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Objective To establish the GC-MS qualitative and quantitative analysis methods for the synthetic cannabinoids, its main matrix and additives in suspicious electronic cigarette （e-cigarette） oil samples. Methods The e-cigarette oil samples were analyzed by GC-MS after diluted with methanol. Synthetic cannabinoids, its main matrix and additives in e-cigarette oil samples were qualitatively analyzed by the characteristic fragment ions and retention time. The synthetic cannabinoids were quantitatively analyzed by using the selective ion monitoring mode. Results The linear range of each compound in GC-MS quantitative method was 0.025-1 mg/mL, the matrix recovery rate was 94%-103%, the intra-day precision relative standard deviations （RSD） was less than 2.5%, and inter-day precision RSD was less than 4.0%. Five indoles or indazole amide synthetic cannabinoids were detected in 25 e-cigarette samples. The main matrixes of e-cigarette samples were propylene glycol and glycerol. Additives such as N,2,3-trimethyl-2-isopropyl butanamide （WS-23）, glycerol triacetate and nicotine were detected in some samples. The content range of synthetic cannabinoids in 25 e-cigarette samples was 0.05%-2.74%. Conclusion The GC-MS method for synthesizing cannabinoid, matrix and additive in e-cigarette oil samples has good selectivity, high resolution, low detection limit, and can be used for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of multiple components; The explored fragment ion fragmentation mechanism of the electron bombardment ion source of indole or indoxamide compounds helps to identify such substances or other compounds with similar structures in cases.

Objective: To observe the effect of Haemophilus influenzae colonizing in lower respiratory tract on airway inflammation and immune imbalance in asthmatic mice, and to study the signaling pathway. Methods: Thirty-two C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and 32 TLR4 gene knockout (TLR4-/-) mice were used. The C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group (NC), asthma group (AC), inoculation group (NS) and asthma inoculation group (AS), and there were 8 mice in each group. Thirty-two TLR4-/- mice were grouped same as above. Mice in AC and AS group were sensitized and stimulated by ovalbumin (OVA) to make chronice asthma model. The Hemophilus influenzae AGAR bead was infused into the airway to prepare the airway colonization model. The levels of IL-17 and IL-10 in serum were measured by ELISA. Th17, Treg and TLR4+ cells in spleen nonocytes were isolated and detected by flow cytometry, and the association analysis among them was performed. Results: In C57BL/6 wild type mice, compared with AC, NS and NC group, IL-17, IL-17/IL-10, Th17 and TLR4+ cell increased, and IL-10 and Treg decreased significantly in AS group, which indicated Haemophilus influenza colonization worsen airway inflammation and led to immune imbalance. Compared with AS group of C57BL/6, IL-17, IL-17/IL-10, Th17, Th17/Treg, TLR4+ cells were decreased, and IL-10 and Treg increased in AS Group of TLR4-/mice, which implicated Haemophilus influenza colonization in lower airway might play effect through TLR4-/- signaling pathway. Correlation analysis showed that ratio of CD4+T lymphocyte with TLR4 expression was positively correlated with Th17 ratio(r=0.912, 0.723, P

Human action recognition and action evaluation are hot research issues in recent years. Technologies of action recognition and action evaluation share similarities in terms of data sources, data pre-processing, feature description, etc. In conjunction with the significant recent growth of application requirements, numerous studies on action recognition and evaluation appear. However, the differences and connections between human action reco-gnition and evaluation, as well as their theoretical methods and technical routes, have not been systematically analyzed and summarized. Starting from the perspective of application purpose and technical characteristics, the relationship between the two is discussed, and a clearer concept definition is given. On this basis, action recognition and action evaluation are summarized into a unified technical framework from the perspective of data processing flow. Based on this framework, the research progress and existing problems of all important links involved in motion recognition and evaluation, including data types, pre-processing, feature description, classification methods and evaluation methods, are systematically described. Among them, in the classification method section, the current action recognition classification methods are divided into statistical model-based methods and deep learning-based methods for discussion; and in the evaluation method section, based on the intervention method of expert know-ledge, the current action evaluation related work is divided into four categories and systematically sorted out. Finally, the bottlenecks and the focus of future research are summarized and prospected.

According to the characteristics and requirements of automatic transmission planetary gear,taking equal or close strength as optimization objective,optimization model of considering to minimize gear contact fatigue stress difference and bending fatigue stress difference is built under 40 constraint conditions including keeping reasonable transmission ratio,volume decrease,etc. And optimization calculation is performed by using MATLAB. Compared to the original design,the maximum value of planetary gear contact fatigue stress and bending fatigue stress,stress difference and integral stress decrease after optimization,especially the maximum value of bending fatigue stress decrease 12. 24% and all gears root bending fatigue stress are almost the same,the optimization effects are significant. The volume of optimized planetary gear mechanism is 3. 54%smaller than the original design,and the optimal design is superior in transmission ratio,dimension and processing parameters.

According to the design requirements and characters of mining truck,an optimum mathematical model of transmission is set up to maximize actual power under the precondition of reliability. The transmission of mining truck is optimized by using optimization toolbox of MATLAB. With the visual display of the optimum results,several performance indexes such as the driving force,stand-by power and actual power are compared with the original design and among the optimum model,thus can provide an alternative option. Compared with original design,a good optimization effect is obtained from the optimum model of transmission.

Guizhou province, located in the southwest China, is one of the richest biodiversity regions, meanwhile, is also one of the hardest-hit areas by alien invasive species. A comprehensive understanding of the invasive alien plants species composition and distribution can provide a scientific basis for the prevention, early warning and integrated management, to improve the ability of alien invasive species prevention and control. In this study, Guanling Buyi and Miao autonomous county, located in the central Guizhou province, and Huishui county, located in the south-central Guizhou province were selected as the investigation sites. Investigation was conducted in 74 sampling sites of Guanling county and 64 sampling sites of Huishui county using quadrat sampling method, to figure out the species composition, obtain the distribution pattern information (habitats and distribution frequency), then analyze their origin, life type by referring to the literature. In this study, 24 families 56 species of agricultural alien invasive plants were found through field investigation, among which Asteraceae was the dominant family (Guanling: 29.55%, Huishui: 33.33%), followed by Amaranthaceae (Guanling: 13.64%, Huishui: 11.11%), Fabaceae (Guanling: 6.82%, Huishui: 6.67%), Solanaceae (Guanling: 6.82%, Huishui: 4.44%), with mainly herbaceous species (Guanling: 80.85%, Huishui: 86.96%). The escaped Verbena bonariensis Linnaeus and Myriophyllum aquaticum Verdcourt were found in Guizhou for the first time in the wild, confirming their invasive characteristics. Furthermore, Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel) R. M. King & H. Robinson, Bidens pilosa Linnaeus, Erigeron annuus (Linnaeus) Persoon, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Martius) Grisebach, Erigeron canadensis Linnaeus, Geranium carolinianum Linnaeus, Galinsoga parviflora Cavanilles were classified as malignant agricultural alien invasive plants in these two counties, which widely distributing in the sampling sites. Agricultural alien invasive plants had adapted to various habitats and mainly distributed in the frequently anthropogenic disturbance habitats including wastelands, farmlands, roadsides, which had caused threats to the agroecosystem, human activities and natural ecosystems. The alien invasive plants has great species diversity, wild distribution range, strong adaptability, fast reproduction speed and strong reproductive ability in this two counties. Authors suggest that people should take the systematically investigation of the agricultural alien invasive plants in Guizhou province, and strengthen the monitoring and dynamic spread trend research of malignant alien invasive species, to provide scientific basis for the prevention, early warning and integrated management of alien invasive plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northeastern China is one of the regions where are experiencing the most significant global warming trend. Revealing the effects of anticipated warming on nitrogen absorption and utilization of rice in northeastern China can provide reference for regional sustainable production of rice and optimal management of nitrogen fertilizer. In this study, the field and pot experiments were setup based on free air temperature increase (FATI) system in Harbin, Heilongjiang province during 2019 to 2020, combined with 15N isotope tracer technique, to investigate the effects of anticipated warming (+1.5°C) on rice yield, nitrogen utilization, and the fate of fertilizer nitrogen. The results showed that warming treatment (W) promoted rice above-ground dry-matter accumulation. The mean grain yields in field and pot experiments during 2019 and 2020 under warming treatment were higher by 10.4% and 10.8% than those under control (CK), respectively. Compared with CK, the mean total nitrogen uptake of two years under W treatment significantly increased by 21.3%, however, the nitrogen utilization efficiency of rice grains showed a decreased trend. Under W treatment, the nitrogen absorbed from fertilizer decreased significantly, while the nitrogen absorbed by rice from soil increased by 31.1%, resulting in the reduction of 12.5% in fertilizer nitrogen recovery rate and the increase of 14.2% in fertilizer nitrogen loss rate. Overall, warming tended to increase rice grain yield, but decreased the proportion of fertilizer nitrogen uptake by plant, which leading to the decrease in nitrogen use efficiency and the significant increase in nitrogen loss rate. Under the background of climate warming, it was suggested to reasonably increase the transplanting density of rice to make full use of the positive effect of global warming on rice yield, as well as appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer application and optimize the management of nitrogen fertilizer operation to improve the nitrogen use efficiency of rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium ( Se) is easy to be fixed in acidic rice soil of South China, and thus its availability is low. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of Se fertilizer on Se availability in rice rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. The results showed that Se application increased yield and rice Se concentration. The water soluble, exchangeable, Fe/Mn oxide-bound, organic matter/ sulfide-bound, and residual Se contents of the rhizosphere soil were lower than those of the non-rhi- zosphere soil. There was no significant difference in the migration coefficient of Se between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. Se application had no significant effect on the migration coefficient of Se between roots and leaves but improved its migration coefficient between leaves and grains. The secretion of organic acids was increased by the application of 0. 5 mg ⋅ kg-1 and decreased by the application of 1.0 and 5.0 mg ⋅ kg-1 Se. The secretion of organic acids had no significant effect on the rhizosphere soil pH. The pH of rhizosphere soil was higher than that of the non- rhizosphere soil, while the application of Se decreased the pH of the rhizosphere soil. With the increases of Se application, the intensity of the infrared absorption of clay mineral ( kaolinite) in the rhizosphere soil showed an increasing trend. In this study, most of the Se was transformed into forms that were difficult to be absorbed and utilized by rice and difficult to move to rhizosphere soil. The enhancement of soil Se availability following the secretion of organic acids was not due to its effects on soil pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the measurement standards of rock burst tendency of coal samples, it has been measured under different gas pressures. The methods of energy accumulation and dissipation were applied to analyze the relationship between energy accumulation and dissipation of coal samples under the conditions of uniaxial compression and uniaxial cyclic loading and unloading in different gas pressures. The results show that with the increase of gas pressure, the indexes of every rock burst tendency are constantly reduced, and their outburst-proneness are decreased. Before destruction, the elastic energy stored is reduced, while the gaining rate of dissipated energy decreases rapidly in the form of nonlinear relationship during destruction. Under cyclic loading, the dissipated energy of coal samples in each cycle increases along with the increase of gas pressure. Gas reduces the destructive impact of coalbed rockburst, but when considering the expansion energy of gas, the overall destruction can be more serious. Therefore, gas should be considered when the rockburst tendency is evaluated in high gassy coal mines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NAND Flash based Solid State Drive (SSD) has been utilized in enterprise servers and high performance computing environments due to its various advantages, such as fast access speed, low power consumption, high reliability, etc. Since SSD suffers from poor performance of random writes and limited lifespan, a workload adaptive page-level address mapping algorithm, named WAPFTL, is proposed, which can predict the characteristics of incoming requests and dynamically adapt the cache strategy of address mapping information. Experimental results show that WAPFTL can improve the cache hit ratio and reduce the number of expensive extra read/write operations by jointly exploiting the temporal and spatial localities of workloads efficiently. Besides, WAPFTL can also reduce the number of erase operations, thus improving the overall performance of SSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the contraceptives used in those postpartum women, and to analyze the factors related to postpartum contraception. Methods: A self-designed questionnaire was conducted in 102 postpartum women within one year after childbirth. Results: 88.2% of women took contraceptives in the postnatal life, the contraception rate of the resuming firstly sexual activity after childbirth was 52.6%. The demand on getting contraceptive knowledge in those women without the re-birth wishes was 8.918 times higher than that in women with the re-birth wishes (OR=8.918). Effects of those factors, such as educational background and times of pregnancy, were significantly on the contraception rate. Conclusions: Most women had misunderstanding on the postpartum contraception. Doctors and family planning workers should pay more attention to education of the contraceptive knowledge in those postpartum women, so as to improve their contraception rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the actual impacts of nighttime warming on rice growth stage and grain yield in Danyang, Jiangsu Province, with 8 leading varieties approved and released during 1970s-2000s. The field was warmed at nighttime for an entire growth stage (i. e. sown date to harvest) with a Free Air Temperature Increase (FATI) facility. The results showed that there were significant differences in the extents of warming impact on rice growth stage and grain yield among the leading varieties, though the impact trends were similar. An increase of 0. 9 °C in nighttime mean temperature in rice canopy could shorten the length of rice entire growth stage by 1. 3 d. Nighttime warming tended to decrease post?anthesis green leaves area and the flag leaf area, and to decline rice aboveground biomass production and grain yield by 3. 5% and 5. 1%, respectively. Meanwhile, nighttime warming decreased the plant nitrogen concentration at maturity. Nighttime warming reduced the grain yield mainly through decreasing the effective panicles and grain numbers per panicle. There was no stable changing trend in the differences in warming impacts on the varieties released in the different periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the complexity of lane identification algorithm, large amount of calculation and slowness of software processing, the paper combines FPGA parallel processing technology with digital image processing technology completes the lane line identification system design. The whole system is divided into four modules, which are median filtering, binarization, skeletonization, secondary filter and fitting. "Double split iterative algorithm of OTSU" is innovativly proposed to realize the algorithm of design of parallel threshold value selection. And "fitting method of the curve line of least squares approximation based on line approximation " is put forward in the paper to complete closer shot lane recognition. Besides, we improve the algorithm of straight line recognition in close shot. Simulation results show that the algorithm to identify accurate, in line with the actual road conditions, and can meet the real-time demand in system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studied the reasonable estimation of factor coefficients when the multi-factor model is used to describe the return rates of financial assets. New methods to estimate factor coefficients were proposed by examining financial implication of factor coefficients and utilizing the Copula theory. Through modeling the joint distribution of each factor and the return rate of the financial asset with the Archimedean Copula function, the new method estimated factor coefficients in two steps: the sign of the coefficient and its occurring probability were first determined by the Kendall's tam the fluctuation scale of the factor coefficient was then calculated as the ratio of the variation of the financial asset's return rate with respect to the change of each factor. Moreover, the above method was further improved by emphasizing the influence of distribution tails on the factor coefficient, which was done by introducing the tail correlation. Empirical tests were carried out with trading data from Chinese stock markets. The practicality and advantage of our new methods were demonstrated by calculating the R-square value, the mean-square deviation of the random error term, and the corresponding tail mean-square deviation of the determined multi-factor models with different factor coefficient estimation methods, as well as their application to the value-at-risk and conditional value-at-risk calculations of the portfolio. Empirical results show that the improved new method is the best, while the new method is obviously better than the traditional linear regression method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study mechanism of water inrush from fault and its' forecast control method, guided by "practical mine pressure contorl" theory, considering strata's movement and ground pressure caused by mining's influence on karst water pressure and fault pillar, reason of karst water pressure' soaring and traditional water prevention method's problem was theoretically analyzed. On this basis, mining across fault prevention and control mechanical model was established, and relevant control criterion was set up. Research results show that karst water pressure's increase has important relationship with overburden strata's movement caused by mining, especially for the closed karst cave, water pressure will leap under effect of abument pressure; the tranditional water prevention measure of retaining fault pillar is unreasonable, open cut should lay in "internal stress field", beside adjacent working face where tectonic stress has released, and working face should advance to fault with the shortest distance; the tranditional standpoint that "the greater is the working face' length, the greater is water in rush's possibility" is inaccurate, only the length of working face should be greater than first breaking step distance of main roof but the floor's rebound can be effectively inhabit, and the water inrush can be controled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2010-2011, a field experiment was conducted in Northeast China to evaluate the effects of different tillage patterns on the temperature and moisture in topsoil layer and the leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence of maize. The effects of tillage patterns on the soil temperature and moisture mainly manifested at sowing-jointing stage. In treatments flat planting with ridging at early jointing stage (PL) and flat planting without ridging (PP), the soil moisture content at the depth of 0-40 cm was significantly higher than that in treatment ridge planting (LL), with the increment being 5. 6% and 5. 2%, 4. 6% and 7. 3%, and 3. 9% and 4. 8% at emergency, seedling, and jointing stages, respectively. The minimum temperature at the soil depth 5 cm at seedling stage in PL and PP was 1. 4 and 1. 3 °C higher than that in LL, respectively. Due to the improvement of soil water and thermal conditions, the leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) at jointing stage in PL and PP were significantly higher than those in LL, whereas the PS ll potential activity (Fv / Fo) and PS ll maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv / Fm) had no significant differences among the treatments, indicating that the stomatal factors such as stomata conductivity and stomata limitation were the main factors inducing the photosynthesis differences among the treatments. Furthermore, the Pn and Tr at grain filling stage in LL and PL were higher than those in PP, mainly due to the high water-logging risk in PP in strong rainfall season. Consequently, treatment PL could promote maize photosynthesis through improving soil water and thermal conditions, and further, increase maize grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the partial least squares, the form factor of displacement deep-vee vessel was regression analyzed and model. The regression formulary application range was been taken out, and the calculation results was compared to the experiment's and Holtrop method's. Some results are revealed that the length beam ratio is the most important to explain the form factor in these parameters of hull; the second is draft length ratio, dead rise and angle of entrance ratio; and the influence of the run length and the prismatic coefficient are weaker. The regression formula of displacement deep-vee vessel's form factor was used at L/∇1/3 = 7.0-7.9, Fr < 0.44. At the same time, the results of the Holtrop total resistance method with the formula are more accurate than the original Hotrop method. The partial least squares regression method is applicable to regression the form factor of displacement deep-vee vessel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While China's tourism industry is developing quickly, its low economic benefits and social benefits mainly caused by a lack of innovation can't be ignored. Thus, it is very crucial to explore how to enhance the innovation capability for Chinese industrial restructuring and upgrading of tourist industry. Because of the complexity of tourism industrial structure, the forms of expression of innovative behavior within the industry vary sharply. As an integration of cultural resources and tourism, cultural tourism involves culture, economics, politics and other fields. It has some characteristics such as systematic-ness and complexity, which means it needs to run systematically to improve its innovative capacity and maintain its lasting appeal or creativity. Cultural tourism innovation is not mainly technological innovation. It is based on cultural innovation with the aim of realizing the innovation and development of tourism. Cultural tourism innovation consists of two aspects; firstly, it is the innovation of a cultural tourism destination itself. Namely, cultural connotations constantly enrich and extend by themselves. Secondly, it is the externalization of cultural connotations. The innovation of a cultural tourism destination means the development of cultural connotations itself. Then, the externalization of a tourism destination's cultural connotations frequently refers to the innovation of product mix. Both aspects interact and influence each other to promote the development of cultural tourism. Cultural innovation is the core of cultural tourism innovation. In fact, the nature of cultural innovation makes the characteristics of cultural tourism innovation different from other innovation. These characteristics are mainly listed in the following: innovation of culture; sociality and public property; the innovation of social formation; the consistency among innovation, participation and experience. Cultural tourism innovation system, based on the relevant concepts and frameworks, refers to the networks of different levels formed during the interaction between each other, on the basis of the entire social system or regional system. All the participants of cultural tourism act as the subjects. With social, cultural and public purposes, cultural tourism innovation system involves the formation or architecture of innovation, including elements or linkages as the means of collaborative innovation or development. Its basic framework is primarily made up of two main parts, which are the main subjects participating in the innovation and the network system of interaction. The subjects include the substantive elements that have a structure of social entity and directly play an innovative role. Innovation network system refers to the organic structure formed through the interactions among innovative activities, and political, economic, natural, and social factors. The subjects interact with various factors of the network system, which could form different functional structures and systems. In the meantime, they influence the efficiency of the entire innovation system. Cultural tourism innovation system revolves around cultural innovation and the innovation of tourism products on the basis of culture. On the whole, cultural tourism innovation system is the integration of culture and tourism, which has the dualism of goals and results, dual core of the innovation subjects and double value orientation. It means that the innovation of cultural tourism should not only follow market rules while meeting tourists' consumption demand, but also conscientiously stick to the rule of cultural development. Because of this, we should pay attention to the difference between cultural innovation and cultural tourism product innovation, set up the scientific innovative ideas of cultural tourism, establish innovation management system to help coordinate market mechanism and public management mechanism, and then give full play to the initiative of the residents and tourist enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The turn-milling machining can complete turning, milling, drilling and other processing in one clamping, it omitted the part handling and storage, and saved the turnover time of the component processing, and reduced the error of part repeat-positioning, so it insured the form precision of processing parts. In recent years the turn-miiling machining has become the one of the most rapidly-developing advanced machining technologies. For an example based on training the CNC turn-miiling machining typical flange part, there was an practice teaching method for project management of excellent engineer training in SUES's engineering training cente, it can train the students' practical ability of advanced mechanical processing equipment, and enhance the students to master the theoretical knowledge of CNC machining technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The average velocity of space debris impacting on on-orbit spacecrafts is 10 km/s, and 90% of them in low earth orbit are the middle and low density materials. The experiments of Mylar foil and Al flyer impacting on Al shield structure at 14 km/s and about 9 km/s, respectively, are done by electric gun and magnetic driving technology, and the damage results of Mylar foil and Al flyer impacting on shield structure are obtained. The results show that the debris cloud created by Al flyer impacting on Al shielding slab at about 9km/s contains fluid state and even gas state, and the debris cloud created by Mylar foil impacting on Al shielding material at 14km/s is solid state. For the Mylar foil flyer, the shielding effect of double shield structure is better than that of the single layer structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the interaction between nitrocellulose (NC) and nitroglycerine (NG) of composite modified double-base (CMDB) propellants, the radius of gyration of NC molecules and radial distribution function for different atoms of NC and NC/NG blends were calculated by using molecular dynamics simulation( MD) . It was found that the radius of gyration of NC molecules was independent on the temperature, while the number of NG molecules increased greatly with temperature. Besides, according to the radial distribution function of the models, it was revealed that the H-bond could be formed between NG and NC molecules instead of H-bond in the individual NC molecule, which could decrease the interaction force inside NC molecules, thus increase the radius of gyration of NC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the mechanism of Danggui Shaoyao Powder(DSP) against mitophagy in rat model of Alzheimer's disease(AD) induced by streptozotocin(STZ) based on PTEN induced putative kinase 1(PINK1)-Parkin signaling pathway. The AD rat model was established by injecting STZ into the lateral ventricle, and the rats were divided into normal group, model group, DSP low-dose group(12 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)), DSP medium-dose group(24 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)), and DSP high-dose group(36 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)). Morris water maze test was used to detect the learning and memory function of the rats, and transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence were employed to detect mitophagy. The protein expression levels of PINK1, Parkin, LC3BⅠ/LC3BⅡ, and p62 were assayed by Western blot. Compared with the normal group, the model group showed a significant decrease in the learning and memory function(P&lt;0.01), reduced protein expression of PINK1 and Parkin(P&lt;0.05), increased protein expression of LC3BⅠ/LC3BⅡ and p62(P&lt;0.05), and decreased occurrence of mitophagy(P&lt;0.01). Compared with the model group, the DSP medium-and high-dose groups notably improved the learning and memory ability of AD rats, which mainly manifested as shortened escape latency, leng-thened time in target quadrants and elevated number of crossing the platform(P&lt;0.05 or P&lt;0.01), remarkably activated mitophagy(P&lt;0.05), up-regulated the protein expression of PINK1 and Parkin, and down-regulated the protein expression of LC3BⅠ/LC3BⅡ and p62(P&lt;0.05 or P&lt;0.01). These results demonstrated that DSP might promote mitophagy mediated by PINK1-Parkin pathway to remove damaged mitochondria and improve mitochondrial function, thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect.

Understanding the spatio-temporal variations of gross primary productivity (GPP) of terrestrial ecosystem and its relationship with climatic factors can provide important basis for vegetation restoration and protection. Based on meteorological data and three public GPP datasets (EC-LUE GPP, GLASS GPP, and NIRv GPP), we syste-matically analyzed the spatial-temporal variations of GPP and its response to climate change in China during 1982-2017. All the results based on the three GPP datasets showed that the annual and seasonal GPP in China increased annually from 1982 to 2017, with that in 1998 and 2002 significantly being higher than the average level during the study period, and that in 1989 and 1992 significantly being lower than the average annual GPP. From 1982 to 2017, GPP showed a significant upward trend in most regions of China, with the regions with significant increases accounting for 75.7%, 73.0%, and 69.6% of the whole study area, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between annual GPP and precipitation and temperature, but spatial heterogeneity was strong. Among them, the regions with positive correlation between GPP and temperature were mainly distributed in Northwest and Central China, while the regions with positive correlation between GPP and precipitation were mainly distributed in North China. There was obvious spatial-temporal heterogeneity in regions that GPP being affected by temperature and precipitation in different seasons. Temperature was the limiting factor of GPP in spring, autumn and winter, while summer GPP was mainly affected by precipitation.

Since the pathogenesis of depression is complicated, the therapeutic effects of western medicine are poor accompanied by severe side effects. Chinese medicine has unique advantages in the treatment based on syndrome differentiation and contains many effective components against depression, including flavonoids, terpenes, phenylpropanoids, quinones, and alkaloids. These chemical components can delay the course of the disease, improve the curative effect, and reduce side effects of western medicine by regulating the biochemical abnormalities of monoamine neurotransmitters, brain tissue protein content, and internal environment as well as energy metabolism to make the treatment of Chinese medicine highlighted and recognized. This study systematically reviewed the effective components and mechanisms of anti-depressive Chinese medicine to inspire the rational development and utilization of new Chinese medicines against depression.

This study investigated the mechanism of baicalin on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)/interferon γ(IFN-γ)-induced inflammatory microglia based on the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2(TREM2)/Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor kappaB(NF-κB) pathway. Specifically, LPS and IFN-γ were used to induce inflammation in mouse microglia BV2 cells. Then the normal group, model group, low-dose(5 μmol·L~(-1)) baicalin group, medium-dose(10 μmol·L~(-1)) baicalin group, high-dose(20 μmol·L~(-1)) baicalin group, and minocycline(10 μmol·L~(-1)) group were designed. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay and cell morphology was observed under bright field. The expression of interleukin-1β(IL-1β), interleukin-4(IL-4), inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-10(IL-10), and arginase-1(Arg-1) mRNA was detected by real-time quantitative PCR, the protein expression of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), IL-1β, TREM2, TLR4, inhibitor kappaB-alpha(IκBα), p-IκBα, NF-κB p65 and p-NF-κB p65 by Western blot, and transfer of NF-κB p65 from cytoplasm to nucleus by cellular immunofluorescence. Compared with the normal group, most of the BV2 cells in the model group tended to demonstrate the pro-inflammatory M1 amoeba morphology, and the model group showed significant increase in the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS, decrease in the mRNA levels of IL-4, IL-10, and Arg-1(P&lt;0.01), rise of the protein expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, TLR4, p-IκBα, and p-NF-κB p65(P&lt;0.01), reduction in TREM2 protein expression, and increase in the expression of NF-κB p65 in nucleus. Compared with the model group, baicalin groups and minocycline group showed the recovery of BV2 cell morphology, significant decrease in the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and iNOS, increase in the mRNA levels of IL-4, IL-10, and Arg-1(P&lt;0.01), reduction in the protein expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, TLR4, p-IκBα, and p-NF-κB p65(P&lt;0.05), rise of TREM2 protein expression, and decrease in the expression of NF-κB p65 in nucleus. In summary, these results suggest that baicalin can regulate the imbalance between TREM2 and TLR4 of microglia and inhibit the activation of downstream NF-κB, thus promoting the polarization of microglia from pro-inflammatory phenotype to anti-inflammatory phenotype.

Invasive plants can change soil microbial communities and therefore promote invasion. While vegetation restoration has been adopted in certain infested lands to curb the invasion of Solanum rostratum , changes in the composition and function of rhizosphere soil bacterial communities of the species before and after the restoration has not yet been reported. In this study, two vegetation combinations used in previous studies were selected as candidates: Astragalus adsurgens + Elymus dahuricus + Bromus inermis (T1) and A. adsurgens + Festuca arundinacea + Agropyron cristatum + Leymus chinensis (T2). Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from each combination (T1 and T2), a S. rostratum invaded area (SR), and the native plant (NP) control to analyze the bacterial community structure and diversity using 16S rDNA gene sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform. PICRUSt was further used to predict the functional abilities of soil bacterial communities. Results of 16S rDNA gene sequencing showed that both the Simpson and Chao1 indices were higher in the SR treatment than in the NP treatment, but neither reached a significant level, although both indices decreased significantly after vegetation restoration (T1 and T2; P <0.05). The relative abundance of Microvirga , Skermanella , and Sphingomonas from phylum Proteobacteria and Bryobacter from the phylum Acidobacteria were significantly lower in the SR treatment ( P <0.05) when compared with the NP treatment and higher in restoration treatments (T1 and T2). The RDA analysis showed that soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), and available potassium (AK) were important factors affecting the composition of the bacterial community. Based on the PICRUSt analysis of soil bacterial community functions, the relative abundance of gene families related to biosynthesis of amino acids, purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, ribosome, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis were higher in the rhizosphere samples of the SR treatment than those of the NP treatment and reduced significantly after vegetation restoration (T1 and T2; P <0.05). The structure and function of rhizosphere soil bacterial community of S. rostratum and vegetation restoration were analyzed and provided a theoretical basis for the invasion mechanism and ecological restoration of S. rostratum .

To construct CRISPR/Cas9 vectors for the editing of SmPAL1 in the phenylpropane metabolic pathway of Salvia miltiorrhiza, CIRSPR/Cas9 target sites of SmPAL1 were designed by online software. Its target efficiencies were detected in vitro by enzyme digestion and sequences with highly efficiency were constructed into CRISPR/Cas9 vectors. Three possible CRISPR target sequences (SmPAL1-g1, SmPAL1-g2, SmPAL1-g3) were designed and the enzyme digestion efficiencies were 53.3%, 76.6% and 10.0%. SmPAL1-g1 and SmPAL1-g2 were constructed into vector VK005-03 named as VK005-03-g1 and VK005-03-g2. The results of sequencing showed that the two CRISPR/Cas target sequences were all constructed into VK005-03. Here we first laid the foundation for the study of SmPAL1 and provided an effective strategy for the screening of sgRNA., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Polyketides are a large class of natural products with notable structural diversity and different biological activities. They have essential pharmacological value for human health. In plants, the enzymes responsible for the formation of phenolic metabolites backbone structures are collectively known as type Ⅲ polyketide synthases (PKSs), which are the key enzymes for the polyketides biosynthesis. The PKSs catalyze a series of condensation reactions of two-carbon acetate units with an acyl starter. A brief overview of this group of enzymes, including their reaction mechanisms, function modification, expression regulation, molecular evolution, and recent interesting findings are presented here., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Objective: To study the effect of BAM bone grafting combined with inactivated autologous porous bone flap in repairing skull defect in rats., Methods: Seventy-two Wistar rats with skull defect were randomly divided into control group, inactivated autologous bone flap group (AB group), BAM bone-induced artificial bone material group (BAM group), and inactivated autologous bone flap with BAM bone-induced artificial bone group (BAM+AB group). The bone healing was evaluated with micro-CT and the new bone formation was assessed with histological staining at 1, 2, and 3 months after modeling., Results: Inactivated porous bone flap combined with BAM bone-induced artificial bone effectively induced vascular and fibrous tissue regeneration and osteogenesis in the cranial defects. With the inactivated porous bone flap as the scaffold, BAM bone-induced artificial bone obviously promoted the restoration of the skull appearance in the rats with cranial defects., Conclusion: Inactivated autologous bone flap group and BAM bone-induced artificial bone material can promote skull healing and restoration of the original skull appearance, and can be used for reconstruction of the local anatomy of the skull surface.

Cenchrus spinifex is an invasive plant found in large areas of northern China. In this study, we focused on analysis of the effects of C. spinifex on soil nitrogen and plant nitrogen pools in Horqin sandy grassland. In addition, a pot experiment with 15 N tracing techniques was designed to study the biological nitrogen fixation ability of C. spinifex, compared with two native grasses, Elymus dahuricus and Agropyron cristatum. The total soil nitrogen pool in C. spinifex invaded-area increased significantly by 47.5% and 20.8%, and the soil ammonium nitrogen pool decreased significantly by 25.6% and 25.2%, compared with those in bare and native plant Roegneria kamoji areas, respectively. The plant shoot nitrogen pool decreased significantly by 18.7% in C. spinifex compared with native plant R. kamoji. Atom% 15 N, atom% 15 N excess and atom% 15 N weighting excess of C. spinifex were all significantly lower than those of E. dahuricus and A. cristatum. The nitrogen use efficiencies of C. spinifex and E. dahuricus were 48.5% and 47.0%, respectively, and no significant difference was observed. Ndfa of C. spinifex accounted for 60.2%, when growing together with E. dahuricus. These results suggested that the characteristics on the high efficient use for nitrogen of this invasive weed might an ecological adaptation mechanism, leading to successful colonization and spread in Horqin Steppe.

It is important to investigate the effects of shading on maize ear characteristics and yield, which can provide references to variety breeding and agronomic technique improvement for coping with climate change and dense planting. An experiment was carried out with two varieties (compact type hybrid ZD909, flat type hybrid ND4) and two planting densities (45000 and 90000 plants·hm -2 ) at Gongzhuling City, Jilin Province. Two treatments were conducted for each variety and planting density, including shading (with a shading degree of 65% from small bell mouth stage to mature stage) and no shading treatment (CK). The results showed that shading affected maize ear development significantly. Shading delayed maize anthesis and silking stages, especially prolonging the length of anthesis-silking interval by 3-15 days compared with the CK. Moreover, shading decreased dry matter accumulation of spring maize significantly, leading to more than 50% (50.8%-87.0%) of reduction in grain yield. The negative effects of shading on ear characteristics and yield of spring maize with dense planting was greater than that with sparse planting. The variety with a dense plant type achieved fewer effects on ear characteristics and grain yield than the variety with a sparse plant type under shading and dense planting. The variety with a dense plant type had strong adaptability to ecological environment change and the consistency in density-tolerance and shade-tolerance.

Northeast China is one of the most important farming regions in China, due to its great contribution to national food security. Crop production is a main source of carbon emission. To assess the differences in carbon footprints of major grain crop production will benefit the achievement of low carbon agriculture. Therefore, this study calculated the regional carbon foot prints of rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) production in Northeast China du-ring 2004-2013 using the provincial statistical data, including crop yield, sown area and production inputs. The results showed that the highest area-scale carbon footprint was found in rice production, with the average value of (2463±56) kg CE·hm -2 , while the second was found in maize production during 2004-2013. The sharpest rise occurred in maize production, from 1164 kg CE·hm -2 in 2004 to 1768 kg CE·hm -2 in 2013, with the average rate of 67 kg CE·hm -2 ·a -1 . The application of chemical fertilizer contributed to the carbon footprint largely, accounting for 45%, 90% and 83% for rice, maize and soybean, respectively. Moreover, the contribution of electricity for irrigation in rice production ranged from 29% to 42%, which was larger than that in maize and soybean production. The carbon footprints were significantly different among the three provinces of Northeast China. The highest yield-scaled carbon footprints for three crops were found in Jilin Province, while the lowest area-scaled carbon footprints found in Heilongjiang Province. Given to the large transfer of rural labor from agricultural to non-agricultural sections and the development of mechanization, diesel and other mechanical inputs would increase rapidly in the future. Therefore, improving ferti-lizer utilization, mechanical and irrigation efficiencies in crop production would be the main approaches to promoting low-carbon agriculture in Northeast China.

Flaveria bidentis is an invasive plant found in large areas of northern China. This study conducted a separation and screening of the main functional bacteria in the soil of F. bidentis and investigated the change in the community structure. A variety of functional microbes were isolated using selective media and rep-PCR clustering, and a diversity analysis was carried out. In addition, the dominant populations of various functional bacteria were identified using 16S rRNA sequence alignment. The results showed that F. bidentis increased the contents of the major available nutrients in the soil, and the levels of azotobacteria, organic phosphorus bacteria, inorganic phosphorus bacteria, and silicate bacteria in the soil of F. bidentis were significantly higher than those of the native plant Tagetes erecta and the control. rep-PCR analysis indicated that the structure of the four functional bacterial microfloras in the soil of F. bidentis was significantly different from those of the native plant and control. The diversity analysis demonstrated that the diversity of functional microorganisms in the soil of F. bidentis was richer, the community structure was more complex, the predominant microflora comprised a greater proportion of the total population, and the ecological diversity was higher. This was further evidenced by identification of the main functional isolates from the three soil samples. Our findings indicated a mechanism of invasion by F. bidentis.

Objective: On the basis of previous studies, to construct a genetic map of Salvia miltiorrhiza by using EST-SSR primers, to build a platform for positioning important traits relating to genes, the cloning and molecular marker-assisted in breeding of new varieties of Salvia miltiorrhiza., Methods: A total of 411 EST-SSR primers were used for PCR amplification to screen polymorphic markers in F1 mapping population derived from a cross between Salvia miltiorrhiza, two parents of which were the cultivars of ZH74 and BH18. Combined with the molecular marker data of previous studies, Joinmap 4. 0 software was used for map integration., Results: 411EST-SSR primers were screened from two parents, a total of 328 pairs of primers were amplified stable products,164 pairs of polymorphic primers were obtained., Conclusion: A linkage map of Salvia miltiorrhiza with 150 marker high density genetic is constructed.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of transurethral electrotomy combined with seminal vesiculoscopy ejaculatory duct dilatation in treating patients with Müllerian duct cyst. 
, Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 12 infertile men due to Müllerian duct cyst between 2009 and 2012. They were diagnosed by semen analysis (including quantity of semen, pH and fructose), digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasonography, magnetic resonance images and aspiration biopsy when necessary. All patients were treated by transurethral electrotomy combined with seminal vesiculoscopy ejaculatory duct dilatation and were followed up for 12 months. 
, Results: A significant improvement of semen quality was achieved after surgery and the sperms could be seen. The patients' semen was analyzed for 3 times in 12 months and the results were normal. Semen volume and pure berries of the patients were increased after the operation compared with those before the operation (P<0.05). Spontaneous pregnancies were achieved in 3 patients 9-12 months after surgery. Four patients' seminal vesicle became smaller obviously.
, Conclusion: Transurethral electrotomy combined with seminal vesiculoscopy ejaculatory duct dilatation is effective and safe for the treatment of Müllerian duct cyst accompanied with ejaculatory duct obstruction.

The first genetic linkage map of Salvia miltiorrhiza was constructed in 94 F1 individuals from an intraspecific cross by using simple sequence repeat (SSR), sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. A total of 93 marker loci in the linkage map, consisting of 53 SSR, 38 SRAP and 2 ISSR locus were made up of eight linkage groups, covered a total length of 400.1 cm with an average distance of 4.3 cm per marker. The length of linkage groups varied from 3.3 -132 cm and each of them included 2-23 markers, separately. The result will provide important basis for QTL mapping, map-based cloning and association studies for commercially important traits in S. miltiorrhiza.

Objective: To investigate the association of body mass index (BMI) with alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)., Methods: A cohort of 725 adult subjects underwent general health check-up at our hospital in July 2008, then were followed up in 2011. The clinical data including body mass index(BMI), blood pressure, lab testing results and liver ultrasonic findings were retrospectively analyzed. The NAFLD was diagnosed according to the guidelines for management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an updated and revised edition in 2010 based on liver ultrasound results. The risk factors for NAFLD were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression., Results: One hundred and sixty two NAFLD cases and 563 non-NAFLD cases were found in 2008 check-up. Among 563 non-NAFLD subjects, NAFLD was developed in 132 (23.4%) at follow-up in 2011. The incidence of NAFLD was correlated with the baseline BMI (χ²=82.861，P<0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that baseline BMI，systolic blood pressure, alanine aminotransferase and the increase of BMI were the independent risk factors, while high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was the protective factor for the development of NAFLD. Among 162 NAFLD cases, 71 (43.8%) had no evidence of NAFLD at the second check-up in 2011. The remission of NAFLD was negatively correlated with baseline BMI (χ²=22.425，P<0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that male sex, baseline BMI and the increase of BMI were negatively associated with remission of NAFLD, while the age was positively associated with the remission of NAFLD., Conclusion: The development and remission of NAFLD are frequently encountered in health check-up subjects, which are closely related to baseline BMI and changes of BMI during the follow-up．

In the present study we used both cytogenetics (measurement of DNA content, detection of chromosome number, observation of gonadal development)and molecular genetics(microsatellite analysis)to analyze the biological characteristics of gynogenetic M. amblycephala, which werecreatedthrough gynogenesis induced via UV-irradiated E. ilishaeformis spermatozoa to fertilize M. amblycephala eggs. The maternal genome was duplicated by cold shock in 0~4℃ cold water to form a population of M. amblycephala with 48 chromosomes whose DNA content was identical to the diploid maternal parent. Morphologically, this group of gynogenetic M. amblycephala was similar to the control group. All gynogenetic M. amblycephala were female, and no males were found in any of the examined gynogenetic M. amblycephala, providing cytogenetic evidence that our gynogenetic M. amblycephala are type XY. At the same time, microsatellite analysis showed that 63 alleles were amplified in the three test groups of gynogenetic M. amblycephala. Overall, the population of gynogenetic M. amblycephala observed heterozygosity average, and the expected average was significantly lower than the parental averages, demonstrating that after generation gynogenesis the gene homozygosity of M. amblycephala was significantly higher than the ordinary bream and E. ilishaeformis, making it a pure line. The genetic proximity of gynogenetic M. amblycephala to M. amblycephala demonstrates that gynogenesis passes on maternal DNA. Gynogenetic groups developed in this study may provide good genetic material for future breeding projects of M. amblycephala.

About the date of death of Sun Si-miao, there are hypotheses of "Yongchun" and "Yonghui". Some scholars even give a concrete date of "February 15th????? of the first year of Yongchun". Based on my own textual research of historical materials, the record in the Sun Si-miao's Biography of Biography in the Facts About the Popularization of the Garland Sutra (Avatamsaka Sutra) in China, written by Fazang is most believable, i.e., the "Pre-Yongchun hypothesis". Therefore, a more reasonable description of his death date should be "Sun Si-miao was died in about the second year of Tiaolu/the first year of Yonglong (680)", or "Sun Si-miao was died in 680 ± 1"

Under the condition of no substantial change in the crystal size of the optical interference device, in order to improve the static spectrum resolution of the spectrum analysis equipment, the optical interference system of electro-optic modulation was designed. Wollaston prism group was used on the basis of analysis of the methods for increasing scanning range of the optical path of the static interference system. In the meantime, crystal refractive index was modulated by electro-optic modulation technique, and the range of the optical path difference was derived. Finally, the synthesized optical path difference function and spectrum resolution of the system was given in a modulation cycle. Experiments used three Wollaston prisms with same size and structural angle to constitute Wollaston prism group, and the signal was modulated by type SGT-3 acousto-optic modulator devices. Experimental results show that the interference fringes image after eliminating redundant processing can be effectively fused. Modulated interference image has a little distortion, but meets the requirements to reduce the spectrum distribution function after linearity correction. The spectrum resolution increased nearly by an order of magnitude compared to the static interference with the same crystal size.

Recording in the preface of Binglishufu (written by Lu Zhaolin of the Tang Dynasty) was the only direct evidence about the longevity of Sun Simiao. It recorded 'Sun Simiao said since his birth in the Xinyou Year of the Kaihuang Period, he was 93 years old'. But there were disputes over the time of Xinyou Year-581 AD or 541 AD? It is easy to pick holes in both arguments and the whole research, so the conclusion is not reliable. Recordings in Biography of Sun Simiao, which said 'the governor of the Luozhou area marveled at Sun's intelligence and called him the saint child', are also fabricated. According to literature, 'in the 3(rd) year of the Xianqing Period, Sun Simiao was invited by the emperor and lived in the deserted house of the Boyang Princess. He was more than 90 years old and did not have any visual or hearing loss … he was good to give lectures at various schools like Zhuang and Lao … in the Zhou Xuan Emperor Period Sun was tired of royal affairs and chose to be a hermit in the Taibai Mountain' (Tanghuiyao, Datang Xinyu, Tanbinlu). Sun Simiao should have been born in 560 AD. This time conformed to the time of his other events. He was 20 when a hermit and was 99 when he was invited by the Emperor Gaozong in the 3(rd) year of Xianqing.

The book Datang Xinyu·Sun Simiao was compiled by Liu Su according to the original national historical papers of the Tang Dynasty which basically kept the features of national history. Based on this book and Binglishufu Xu (written by Lu Zhaolin) and Tanbinlu·Sun Simiao, Zhang Du sorted out the data about Sun Simiao and compiled the book Xuanshizhi·Sun Simiao (in which the three stories of his lifetime were made up). Jiu Tangshi·Sun Simiao was edited by historiographers in the Hou-Jin Dynasty according to the biography of Sun Simiao in Tang national history, and referring to the Datang Xinyu·Sun Simiao, Xuanshizhi·Sun Simiao, in which they only made a few adjustments on the basis of Xuanshizhi. Du Guangting compiled Xianzhuan Shiyi·Sun Simiao and Xuanshizhi·Sun Simiao and added three stories of gods and spirits about Sun Simiao after he became immortal. Taipingguangji of the North Song Dynasty was compiled according to Xianzhuan Shiyi·Sun Simiao and Xuanshizhi·Sun Simiao.

Objective: To describe a portable life support device for transportation of pre-hospital patients with critical illness., Methods: The characteristics and requirements for urgent management during transportation of critically ill patients to a hospital were analyzed. With adoption of the original equipment, with the aid of staple of the art soft ware, the overall structure, its installation, fixation, freedom from interference, operational function were studied, and the whole system of life support and resuscitation was designed., Results: The system was composed by different modules, including mechanical ventilation, transfusion, aspiration, critical care, oxygen supply and power supply parts. The system could be fastened quickly to a stretcher to form portable intensive care unit (ICU), and it could be carried by different size vehicles to provide nonstop treatment by using power supply of the vehicle, thus raising the efficiency of urgent care., Conclusion: With characteristics of its small size, lightweight and portable, the device is particularly suitable for narrow space and extreme environment.

Objective: To assess the characteristics and daily treatment compliance of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients in China., Methods: NAFLD adult patients from 21 clinics of 12 cities in China were enrolled in this registry. Physical examination such as demographic characteristics (height, weight, waist circumference measurement), blood pressure and clinical laboratory and ultrasonographic examination of liver were undertaken. Daily practice including life style and medication were recorded and assessed in accordance with 2006 Chinese NAFLD treatment guidelines., Results: A total of 1656 patients were enrolled (1146 male and 510 female), mean of 45.8 ± 12.6 years old, mean duration of NAFLD history was (47.2 ± 47.7) months. 44.9% of NAFLD were suffering from metabolic syndromes. Patients with central obesity have higher incidence of hypertension and lower level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) than those without central obesity, P < 0.05. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in ALT abnormal group were higher than those in ALT normal group (P < 0.05), HDL-C was lower in ALT abnormal group (P < 0.05). Significant differences existed between the BMI, female waist circumference, TG, fast insulin, HOMA index, ALT, AST and HDL-C among subgroups with mild, moderate and severe steatosis. Majority of the patients did not follow recommendations of NAFLD treatment guidelines. Among targeted population only 15.3% of patients used insulin sensitizers and 23.8% took lipid lowering medicine according to the guideline., Conclusion: Data indicated that nearly half of NAFLD patients co-morbid with metabolic disorders. Therapy compliance was unsatisfactory and the gap between current practice and Chinese NAFLD treatment guidelines was not optimal.

The dates of birth and death of WANG Tao, a famous doctor in Tang dynasty, are not found in literature and scholars have different points upon this subject. It could be sure that WANG Tao was appointed mayor of Huayuan county in the ninth year of Kaiyuan period (721) and in December of the fourteenth year of Tianbao period (756) he the revolt in Hejian. The recording after 756 could not be found in literature. According to the official system in Tang dynasty that officers retired at their age of 70, it could be sure that WANG Tao was less than 70 year old in 756. Considering his age when he was the county mayor in 721, it could be speculated that WANG Tao was born during the third year of Chuigong period (687) to the second year of Changshou period (693), and his death date should be some date after 756. But it couldn't be validated.