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Ischemic heart disease stands as the primary cause of mortality among diabetic patients. Despite advancements in vascular reconstruction and thrombolytic therapy that restore myocardial blood flow, these patients often experience poor cardiac function recovery and a higher mortality rate. This makes myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury a significant therapeutic challenge. Researches indicate that, under diabetic or obese conditions, adipocytes release extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing a variety of biomolecules, including RNA, proteins, adipocytokines, and mitochondria. These EVs play a pivotal role in maintaining systemic metabolic homeostasis. Importantly, adipocyte - derived EVs facilitate communication with diabetic hearts and play a regulatory role in myocardial I/R injury. This review summarizes recent studies on the modulatory effects of adipocyte ⁃derived EVs on diabetic myocardial I/R injury, highlighting potential underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: De novo adipose regeneration induced by small extracellular vesicles has become a promising method for repairing soft tissue defects. However, due to different animal models and small extracellular vesicle application dosages, it is difficult to quantitatively compare the therapeutic effect of small extracellular vesicles from various sources on adipose regeneration. OBJECTIVE: To compare the regenerative effects of small extracellular vesicles derived from stem cells and small extracellular vesicles from tissue. METHODS: Small extracellular vesicles derived from adipose-derived stem cells and from adipose tissue were isolated by ultracentrifugation. The particle number, particle size, morphology, and protein expression of small extracellular vesicles were identified by nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy and western blot assay. A quantitative and evaluative subcutaneous model for adipose regeneration in C57 mice was established using a customized silicone tube. The regenerative effects of induced de novo adipose were compared by cell counting and hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Small extracellular vesicles derived from adipose-derived stem cells and from adipose tissue were isolated by ultracentrifugation. Both small extracellular vesicles were round-shape in transmission electron microscopy with particle size between 50-200 nm, and abundant with the small extracellular vesicles marker protein CD81, CD63 and TSG101. (2) An equal number of small extracellular vesicles were mixed with matrigel in customized silicone tubes, implanted subcutaneously in the back of mice to establish a cell-free and quantifiable adipose regeneration model. (3) On days 3 and 7 after implantation, the results of cell counting and hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that both small extracellular vesicle groups recruited more host cells than the blank group, and the small extracellular vesicles derived from adipose tissue group were superior to the small extracellular vesicles derived from adipose-derived stem cell group. (4) 4 weeks after implantation, hematoxylin-eosin staining of the contents in silicone tubes showed that small extracellular vesicles induced de novo adipose regeneration in vivo, and the small extracellular vesicles derived from adipose tissue group were superior to the small extracellular vesicles derived from adipose-derived stem cell group. The above results indicated that small extracellular vesicles derived from tissues have a superior effect on inducing de novo adipose regeneration compared to small extracellular vesicles derived from stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is one of the major factors threatening human health. Excessive fat accumulation not only has detrimental effects on human metabolism and cardiovascular system, but also is highly correlated to the incidence and mortality of various tumors. Fatty acid binding protein-4 (FABP4) is a small molecule protein mainly expressed in adipocytes and macrophages, and is responsible for participating in fatty acid transport and lipid response. It has been found that FABP4 levels are not only associated with body fat content, but also aberrantly expressed in various obesity-associated tumor cells and tumor microenvironment, which is closely related to obesity-associated carcinogenesis, metastasis, recurrence and patient prognosis. Since FABP4 expression varies in different types of obesity-associated tumors, suggesting a complex role of FABP4 in tumorigenesis. Based on this, this article reviews different roles of FABP4 in multiple obesity-associated tumors.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: The roles of miR-26b, PTEN-PI3K-AKT pathway and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) in the process of adipocyte differentiation have been confirmed, but whether there is an interaction and their molecular mechanisms have not been reported yet. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the molecular mechanism by which miR-26b regulates FABP4-mediated adipocyte differentiation through the PTEN-PI3K-AKT pathway. METHODS: 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were set as control group, 3T3-L1 cells maturely differentiated as differentiation group, 3T3-L1 cells transfected with miR- 26b inhibitor as transfection group, and 3T3-L1 cells that were transfected with miR-26b inhibitor and then induced to differentiate were used as transfected differentiation group. Oil red O staining observed lipid droplets in mature adipocytes in the differentiation group and transfected differentiation group. Fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of miR-26b and FABP4, PTEN, PI3K and AKT in the cells. Western blot assay was used to identify the protein expression of FABP4, PTEN, PI3K and AKT in the cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The expression of miR-26b was significantly increased after 3T3-L1 cell differentiation (P < 0.05), suggesting that it may be involved in the regulation of cell differentiation. Inhibiting the level of miR-26b in the cells could inhibit the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes and reduce the accumulation of intracellular lipid droplets. (2) The mRNA and protein expression of PI3K, AKT, and FABP4 in the 3T3-L1 cells increased significantly after differentiation (P < 0.01). Although PTEN mRNA expression increased (P < 0.05), the protein level did not change obviously (P > 0.05), suggesting that during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, the PI3K-AKT pathway in the cells is activated and the level of FABP4 is increased. (3) Compared with normal differentiated cells, the mRNA and protein expressions of FABP4, PI3K, and AKT in differentiated cells in which the level of intracellular miR-26b was downregulated were significantly decreased (P < 0.01), while the mRNA and protein expressions of PTEN increased (P < 0.05), suggesting that inhibition of miR-26b significantly promoted mRNA and protein expression of PTEN, thereby inhibited PI3K-AKT pathway, reduced mRNA and protein expression of FABP4, and then inhibited 3T3-L1 cell differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on the intestinal flora-short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism axis in rats with simple obesity, so as to explore the underlying mechanism of EA in reducing obesity., Methods: Male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, model group and EA group, with 6 rats in each group. The obesity model was established by feeding the rats with high-fat diet. Rats in the EA group were treated with EA at "Quchi" (LI11) and "Zusanli" (ST36) for 15 min, once daily for 21 consecutive days. The changes of body weight were observed every other day. H.E. staining was used to observe the pathological changes of adipose tissue and liver. The blood lipid content was detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. The diversity of intestinal flora in rat feces was analyzed by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The content of SCFAs in rat feces was detected by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The correlation between the relative abundance of fecal intestinal flora and the content of SCFAs in rats was analyzed by Pearson method., Results: Compared with the control group, the body weight of rats, the serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were significantly increased ( P <0.01) in the model group. The results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that, at the genus level the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Butyrivibrio and Roseburia in were decreased significantly( P <0.05), while that of the Lachnospiraceae&#95;NK4A136&#95;group increased( P <0.05). After the intervention, compared with the model group, the body weight, serum TC and TG contents of rats in the EA group were significantly decreased ( P <0.05, P <0.01)；the results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that, the relative abundance of the Bacteroidota phylum significantly increased ( P <0.01) and Firmicutes decreased ( P <0.01) at the phylum level, and at the genus level the relative abundances of Bacteroides, Butyrivibrio and Roseburia significantly increased ( P <0.01, P <0.05)；the contents of acetic acid and propionic acid in SCFAs significantly increased ( P <0.01). H.E. staining showed an increase of the diameter of adipocytes, with obvious lipid droplets and inflammatory infiltration in the model group, which was relatively milder in the EA group. PCoA analysis showed that there were significant differences in the structure of intestinal flora between the control group and the model group, as well as the model group and the EA group. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Bacteroidota was positively correlated with acetic acid and propionic acid contents, with that of Firmicutes negatively correlated with acetic acid and propionic acid contents ( P <0.001). At the genus level, the relative abundances of Bacteroides, Streptococcus and Butyricimonas were positively correlated with acetic acid content ( P <0.01, P <0.05), and the relative abundances of Bacteroides, Streptococcus and Roseburia were positively correlated with propionic acid content ( P <0.001, ( P <0.05)., Conclusions: EA can improve the disorder of lipid metabolism in obese rats by improving the disorder of intestinal flora-SCFAs metabolic axis, thus playing a role in inhibiting obesity.

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: miR-17-5p can regulate the differentiation of adipocytes, but its action mechanism is not clear. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α can promote vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription and promote angiogenesis, and has a regulatory effect on adipocyte formation. However, the specific mechanism of hypoxia inducible factor-1α in regulating adipocyte differentiation and angiogenesis is not clear OBJECTIVE: To investigate the molecular mechanism of miR-17-5p regulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α mediated adipocyte differentiation and angiogenesis. METHODS: miR-17-5p expression level and adipocyte differentiation and the expression of angiogenesis markers in mature adipocytes were verified by RTqPCR. The adipocyte differentiation and angiogenesis markers expression of adipocyte transfecting with miR-17-5p inhibitor, pri-miR-17-5p mimic and hypoxia inducible factor-1α knockdown vector were determined by western blot assay. The proliferation of adipocytes was detected by Oil Red O staining assay and MTT assay after transfection with miR-17-5p inhibitor, pri-miR-17-5p mimic and hypoxia inducible factor-1α knockdown vector. The predicted relationship between miR-17-5p and hypoxia inducible factor-1α was further verified by EGFP report gene assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared to immature adipocyte, miR-17-5p was highly expressed in mature adipocyte (P < 0.05); overexpression of miR-17-5p increased the adipocyte proliferation (P < 0.05), and upregulated adipocyte differentiation and angiogenesis markers level (P < 0.05). (2) The miR-17-5p directly targeted with hypoxia inducible factor-1α 3′UTR; knockdown hypoxia inducible factor-1α inhibited the adipocyte proliferation (P < 0.05), and decreased adipocyte differentiation and angiogenesis markers level (P < 0.001). (3) It is concluded that miR-17-5p regulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α mediated adipocyte differentiation and angiogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the secreted protein IGFBP3 of clear cell renal cell carcinoma on the differentiation of adjacent adipocytes and the role of adipocytes in promoting the growth and metastasis of clear renal carcinoma cells. Methods: The over-expressed gene IGFBP3 was found through the gene database of renal cell carcinoma, and the expression of IGFBP3 in the specimens was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. RT-PCR and Western Blot were used to detect the effect of IGFBP3 on the expression of adipocyte differentiation and maturation characteristic markers. Using 786-O cells overexpressing IGFBP3 as a model, Western Blot was used to detect the relationship between the adipocyte differentiation effect of IGFBP3 and the TGFβ-smad1/5/8 and TGFβ-p38MAPK signaling pathways. The 786-O cells overexpressing IGFBP3 were co-cultured with adipocytes to obtain conditioned medium, and the lipid droplet content in the conditioned kidney cancer cells was detected by oil red staining, and the migration test and CCK8 test were used to detect the invasiveness of adipocytes to kidney cancer cells. And the impact of proliferation. Results: Compared with the normal group, the expression of IGFBP3 in kidney cancer specimens increased (P=0.017). IGFBP3 increased the expression of PPARγ, PGC1α, c/EBPa, Prdm16, UCP1, which are related to adipocyte differentiation and maturation. Treatment of adipocytes with IGFBP3 can increase the expression of downstream proteins of TGFβ. The expression of p-smad1/5/8 increased after 30 minutes (P=0.024), and the expression of p-p38MAPK increased significantly after 60 minutes (P=0.013). After conditioned culture, the formation of lipid droplets in 786-O cells increased (P=0.028), and adipocytes promoted the proliferation and migration of 786-O cells. Conclusion: IGFBP3 is an overexpressed protein in renal clear cell carcinoma, which can promote the differentiation of preadipocytes. Its mechanism is mainly through the activation of smad1/5/8 and p38MAPK in the TGFβ pathway. Mature adipocytes can promote the formation of lipid droplets in renal cancer cells, and promote tumor proliferation and increase tumor invasiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective Adipocytes in the tumor microenvironment may provide the metabolic fuel or signal transduction through media and other means to promote a variety of malignant proliferation and invasion, of tumor cells, but their role in lung cancer progression is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adipocytes on lung cancer cell biology. Methods 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were induced into mature adipocytes. The cell morphology was observed by microscopy and Oil Red O staining. MTT assay, colony formation assay, wound-healing and Transwell methods were used to detect lung cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion ability. The content of triglyceride in cells was determined by colorimetry. Results The morphology of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells became more slender after co-culture with mature adipocytes, and the proliferation and cloning ability were significantly enhanced (P

The peritumoral adipose tissue makes an intricate crosstalk with tumor cells and also plays a key role in tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis because it provides hormones, adipokines and fatty acids to tumor cells. With the development and progression of the tumor, the peritumoral adipose tissue exhibits abundant and intricate changes on the basis of original construction and function. In this review, by newly defining the tumor-associated adipose tissue microenvironment, we summarized the structure, characters and the possible inducements of the tumor-associated adipose tissue microenvironment. Based on the analysis above, we further discussed the potential roles of the tumor-associated adipose tissue microenvironment in the progression of different tumor types, to provide theoretical support for the development of new drugs targeting the peritumoral adipose tissue microenvironment and clinical application of these potential agents.

Objective To explore the relationship between omental adipocyte size and metabolic benefits after gastric bypass surgery (RYGB). Methods 113 obese patients undergoing RYGB surgery were recruited between December 2015 and October 2018 at Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital. Omental adipose tissues were obtained during the surgery. Preoperative and postoperative blood glucose, blood lipid, body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and other metabolic indexes were measured. The diameter and volume of adipocytes were calculated through pathological section HE staining. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between clinical parameters and the omental adipocyte size. Result The Omental adipocyte size was positively correlated with preoperative fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin, fasting C peptide, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA‑IR) (r=0.231, 0.432, 0.397, 0.421,all P<0.05), and there was a positive correlation between low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‑C), apolipoprotein B, body weight, BMI, waist circumference, and hip circumference (r=0.298, 0.325, 0.397, 0.231, 0.310, and 0.232, all P<0.05) while as apolipoprotein A and high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‑C) showed a negative correlation (r=0.224, 0.278, all P<0.05). The omental adipocyte size and the change of postoperative glycosylated hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c), FPG, fasting insulin, HOMA‑IR were positively correlated (r=0.441, 0.301, 0.236, 0.341, all P<0.05) after 3 months., and also positive correlation between the change with 3 moths postoperative of triglyceride, total cholesterol, low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B (r=0.204, 0.296, 0.196, 0.253, all P<0.05). 63 obese nondiabetic, 50 obese with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM), the omental adipocyte size and the change of postoperative HbA1c, FPG were positively correlated(r= 0.309, 0.342, all P<0.05) in obesity T2DM patients, and the change of postoperative HOMA‑IR(r= 0.281, 0.333, all P<0.05), total cholesterol (r=0.254, 0.369, all P<0.05) were positively correlated in the two groups after 3 months. Conclusion The omental adipocyte size was significantly related to the change of the metabolic index in obese patients during the first 3 months after surgery. The larger omental adipocyte size was accompanied by the more obvious the improvement of blood glucose and lipid. This retrospective study may offer insights into a novel pathological target for the clinical treatment of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect of mechanical loading on bone loss in obese mice induced by high fat diet. Methods Forty-five female C57BL/6 mice were randomly sorted into three groups: normal control group fed with a standard chow diet (Sham group), high-fat diet group (HF group) and high-fat diet with loading group (HF+L group). There were fifteen mice in each group. After HF group and HF + L group were fed with high-fat diet for 4 weeks, HF+L group was received knee loading for the following 4 weeks (loading condition was 1 N, 10 Hz, 3 min/d, continuous loading for 5 days per week). After the treatment, the changes of body mass index (BMI), total body fat content and bone mineral density of femurs were measured in three groups. HE staining and MacNeal's staining were used to observe the pathological changes of the femur. Western blot assay was used to detect the expressions of osteogenesis-related proteins alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2)] and adipogenesis-related proteins proteasome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT / enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα). Results Compared with the Sham group, the body fat content and BMI were significantly increased in the HF group, and the changes of bone mineral density and bone mineral content were significantly decreased in the HF group. Trabecular bone area ratio was significantly reduced in the HF group, and the accumulation of bone marrow fat cells was significantly increased in the HF group. After mechanical loading treatment, the bone density and trabecular bone area ratio were significantly higher in the HF + L group than those in the HF group, and the number and area ratio of adipocytes were significantly lower than those in the HF group (P＜0.05). Western blot analysis showed that mechanical loading improved the low expressions of ALP and RUNX2 in HF + L group, which were significantly higher than those of HF group, while the C/EBPα and PPARγ were significantly decreased (P＜0.05). Conclusion Mechanical loading can effectively restore low bone mineral density and low bone mass caused by obesity. Its therapeutic effect improves obesity-induced bone loss by promoting osteoblast differentiation and inhibiting adipogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the effects of Vaspin on signal pathway of insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes to further discuss the mechanism of Vaspin. Methods 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced for 8 days by mixed inducer of dexamethasone, IBMX and insulin. Then they were differentiated into mature adipocytes. ① Different concentrations of Vaspin (0, 50, 100 and 200ng/mL) were used to treat mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes and the changes in PAKT/AKT pathway were observed. ② Dexamethasone of 1μmol/L was used to establish insulin resistance model; glucose oxidase method was used to measure glucose concentration in cell culture supernatant; the establishment of insulin resistance model was confirmed. ③ The effect of Vaspin on glucose consumption of insulin-resistant adipocytes during different time was observed; Western blotting test was used to analyze the expressions of insulin signaling pathway IRS-1, PI3K and Akt/phospho-Akt protein. Results ① We used Vaspin (0, 50, 100 and 200ng/mL) to treat mature adipocytes for 12 hours. Compared with that of the control, PAKT protein expression increased with Vaspin concentration; the difference was significant at concentrations of 100ng/mL and 200ng/mL (P<0.01). ② Glucose consumption was higher in experimental Vaspin group than in model control group (P<0.05); there was no difference in glucose consumption between experimental Vaspin group and control group (P>0.05). ③ Compared with that in control group, protein expressions of IRS-1, PI3K and PAKT in model control group were significantly lower (P<0.01). Wortmannin pretreatment blocked protein expression upregulation of PAKT/AKT, PI3K and IRS-1 by Vaspin. Conclusion Vaspin increases uptake of glucose by insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes through insulin signaling pathway and improving insulin resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, we would emphatically study the role of AMPK in the process of adipocyte differentiation and dig out its possible relationship with Cidec during adipogenesis, in order to provide a potential role for AMPKα as a target in treating obesity or obesity-related diseases. Methods: Using IHC staining, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis to detect AMPK and Cidec expression in different differentiation phase of human adipocytic tumors, as well as different developmental stages of human fetal adipose tissue. Results:The results showed that AMPK was gradually increased with a decrease in differentiation of the tumor cells, while Cidec was gradually decreased;and in the fetal adipose tissues, AMPK decreased (P＜0.01) and Cidec increased (P＜0.01) significantly with the birth age increased. It was implied that AMPK was closely related with adipocytes differentiation, and showed a reverse trend compared with Cidec during the differentiation course of human adipocytes. Conclusion:In this study, we demonstrated that AMPK played a key role during the differentiation of adipocytes, thus might propose important clues to discover new possible mechanism for human adipogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown adipose tissue ( BAT) plays a significant role in thermoregulation，non-trembling heat production and body weight maintenance in human being． Brown adipose tissue ( BAT) can transform chemically stored energy into heat in the form of triglycerides． Ｒecent studies showed that adults retain metabolically active BAT depots． The activity of BAT correlates with a healthier metabolic status． Thus，BAT tissue is now considered as an interesting target for therapies against obesity and associated diseases such as type 2 diabetes． Induction of BAT would be beneficial for these disease states． Besides the correlation between BAT activity and a favorable metabolic status，recent studies have also shown a positive association between BAT volume and both bone mineral density and bone cross-sectional area，suggesting that BAT might correlated with bone anabolism． The aim of this review is to provide a brief overview of the BAT research field and to summarize the findings on the potential role of BAT in bone metabolism． [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of Zuogui Wan and Yougui Wan and their disassembled prescriptions on PPAＲγ，LPL and FABP4 mＲNA levels of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in ovariectomized rat. Method Serum of control Group ( CON) ，ovariectomized group ( OVX) ，sham group ( SHAM ) ，Zuogui Wan group ( ZGW) ，Yougui Wan group ( YGW) ，common prescription group ( GTY) ，Yin prescription group ( ZYY) ，Yang prescription group ( BYY) ，progynova group ( BJL) were prepared，and they simultaneously intervened the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells ( BMSCs) . BMSCs proliferation was tested by the method of MTT，and BMSCs were identified by FCM ( flow cytometry) . The mＲNA expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Ｒeceptor γ ( PPAＲγ) ，lipoprotein ( LPL) and fatty acid binding protein 4 ( FABP4) were assayed using Q-PCＲ. Ｒesult All the serum containing Zuogui Wan and Yougui Wan and their disassembled prescriptions downregulated PPAＲγ，LPL and FABP4 mＲNA. Especially，Yougui Wan remarkably downregulated PPAＲγ，LPL and FABP4 mＲNA ( P ＜ 0. 05) . Conclusion Zuogui Wan and Yougui Wan and their disassembled prescriptions can inhibit adipogenic differentiation. Yuogui Wan may have a higher level of inhibition on adipogenic differentiation than Zuogui Wan，yang prescription and common prescription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of Ginkgo biloba extract ( GBE) on the obstructive sleep apnea hypoxia syndrome ( OSAS) rats with secondary hypertension.Methods The intermittent hypoxia ( IH) rat models were established.Thirty Wistar rats were randomly divided into the normal oxygen group ( NC group) , IH group and GBE treatment group ( IH+GBE group) .We recorded the changes of blood pressure and physiological statement on week 3, 6 and 9.After 9 weeks, the preadipocytes near kidney of each group were extracted and identified, MTT was used to detect the cell viability and proliferation rates of rat preadipocytes which were cultured with 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L GBE for treatment of 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours.The preadipocytes in the IH groups were extracted and then were divided into the hypoxia control group, LPS-stimulated hypoxia group ( LPS group) and GBE-treated hypoxia group ( GBE group).After 12 hours, the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1βand IL-6 contents in the cell supernatant were detected. Results ①ThebloodpressureoftheIHgroupwasgraduallyincreasedwiththetimeofhypoxiaascomparedwiththatof the NC group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the blood pressure in the IH+GBE group maintained normal with the pro-longed time of hypoxia.②GBE could promote adipocyte′s growth with a dose-time relationship (all P<0.05).③ The levels of TNF-α, IL-1βand IL-6 in the LSP group were significantly higher, but those were significantly lower in the GBE group (all P<0.01).Conclusion GBE has therapeutical effect on OSAS-induced hypertension, which may be achieved by promoting the proliferation of preadipocytes, inhibiting the levels of adipocytes and improving the degree of OSAS inflam-mation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a type of highly conserved nucleotide sequence composed of 18 to 25 nucleotides, which can specifically bind to the 3'-noncoding regions of mRNA, and then play a negative regulatory role in degrading mRNA or inhibiting translation. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a type of nucleotide sequence that exceeds 200 nucleotides in length and cannot encode proteins or can only encode protein peptides. It regulates gene expression at the levels of epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional. As an important energy storage organ, fat plays an important role in regulating the energy balance of animals, and is closely related to meat production traits such as meat production and meat quality. And the disorder of fat function can lead to hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes and a series of cardiovascular diseases, so the molecular regulation mechanism of animal fat deposition has attracted more attention. In recent years, more and more studies have found that miRNA and lncRNA play a crucial role in animal fat deposition. We review here the current research progresses in the role of miRNA and lncRNA in animal fat deposition, to provide theoretical guidance and new ideas for further revealing the molecular regulation mechanism of animal fat deposition.

Objective: To investigate the effects of risedronate on bone marrow adipogenesis and the expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) in adipocytes in the bone marrow micro-environment., Methods: Primary cultured rat mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) with or without adipogenic induction for 14 days were treated with 1, 5, 10, and 25 μmol/L risedronate. The droplets of the differentiated adipocytes were analyzed, and Western blotting was performed to detect the expression level of RANKL. Female SD rats (24-week-old) were randomly divided into sham-operated group and ovariectomy (OVX) group, and 12 weeks after the operation, the OVX rats were further divided into control group and risedronate group (2.4 μg/kg, injected subcutaneously for 3 times a week). Eight weeks later, the bone mineral density (BMD) of the rats and bone marrow histopathology of the femurs was examined to evaluate the effect of risedronate on the fat fraction in the bone marrow., Results: Risdronate significantly inhibited adipogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs and suppressed RANKL expression in the adipocytes derived from the BMSCs in a concentration-dependent manner. In OVX rats, risdronate treatment significantly increased the BMD and decreased the fat content in the bone marrow., Conclusions: Risdronate can effectively inhibit the adipogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs, decrease fat content in the bone marrow, and suppress the generation and function of osteoclasts by down-regulating the expression of RANKL, which can be an important mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of risedronate against osteoporosis.

Background: Adipocytes in the tumor microenvironment may provide the metabolic fuel or signal transduction through media and other means to promote a variety of malignant proliferation and invasion, of tumor cells, but their role in lung cancer progression is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adipocytes on lung cancer cell biology., Methods: 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were induced into mature adipocytes. The cell morphology was observed by microscopy and Oil Red O staining. MTT assay, colony formation assay, wound-healing and Transwell methods were used to detect lung cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion ability. The content of triglyceride in cells was determined by colorimetry., Results: The morphology of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells became more slender after co-culture with mature adipocytes, and the proliferation and cloning ability were significantly enhanced (P<0.05). In addition, mature adipocytes can also promote the migration ability (P<0.05), invasion ability (P<0.01) and accumulation of intracellular lipid (P<0.05) of A549 cells., Conclusions: These findings suggested that adipocytes in tumor microenvironment can promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, which may be related to lipid metabolism.