for determining ergosterol was established to evaluate the quality of Ganoderma lucidum and to analyze of the ergosterol in different varieties and cultrued tree species., Methods: Samples from 17 different varieties and 14 different tree species were quantified by HPLC. The RP-HPLC was conducted on Diamonsil C18 column with acetonitrile as the mobile phase at 40 degrees C. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min; and the detection wavelength was 282 nm., Results: The fluctuations of ergosterol content was 0.093%-0.243% among different varieties and 0.080%-0.227% among different tree species. Hanzhi-2, Yuanzhi, Ming-1, Yesheng-1 hao were excellent at both ergosterol content and conversion rate among all the varieties, and Bai Li, Yang Mei have comparatively more ergosterol and high conversion rate among all the tree species in this study., Conclusions: This method is simple, sensitive and accurate. It could be used to determine the contents of ergosterol and the evaluation of the quality in Ganoderma. It also provides references for choosing varieties and tree species when culture Ganoderma.

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of alprostadil cream in management of female sexual arouse disorder (FSAD), and its appropriate dose for clinical prescription., Methods: The volunteers were assigned randomly to four groups which received alprostadil cream in different dosage (500 μg, 700 μg and 900 μg) or placebo cream, respectively. The cream was applied to the clitoris and G-spot before coitus. The efficacy was assessed by comparing the satisfactory rate of sexual arousal, the score of female sexual function index (FSFI) and female sex disorder scale (FSDS) and the general appraised question (GAQ) before and after the treatment. The safety was evaluated by the adverse effects that appeared including symptoms, physical and biochemical examination., Results: Totally, 400 women enrolled in this study with 374 assigned to the group for efficacy evaluation and 387 cases to the group for safety analysis. No significant difference was found among the four groups in the demographic characters and sexual baseline. The increase of satisfactory percentage of sexual arousal in the four groups (placebo, 500 μg, 700 μg and 900 μg) was 22.63%, 36.67%, 34.01%, and 44.29%, respectively (P<0.05), and the increase was statistically higher in the 900 μg group than in the placebo group (P<0.0167). The elevated FSFI score above the baseline in the treatment groups (900 μg 22.89, 700 μg 21.69, and 500 μg 20.71) were higher than that in the placebo group (14.68, P<0.05), while the reduced FSDS score below the baseline (900 μg 25.97, 700 μg 21.98, and 500 μg 20.27) were higher than that of the placebo (17.60, P<0.05). No significant difference was found in the four groups in GAQ (P=0.054). The main common adverse effect was topical stimulation. No adverse effect was reported in physical and biochemical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG) or Thinprep cytologic test (TCT)., Conclusion: Alprostadil cream can treat female sexual arousal disorder effectively with the maximum effect at the dose of 900 μg and without significant adverse effect except for mild topical stimulation.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of comprehensive prophylaxis for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) after proximal femur fractures in geriatric patients., Methods: From July 2003 to May 2006, 157 geriatric patients with proximal femur fractures treated with operation were divided into prophylaxis group and control group randomly. There were 82 patients (34 males, 48 females, aged 65-97 years) in prophylaxis group, 30 with femoral neck fracture and 52 with intertrochanteric fracture of femur. There were 75 patients (33 males, 42 females, aged 65-94 years) in control group, 28 with femoral neck fracture and 47 with intertrochanteric fracture of femur. In the prophylaxis group, comprehensive prophylaxis for DVT which included Aspirin, fibrinolytic enzyme, passive and active circumduction of the foot and ankle, CPM management was applied. In the control group, no thromboproxylaxis was taken. All patients in the both groups received color doppler flow imaging (CDFI) examination before operation and on the 7thand 14th days after operation., Results: CDFI found 2 cases of DVT in the prophylaxis group 7 and 14 days after operation respectively, while 21 and 15 cases of DVT in the control group respectively. The incidence of DVT was 48.0% in the control group compared with 4.9% in the prophylaxis group and the reduction was significant (P < 0.01). One patient gave up the intervention due to Melena 3 days after operation in the prophylaxis group. In the control group, 1 patient died 8 days after operation and another died 11 days after operation. Both died of acute pulmonary embolism confirmed by autopsy., Conclusion: The comprehensive prophylaxis can significantly decrease the incidence of DVT in geriatric patients after proximal femur fractures. There is no significant adverse effect during the intervention.