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課程知識問題是學校教育永遠也無法繞開的一個基本的核心話題。二十一世紀初以來，隨著新課程改革深入推進，在中國教育領域展開的課程知識大討論，已導致了人們的課程知識觀認同危機。考察近幾年的相關研究，在方法論上體現為一種「外推式」，而非「內生式」研究。為此，當代課程知識觀的重構需要從兩條進路展開：即從課程與教學理論和實踐歷史發展的內部，去梳理課程知識觀發展演變的內在理路；以課程知識與教學活動中，兒童之間的現實關係為切入點，去考察課程知識觀重構的現實基礎。 The issue of curriculum knowledge is a basic topic which school education may not slide over for ever. The widely controversy in the field of education in china has lead to the crisis of identity about the view of curriculum knowledge from the beginning of 21 century, with the further development of New Curriculum Reform. We find the many researches about curriculum knowledge are not generated from the inner educational field, but inspired by related studies outside. Therefore, we argue the recontruction of the view of curriculum knowledge must be done from two approaches: heckleing the inner logic of the evolvement about the view of curriculum knowledge, and examinating the practical base of reconstruction of the curriculum knowledge view from the perspective of real relationship between curriculum knowledge and children.

The processing technology of preserved yacon fruits was optimized by single factor experiments combined with response surface method taking yacon as the main raw material. The results showed that the optimal processing technology of preserved yacon fruits was determined as follows: color preservation with 3 g/L citric acid, sucrose addition of 30%, sugaring time of 30 h, and drying for 12 h at 60 . The preserved yacon fruits produced under the optimized process conditions presented golden color, crystal clear, moderately sweet tastes, soft and glutinous mouthfeel, and had strong yacon fruits flavor with sensory score of (91.6 0.3) points. The physical, chemical and microbial indices of the prepared products met the relevant requirements, which were characteristic preserved fruit products. The results of this study could provide a certain theoretical reference for the development of yacon fruits industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the "excellent engineers" training as the goal, the "hydraulic and pneumatic transmission" course was reformed. In teaching content, according to student's cognition rule, the contents were reorganized by starting from the essence of exceHent talents localization. Teaching contents were added or cut by orienting from the demands of enterprise and employment, Examples of typical hydraulic systems were added, and comprehensive experiments were established. In the reform of teaching methods and means, the heuristic teaching methods were used, the animation, video materials and engineering examples were enriched, three-dimensional teaching which was combined with the classroom teaching, the field teaching and network teaching was performed. In the study design, according to the diferent teaching contents, student analysis was put forward, introduction of each course was emphasized, the new relationship between teachers and students was constructed, and classroom interaction was much concerned. After two rounds of teaching practice, the teaching reform was welcomed and recognized by students, and achieved good results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As increase of coal comprehensive utilization, it is urgent to establish comprehensive utilization grades of some trace metal elements in coals in order to taking comprehensive evaluation measures in coal exploration stages and to decrease the exploration cost. High concentrations of trace elements in coal seams were reported by several papers in recent years. In this paper, the comprehensive utilization grades of Li, U, Th and REE were suggested by compared their enrichments in coal with the Geology and Ore Deposit Standard Specifications in rocks for Rare Metal Mineral Exploration of the People's Republic of China (DZ/T 0203-2002), and also compared with the minimum mining grade for Ga and Ge in coals. The author suggests that the minimum mining grades of Li, U, Th and REE should be 120, 40, 150 and 300 mg/kg, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) compose a class of non-coding transcripts with a mean length of 22 nucleotides, and play critical roles in regulating gene expression in the process of development, proliferation and differentiation of neurons. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) find most of schizophrenia-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) locating in the non-coding regions, providing functional implications of miRNAs in the development of schizophrenia. In this review, we highlight the interplays between GWAS-SNPs and miRNAs in four perspectives: SNP in miRNA gene; miRNA located in the host gene; SNP located in the miRNA's seed sequence; SNP located in the miRNA's binding site. We also speculate on the future research on the role of miRNA in the development of schizophrenia.

In order to study the characteristics of carbon sources and sinks in the winter wheat farmland ecosystem in southwest hilly region of China, the LI6400-09 respiratory chamber was adopted in the experiment conducted in the experimental field in Southwest University in Chongqing. The soil respiration and plant growth dynamics were analyzed during the growth period of wheat in the triple intercropping system of wheat-maize-soybean. Four treatments including T (traditional tillage), R (ridge tillage), TS (traditional tillage + straw mulching), and RS (ridge tillage + straw mulching) were designed. Root biomass regression (RR) and root exclusion (RE) were used to compare the contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration. The results showed that the average soil respiration rate was 1.71 micromol x (m2 x s)(-1) with a variation of 0.62-2.91 micromol x (m2 x s)(-1). Significant differences in soil respiration rate were detected among different treatments. The average soil respiration rate of T, R, TS and RS were 1.29, 1.59, 1.99 and 1.96 micromol x (m2 x s)(-1), respectively. R treatment did not increase the soil respiration rate significantly until the jointing stage. Straw mulching treatment significantly increased soil respiration, with a steadily high rate during the whole growth period. During the 169 days of growth, the total soil respiration was 2 266.82, 2799.52, 3 483.73 and 3 443.89 kg x hm(-2) while the cumulative aboveground biomasses were 51 800.84, 59 563.20, 66 015.37 and 7 1331.63 kg x hm(-2). Compared with the control, the yield of R, TS and RS increased by 14.99%, 27.44% and 37.70%, respectively. The contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration was 47.05% by RBR, while it was 53.97% by RE. In the early growth period, the carbon source was weak. The capacity of carbon sink started to increase at the jointing stage and reached the maximum during the filling stage. The carbon budget of wheat field was 5 924.512, 6743.807, 8350.741, 8 876.115 kg x hm(-2), respectively. The results indicated that ridge tillage and straw mulching conservation tillage significantly improved the carbon sink in the wheat farmland ecosystem.

In the present paper the authors studied theoretically and experimentally the relationship between spectral resolution and grating density, the limitations to improve the spectral resolution by using high density grating, the use of longer focal length grating to increase spectral resolution without compromising instrument throughput and the effect of slit width on spectral resolution and sensitivity. Finally, two experiment results were provided to show why higher spectral resolution is important to ensure that critical information is not lost during a Raman measurement. Stressed silicon was produced by growing a thin crystalline layer of Si on an Si(x)Ge(1-x) substrate. It is possible to use Raman spectroscopy to probe the stress in the Si(x)Ge(1-x) and Si layers at the same time. The parameter to monitor the stress is the position of the Si-Si vibrational mode in Si(x)Ge(1-x) and Si. Such a measurement requires high spectral resolution because the peaks exhibit very subtle shifts. The authors' results clearly demonstrate that the resolution offered by a high density grating is necessary to properly monitor the very small frequency shift of this cap-layer Si-Si mode in order to properly characterize the strain structure. The Raman band around 180 cm(-1) is assigned to the radial breath mode of single wall carbon nanotube (SWCN). By measuring the frequencies excited with different laser, the diameters of the sample can be obtained. Practically, sample is always composed of SWCN with different but very close diameters and their Raman bands might overlap together and are difficult to determine the frequencies. The authors' results showed that only higher resolution with the long focal length spectrometer can give accurate number and frequencies of Raman bands, which leads to a correct analysis of the diameter distribution.

Objective: To study the role of programmed cell death 5 (PDCD5) protein in the oncogenesis and development of renal clear cell carcinoma and its association with the prognosis of the malignancy., Methods: PDCD5 expression was assayed immunohistochemically in 46 cases of human renal clear cell carcinoma, and the patients' survival was followed up., Results: PDCD5 staining in the adjacent normal tissue of the tumor was significantly stronger than that in the tumor tissue, and PDCD5 expression was significantly correlated with the tumor grade, stage and prognosis. The tumors of high grade with strong invasive ability had much less PDCD5 expression and lighter staining. The three- or five-year survival rates of patients positive for PDCD5 expression was much higher than that of patients negative for PDCD5 expression., Conclusion: PDCD5 is a potent inhibitor of malignant transformation of renal clear cell carcinoma and may serve as a major predictor for evaluating the malignant potential and prognosis of the tumor.

Objective: To detect the expression of apoptosis gene PDCD5 in tissues of normal human kidney, renal clear cell carcinoma, normal bladder and bladder carcinoma, and explore the role of PDCD5 gene in renal clear cell carcinoma and bladder carcinoma., Methods: Indirect immunohistochemistry was employed to detect PDCD5 expression in 63 kidney specimens and 42 bladder specimens. Positive expression rates and intensity of PDCD5 protein expression in the kidney tissue were investigated microscopically and by computerized image analysis. Positive expression rate in the bladder tissue was investigated by microscopic observation., Results: The results of immunohistochemical staining showed PDCD5 protein overexpression in the renal tubule of normal human kidney tissues and downregulation with the stage increase of renal clear cell carcinoma. PDCD5 protein expression showed statistical significance in tissues of normal kidney and renal clear cell carcinoma in all stages. No obvious PDCD5 expression was detected in the tissues of normal human bladder and bladder carcinoma., Conclusion: PDCD5 is an important apoptosis-regulating factor in the occurrence of renal clear cell carcinoma, and its expression is extremely low in tissues of normal human bladder and bladder carcinoma.

Objective: To label a human bladder cancer cell line and establish a novel human bladder cancer mouse model., Methods: T-24 cells, a human bladder transitional cell carcinoma cell line, were transfected with GFP plasmid to screen stable GFP-expressing clones. The latter were implanted into the wall of the bladder or the subcutaneous tissue of the neck of nude mice. The growth, invasion, and metastasis of the implanted tumor were observed and evaluated with whole-body optical imaging system. The findings were compared with those of HE staining on routine paraffin sections., Results: GFP-labeled tumor cells displayed green fluorescence under fluorescent microscopy and showed stable GFP expression in vitro and in vivo. One week after in situ transplantation of 5 x 10(5) T24 cells, the new bladder cancer was observed and evaluated under whole-body optical imaging system. Two weeks later, the new bladder tumor could be palpated, and 4 weeks later, metastasis to regional drainage lymph nodes in the pelvic and retroperitoneal lymph nodes occurred. The growth and metastasis of the implant bladder tumor were easily observed and accurately evaluated by fluorescent microscope., Conclusion: GFP-labeled tumor cells display green fluorescence under fluorescent microscopy and show stable GFP expression. GFP-labeled T-24 cells and the novel human bladder cancer model described hereby provide a simple and reliable means for studying human bladder cancer in vivo.

Objective: To explore the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and their relationship., Methods: The expression of HIF-1alphaand VEGF was examined in 42 patients with renal cell carcinoma by SABC methods of immunohistochemistry., Results: The positivity rate of HIF-1alpha was 57.1% in the RCC tissues, and there was no expression in the tissue adjacent to the tumor and normal tissues. The positivity rate of VEGF was 61.9% in the tumor tissues, with significant difference from the control tissues (P<0.05). The expression levels of HIF-1alpha and VEGF were significantly higher in metastatic RCC than in non-metastatic RCC (P<0.01) tissues, and there was a significant correlation between HIF-1alpha and VEGF expressions (Kappa=0.41, P<0.01)., Conclusions: HIF-1alpha is highly expressed in renal cell carcinoma tissues in close correlation with VEGF. HIF-1alpha and VEGF may serve as important indicators to evaluate the biological behaviors of RCC such as metastasis and prognosis. HIF-1alpha is an important regulator of VEGF.