Search

Nanofiber hydrogel composites integrate the high water content and biocompatibility of hydrogels with the high surface area-to-volume ratio nano-scale dimensions and ability to mimic the extracellular matrix ECM . This convergence presents promising applications in biomedicine. Advances in biomedical engineering have spurred high expectations for the performance and functionality of composite hydrogels notably in biomimetic materials drug delivery and tissue engineering. Nonetheless traditional nanofiber membranes struggle to replicate complex three-dimensional micro-nano environments. Their small pore sizes and high densities restrict nutrient transport. Furthermore the inadequate dispersion of continuous nanofibers hampers the materials' minimally invasive use. To address these limitations researchers have progressively introduced controllable-length short nanofibers into hydrogel networks. These nanofibers offer superior dispersibility enhancing their integration with hydrogels and the emulation of complex physiological conditions. To comprehensively understand the research status and performance advantages of short nanofiber composite hydrogels and to promote their development and application this paper reviews recent progress. It focuses on the functionalization and composite methods of short nanofibers summarizing their applications in the biomedical field and proposing current challenges and future directions. Functionalized short nanofibers serve crucial roles in composite hydrogels. Firstly by encapsulating cytokines or nanoparticles these fibers create a microenvironment within the hydrogel enhancing cell growth. Secondly surface modifications that immobilize therapeutic or monitoring agents on the fiber surface can prevent drug loss thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Additionally these modifications increase the contact area between the drug and its environment improving detection sensitivity. Furthermore by modifying precursor materials prior to electrospinning short fibers can be functionally customized imparting specific properties and improving compatibility with the hydrogel matrix. The application of biotechnology such as the self-assembly of large molecules like DNA and peptides into short nanofibers not only endows them with specific biological functionality but also enables interaction with hydrogels enhancing their effects and further expanding the potential applications of short fibers in hydrogels. The binding mechanisms between short fibers and hydrogels are crucial. Besides simple physical blending the interfacial interaction between the two can be strengthened through a series of interactions including covalent bonding hydrogen bonding biotin interaction etc. Furthermore methods such as heat treatment mechanical stretching solvent diffusion and magnetic field control can orderly arrange short fibers in gels forming oriented structures which aid in mimicking the microstructure of natural oriented tissues such as muscles and nerves promoting tissue regeneration. The enhancement and functionalization of hydrogels become a significant research focus in biomedical materials science with the innovative incorporation of short fibers offering new pathways for improving hydrogel performance. This approach not only enhances the mechanical properties of hydrogels but also introduces new functionalities in a simple and effective manner. Short fiber-reinforced hydrogels demonstrate extensive potential applications in regulating cellular behavior optimizing drug delivery mechanisms and enhancing biosensing capabilities. These advancements provide a new material foundation and therapeutic strategy for regenerative medicine and precision medicine. However current research on composite hydrogels faces several significant challenges. Firstly the primary fabrication techniques for short nanofibers suffer from scalability issues and inconsistent fiber morphology. Innovative fabrication methods that enhance production efficiency and achieve uniform fiber dimensions are urgently needed. Secondly the precise control of the three-dimensional distribution and orientation of short fibers within the gel matrix is critical for optimizing the performance of composite hydrogels. This necessitates a deeper understanding of interfacial interactions and the development of advanced fiber assembly strategies. Lastly while the incorporation of short nanofibers improves the mechanical properties of composite materials they still fall short of the high-strength requirements for applications such as bone and joint repair. Thus advanced composite strategies that can match or exceed the mechanical properties of natural tissues are essential to ensure long-term stability and functionality in complex biomechanical environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are nanoparticles that are self-assembled from one or more structural proteins, which can be arranged in several layers or contain a lipid outer membrane. Due to the lack of genetic material, VLPs cannot infect host cells, but are highly immunogenic and can induce immune responses different from conventional inactivated vaccines. VLPs can be produced using a variety of systems including bacterial, yeast, plant, insect and mammalian cells. Compared with traditional vaccines, VLPs have incomparable advantages, so they are becoming more and more popular in the biomedical field. To date, a series of vaccine candidates based on VLPs have been developed for immunization and prevention of various infectious diseases. At the same time, the recent successful application of VLPs in targeted drug delivery and gene therapy has attracted attention. This paper mainly reviews the commonly used expression systems of VLPs and the research progress of their applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Advanced Textile Technology is the property of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Magazines and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Acute myeloid leukemia(AML)is the most intractable hematological malignancy mainly diagnosed in the elderly people and is associated with a high mortality rate. Chemotherapy, as its primary treatment option, suffers from drug resistance and high toxic effects, rendering most patients intolerable. Although several small molecular targeted drugs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), they usually need to be used in combination with chemotherapeutics and are perplexed with fast clearance in vivo, high dosage and serious dose-limiting toxicity. Nanomedicines, in particular actively targeted nanomedicines, have received much attention in AML treatment in recent years due to that they can improve drug delivery efficiency, overcome drug resistance, and reduce systemic toxicities. This review introduces the conventional treatment options for AML, summarizes the research progress of nanomedicines and actively targeted nanomedicines in AML treatment. Finally, the prospects and challenges of nanomedicines for clinical translation in AML treatment are outlined. This review may provide a reference for the development and further applications of nanomedicines in AML therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearable devices have good portability and imperceptibility， realizing expected functions after being worn. Drug delivery refers to delivering drugs into the body with suitable carriers or techniques to generate therapeutic effects to improve the stability and bioavailability of drugs.The application of wearable devices in drug delivery can rationally release drugs when receiving disease signals or user orders and monitor in-vivo drug concentrations， reducing the dependency of doctors or hospitals， and achieving optimal disease treatment timing and outcomes. Wearable drug delivery systems can be worn directly on the body surface and are non-invasive and self-administered. Microneedle-skin patches， wound healing patches， and smart contact lenses are popular wearable devices explored in drug delivery. This review is a summary of the application of wearable devices in disease treatment， such as diabetes， wound healing， eye diseases， cancer， and other diseases， and drug delivery in recent five years， summarizing the challenges for the development of wearable drug delivery systems， and prospecting its development direction.

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Dermatovenereology is the property of Xi'an Jiaotong University Periodicals Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Materials Engineering / Cailiao Gongcheng is the property of Journal of Materials Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AIM: To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin (Cur)-loaded engineered cell membrane mimetic nanoparticles (PD1-Cur@PLGA NPs) in treating breast cancer in mice, and to explore their tumor immunomodulatory effects. METHODS: Engineered mouse breast cancer 4T1-PD1 cell line expressing programmed death 1 (PD1) was established, and PD1 expression level was analyzed by flow cytometry. The 4T1-PD1 cell membranes were extracted and coated on the surface of Cur-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (Cur@PLGA NPs) using ice bath sonication to obtain PD1-Cur@PLGA NPs. The Cur loaded in various NPs was detected using UV-visible spectrophotometry. Particle size and morphology were analyzed by using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The 4T1 cells were divided into negative control (PLGA NPs and PD1-NVs), experimental (PD1-Cur@PLGA NPs), parallel control (Cur@PLGA NPs, and positive control (Cur) groups. In each group, cell viability was assessed by CCK-8 assay, and cell apoptosis was determined through flow cytometry. To perform treatment experiments in vivo, 4T1 cell-bearing tumor mice were randomly divided into PBS, PD1-NVs, and PD1-Cur@PLGA NPs groups. At the end of treatments, tissues of major organs were stained to detect pathological changes, as well as indicators of tumor proliferation (Ki67), apoptosis (TUNEL), and infiltration and activity of T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) in tumor tissues. RESULTS: The PD1 expression in 4T1-PD1 cell lines reached 78%. PD1-Cur@PLGA NPs exhibited a core-shell structure with particle sizes ranging from 100 to 200 nm. PD1-Cur@PLGA NPs enhanced the biocompatibility compared to free Cur and exhibited a strong apoptosis-inducing effect on 4T1 cells. Compared with control group, PD1-Cur@PLGA NPs significantly inhibited 4T1 breast tumor growth in vivo (P<0. 01), without apparent toxic side effects. Treatment with PD1-Cur@PLGA NPs reduced Ki67 expression, increased cell apoptosis, and enhanced infiltration and activity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in tumor tissues. CONCLUSION: PD1-Cur@PLGA NPs enhanced Cur biocompatibility and exhibited cytotoxicity against mouse breast cancer cells. This nanoformulation demonstrated promising therapeutic efficacy and safety in vivo, exerting potential antitumor immune regulatory effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as extracellular membrane particles, play a crucial role in intercellular signaling. Research suggests that EVs may be used as biomarkers for specific organs (such as the inner ear) or as drug delivery systems. The molecules released by EVs under stress and healthy conditions are different, and these active molecules can recognize the body's disease state. Research has shown that EVs can be used to deliver drugs to structurally complex organs, such as cochlear sensory hair cells and the brain, as they can cross the blood-labyrinth and blood-brain barrier. In this review, we summarize the biological composition and biogenesis of EVs, separation techniques, characterization methods, potential therapeutic applications as drug delivery carriers, drug loading methods, and potential applications in the treatment of the inner ear within the auditory system.

To prepare the exosomes loaded with ginsenoside Rh2 (Exos@G-Rh2), and to calculate the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) on hepatoma cell lines Huh7 and PLC. Methods Using exosome extraction kits to isolate and purify exosomes (Exos) from the culture supernatant of hepatoma Huh7 cells, the electroporation method was employed to prepare Exos@G-Rh2. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of Exos@GRh2 and Exos. The particle size of Exos@G-Rh2 and Exos was measured using nanoparticle tracking analysis. High-perfor⁃ mance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was utilized to determine the G-Rh2 content in Exos@G-Rh2, and the drug-loading capacity was calculated. The uptake of Exos@G-Rh2 by hepatoma cell lines Huh7 and PLC was observed using PKH-26 flu⁃ orescence staining. The IC50 of Exos@G-Rh2 and free G-Rh2 on Huh7 and PLC cells was measured using CCK-8. Re⁃ sults Under the transmission electron microscope, both Exos and Exos@G-Rh2 displayed the classic cup-shaped struc⁃ ture enveloped by a lipid membrane, with no significant morphological differences. The particle sizes of Exos@G-Rh2 and Exos were (156. 90±10. 23) nm and (143. 47±8. 62) nm, respectively, with no significant difference between them (P> 0. 05) . The drug-loading capacity of Exos@G-Rh2 was 24. 25%±0. 27%. In the cytoplasm of Huh7 and PLC cells, red fluo⁃ rescence was clearly visible, primarily within the cytoplasm. In the Huh7 cells, the IC50 value of free G-Rh2 was (34. 96± 1. 37）µg/mL, whereas the IC50 value of Exos@G-Rh2 was (29. 74±2. 83）µg/mL, showing a significant difference (P<0. 05) . In the PLC cells, the IC50 value of free G-Rh2 was (33. 41±1. 47）µg/mL, while the IC50 value of Exos@G-Rh2 was (30. 08±1. 12）µg/mL, also showing a significant difference (P<0. 05) . Conclusions Exos@G-Rh2 is successfully prepared, with its morphology and particle size showing no significant difference from Exos, and it can be taken up by Huh7 and PLC cells. Compared with free G-Rh2, Exos@G-Rh2 exhibits a lower IC50 for Huh7 and PLC cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective：To overcome the drawbacks of traditional nanomedicines with a poor stability, a short blood circulation, and a high immunogenicity, a novel zwitterionic nano ⁃ vector with sterling stability and non ⁃ specific protein resistance were designed and prepared. Methods：A biodegradable carboxybetaine (CB)⁃modified polycarbonate［PAC (TCB)］was designed and synthesized by ring⁃ opening polymerization and Michael addition reaction, which can form the micelles of around 160 nm via a solvent displacement method. Results： Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity experiments demonstrated that PAC (TCB)micelles possessed the superior characteristics of an efficient cell internalization, and an excellent biocompatibility. The hemolysis assay and in vivo pharmacokinetic experiments confirmed that PAC (TCB ) micelles led to a low immunogenicity, a prolonged blood circulation and a negligible antibody effect after repeated injections. Conclusion： The biodegradable zwitterionic⁃functionalized polycarbonate displays a colossal potential as the nano⁃vector in drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To construct the antibacterial hydrogel containing mesenchymal stem cell exosomes (MSC-Exo) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and to preliminarily clarify its antibacterial activity and proliferative effect on the human epidermal HaCaT cells, and to clarify its application potential in treatment of skin wound. Methods: The basic hydrogel scaffold was fabricated using oxidized dextran (ODex) and modified hyaluronic acid (HA-ADH). The AgNPs were synthesized with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the stabilizer, while the MSC-Exo was isolated from the cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). The AgNP/HA-ADH/ODex hydrogel and MSC-Exo@AgNP/ HA-ADH/ODex hydrogel were constructed. The loading rate of the Msc-Exo was evaluated through BCA assay; dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential measurement, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscope were used to analyze the morphology, the charged status of the AgNPs; fourier transform infrared spectra was used to detect the compositions of the HA-ADH/ODex hydrogel framework; transmission electron microscope (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blotting methods were used to identify the presence of MSC-Exo; the cell survival rates of the HA-ADH/ODex hydrogel and the AgNP/HA-ADH/ ODex hydrogel, and the effect of MSC-Exo@AgNP/HA-ADH/ODex hydrogel on the proliferation rate of HaCaT cells were detected by CCK-8 assay; the antibacterial efficacy of the AgNP/HA-ADH/ODex hydrogel was detected by spread plate method and turbidity measurement. Results: The DLS, Zeta potential, and ultraviolet-visible spectrum results showed the successful synthesis of uniform and positively charged AgNPs. The fourier transform infrared spectrometry results showed the HA-ADH/ODex hydrogel was properly formulated. The identification of MSC-Exo was verified by TEM, nanoparticle tracking, and Western blotting methods. The BCA assay results showed that the loading rate of the MSC-Exo on the MSC-Exo@AgNP/HA-ADH/ODex hydrogel was 77. 8%. The CCK-8 assay results showed that the survival rates of the HaCaT cells were close to 100% when treated with the dilution ratios of 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 of culture medium-extract of HA-ADH/ODex hydrogel. For the AgNP/HA-ADH/ODex hydrogel extracted with dilution ratio of 8 and above, the survival rates were greater than 85%. The spread plate method results showed that the antibe terial rates of AgNP/HA-ADH/ODex and MSC-Exo@AgNP/ HA-ADH/ODex hydrogels against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), and the antibacterial rates against S. aureus and E. coli were (96. 44±0. 16)%, (96. 62±0. 16)% and (95. 73±0. 28)%, (95. 58±0. 14)%, respectively. The CCK-8 assay results showed that the MSCExo@AgNP/HA-ADH/ODex hydrogel promoted the proliferation of the HaCaT cells, and the proliferation rate was (115. 00 ± 7. 42)%. Conclusion: The MSC-Exo@AgNP/HA-ADH/ODex hydrogel exhibits the excellent antibacterial properties and good ability to promote the proliferation of human epidermal HaCaT cells; it is a safe and effective bio-dressing for the treatment of skin wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abnormal concentration of adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) in cancer cells is closely related to the process of tumorigenesis and development. Therefore, rapid and accurate detection of ATP level in and out of cells is of great significance. Graphene oxide (GO) is widely used owing to its advantages of low toxicity, large specific surface area, easy functionalization, efficient and stable loading of DNA nanoprobes into cells. However, ssDNA bound to GO by physical adsorption is easily displaced by biomolecules in complex biological environment, leading to false positive signals. Based on this, a novel GO-DNA nanoprobe is proposed and applied to the detection of ATP and targeted delivery of the anticancer drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). Double stranded DNA (dsDNA) is formed by hybridization of aptamer of ATP with complementary strand, and then DOX is loaded by G-C base pair to form dsDNA-DOX. dsDNA-DOX is adsorbed on GO surface through polyA sequence extended by complementary strand to construct GO-dsDNADOX nanoprobes, which could greatly reduce false positive signal caused by the physical adsorption of biomolecules in complex environment. The specific binding of ATP to aptamer can lead to the release of DOX, and quantitative analysis of ATP is achieved according to its fluorescence “off-on”. DOX fluorescence intensity shows a good linear relationship with the ATP content within the range of 0. 08~8. 0 mmol/L, and the linear equation is IF=3. 0897c+129. 08. The detection limit (3σ/k) is 0. 059 mmol/L, and the method has good selectivity and anti-interference ability. Cytotoxicity and fluorescence imaging results show that the DOXloaded nanoprobes have significant drug release in MCF-7 cells and significantly induce apoptosis. This study establishes a label-free, simple and rapid method for ATP content detection and realizes targeted drug delivery by the high content of ATP in cancer cells, which reduces the toxic and side effects on normal cells and provides a new idea for cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University is the property of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA) nanoparticles were prepared using a template method to address the difficulty in accumulation of nitric oxide gas in tumor sites. Arginine-IR780-mesoporous polydopamine nanocomposites (AI-MPDA) loaded with L-arginine (L-Arg) and photosensitizer IR780 were obtained to generate NO in situ in tumor area. The properties of the nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet spectrophotometer, in vitro cell uptake, NO fluorescence staining etc. The results show that the MPDA nanoparticles are spherical with a relatively obvious mesoporous structure, and the specific area is 40.80 m²/g. The particle size of AIMPDA is about 200 nm, which can be effectively taken up by human osteosarcoma (143B) cells and achieve the in situ release of NO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect of ultrasound-mediated transdermal drug delivery in the treatment of opioid-related constipation. Methods Totally 60 cancer patients with opioid-related constipation were randomly divided into the control group and observation group, with 30 cases in each group. All patients were treatment with lactulose oral liquid medication (15mg per time, 3 times in a day), and those in the observation group were given a-week-course of ultrasound-mediated transdermal drug delivery therapy (30 minutes per time, once a day). The treatment efficacy was measured and compared between two groups. Results The overall effective rate of the observation group was higher than that of the control group (76. 67% vs. 43. 33%, P＜0. 05). Conclusion The ultrasound-mediated drug delivery is effective in the treatment of opioid-related constipation. (目的 观察超声介导下药透疗法治疗阿片类药物相关性便秘的临床效果。方法 将60例服用阿片类药物所致便秘的癌症患者采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组, 每组30例。两组患者均按医嘱口服乳果糖口服液, 15 mg/次, 3 次/d; 观察组患者在对照组基础上采用超声介导下药透疗法, 1 次/d, 30 min/次, 1周为1个疗程。疗程结束后比较两组患者便秘缓解情况。结果 观察组总有效率76. 67%(23/30), 高于对照组的43. 33%(13/30), 差异有统计学意义(P

With widespread application of nanofibers in various industries， electrospinning， as a technology for preparing nanofibers， has also received attention. The nanofiber membrane prepared by electrospinning has excellent advantages in drug loading due to its high specific surface area， high porosity， and easy addition of various components， similar to the extracellular matrix. In current studies， drugs have been loaded into nanofibers， achieving sustained release of drugs. Electrospinning membrane has been applied in the treatment of ocular surface diseases， corneal transplantation， glaucoma， and retinal diseases. Based upon existing evidence， the principle， application， and prospect of electrospinning technology in treating ophthalmic conditions were illustrated in this article.

Microneedles (MN) as a minimally invasive device consisting of a micro-raised array, can penetrate the cuticle to the epidermis and dermis, and which has the advantages of safety, painless, minimally invasive, self-administration and convenience. As a new kind of microneedles, hydrogel microneedles have attracted more attentions in the medical field due to its excellent performance. Hydrogel microneedles have good biocompatibility and mechanical properties, and can be completely removed after skin action without residual polymer in the body. Its unique swelling property can realize minimally invasive extraction of human detection substance and slow release of drugs, which can play a huge role in the field of personal health monitoring and drug controlled release in the future. The mechanism of action, design, preparation and application of hydrogel microneedles were reviewed in this paper, focusing on the current design parameters of hydrogel microneedles and their applications in drug delivery, extraction monitoring and wound healing, and the problems of hydrogel microneedles in skin infection risk, pharmacokinetics and wearing comfort were pointed out. In the future, the key research direction is to combine with intelligent devices to realize both human body monitoring and intelligent drug controlled release on the microneedle patch.

BACKGROUND: Exosomes produced by paracrine secretion of different cell types can participate in many cellular processes and have shown good therapeutic effects in spinal cord injury. However, the use of natural exosomes alone to treat spinal cord injury suffers from poor organ targeting and inadequate therapeutic effects. OBJECTIVE: To review pretreatment methods to improve the role of exosomes in spinal cord injury. METHODS: The first author searched PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI with English and Chinese search terms “exosomes, spinal cord injuries” and 91 articles were selected for review according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) In the treatment of spinal cord injury using natural exosomes, the activity of exosomes is easily inhibited and suffers from a short half-life and poor targeting. (2) During the preparation of exosomes, the function and efficacy of natural exosomes in spinal cord injury can be further optimized and the possibility of adverse effects can be reduced using the corresponding pretreatment. (3) Three common pretreatment methods include the preculture of exosomes, material pre-packaging of exosomes, and preassociation of biological materials. Each of the three pretreatment methods has advantages and disadvantages and intervenes in exosomes from different dimensions. Among them, the drug delivery system constructed by exosomal substance pre-mounting has been the most used at present, and the technology is relatively mature, and clinical studies have been carried out in some fields, which have good prospects. (4) The optimal effect of other interventions on exosomes has also been confirmed experimentally, and these interventions are not independent of each other, combining them organically to achieve a multidimensional pretreatment to achieve repair after spinal cord injury. (5) Appropriate pretreatment measures can improve the targeting and stability of exosomes, prolong the half-life of exosomes, and enhance the colonization of exosomes at the site of spinal cord injury while ensuring the structure of exosomes, thus promoting the repair of spinal cord injury and improvement of neurological function for therapeutic purposes. (6) Taken together, exosomes have great potential and broad prospects in the field of spinal cord injury, and pretreatment and engineering transformation of exosomes are the only way to develop exosomes in the future, which should be gradually promoted from basic experiments into clinical research to realize the clinical application of exosomes in the field of spinal cord injury as soon as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivePolyethylene glycol-modified gold nanostar particles (GNS-PEG) were constructed to investigate whether the degradation of extracellular matrix in triple-negative breast cancer could improve the tumor delivery of GNS-PEG and enhance the efficacy of photothermal therapy. MethodsGNS-PEG were constructed and characterized for physicochemical properties as well as photothermal properties. At the cellular level, the cytotoxicity of halofuginone (HF) and the effect of photothermal therapy were detected. Mouse model of triple negative breast cancer was established by subcutaneous inoculation of 4T1 cells in BALB/c nude mice. Five injections of HF were given via tail vein (HF group), and tumor sections were stained with Masson stain and immunohistochemical staining for transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and CD31 to observe the effect of tumor stromal degradation. Five injections of HF via tail vein followed by GNS-PEG (HF+ GNS-PEG group) were applied to determine the content of gold in tumor tissues by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The tumor sites of the mice in the GNS-PEG and HF+ GNS-PEG groups were irradiated with NIR laser and the temperature changes were recorded with an IR camera. The tumour growth and weight changes of mice in each group were observed. Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining, TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling and HE staining were performed on tumor tissue sections from each group to observe tumor proliferation, apoptosis and necrosis. HE staining was performed on heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney tissues from each group to observe the morphological changes of cells. ResultsGNS-PEG nanoparticles showed a multi-branched structure with a particle size of 73.5±1.4 nm. The absorption peak of GNS was 810 nm, which is in the near infrared region. The photothermal conversion rate of GNS-PEG was up to 79.3%, and the photothermal effect could be controlled by the laser energy. HF has a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity, with a cell survival rate being as low as (22.8±2.6)% at HF concentration of up to 1 000 nmol/L. The photothermal effect of GNS-PEG was significant in killing tumor cells, with a cell survival rate of (32.7±5.2)% at the concentration of 25 pmol/L. The collagen area fraction, TGFβ1 integrated optical density and α-SMA integrated optical density in the tumor tissues of mice in the HF group were (2.1±0.2)%, 3.1±0.4 and 5.2±1.9, respectively, which were lower than those of the control group (all P<0.01), and the vessel diameter was 8.6±2.9 μm, which was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). In the HF+ GNS-PEG group, the concentration of gold in tissues was 52.4 μg/g, higher than that in the GNS-PEG group (15.9 μg/g, P<0.05). After laser irradiation, the temperature of the tumor site in the HF+ GNS-PEG group was significantly higher than that in the GNS-PEG group. At the 4th minute, the temperatures of the tumor site in the GNS-PEG and HF+ GNS-PEG groups were 51.5 ℃ and 57.7 ℃ respectively; the tumor volume in the HF+ GNS-PEG group was effectively suppressed. The body weights of the mice in each group did not change significantly during the monitoring period. No significant abnormalities were observed in the main organs of the mice in the GNS-PEG group, but some hepatocytes in the HF and HF+ GNS-PEG groups showed edema and degeneration. ConclusionThe remodeling of extracellular matrix in triple-negative breast cancer could significantly improve the intratumoral delivery of GNS-PEG and thus achieve better photothermal therapy effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To solve the drawbacks of easy protein adsorption and fast drug delivery for traditional poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) hydrogel corneal contact lens, β-cyclodextrin-hyaluronan (β-CD-crHA) as a functional derivative was used to modify pHEMA hydrogel for improving the performance of tear protein adsorption inhibition and sustainable drug delivery. The composition, morphology, water contact angle, water absorption, light transmittance, tensile property, tear protein adsorption, and loading and delivery of diclofenac sodium were systematically characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (1H-NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), atomic force microscope (AFM), contact angle instrument, ultra-violet spectrophotometer, and electronic universal testing machine, etc. Results showed that β-CD was successfully bonded on the molecular chain of hyaluronan and the substitution degree was calculated to be 18.2%. Moreover, β-CD-crHA was also proved to incorporate into the matrix of pHEMA hydrogel after crosslinking with aminated polyethylenimine via amidation reaction. The increase of β-CD-crHA content remarkably enhanced the hydrophilicity of pHEMA hydrogel, which effectively reduced the adsorption of lysosome and albumin by 51.3% and 34.8% respectively, in comparison to pure pHEMA hydrogel. Meanwhile, the introduction of β-CD-crHA into pHEMA hydrogel significantly increased the loading capacity of diclofenac sodium and sustainable drug delivery as well. However, β-CD-crHA didn't damage the basic properties of pHEMA hydrogel, such as light transmittance and tensile strain. Therefore, pHEMA/βCD-crHA hydrogel, which effectively improves the tear protein adsorption inhibition and sustainable drug release of traditional pHEMA hydrogel corneal contact lens, is a promising corneal contact lens material for ophthalmic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With widespread application of nanofi bers in various industries, electrospinning, as a technology for preparing nanofibers, has also received attention. The nanofiber membrane prepared by electrospinning has excellent advantages in drug loading due to its high specific surface area, high porosity, and easy addition of various components, similar to the extracellular matrix. In current studies, drugs have been loaded into nanofibers, achieving sustained release of drugs. Electrospinning membrane has been applied in the treatment of ocular surface diseases, corneal transplantation, glaucoma, and retinal diseases. Based upon existing evidence, the principle, application, and prospect of electrospinning technology in treating ophthalmic conditions were illustrated in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant tannins were very rich in nature, and a large number of phenolic hydroxyl groups contained in their molecular structure were easy to be chemically modified. At the same time, tannins had strong antioxidant, antiviral, antitumor and other biological activities, and had a significant inhibitory effect on bacteria and enzymes. In order to study the application of plant tannins in the field of biomedical materials, this article reviewed the research progress of tannin-based hydrogels and their potential applications in the fields of tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound dressing, and the industrial preparation methods of materials were also summarized. Firstly, the design strategies and formation mechanisms of different types of tannin-based hydrogels were introduced in detail. In particular, the role of molecular structure and biochemical properties of tannins in the construction process of hydrogels were analyzed deeply. The specific application of hydrogels and the latest research hotspots were then elaborated. Finally, the current limitations of these materials were discussed, and the prospects of large-scale industrial production in the future were highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Bioprocess Engineering is the property of Chinese Journal of Bioprocess Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: As a cationic polymer, polyethyleneimine has been widely studied in many fields of medicine. With its rich amino and cationic charges, it has the ability of easy modification and electrostatic adsorption, which has potential advantages and prospects for application in bone tissue engineering. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the research progress of polyethyleneimine in bone tissue engineering, and discuss and explore its development prospect in bone tissue engineering. METHODS: Relevant articles were searched on PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang databases from January 2000 to March 2022 with the search terms of “polyethyleneimine, bone tissue engineering, bone tissue regeneration, bone tissue repair, regenerative medicine, drug delivery” in English and Chinese. Finally, 57 articles were included for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The complex formed by polyethyleneimine and osteogenic genes based on gene technology is an efficient gene carrier, which can induce seed cells to express osteogenic cytokines and promote osteogenic differentiation. Modification with different groups can reduce the toxicity to seed cells such as mesenchymal stem cells as much as possible without affecting the transfection efficiency of polyethyleneimine. However, no consensus was reached on the key parameters such as the length of DNA and polyethyleneimine chains, charge density of polyethyleneimine, structure and chemical modification, and nitrogen/phosphate. (2) Polyethyleneimine has been optimized in the aspects of biocompatibility, degradation rate, pore size and mechanical strength of the scaffold as a surface coating or a composite prepared directly with the scaffold material. Meanwhile, the application of polyethyleneimine and its derivatives in bone defect repair scaffolds can give the antibacterial activity of scaffolds and enhance the ability of promoting angiogenesis. (3) In terms of in vivo loading of osteogenic inducible factor, the osteogenic inducible factor gene carried by polyethyleneimine had efficient transfection ability in vitro cell experiments. When loaded on the scaffold and implanted into the bone defect animal model, the biocompatibility of the scaffold could be improved, and the bone defect repair effect was ideal, and no serious adverse reactions were reported. However, ectopic gene insertion and promoting ectopic expression of bone protein are still existing problems. (4) In order to achieve targeted drug bone delivery, polyethyleneimine is a “bridge” between target and drug carrier with its abundant modifiable groups. (5) The targeted drug delivery method based on bisphosphonates, stimulus response system and biotin avidin system has not been reported yet, but the current application of polyethyleneimine in the field of drug delivery provides the possibility of realizing this idea, which is worth further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polyethylene glycol （PEG） derivative PBA-PEG-SA, which connects phenylboronic acid （PBA） with an amide bond at one end and stearic acid （SA） with an ester bond at the other end, is synthesized by substitution reaction and esterification reaction. And a liposome with pH response characteristics is prepared by co-assembly of PBA-PEG-SA with distearyl choline phosphate （DSCP） and cholesterol （CH）. When PBA-PEG-SA, cholesterol and DSCP are assembled at a mass ratio of 1∶3∶10, the particle size of the prepared liposome is 115 nm, and it could maintain good particle size stability within 20 d. In addition, the liposome has good biocompatibility. When the concentration reaches 800 µg/mL, the survival rate of mouse embryonic fibroblast （NIH-3T3）and hepatoma cell （HepG2） can reach more than 90%. At the same time, after loading doxorubicin （Dox), compared with DSCP liposomes （Lip/Dox）, Fru/PBA/Lip/Dox liposomes modified with PBA and coated with Fru can effectively enhance the cytotoxicity of HepG2, reduce the toxicity to normal cells NIH-3T3, and improve the endocytosis of cells to drug-loaded liposomes due to the selective binding of phenylboronic acid and fructose. Therefore, the liposomes co-assembled by DSCP and PBA-PEGSA have good pH response performance and enhance the enrichment ability of liposomes in tumor tissue, which will have good application prospects in the field of tumor therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polymer Materials Science & Engineering is the property of Sichuan University, Polymer Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Materials Engineering / Cailiao Gongcheng is the property of Journal of Materials Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a type of extracellular vesicles, exosomes are released by living cells and contain diverse bioactive molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and metabolites. They play an important role in various physiological and pathological processes by a special intercellular communication medium. As endogenous vesicles, exosomes also have the advantages of systemic circulation stability, good biocompatibility and specific targeting of tissues and cells, as well as they are promising candidates for drug delivery system. The production mechanism of exosomes describe was summarized, the methods of extraction and separation the application and mechanism of exosomes in immune and inflammation-related diseases, cardiovascular system diseases, nervous system diseases, tumors, etc. were reviewed. The engineering modifications of exosomes in high targeting properties based on the drug delivery were overviewed. Exosomes support the diagnosis and prognostic assessment of multiple diseases, which have broad application prospects as a very potential safe and specific endogenous nano-drug carrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To construct lipid nanoparticles DLin-LNP for mRNA delivery. Methods DLin-LNP was prepared by thin film hydration method, and DLin-LNP/mRNA was further constructed by using EGFP-mRNA as model drug. The particle size, zeta potential, and appearance morphology were measured. Furthermore, the intracellular distribution and transfection of DLin-LNP/mRNA in RM-1 cells was investigated by laser scanning confocal microscope. Results DLin-LNP was successfully prepared. The average particle size was about (151.1±2.1) nm, the no-load potential was (23.7±0.5) mV. The cytotoxicity of DLinLNP was far lower than that of the commercially available liposomal Lipo8000. The results of transfection experiment indicated that DLin-LNP has high transfection efficiency for mRNA delivery with low cytotoxicity and good stability. Conclusion DLin-LNP could become a potential mRNA vector for gene therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are mixed porous materials which are composed of metal clusters or ions and organic pillars. Given their channel tunability, high porosity, large specific surface area, and good biocompatibility, MOFs can be combined with various biological macromolecules. In recent years, they have been widely studied in the field of biomedicine, especially in the loading of anti-tumor drugs, showing great application prospects. Multifunctional anti-tumor MOF combined with different therapeutic methods provides a new idea and method for tumor treatment. On the basis of the structure of MOF, this paper introduces the advantages of using MOF to load anti-tumor drugs and reviews the application of MOF in tumor therapy.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed structures released by cells and encapsulate bioactive cargoes that act as an emerging messenger of intercellular communication in the development of kidney diseases. Currently, an increasing number of studies documented that, urinary EVs are packed with proteins and RNAs derived from renal resident cells, which could be served as a source of diagnostic biomarker. Furthermore, EVs are natural nanocarriers in the body with intrinsic characteristics, including great biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and low toxicity， which makes them great potential to apply for the treatment of kidney diseases. This review will focus on the current studies on EVs-based theranostics of kidney diseases.

Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are nanoscale vesicular structures produced by prokaryotic bacteria during their growth. The diameter of BMVs varies between 20 and 400 nm. BMVs can incorporate bacterial proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. On the one hand, BMVs can effectively stimulate host immune response to set up immune protection ability. On the other hand, BMVs are biosafe candidates for vaccine development, drug delivery, and cancer therapy owing to the lack of self-replication ability. However, wild-type bacteria have poor BMV yields, and BMVs from the wild-type bacterial strains may be unsafe due to the carriage of bacterial toxins, such as lipopolysaccharides, hemolysins, and harmful proteins. In this review, we summarize the engineering modification of BMV-producing bacteria as well as BMVs themselves to attenuate BMVs toxicity, enhance vesicle immunogenicity, and increase BMVs production. The engineered BMVs show broad applications in Biomedicine.

Poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether-poly(2-diisopropylaminoethyl methacry-late)-poly(acrylamide-coacrylonitrile) (mPEG-PDPA-P(AAm-co-AN)), a novel amphiphilic triblock ABC polymer, was designed and synthesized. This polymer was prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT). When pH changes, PDPA undergoes a hydrophilic-hydrophobic transition. Therefore, the polymer has pH-responsivity with a pH-sensitive point at pH 6.53. The P(AAm-co-AN) fragment forms hydrogen bonds at low temperature. At high temperature, hydrogen bonds are formed between the polymer chains and water molecules so that the polymer mPEG-PDPA-P(AAm-co-AN) has a high critical solution temperature (UCST). By varying the monomer ratios of acrylamide (AAm) to acrylonitrile (AN) and the concentration of the solution, polymers with different UCSTs can be obtained. In a neutral environment at room temperature, the polymer solution forms micelles by self-assembly with mPEG as the shell and PDPA and P(AAm-co-AN) as the core. The particle size, potential and morphology of the micelles in various external environments were studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). An increase in temperature induces a transition from micelles to asymmetric vesicles. The lower pH encourages the polymer to form looser micelles. Simultaneously changing the pH and temperature, the hydrophilicity of each block of the polymer increases, the micelles dissolve sufficiently, and the particle size increases. In an in vitro drug release investigation, polymeric micelles show good drug delivery for both the hydrophilic drug doxorubicin (DOX) and the hydrophobic drug quercetin. The micelles show low leakage at 37 ℃ and pH 7.4. The release rate of drug from the micelles increases significantly with the increasing of temperature and the decreasing of pH. It is demonstrated that the polymeric micelles have good environmental stimulus sensing ability and controlled drug release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective：To prepare the oxaliplatin (OXA)-loaded elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) hydrogels, and to investigate its in vitro drug release and the killing effect in the CT26 colon cancer cells. Methods：The prokaryotic proteins ELPs were produced in Escherichia coli (E. coli) system and purified via the inverse transition cycling (ITC). The ELPs hydrogel was prepared by mixing the ELPs protein solution with the cross-linking agent tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium chloride (THPC). The microstructures of hydrogels were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM)； CCK-8 assay was used to determine the survival rates of the CT26 cells and NIH3T3 cells after hydrogel treatment and Live/ Dead cell staining was used to observe the survival of the CT26 cells after treated with 30 and 40 g∙L－1 hyrogels for 48 h. The OXA-loaded ELPs hydrogels were prepared, and the drug release of OXA-loaded hydrogels was detected at different pH values (pH 6. 5 and pH 7. 4) in the sustained release liquid. The survival rates of CT26 cells after added with the ELPs hydrogels soak solution loading different concentrations (0. 25, 1. 00, 4. 00, 16. 00, and 64. 00 mg ∙ L－1) of OXA were detected and the survival rates of CT26 cells after treated for different time in various groups were detected by CCK-8 assay. Results：The gel electrophoresis analysis showed that an obvious bold protein band was observed in the region with expected molecular weight 38 000. After protein purification using ITC, almost no other protein was found. The ELPs protein solution was transited from transparent solution into an opaque white hydrogel after the addition of THPC. The hydrogel showed uniformed pores and three-dimensional structure under SEM. The CCK-8 assay results indicated that the survival rates of CT26 cells and NIH3T3 cells were close to 100%. The Live/Dead cell staining results showed the green fluorescence in the CT26 cells under fluorescence microscope. The OXA-loaded hydrogels showed sustained drug release profile in vitro，and a slightly faster drug release in pH 6. 5 was found than that in pH 7. 4. The CCK-8 assay results showed that the OXA-loaded hydrogels could significantly inhibit the proliferation of CT26 cells in a dose-dependent manner. With the prolongation of the incubation time, the survival rates of CT26 cells treated with drug-loaded hydrogel were decreased gradually. Conclusion：The OXA-loaded ELPs hydrogels have sustained release profile in vitro and can kill efficiently and consistenly the colon cancer CT26 cells of the mice. ELPs hydrogels may be used as the safe and effective drug delivery system for cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In recent years, metal-organic framework materials have been widely used in the field of drug carriers. The core metal ions are generally dominated by iron, cobalt, copper, and zinc ions, but there is still a big gap in the study of metal organic frameworks based on the equally important manganese ions. OBJECTIVE: To synthesize a manganese-based metal organic framework as a drug carrier to load the anti-tumor drug baicalin, and to study its in vitro release behavior. METHODS: The manganese-based metal organic framework [Mn3(μ3-ade)2(OA)2] synthesized by a hydrothermal stirring method was worked as a drug carrier and loaded the anti-tumor drug baicalin. Before and after loading the drug, the structure, morphology and particle size of the samples were analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the drug-loading and drug release performance of manganese-based metal organic frameworks were investigated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) When the crystallization time was 15 hours, the diffraction peak position, crystallinity and diffraction peak intensity of the synthesized sample were the best. Manganese-based metal organic framework was stable at pH=5.8. (2) After loading the drug, the crystal structure of the manganese-based metal organic framework changed significantly, confirming the successful loading of the drug. Under the conditions that the mass ratio of carrier to drug was 1:1 and the loading time was 8 hours, the drug loading rate was the largest, which could be up to (43.12±1.93)%. (3) The in vitro release test results showed that the cumulative release rate of [Mn3(μ3-ade)2(OA)2] in a release medium whose pH was 5.8 simulated the tumor microenvironment was (71.84±5.96)%. The cumulative release rate in a release medium whose pH was 7.4 simulated the human microenvironment was (48.90±7.21)%. (4) The results show that during the drug loading, the crystal structure and morphology are transformed to achieve the successful loading of baicalin, and the drug release can be controlled according to the pH response, thereby forming an effective drug delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: How to effectively transport the extracellular proteins into cells has always been a concern. With the development of nanometer protein carrying technology, efficient protein delivery has been achieved. However, the protein-carrying nanosystem is still largely unable to avoid degradation after entering the endosome/lysosome. Therefore, the utility of the protein can be impeded. OBJECTIVE: To review the progresses of protein-carrying nanosystems promoting endosome/lysosome escape in recent years, to analyze research status and application prospects of nano materials of the protein-carrying nanosystems that promote endosome/lysosome escape. METHODS: The articles published from 2000 to 2021 were retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI database and Wanfang database. The Chinese and English search terms were “endosome escape, lysosomal escape, nanoparticles, protein delivery”. All articles were preliminarily eliminated according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 89 articles were included for this review. According to the characteristics of the escape mechanism of endosomes and lysosomes, the functional characteristics and clinical applications of inorganic-organic materials, inorganic materials, organic materials, and bio-related materials were summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The intracellular endosome/lysosome escape of proteins delivered by nano materials as carriers is related to a variety of mechanisms, including proton sponge effect, membrane instability, membrane fusion and other related mechanisms. Through the above mechanisms, the protein-carrying nanosystems can be successfully transferred into the cytoplasm and perform their functions well. (2) There are four types of nano materials by far the most often used to promote the protein-carrying nanosystems to escape from lysosome or endosome: organic-inorganic hybrid materials, inorganic nano materials, nanometer materials and biological organic related nanomaterials. These materials have advantages, such as the good biocompatibility and biodegradability, novel design, customizability, and pH-response. These preliminarily outstanding advantages have been demonstrated in the clinical fields of killing tumors, gene editing, and reducing blood sugar. (3) To further expand the clinical application of protein-carrying nanosystems with the effect of endosome/lysosome escape, detailed studies on nano safety and mechanism researches should not be neglected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Metal elements play an important role in the human body. In recent years, the application of metal elements in biomaterials has attracted attention, and its functions and effects are being rapidly explored and broadened. Compared with the metal elements that have been studied more in recent years, such as magnesium and zinc, manganese is a rising star in the field of biomaterials research. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and review application status and existing problems of manganese in biomaterials. METHODS: The first author searched CNKI, Wanfang, ScienceDirect, and PubMed databases by computer to retrieve all relevant articles published from February 2010 to February 2021. The Chinese search terms were “manganese, biomaterials, biomedical metallic materials, ceramic biomaterial, nanomaterial, biopolymer material, bone tissue engineering, drug delivery, cancer therapy”, and the English search terms were “manganese, biomaterials, alloy, degradable metals, corrosion, biomedical metallic materials, ceramic biomaterial, nanomaterial, biopolymer material, bone tissue engineering, drug delivery, cancer therapy”. Finally, 72 included articles were summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The current research found that the introduction of manganese into biomaterials can significantly improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of biomaterials, and effectively improve the biocompatibility, bone formation and antibacterial properties of biomaterials, indicating that the incorporation of manganese ions as functional ions into biological materials has good research value. (2) The current research on manganese ions in biomaterials mainly focuses on in vivo and in vitro experiments. The existing studies have shown that combining manganese ions with collagenhydroxyapatite scaffolds can promote osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchyme stem cells in vitro and regeneration of new bone in mouse skull defects, and further enhance the osteoinductivity. (3) In view of the excellent properties of manganese, it can have broad application prospects in medical metal materials, bone tissue engineering materials, drug delivery, and tumor treatment. It is expected to provide a new direction for the basic and clinical applications of manganese-related biomaterials in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhalation of antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis has achieved good results in patients with bronchial tuberculosis. However, the diameter of atomized drug particles is too large and the drug distribution is uneven, so that it can not be used for patients with alveolar tissue tuberculosis. In recent years, with the in-depth development of follow-up drug carriers, it is possible to apply antituberculous drugs to patients with alveolar tissue tuberculosis by inhalation, which have good safety and effectiveness. This paper reviews the research progress of inhaled antituberculous drugs in the treatment of alveolar tissue tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Guangxi Normal University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Extracellular vesicles refer a population of vesicles bodies including ectosomes, apoptosis bodies, oncosomes and exosomes released by cells. And as an important intercellular signaling tool, they play vital roles in various pathological processes. In recent years, the research focusing on extracellular vesicles has developed rapidly, and the basic research and the transformational application research have been going hand in hand.Extracellular vesicles can not only be used as an important target for liquid biopsies, but also provide a promising idea for drug delivery. This paper will review the formation, physiological and pathological function, purification and detection methods and transformational research progress of extracellular vesicles. We look forward to the transformation of extracellular vesicles into clinical applications as soon as possible, and bringing good news to patients.

BACKGROUND: As a class of nano-scaled biomaterials, nanoparticles have exhibited outstanding performances in promoting neural stem cells proliferation and differentiation, delivering therapeutic molecules and drugs, and scavenging excessive radical oxygen species. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the properties of nanoparticles for the treatment of ischemic stroke, and to analyze their therapeutic effects and related treatment mechanism on the pathological process of ischemic stroke. METHODS: The author searched the relevant articles collected by PubMed, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure database from January 2000 to December 2020. The key words were “ischemic stroke, nanomaterials, nanoparticles, nanozyme” in English, and “ischemic stroke or cerebral infarction, nanoparticles, nanozyme” in Chinese. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 79 articles were finally selected for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Nanoparticles have made great progress in the treatment of ischemic stroke. A large number of studies have shown that (1) nanoparticles can be used as a drug delivery system to deliver neuroprotective drugs and molecules and to achieve targeted drug delivery across the bloodbrain barrier. (2) Nanoparticles can promote brain tissue regeneration through their inherent anti-oxidation properties. (3) Nanoparticle combined with stem cell therapy can improve the efficacy of endogenous neurogenesis and exogenous stem cell transplantation. However, a very little proportion of studies have focused on this field, and meanwhile lacking a systematic design standard and optimal formulation of nanoparticles for ischemic stroke treatment. In the future, it is necessary to further explore the disease mechanism of ischemic stroke and fully understand the interaction between nanoparticles and biological systems, thereby designing a brain-targeted nanoparticle therapy system to promote its clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional oral materials are mostly stable materials which are not affected by oral environment，while intelligent materials can adapt to various changes in the oral cavity and respond favorably，so they have become one of the research hotspots in recent years. As an environmentally sensitive polymer，intelligent hydrogel is an important type of smart materials and has been widely studied in stomatology. Based on the literature at home and abroad，this paper briefly reviews the definition and classification of intelligent hydrogels and the application of intelligent hydrogels in stomatology，and prospect the future development of these materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are mixed porous materials which are composed of metal clusters or ions and organic pillars. Given their channel tunability, high porosity, large specific surface area, and good biocompatibility, MOFs can be combined with various biological macromolecules. In recent years, they have been widely studied in the field of biomedicine, especially in the loading of anti-tumor drugs, showing great application prospects. Multifunctional anti-tumor MOF combined with different therapeutic methods provides a new idea and method for tumor treatment. On the basis of the structure of MOF, this paper introduces the advantages of using MOF to load anti-tumor drugs and reviews the application of MOF in tumor therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applications of surfactants in diverse area are briefly discussed as well as the catalytic effect of micelles in organic reactions from the recent literature survey. The trend of increasing use of biosurfactants in the modern field of research is also considered. The recent progress of surfactant-based organic transformations is reviewed, and the roles of surfactant aggregates in different organic reactions are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing as an important, fast-growing manufacturing technology is triggering major innovations in many fields, such as medicine, aerospace, automobile and food. The main advantages of 3D printing include design freedom, mass customization, waste minimization, and rapid prototyping, etc. The personalized features enable 3D printing to prepare products based on the patient’s condition to help the patient recover. With the increasing demand for precision and personalized medicine, 3D printing is gradually being applied to implant manufacturing, diagnostic platforms and drug delivery systems. Therefore, this article outlines the development of 3D printing technology, which introduces medical materials that can be used for 3D printing, and the application of 3D printing technology in the medical field. Finally, the challenges and development prospects of 3D printing technology in the medical field are summarized and discussed.

Magnetic nanomaterials （MNPs） have been extensively studied and applied in the past half century due to their unique properties including coordinated magnetic properties, non-invasive, easy manipulation, and good biocompatibility. However, the complex magnetic behavior of MNPs is influenced by a variety of factors, including particle size, composition, shape, and core-shell structure. Therefore, the main parameters of MNPs are needed to coordinate accordingly for specific applications to improve their effectiveness. Among them, doping of divalent transition metal ions is a crucial parameter affecting various magnetic properties of MNPs such as magnetic moment （μ）, saturation magnetization strength （Ms ）, coercivity（Hc ）, magnetic crystal anisotropy（K）and relaxation time（τN and τB ）. Therefore, this review focuses on the mechanism of precisely regulating the magnetic properties of magnetic nanomaterials by doping them with transition metal ions, and introduces the potential mechanisms and some recent advances of MNPs doped with transition metal ions for bioimaging detection（magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic particle imaging）, drug precision delivery and tumor therapy, and biosensing. Finally, we summarize some challenges and future trends of MNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrageenan (carrageenan, CG), a kind of natural sulfated polysaccharide extracted from red seaweed, is a reliable green matrix, which has excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, antioxidant, antivirus and anti-tumor properties. Based on carrageenan, hydrogels with various structures and properties (mechanical strength, gel properties and cell affinity) can be widely applied n biomedicine field by combining with other bio materials and physical or chemical crosslinking. In this review, several types of Cara glue gels and their applications in drug delivery, wound healing, issue engineering, and biosensor are reviewed, providing theoretical basis for the development of carrageenan n biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]