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Prikupljeni su bibliografski podaci o samoupravljanju u Jugoslaviji (uz strane tekstove o participaciji u Italiji i Španjolskoj).

U uvodu svog djela Oinas ukazuje na niz radova prijašnjih stručnjaka koji su istraživali finsko-slavenske folklorne veze, te njihove radove djelomično ispravlja, djelomično nadopunjuje. Ta su istraživanja pokazala da su mnoge finske narodne pjesme slavenskog podrijetla. Zatim se osvrće na niz finskih narodnih pjesama koje dosad nisu ispitivane s toga stajališta, pa za njih dokazuje da su također nastale pod utjecajem slavenskih narodnih pje-sama. Međutim, već u prvoj bilješci označuje da gotovo i nema slavenskih narodnih pjesama ili legendi koje bi bile baltofinskog podrijetla.

Apart from the rest, the beginning of the seventies of this century in Yugoslavia is no doubt characterized by a number of discussions dealing with the Marxist education as being a factor for the formation of socialistic social consciousness. Considering the complexity and saturation of the so called »average social consciousness and the dominant global social processes connected with it, the question appears as one of the most delicate and the most complex questions concerning the ideological and social life in Yugoslavia in general. The importance of the question in Yugoslavia has been brought about by the need of wakening the critical social consciousness, in other words, by the need of forming the scientific-Marxist revolutionary concept of the world, by a deep crisis of the socialistic social consciousness, and by an enormous penetration of the various forms of traditional, bourgeois and dogmatic intellectual orientations in the post-revolutionary society tom by a series of elements which got over from the bourgeois society. It should be reminded that it took place after the great development and spreading of Marxist thought some ten years earlier. No doubt, having that in mind the discussions about the Marxist education take a special place within the school system when taking into consideration the importance of the regular school system for socialization (in a sense of being permeated by social and cultural valuable orientations as well as in a sense of including the young generations into the education). There was a serious stagnation and a deep crisis of the Marxist education followed by a transformation phase accompanied by »new« questions about the sense of that education, about its contents, methodology and reach. These questions are of great importance within the high school system. It has been stated for the Marxist education to be the essential component, contents and method of the humanistic education having itself two levels: generally educational level and professionally formative level. Gene rally educational level should enable the acquirement of all that knowledge from the fields of sociology, philosophy, political economy, political science and social anthropology essential for the moving and orientation in the society. Professional aspect on the other hand simply means that a high school professional cannot with success professionally adapt himself or satisfy at his work without knowing that special sociology which comprises the so called social substratum of his profession. Here becomes noticeable a very close and unbreakable connection between the Marxist education and sociology which finally gets its own place in the education as one of the fundamental sciences. The question has conceptually tried to be solved in this way at the University of Zagreb. Having that as a starting point and especially considering the fact, that the sociologists gathered at the Initial University Scientific Community of the Zagreb University as well as gathered at their own professional association, have been the first structural association in Yugoslavia to begin systematically to consider the question, the composer of this paper has limited himself to those materials and those documents which have resulted from the activity of that Community. The choice has been made in order to illustrate on one example, partly at least, the question of aim, contents, organization and methodology of the Marxist education as well as to continue the scientific research in the field of sociology. Unfortunately, the paper should not be considered closed but open at the places where some of the questions have remained to be solved. For example, the question of the relationship between the project and the practice of the Marxist education has not been yet cleared out precisely. Still, the paper gives evidence of the project of that education and endeavors which have been made in order to help the realization of the Marxist education.

The empirical studies in participation and power structure within the Yugoslav work organization show a tremendous discrepancy between the institutional-ideological blueprint (»what ought to be«) and reality of organizational life (»what is«). While a gap between the »though-of order« and »lived-in order« is an universal feature of human societies, there are still good reasons to ask: why such a gap seems to be much wider in the Yugoslav society than in most other contemporary societies? Two different approaches to the relationship between the ideal and reality are possible: (1) the »structuralist approach« in terms of C. Levy-Strauss structural anthropology, and (2) the »planned social change approach« (»blueprint« — »realization «). While the author considers both approaches legitimate from the scientific point of view (keeping in mind that different questions are asked), in this paper he has adopted the blueprint-realization approach traditionally used by the Yugoslav social scientists. However, he has made a further step in the analysis of the subject within the perspective of blueprint-realization. Instead of blaming, in general terms, the environmental (economic, social, cultural etc.) conditions as unfavorable for the implementation of Self-management in practice he suggests that, in addition to those conditions, an appropriate organizational model capable of linking the Self-management ideal and reality was also lacking. The rest of the paper is devoted to this point. In reviewing briefly the 25 year development of the Self-management work organization the author employs the conceptual models of organization proposed by George H. Rice and Dean W. Bishoprick. Using their concepts the author shows that the Yugoslav work organization has traveled a long way on the level of the »thought-of order«: from an almost pure autocracy in the early postwar period to an entirely egalitarian pattern prescribed by the new 1973 Constitution. However, on the level of the »lived-in order« changes were much more modest: some essential features of the autocratic pattern have survived within the new institutional set up. In an attempt to explain the lag he demonstrates that the Public Administration Model (representative government) introduced to democratize the authoritarian organization was a failure; that a premature switch to the Federation Model without an effort to explore the possibilities of the Decentralization Model also failed to produce the results in line with the Workers Self-management: in the absence of conditions necessary for the effective functioning of the federation model, the loose federation between the organizational units combined with the »representative government within the units served, more often than not, as a window dressing for a de facto centralized structure and authoritarian management. The new constitutional provisions stipulating a combination of the federation and egalitarian models seem to provide an appropriate structure for the mediation between the Self-management ideal and reality of everyday organizational life. However, it is far from certain whether and to what an extent these mediating structures will be successful in bringing the reality closer to the ideal. It depends on too many things to make safe predictions. Undoubtedly it depends on the future environmental conditions, i.e. whether the economic, political and social developments will provide more or less favorable environment for the development of the Yugoslav work organization along the lines of federalis mand egalitarianism. However, granted the environmental conditions, much will depend on the understanding and interpretation of the egalitarian model by managers and workers, and by political leaders. It will also depend on the extent to which a spontaneous growth of the egalitarian pattern will be allowed and on the degree of its formalization in the future.

In this paper we tried to explain the research results on the distribution of participation in the decision making at the workers' council meetings. We put together 15 different areas of participation and tried to analyze the so-called »global participation«. As independent variables were treated: the level of education, membership in the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, membership in the workers councils, functional organization and the position in the hierarchy of the company. The data concerning independent variables were collected from the company administrations. The dependent variable was participation defined in five dimensions: frequency of discussions, number of explanations, number of original proposals given as possible solutions and number of accepted original proposals. In the study two methods of analyzing data were used. The unit of analysis in the first method was one type of interaction: either the frequency of discussion, number of proposals, or number of proposals accepted. In the second approach, the multivariate method was used, more exactly the multiple discriminant analysis, in which the unit of analysis was one participant, or one person. We analyzed data both ways with the objective to find out the global participation of different social groups in the process of decision making. Although these two approaches were different, the results obtained by them were supplementary. When global participation was analyzed in all five dimensions of participation, a skewed distribution of results was obtained pointing to the authoritarian structure of participation. Top management, people with college education and non-members of the workers' councils had the dominant role in the process of decision making. As the corollary of the paper, a theoretical model was built, showing the relationship among independent, intervening and dependent variables. The model was not empirically verified, and it was proposed to be the starting point in the next study, which would apply path analysis and enable the author to state some cause and effect relationships.

This article — in fact, the author’s paper presented on the Second World Congress for Rural Sociology, held in Enschede, the Netherlands, August, 1968 — is republished from »Sociologia Ruralis«,i Vol. VIII, No. 3—4, 1968, pp. 256—281. The subject of this paper is changes in the social organization of agriculture. The term is understood as the partially open system of relations between the farm, the family and the village community which determine rural life as a whole sui generis. The main attetntion is directed to change in the organization bf agricultural production. Besides the pre-peasant system of tilling the soil in some isolated societies, five organizational types of agricultural production are dis. 15 tinguished. These are: the traditional peasant farm, the latifundial farm, the modern family farm, the collective farm and the industrial farm. They aie described as ideal types occupying extreme places on the scale. An examination of the transformation of each of these types establishes the unidirectional nature of change in the various courses of development. The direction indicated is towards the industrial farm and modern family farm, tied, however, in a number of relations with enterprises purchasing and processing agricultural produce or providing productive services. The collective farm occupies a distinct place here also. Depending on the conditions, it represents a transformation of family farms or it is converted into such farms. The transformation of agricultural organization finds expression in change of the traits of the farm family, primarily in connection with the intensity and character of its productive functions as a collective producer and entrepreneur. Also connected with the organizational type of production are the changes in the system of relations between the producing family and the village community, as well as in its functions. The system, farm-family-local community, is not a closed one; its transformations depend on the social organization of society as a whole and on the economic and political-administrative systems in particular. The final consideration concers the perspective of further change in the social organization of agriculture. The domination of two forms is anticipated, namely, the industrial farm and the modern family farm. These are depicted as operating in conjunction with enterprises processing and purchasing agricultural produce, and those which render productive services — manufacturing types of agricultural organization. Although these types, the second in particular, may be projected into the future, they are so different in various general conditions that a rather polymorphous agriculture is indicated in the future.

When we study the family in societies like the Montenegrin, in which tribal institutions have long existed, we must study it as part of a clan, which is a the family. The clan family framework had a great influence on the development of the family, which was linked to it in many ways.. Using this as a starting point, the author tries to show the specific relations between the family, the clan and kinship on the mother’s (female) side. In the first part of the paper the clan framework is analysed in its original form, as it existed in Montenegro tribal society. It can be seen that the family was the basic structural unit of the clan as a social and blood group, and that there was a high degree of identification of the family with the clan. Clan norms and the whole clan organization influenced family functions and the character of relations between family members. Kinship on the mother's side did not »hold on« to the family as strongly as the clan kinship, but was nevertheless present in the life of the family. Changes that took place in the clan framework are analyzed in the second part of the paper. They are observed through the process of family individualization with regard to the clan framework. The individualization of the family implies a gradual transformation of the clan. The clan loses many of the characteristics that made it a compact social and blood group. With the loss of those characteristics, the family gradually »frees« itself from the »grasp« of the clan and starts to live more its own life than that of the clan. Such changes, which were very turbulent, were often resisted by the remains of the patriarchal society. They tried to influence a stronger feeling of belonging to the clan, which prologs thegathering of people on the basis of a blood (clan) relationship.

When he was doing research in the vegetation of stony meadows in the area of middle Dalmatian islands, the author had an opportunity to get to know closer as regards its phytocoenologic relations and geographical distribution, a comparatively rare plant from the family of Umbeliferae which is known in botanical literature under the name of Scaligeria crética (Miller) Boiss. On the territory of the Croatian Littoral and Yugoslavia in general this plant has up to now been known only from the island of Hvar (Visiani 1852:70) and a little island of Sv. Andrija (Ginzberger 1921:241). On the ground of the said Visiani’s information it is quoted later by Boissier (1872:875) generally for Dalmatian islands and by Beck (1901:429) for the island of Hvar and on the ground of all the information Hayek (1927:1069) quotes it for Dalmatia and in the most recent time also Tut in (1968: 328) for the flora of Yugoslavia within the flora of Europe. Our recent studies, however, have shown that this plant on the territory of the Croatian Littoral spreads over a little wider area, what the author reports in this paper. Here the author first refers to the previous diagnoses and descriptions of the plant as well as to its general distribution. In the first Chapter of the paper the author quotes word by word a part of Visiani’s description of the species Scaligeria crética, and also his critical consideration on the earlier descriptions of the same plant which were published byde Candolle and Boissier, and which partly do not comply with the author’s statements. However, the quoted statements of Visiani have remained unnoticed, i. e. not accepted and therefore in the more recent and even in the latest floristic literature we come across descriptions, especially as regards the structure of the flower and fruit, which do not comply with these statements. Thus Hayek (1927:1069) in the diagnosis of the genus Scaligeria, which refers only to the species of S. crética, writes, among the others, about the obsolete calix (»calyx obsoletus«) and about valeculs of the mericarp with 2-3 vitae (».. . valleculis 2-3 - vittatis«). In the most recent time, also Tutin (1968:328) mentions in the diagnosis of the genus Scaligeria, which also refers only to the species S. crética, the absence of calyx in the flower (»Sepals absent«) and valeculs of the mericarp with 2-3 vitae (»... vittae 2-3«). This incongruity of statements from the latest literature with descriptions and notes by Visiani made the author do some more necessary research on plants which he knows from different finding from places the territory of the Croatian Littoral. This research has proved Visiani’s statements completely correct. Thus the flower of the species Scaligeria cretica has a clearly developed calyx (fig. 1), the structure of the fruit also corresponds to the description of Visiani. In the pericarp of a mericarp three kinds of resin canals can be distinguished (vittae, fig. 2) and they are »vittae vallecullares« (one under each val- leculae), »vittae commissurales« (developed on the commissural side of the mericarp) and »vittae intrajugales« (1—2 small and narrow ones under each main ridge; seldom completely obsolete). In the second chapter there is a short description of the general distribution of the species Scaligeria cretica on the ground of the data from the floristic literature the author could get. The plant spreads in the mediterranean seaside areas of Palestine, Lebanon and Turkey in western Asia, and Greece (here is the centre of its distribution) Albania and Yugoslavia on the territory of the mediterranean part of the Balkan peninsula. In the third Chapter the distribution of the plant on the territory of the Croatian Littoral i. e. Yugoslavia is shown. Here, as already mentioned, this plant has been known so far only from the island of Hvar and the small island of Sv. Andrija, and the author has also found it on various localities of the island of Vis, while on the territory of Mo- lunat and in Konavli near Dubrovnik it was collected by Rajevski. All the finding places of the plant known to the author so far are shown in the enclosed map (fig. 3). The quoted territories of the Croatian Littoral in Yugoslavia can be marked as the farthest western boundary line of the distribution area of the Scaligeria cretica species. In accordance with this is the fact that this plant on this territory is strictly characteristic for one special association of stony meadows named by the author as Thero-Brachypodietum adriaticum. This association is now known only in the central district of the middle part of the eumediterranean zone of the eastern Adriatic phitogeographical province.

In this essay the author works on a detailed plan of exposing the basis of the movement of the student and school young people, started in 1897 and called »Progressive Youth«; during the transition period, from 19th to 20th century, it played an important part in modernization, meaning Europeanizing, of the cultural and political life of Croatia. The »Progressive Youth« was the main supporter of the literary and art movement: »Croatian Moderna« (in literature) and »Croatian Secession« (in art). After giving a shematic description of that-time general political lines and ideology during Austro-Hungarian monarchy, the author is opening her exposition with a survey of literature on political and literary activity of the Young; she lays the stress on the fact that only a through knowledge of their exploits and works ('Theory of Literature, art of painting, the theatre in Zagreb) can give a wholesome idea of their activity from 1895 to 1903 - and that was not done until now. The author continues with an account of various ideological stimuli from home and from abroad that influenced the cultural and political movement of the Young: K. Š. Gjalski with the novel »Radmilović« H. Taine »Philosophy of Art«, Vienac (»The Wreath«, 1895), T. G. Masaryk - translations of Russian realistic writers, socialist ideas of that-time Croatia. Special stress is given to the influence of T. G. Masaryk (his real work among people; not only patriotic enthusiasm; not accepting nationalism without ethics; the meaning is brought to the history only by pan-human ethical values) on the group of those students who had burnt the Hungarian flag in the very centre of Zagreb, 1895, and therefore had been expelled from the Zagreb Univenity, and then had continued their studies in Prague; one other group was formed at the Vienna University under the influence of the eminent literary theorist H. Bahr. The third group of the movement of the Youth was formed amongst those students who remained in Zagreb. The main characteristic was to echo the outside events and stimuli in the home tradition, while common to them all was the dissatisfaction with everything that went on in Croatia. The appearance of the Youth movement brings in evidence the split that must have existed among the members of the intelligency: majority of them joined the Rights movement and worked upon the clerical ideas, not accepting the ideology of the Young, not even the ideas of T. G. Masaryk. Every author's statement on the events was proved by the analysis of the original articles in newspapers and magazines of that period and written by the leaders of the movement; the author begins with an exposition of the programme and the activity of the review »Hrvatska Misao« (»The Croatian Thought«, Prague 1897), where the discussion about the relation society-literature was put on with arcicles of M. Dežman and M. Šarić. The author continues mentioning the opinion and estimation the Youth writen were forming of the modern Croatian writers: Kranjčević, Preradović and Kozarac and on the other side of the writers like Tresić-Pavičić and Arnold. The Youth liked the idea of the common interests of Serbs and Croats; it was even clearly expressed in the programme of the common cultural work, and cited by the Zagreb collectanea »Narodna Misao« (»The Popular Thought«, 1897), just as well as by the political weekly of the same name and from the same year. Scholl newspapers »Nova Nada« (»The New Hope«, 1897) called for the united Croatian and Slovene Youth, while the texts were printed in both languages. Mainly literary magazine from Vienna »Mladost« (»The Youth«, 1898) continued the same ideological path in the contents at well as in the form: there were articles in Slovene and in cirilic writing. The same was true for the magazine »Novo Doba« (»The New Era«, Prague 1898) that appeared after the »Hrvatska Misao« had been prohibitted in Croatia. This magazine did not approve of the ideas on the literary and art values of the circle around the Viennese »Mladost«, reasoning that they were decadent, estranged from the people, sterile imitators of the West. With regards to the »Mladost«, the magazine »Novo Doba« counterclaimed that the »education of people« was to be achieved only if there be the unity of Serbs, Croats and Slovene on the field of the culture. Ivo Pilar, representative of the Young, discussed on the modernistic tendencies in painting (articles in »Vienac«, 1898, then, a brochure too); he explained them to be an »expression of dissatisfaction with the existing in art«, or even to be a new stream welcome to the sensitive mentality of the Croats, and more, to represent the tendency to bring are to all tbh levels of society. Pilar's ideas brought about an art exposition in Zagreb - an exposition of art masters of different trends. Their search for expression as well as the tendencies of the Young in general in art were given due consideracion in a review, published to this occasion by M. Dežman, »Hrvatski Salon« (»Croatian Salone«); they were accompanied with reproductions of the exposition works. M. Dežman commended the frankness of the new art movement, the tendencies to the originality but still conformed to the life and necessities of the people. M. Cihlar-Nehajev and Gjalski were positively reacting to this »coming-out« of the young writers, painters and sculptors. The author goes on explaining the reasons of the point of view of those writen who did not agree with the ideas of the Young: A. Radić thought that those new tendencies in art jeopardized the nacional interests; F. F. Kuhač was talking of exposing of the moral interests, while S. Korenić pointed to the jeopardizing of the religious interests. The discussions about the Secession brought in some other eminent people like: J. Frank, I. Kršnjavi, A. Tresić-Pavičić etc. In 1900, painters and writers started to publish a review »Život« (»The Life«). The author gives a through report on it. »Život« stood against dilettantism, hiding behind the patriotism, it fought for the cultural development, the essential means in people's struggling for subsistence (B. Livadić), it critized the publishing monopoly and narrow-mindedness of Matica Hrvatska (Dežman-Ivanov). »Život« also declared its point of view with regards to the event of the First Catholic Congress (1900), which proclaimed to be against the movement of the Young. The contributor of »Život«, Čedomil Jakša, a priest, tried to reconcile the generations over the cultural problem. Also in »Život«, an architect, V. Kovačić, the disciple of the Viennese supporter of the Secession Otto Wagner, fought for the modern style in architecture in Croatia, as the justifiable expression of the new period; he stood up for his cause at the time when the leading Zagreb architects still hesitated between secessionist and historical syles. »Život« also followed closely and commented freely the events in the world of Art. The author tries to show, too, that »Život« though momentarily occupied with art events, did not limit its interests only to those subjects, but that its work comprised: popularization of the Art, of J. Ruskin's social reforms, proclaiming disagreement with police persecuting of modern art achievements in Germany; therefrom arises obvious the author's intention to explain the expansion of the influence of the Young on the youngest generation - e. g. J. Koharić in the »Svjetlo« (»The Light«, 1900) in Karlovac. The author then, explains how the political calamities in Croatia - from the brochure of the Yoong »Poraz i slavlje« (»The defeat and the Triumph«, Rijeka, 1901) - led to the restoration of the »Hrvatska Misao« (»The Croatian Thought«) in Zagreb, 1902. It was considered to be the continuation of the earlier paper of the same name, as it brought out again, expanding it, the idea of popular husbandry, considering it to be the only possibility to realize other popular aims. The author made note of the dialogne and different contacts of thc Progressive Youth with Socialdemocrats, as well as of other problems that interested her and which were discussed by the paper: schools, health service policy, psychological characteristics of the Croarian people, Georg Brandes etc. The author points to the quality of the articles and positive influence of the paper towards the better collaboration of the opposition parties and furtber development of the Youth movement. The magazine »Mlada Hrvatska« (»The Young Croatia«, 1902) dealt mostly with the cultural problem and, what should be more important, with appreciating the stage of progress the Young had achieved: they replaced the old one-sidedness with a new universality (B. Drechsler). Others, like A. G. Matoš, Z. Kvederova and V. Jelovšek (art critic) worked on it, too. Turning to the role of the Zagreb theatre in the Croatian cultural development, the author stresses the importance of S. Miletić's work on founding the modern Croatian theatre by including in the repertoire of the pieces of Sophocles, Hauptmann and Russian realists, the works of the writers of the movement »Hrvatska Moderna« (»The Croatian Moderna«); the works of Dežman, Chilar-Nehajev, S. Tucić, helping thus the new literary expression to the affirmation. The fact that the ideas of this young generation were felt present in the political life of Croatia was rather obvious from the political events in 1903: the Progressive Youth came out with a political programme, entering thus that year general peopl's movement in Croatia. The replies from many sides: Dalmatia, Istria, Slovenia, opened the way to the policy of the »new course« and to Croato-Serbian Coalition in 1905. The author ends up with the conclusion that Progressive Youth was the agent that incited the movement of the whole public life of Croatia, especially in the field of culture; that again, intensified the movements and brought about many good results through the synthesis of national traditions and modern trends.

In earlier papers on the mycoflora of Gorski kotar (Tortić 1966a, b) the author gave a list of 282 species of macromycetes together with some floristic, mycosociological and ecological observations. In the present paper 105 species and two varieties are presented as an addition to the first list. They are grouped according to the habitats: the species growing in the fir forest with hardfern (Blechno-Abietetum), the ones growing in beech and fir forests (Fagetum croaticum abietetosum), the grassland species, and the lignicolous fungi (on Fagus, Abies and a few found on Picea). Finally, there are several species from spruce forests, mixed atypical forests etc. Most of the macromycetes were not noted for this region and quite a number were not known in the territory of Jugoslavia. Only Lactarius glutinopallens, Lentinus adhaerens, Mycena viridi- marginata, Tricholoma caligatum are discussed as particularly interesting, although several others would deserve to be mentioned. The mycoflora of this region is characterized particularly by a large number of lignicolous and grassland species; many of the latter ones are very rich in individuals. Although 389 taxa of larger fungi have been published for this region by the author up to now, this is far from representing its complete mycoflora, as she points out, quoting Schulzer (1882) about the difficulties of mycological investigations.

Prikazane su metode za određivanje aktivnog cezija radiokemijskim metodama ili stabilnog cezija u tragovima, analitičkim metodama. Posebna pažnja obraćena je metodama određivanja Cs-137 u uzorcima biosfere. Sakupljena literatura odnosi se na radove objavljene u posljednjih pet godina, Od starijih publikacija navedeni su prikazi ili izvorni radovi koji su temelj većini metoda koje se danas upotrebljavaju., A number of radiochemical methods for determination of active cesium and some analytical methods for determination of stable cesium are described. Particular attention is paid to the methods for determination of Gs-137 in samples of biosphere. The literature listed relates to papers published in this field in the past 5 years and to the review articles and original scientific papers published earlier but considered basic for most of the methods currently used.

When in 1966 the net for heating installations at Osijek was being constructed long the streets Oreskoviceva and Miljanoviceva, ditches cut through Roman walls of houses on numerous places, and from the ditches, masses of building material and plenty of house hold objects were thrown out. From the beginning of the 18th century, when Slavonia was being renewed and restored to new life after the Turkish rule up to the present day, on innumerable occasions at different places in the streets of the lower town it has been dug for various communal purposes. Therefore the Roman strata have long since been destroyed and for this reason no systematic archaeologic investigations were planned here. However, anything that had been observed while inspecting the work was noted and evidenced and the collected finds were brought into the museum. In the adjoining map one can see the mentioned streets where from A to F, south in the Oreskoviceva and from G to K north of it, places are marked where the ditches cut across the walls. In the Miljanoviceva the walls were evidenced but not draw on the map, because they were utterly destroyed so that their direction was no longer recognizable. In this paper special attention is given to numerous finds of the terra sigilla- ta. In fig. 1 fragments are shown of plain sigillata with stamps of three masters: DRAVCI M; S. ANVILLI MA; P ... (Primitius ?). — The fragments of the decorated sigillata revealed (what we had already known from previous studies and publicati¬ons) that to Osijek — Mursa — products had been imported from workshops at Lezoux in Gaul which could be attributed to the well known masters CINNAMVS, ALBVCIVS and PATERNVS (fig. 2, 1—7). Another group of sherds may have belon¬ged to products of masters who worked at Rheinzabern or at the neighbourly workshops, such as CERIALIS, IANVARIVS, COMITIALIS, FIRMVS or PVPVS (fig. 3, 1—7). It is highly possible that in this group we have some sherds that could be attributed to the Westerndorf or even Siscia workshops (fig. 3, 5—7). — The oval-shaped goblet that bears a cut decoration of ears and blades (fig. 4) is known to be a product from Rheinzabern from the second half of the second century, to which many analogies in various museums exist. — The oil-lamp (fig. 6) is an Italic import from the first half of the first century, while the other lamps (fig. 7, 1—7) belong to the type of the so-called firm-lamps. Among the latter we find some masters’stamps such as: ATI(meti), FESTI, FORTIS, LVCIV(s) and VIBI(anus) that can be dated with the first to the third century. The fragment of a two-nosed lamp may have belonged to the third century (fig. 7, 8). These lamps seem to have been produced in industrial and trading centres of south Pannonia, like Poetovio, Siscia, Cibalae, Sirmium, among which a lively traffic and turn-over of goods developed. — Then, an example of locally produced ceramoplastic was found, the fragment of a bird-statue (fig. 5, 3). It is assumed that Mursa had workshops for ceramoplastics as have revealed several finds of moulds and their casts that are kept in our museum. Numerous finds of glass fragments are also discussed here and displayed by photos (fig. 8, 9, 10), while an attempt has been made to show how it could be determined, from only tiny pieces of glass, what the original of them looked like. On the whole, analyzing the make and shape of glass fragments, the conclusion could be made that most of this glass material came to Mursa as an import from the workshops at Cologne in the course of the second and third century. As examples are mentioned: a rib-bowl and two other well-shaped bowls (Pl. I, 1, 2, 4); the dolphin-shaped handle that is known to have belonged either to a cylindrical or hexagonal flask with a long neck and simple rim (the type of the »Eau-de-Cologne« bottle), or else to a small ball-shaped bowl for oil, perfume or rouge (PI. Ill, 13, 13a); fragments of bottoms that belonged to cups (PI. Ill, ¡7 18); bent and fluted handles of variously shaped wine-bottles (PI. Ill, 14, 15). The fragments belonging to small bottles or bowls may have just been containers for perfume or rouge imported from eastern workshops (PI. II, 6, 7, 8). — Frag. ments from long-necked, prismatic and narrow flasks among our finds belonged to the type that was produced from the second to the fourth century in Gaul and Italy (PI. II, 9). The type is called »Mercury-flask« since often a relief of Mercury is seen at the bottom of it. — The ball-shaped bottle can also be attributed to an Italic workshop (PI. II, 10). — Thus a review has been obtained of the glass ware that was imported to Mursa from the East and West, although it is not excluded that glass was produced also in Pannonian provincial centres, of which we do not yet have sufficient evidence. The bulk of the ceramics is shown by drawings and photos (Pis. IV—XII, fig. 11, 12). They represent the most wide-spread types used at Mursa as well as rare specimens. The most common types are attributed to potters’ workshops of the south of Pannonia or of places along the Danube (especially Aquincum) when a lively exchange of their goods with Mursa developed in the course of the romani- sing process. By all evidence local potters also existed here. The rare pieces are discussed separately since they were imported from other western provinces: there is a sherd of a goblet from Raetia (PI. IV, 6); a sherd of an atramentarium (ink-stand) from Rheinzabern (PI. V, 2); sherds of two craters from Italy (PI. VII, 11. VIII, 1); sherds of various amphora-types (PI. VIII, 2, 3 IX, 1, X, 1, 2). A great amount of sherds belonged to plates and dishes and they are mostly sigillata-imitations of south Pannonian industrial centres. Grey and black ceramic pieces are numerous and speak of plates, dishes, pots, strainers, of jugs and of a pot-stand (Pis. V, 5—8, VI, 1—7). Two nearly completely preserved examples of a rough make in grey colour were among the finds, i. e. one goblet and one jug (fig, 11). Of a rough make are also a fragment of a melting-pot (PI. VII, 3), a lid (PI. VII, 4) and other fragments of dishes and pots (PI. VII, 5—10). — In the group of the yellow, red and brown ceramics we find the same make and shapes as are represented in Pannonian collections everywhere; they are types influenced by Roman and Greek patterns. One well-shaped, although damaged, two-handled vessel is shown in fig. 12. Characteristic are: numerous sherds of large egg-shaped pots for storing of wine, oil, vinegar or of dry food (PI. X, 3—7); sherds of mortars (Pl. XII, 7, 8, 11); and of very typical censers which always show traces of a white engobage and bear a waving plastic or incised decoration (PL XII, 6, 9, 10). Six bone hair-pins and one needle were among the findings (fig. 5, 4—6); then iron-objects, keys, a knife, nails, pegs (fig. 13); also a bronze lunula (PI. II, 13). With this paper it was aimed at gaining an insight into the inventory of typically romanised households at Mursa.

Leaves and stems of the Urtica pilulifera var. dodartii were homogenized in cold 80% methanol and extracted several times during 48 hours. The separation of the compound was achieved on paper chromatography and an Amberlite CG-50 column. The identification was based on comparisons of Rf values and colour reactions with the authentic sample of serotonin.

It is emphasized that experiences in earlier investigation (Zloković, Stančić, Tadić, 1958; Stančić, Tadić, 1960) were used as a base for organizing the experiments given in this paper. The obtained results from these investigations proved that in competition with different lights the highest attraction showed the ultraviolet light because it attracted the highest number of insects and insect species. So in the course of three years (1972-73-74) 320.019 insect specimens were caught. The investigations of blacklighting traps represent a field which is not exploited enough. It is fact that traps are very attractive for certain groups of insects among which there are some well-known pests in agriculture and forestry. Therefore, from the complex of obtained results this time, we have paid attantion to the some problems of very known pest A. gamma L. After experimental procedure one trap was installed in a small orchard of the Laboratory of Biological Control in Zemun, i. e. a typical agricultural environment and the second one, on the mountain Bukulja (100 km south of Belgrade, National Park), in the forest where beech, oak and yoke elm prevail. The results in 1972-73-74 showed the following: 1. As to the quality and quantity of the caught insects, the Noctuidae were the most numerous in coming to the blacklighting traps, such as: Noctua pronuba L., N. fimbriata Schz., N. orbona Hufn., N. janthina Schiff and especially Autographa gamma L. 2. It was dissected 3.266 moths of A. gamma L. From this number it was dissected and investigated the abdomen of 1.679 females and established the number of formed eggs in ovaria. The following was found: - immature females – 975; - fernales before oviposition 64. and with,oocytes; - Totally it was found 35.335 eggs. 3. Females flew to the traps at different stages of sexual maturity: immatune females, mature females before oviposition, females in the course of oviposition, females after oviposition. 4. The conclusion for practical use.is: The results given in this study represent a scientific base for the organizing the prognostic service against A. gamma L.

The purpose of the paper is to point out the general differentiation within the general theory of systems which took place after new discoveries in the realm of open systems theory, elaborated by Ludwig von Bertalanffy. Namely the cybernetic system which is of great value in explaining the system of managing and communication in live and social systems, lacks the elements that would allow understanding the dynamic and social revolutionary processes. The structure of cybernetic system does not permit this, as it is based on the theory of balance and the classical stimulus-response pattern. The open system, as conceived by Bertalanffy, contributes to the social sciences a specific, isomorph categorial apparatus which could be successfully applied to the interpretation, even explanation of the creative processes, dynamic social changes and revolutionary transformations of the basic social variables. In that sense two key concepts should be stressed: irreversible processes and equifinality. These concepts give the insight into the structural modeling of the society and its subsystems, especially political subsystem, as they start from the position of the unbalanced system and negative entropy. The main distinctive feature of the open system in comparison to the cybernetic model is the irreversibility of the elements' action, and the action starting and staying within the system. The open system action is thus immanent and that of the cybernetic model is not. Alongside the open system theory we also consider the David Easton's system model as indispensable for explanation of the political life and processes. Namely, the Easton's model points out the essential variables of the political system as determining the persistence and the 'transition of the political groups, regimes or communes.

Iznesen je problem kardiotoksičnosti, klor-fluornih derivata metana i etana, potisnih plinova (propellants), koji se najčešće upotrebljavaju u aerosolima. U pokusima na životinjama inhalacija potisnih plinova poremetila je srčani ritam. Zbog široke upotrebe aerosola istaknuta je nužnost daljeg istraživanja o toksičnosti potisnih plinova., The paper deals with the problem of cardiotoxicity of propellants - the chloro-fluoro derivatives of methane and ethane - which have found a large application in the production of aerosols. In animal experiments the inhalation of propellants was found to disturb the heart rhythm. Owing to extensive use of aerosols the necessity for further research into the toxicity of propellants is pointed out.

U ovom prikazu iznesen je osnovni princip detekcije zračenja u otopini organskog scintilatora, vrste otapala i scintilatora koje se najčešće upotrebljavaju, te načini korekcije efekta gašenja. Uzorci za mjerenje u brojačkom uređaju podijeljeni su s obzirom na sastav u homogene i heterogene, te je naveden literaturni pregled različitih mogućnosti miješanja radioaktivnog uzorka sa scintilatorom., The paper deals with the principles of the liquid scintillation counting method, the most commonly used scintillators and solvents and the methods of quenching correction. An attempt has been made to briefly review the literature in the field of homogeneous and heterogeneous sample preparation techniques.

The extreme concepts in the theory of alienation have been analysed in this paper. Such concepts can be found both in the traditional as well as in the contemporary theories. The phenomenon of alienation, considered from the global and from the predominantly positive aspects, characterizes the traditional theory of alienation. In Hegel's philosophy such a concept becomes expressed as an extreme. Hegel is interested in the general situation, in logic, and in evolution of the historical process; the historical process itself is happening by means of alienation, in other words, by means of changing the passions (partial interests and activities) into idea and intellect (general, common, social contents). Hegel does not seem to be interested in the problems of an individual, such problems being of no interest at his time after all, for the liberal capitalism does not produce the problematic but self-confident and strong personalities. Hegel is not aware of the destructive, self-destructive moments in the process of alienation. Consequently, the alienation becomes exclusively positive process for Hegel, it becomes a specific process of the human self-creation in the history. The individual side of the problem of alienation has been worked out in more detail with Marx. With Marx as well as with Lenin the destructive side of the negativism, building not only the history but also representing a great danger for the human existence, has been rather emphasized. In this way the extreme of Hegel's concept has been lessened. On the other hand, in the contemporary theory of alienation there is a collision between the extreme and complete concepts. Different from the traditional theory of alienation, the contemporary concept emphasizes, on the whole, the individual and negative aspects of alienation. In the philosophy of existentialism such a concept has been expressed to an extreme. Quite different from such an extreme term, a lot of modern authors have been pointing out the drawbacks and extremes in the contemporary concepts, (e.g. L. Feuer’s criticism) and they have been trying to realize the complete approaches to the question of alienation. This question particularly becomes explicit in the works of E. Fromm and W. Mills. Thus some definite contours of the complete approaches as well as the criticism of the extreme concepts of alienation can be traced both in the traditional and contemporary theories. From what has been said about the question of alienation by now, it becomes evident that its complete research must include the global and the individual, the positive and the negative aspects of the problem at the same time. As an example of such an approach, the isolation and the lack of power have been analysed in the research. The analysis has clearly pointed out that these, as well as other forms of alienation, can and must be analysed as the complete social-individual and positive-negative phenomena.

The composition and nutritive value of 43 average samples of hay produced on meadows under grass and natural meadows in Slavonia were determined between May and June 1966, 1967 and 1968. Tabulated and annexed analytical data indicate rather large differences in chemical and botanical composition. Crude proteins, Crude fibres-, Carotine- , Ca-, p-, Na-, Fe-, Mn- , Zn-, B-, Cu-, and Co- contents vary respectively from 7 .93-23.48%, 17.55-34.10 %, 39.4- 310%, 0.25-1.29%, 0.15-0.43%, 0.03- 0.13%, 52.0-175 ppm, 30.0-116.0 ppm, 15.0-31.4 ppm, 2.2-40.0 ppm, 5.6-27.4 ppm and 0.08-0.24 ppm (Tables 1,2,3,4,5 and 6). According to the contents of crude proteins, starch value and macroelements analyzed samples of hay should be considered as satisfactory. Determined Fe- and Mn- contents are lower, Zn-, B- and Cu contents nearly the same, minima Co- contents higher and maxima lower than those in cited papers. Co- contents of all samples surpass 0.07 ppm, the, amount relevant for appearance of Codeficiency disease in ruminants. Necessity of a systematic, regular and as complete as possible analysis of fodder is pointed out as very important factor in appreciation of its nutritive value, only real basis for a rational animal feeding.

U suorganizaciji Jugoslavenskog udruženja za sociologiju i Sociološkog društva Hrvatske u Stubičkim je Toplicama 8. i 9. ožujka 1974. godine održano savjetovanje na temu »Regionalne diferencijacije i razvitak i globalni sistem u Jugoslaviji«. Bilo je to osmo po redu u nizu već tradicionalnih znanstveno^stručnih savjetovanja sociologa Jugoslavije, koja priređuje Jugoslavensko udruženje za sociologiju., In this article author presented one review and comment on papers discussed at 8th Scientific-Professional Consultation of Yugoslav Sociologists (Stubičke Toplice, March 8—9, 1974). Finally, he writes about different author’s approach and concept to regional differences, to forms of traditional thinking (idealization of national character, conception of idyllic rural life and conflict-free »zadruga society «, romantic conception and presentation of folklore), to social character and political culture, to forms of national attachment, to technical and others innovations in specific Yugoslav villages’ social space, etc.

Among recent tendencies to substitute the chemical method of plant protection, physical insecticides have also some importance. Physical insecticides include inert dusts, i.e. dusts without chemical action which breeks down the impermeability of the epicuticular wax monolayer causing death of insects by dehydration. A survey of the extensive investigations carried on in order to contribute to the better knowledge of different inert dusts is given in this paper and some possibilities of their use are mentioned. The topics of these investigations were as follows: the biological activity of 32 different dusts on ten different coleopteraus insects of stored products, the possibilities to activate some dusts, the influence of the water content of grain, of the relative air humidity and of the temperature on the activity of different dusts on varions test misects, the residnal activity of some dusts apter storing the treated in different conditions, the inflance of dust on the progeny of weevils, the application of dusts in from of water suspension, some investigation deposing inert dusts on the body of insects using a microapplicator, the dynamics of the water loss of insect bodies treated with dusts, the measuring of the sorptive capacity of dusts for linseed oil, rhodamine B, methylene blue and beeswax, the measuring of the dynamics of aceptance or of the loss of water from different dusts in various conditions etc, etc.

Somborski sir kao originalni jugoslavenski sir bio je do sada predmet raznih ispitivanja. Ta ispitivanja odnosila su se uglavnom na izučavanja rasprostranjenosti, uvjeta i načina izrade, mogućnosti unapređenja njegove tehnologije ili na izučavanje kemijskih i mikrobioloških osobina sira koji je dobiven takvom proizvodnjom., Sombor cheese is an original yugoslav cheese. It used be manufactured from ewe's milk. Considerable quantities of the cheese is still manufactured from ewe's or mixed ewe's and cow's milk by farmers. The traditional manufacturing procedure has been adapted for making the cheese from cow's milk by modern process in industry at large scale. In the paper it is described cheesmaking applied in industry by indicating technological parameters in a great detail and also given chemical properties of the cheese obtained from cow's milk, tab. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. The cheese is made from pasteurized cow's milk containing 4.1 % fat by adding 30 % water, yoghourt starter and CaCl2 before setting at 30-32 °C for 50 min. The curd formed (fig. 3 and 4) by pressing after removal of whey is sliced and dipped into water at 26-28 °C for about 75 min. Finally, the curd slices are placed into wooden containers (small tub) where-in the cheese is formed and the ripening takes place, fig. 5, 6 and 7. The cheese obtained contains in average 56.l % moisture, 23.4 % fat and 53.3 % fat in cheese solids.

The paper gives results of the releases of Opius concolor conducted on the islet of Babac (Pašmanski kanal - Pašman Channel-near Biograd) and of the studies on the population density of the olive fruit fly on the same islet and on several locations in the Northern and Central Dalmatian Littoral. On the basis of the obtained results it has been concluded that the olive fruit fly can be kept during winter and spring in its adult stage. On the mentioned area, during 1972, the presence of the following larviparasites of the olive fruit fly was recorded: Cyrtoptix dacicida MASI (Hym. Braconidae), Eurytoma martelli DOM. (Hym. Eurytomidae) and Eupelmus urozonus DALM. (Hym. Eupelmidae). The obtained results have shown that the released O. concolor can influence greatly the population density of the olive fruit fty. The economic effect, however, will depend on the age and number of the released individuals, on the density of the olive fly population, on the intensity of its translocational propensities, and also on the right integration of the mentioned biological treatment with the other treatments used in the protection of the olives. According to the obtained results it follows that the released O. concolor can disperse also over larger distances. The degree of its dispersion, however, will depend on the intensity of the attack by the olive fruit fly. When the attack is stronger the dispersion of the released parasites is significantly weaker due to the ensured possibility of its reproduction on a smaller area.

The authors have pointed out that their essay is but an attempt to drawing up of the main tendencies of the relations country-town during the between the war period, though the title may suggest its being a survey as well as an analysis on the basis of which a conclusion could be reached on the totality of intellectual production in Croatia of that time. Some papers of several most representative intellectuals from different ideological currents were studied, as of e. g. R. Herceg, I. Šarinić, J. Predavec, R. Bićanić, S. Kranjčević, A. Pribićević, H . Krizman, D . Tomašić, O. Frangeš, M. Ivšić, V. Rieger, A. Cesarec, M. Krleža, O. Keršovani, M. Mirković, V. Bakarić, while, on the hand, the politicians-ideologists have been left out. The basic purpose of this essay is to give an answer to the questions posed on the quantity and the manner of the intellectuals' sphere comprehension and interpretation of the social reality, the level and importance the interpretation reached, the main themes it undertook to study, the stimuli that spurred such interpretation. The essay has been divided into three parts; the first being a synthesis of discussions on the relation between the intellectuals and the title-suggested problems, the grouping of the intellectuals and the dynamics of their gathering round the "peasant" ideology. The second part is dealing with the interpretation of the country-town relations as expressed by the intellectuals who were supporting the conception as well as by the intelectuals of the oppositions, supporters of mostly Right ideas upon the problem. The third part contains an "expose" of the critique of the liberal left middle-class and Marxist intellectuals on the above conceptions.The authors have concluded mentioning that the thought expressed everywhere was almost always completely falling behind the practice inspite the fact that there was compiled an enormous literature dealing with the problems of the peasants, the problems of the relation country-town being implicit, and that the social critique was accompanying it regularly, though perhaps based on various motives and political arguments and interests of politicians. This approaching the subject of the relations country-town meant, in fact, the revealing of the problematical side of an acute social question, so much so that there had been no possibility of putting on an "academic" attitude or ideologically or politically non-deflned. Nevertheless, the majority of written pages did not arise from the whole of ideology system, nor was it up to any kind of political level, for, the inconsistencies were so strong as to be easily detected even in the largely accepted conception of ''nationalist idea", the name the authors gave to "peasant" ideology. The un-tenability of such self-illusion as the idea of the possibility of ideal peasant life represented, particularly as it was really conceived in anarchic and autarchic un-changeability, had caused the ideologists to fall into the trap of inconsistencies so much that they could not overcome it, not even on the level of theorizing, not to mention the creating of practical solutions. The only issue was to maintain the discussions on the level of stating of the situation, while the proposed solutions were avoiding or even misrepresenting the essence of the problems. According to the authors this general estimate may cover partly the Marxist intellectuals' work, as they, too, were sometimes apt to lose track and err all the way from the theoretical abstraction to political opportunism. Nevertheless, they were , rather late perhaps, the first to come to and clothe in words the very essence of the peasant problem as seen in the light of historical rules. Thus, again, this was the proof of their equivocality, anachronism, of social un-tenability of "peasant" ideology as well as of in-humanity of capitalistic system, while, on the other hand, they had been fighting for the vision of such society in which the inconsistencies of the relation country-town would be solved.

The underlying assumption of the approaches in vogue in American social anthropology was that the societies studied by anthropologists were qualitatively different from the advanced industrial societies to which they were frequently compared. In this paper we wish to reverse the perspective usually employed by the anthropologists. We will not assume a dichotomy between the primitive, pre-industrial world and the industrial world in which modern anthropology has itself developed. Instead, we will examine the ideological, intellectual, and historical factors that have governed the anthropologist's relationship with his own society and with the primitive world which was his subject matter. We will assume that modernizing tendencies have eroded most of anthropology's basic assumptions about itself and its subject matter, and we will try to indicate some implications that follow for the future of the craft

Stem and leaf rust of wheat have been rather common pathogens in Yugoslavia. This paper is being related to the physiological specialization of the causal fungi and to he testing of wheat stock for a search of the most appropriate sources of resistence. In the 1958-1972 period, 25 races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici have been isolated in eastern part of the country. A few of them only (14, 21,34, 116, 208) were more or less regular in occurrence, while the other ones have had occasional appearance. In the latest three years the increase in prevalence was observed with races 1, 11, 34 and 186. In the same fifteen year period, 20 UN race groups of Puccinia recondita tritici have been identified in wheat samples collected in various sites over,the country. A sharp decrease of the ,race groups took place in 1971. and more drastically in 1972. Eight groups (1,2,3,6,9,10, 13, 17) in the former, and only three (3, 10, 13) in the latter were found to harbor wheat hosts. An immense number of wheat entries was tested with single races both in seedling and adult stages, but a limited one was of a good resistance against the most races in rust spectra.

The paper is an account of the empirical study of individual conflicts, conducted in 12 Slovenian companies during 1971 and 1972. As the analysis of the documentary material shows, the disciplinary cases are usually led by the companies against the individual worker. The employees start a process because of the allegedly unjust wages. In the majority of cases there was no mediator called to settle the dispute. Severe abuses of the conflict resolving regulations in the organizations were found, as in many cases the workers were denied the presence when their case was discussed. According to the results, one half of the persons interviewed report that the conflict is unjustly resolved, but do not intend to continue the process, as they do not see any possibility of positive outcome. Three quarters of the individuals interviewed and of the managerial staff would favor a change of the industrial relations that could allow the Unions to be representative of the workers' interests in the worker-management conflicts. The correlational analysis of the differences between the companies showed that a higher degree of democracy in conflict resolving was achieved where greater control over the management body was felt. The formal structure of the company was not related to the quality of control. Also the even distribution of power among the management, self-management bodies, experts and sociopolitical organizations did not create more democratic company structure. The character of social processes in the company is more affected by the positive attitudes of the leadership staff towards the institutinalization of industrial conflict. It was also found that democratic control of conflict's in the company was by no means related to the participative management in the organizational units, the fact that points to the importance of formal mechanisms which would regulate conflicts.

U radu se iznose rezultati ispitivanja hiperdoncije sa genetskog stanovišta na 620 djece, u dobnoj skupini od 8—16 godina, sa mješovitom denticijom, uz korištenje 830 giipsanih modela kao kontrolne grupe. Ispitivanjem je ustanovljeno, da se hiperdoncija u djece javlja u 1,4 posto slučajeva. Prekobrojni zubi naših ispitivanika su se javljali u premaiksilarnoj regiji., In the paper are described the results of the study of supernumerary teeth from the genetic point of view. The group of 620 children in age from 8 to 16 years and with the mixed dentitia has been studied. Of 830 gipsum models were used as the control group. It was found that hiperdontia has appeared in the 1.4% of the examined children. The supernumeraly teeth were most frequently found in the premaxilar regia., In dieser Arbeit werden die Resultate der Untersuchungen über die Hyperdontie vom genetischen Standpunkt bei 620 Kindern in der Alters-gruppe von 8—16 Jahren vorgebracht, bei Verwendung von 830 Gipsausgüssen als Kontrollgruppe. Es konnte festgestellt werden dass die Hyperdontie in 1,4% der Fälle vorhanden war. Überzählige Zähne waren bei unseren Probanden in der prämaxillaren Region vorhanden.

Sladoled je smrznuta smjesa mlijeka, mliječnih proizvoda, dodataka za zaslađivanje, stabilizatora, emulgatora, te aroma u koju je inkorporiran zrak. Postoji malo namirnica koje u tako koncentriranom obliku sadrže toliko vrijednih tvari potrebnih za izgradnju i razvoj ljudskog organizma, kao što je to sladoled., The ice-cream made by means of modern technology represents for all categories of our population (as well as for some types of patients) an excellent food stuff. The consumption of ice-cream is daily increasing, but it is still lower than in most European countries. The author is considering the ways of increasing the consumption in the country, giving his personal experiences and data on the production and consumption of the ice-cream made by the Ice-cream Factory "Ledo". Efforts are made with a view of expanding the choice, bettering the organization of sale and sale points, as well as trought propagation, to ensure a more even sale the year over. The introduction of other related frozen products would make it possible to provide a more varied food scheme, as well as a more economical production. The paper is presenting tabulated data on the production and consumption of ice-cream per capita in Europe and Yugoslavia, as well as data on the production and sale of ice-cream, development of sale points, chemical composition of the ice-cream made by the "Ledo" Ice-cream Factory, etc.

Utvrđeno je da razni oksimi djelomično veoma izrazito inhibiraju luminolsku reakciju (gase kemiluminescenciju luminola), koja je katalizirana utjecajem organofosfornih spojeva, odnosno kompleksnih spojeva željeza. U okviru ove radnje ispitane su. kvantitativnim mjere-njima intenziteta luminescencije, inhibitorske osobine 16 oksima. Kao modelni sistem za istraživanje inhibicije enzimskih reakcija utjecajem oksima služila je luminolska reakcija u prisutnosti hemiglobina, odnosno kalijeva željeznog (lII) heksacijanida kao katalizatora. Određene su polovične inhibitorske koncentracije upotrebljenih oksima, a kinetičkom analizom utvrđeno je da se radi o kompetitivnoj inhibiciji. Kvantitativnim mjerenjima apsorpcije svijetla utvrđeno je da žuta boja nekih oksima u lužnatim otopinama igra samo podređenu ulogu pri gašenju kemiluminescencije luminola utjecajem oksima. Pokusi s luminolskom reakcijom mogu poslužiti za brzo eksperimentalno ispitivanje inhibitorskih osobina oksima., It has been found that oximes with widely different chemical structure are effective inhibitors of the luminol reaction catalysed by organophosphorus compounds (esters of phosphoric or thiophosphoric acid, insecticides. nerve gases) or various complexes with iron. The reaction mechanism of the inhibition is closely related to the reactivation of cholinesterase inhibited by organo-phosphorus compounds with oximes. The reactivation of the inhibited cholinesterase is generally considered as due to the chemical interaction of oximes with inhibitor (organophosphorus compounds). The mechanism of the inhibition of luminol reaction probably consist of the interaction of inhibitor (oxime) with catalyst (organophosphorus compound. complex of iron). The study of inhibition of the luminol reaction with oximes provides a means for a simple evaluation of inhibitory properties of various oximes. The results of the measurements of inhibitory effect of 16 oximes on the luminol reaction catalysed by hemoglobin or potassium ferricyanide are described in this paper. By means of photoelectric measurements the relationship between the intensity (G) of chemiluminescence of luminol (in alkaline solutions in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and appropriate catalyst). and reaction time (t) with or without oximes (Fig. 1, 2, 3, and 4) was established. Maximal intensity of chemiluminescence (Gm) was used as a relative value of the maximal velocity of luminol reaction. From the relationship between maximal velocity and oxime concentration, the concentration for 50% inhibition (i1/2) can be determined. These concentrations are listed in Tables 1 and 2. It is evident that these concentrations are within relatively broad range, between 6,5,10-5 M and 5,9,10-3 M, and that they depend upon the nature and concentration of inhibitors used in the reaction. lt was further found that the yellow colour of some oximes in the alkaline solution has an insignificant role in the process of inhibition caused by oximes. This fact has been established by quantitative measurement of light absorption of oxime solution at various wave lengths (Curves 3 and 4, Fig. 7), followed by the numerical interpretation of the obtained results taking into account the spectral distribution of emitted light of luminol (Curve 2, Fig. 7) and the sensitivity of the photoelement (Curve I, Fig. 7). Spectral curves obtained as a result of these proceedings are shown in Fig. 8. It is evident that the absorption of light by oximes does not influence the luminescence appreciably. Tables 3 and 4 show the experimentally determined i1/2 and mathematically corrected i1/2 concentrations of P3AM and P4AM. The inhibition of the luminol reaction with oximes represents a competitive inhibition (Fig. 9 and JO) as shown by means of kinetic analysis (13. 14). The dissociation constant (Ki) of the compound obtained by the chemical combination of oximes (DAM and C-4-dioxime) with catalysts (hemoglobin or K3[Fe(CN)6]) was determined by the use of Dixon equation (2). The constant of inhibition, according to the equation (3) or (4), decreases when the concentration of substrate increases, what is in agreement with the theory of competitive inhibition. The possible influence of the ionic state of some oximes on the mechanism of inhibition is discussed. Ions of oximes (I- and Br-) evidently have no influence on the velocity of the luminol reaction. The results of the studies of the influence of oximes on the luminol reaction catalyzed by organophosphorus compounds will be published elsewhere.

Special technical and tactical training of players, as well as an elaborated plan of the game for the forthcoming match can be well and effectively carried out only if in advance we get acquainted with the positive adn negative characteristics of each separate player in the opponent's team and the team as a whole. This information and the elaboration of the opponent's team and the team as a whole. This information and the elaboration of the opponent's play could be attained only by special observations, which in sport has a special name - "exploration" of the opponents play. Exploration in volleyball, as well in some other sport games, is in the first place a careful watching of the specialities in the opponents' play, of the individual players and of the team as a whole, including the analysis of these data we succeed in observing and recording. Some methods ans examples in collecting information on volleyball are presented in this paper. They are as follows: 1. photographs, 2. cinemographs, 3. films, 4. video recorders, 5. notes with special signs made according to a previously fixed system, 6. recording by graphs, 7. short-hand recording of the total course of the play, and the actions of individual players, 8. tape recording of the course of the game an the action of individual players.

In this paper are reported trials with hybrids at Botinec near Zagreb, Yugoslavia in the wet seasons 1955 and 1959. The performance of american hybrids was disappointing in these seasons because of bad adaptation and ausceptibility to leafblight (Helminthosporium turcicum). Also are reported the trials with first yugoslav hybrids and the systematic single cross trials with one yugoslav and six american lines im 1959-1962. It is suggested to extend the seeding of yugoslav hybrids and intensify the work of getting lines from local varieties and improve the cooperation among Institutes.

The authors report on an interesting finding of the species Sporobolus vaginaeflorus (Torr.) Wood over a wide area round Zagreb where this North American grass is in places very frequent along either banks of the Sava river. Since this plant has not been previously registered as belonging to the flora of this country (and probably not of Europe either) various authors have paid it particular attention (it was first collected by Ljerka Gospodaric in the Zitnjak-Bogdani district in 1954) as an interesting neophyte. In the first chapter of this paper the authors compare the plant from the Zagreb area (Fig. 1 and 2) with the available herbal specimens of the corresponding plant from North America as well as with diagnoses, analytic keys and drawings in the works of Wilder-Savage (1904), F e r n a 1 d (1933) and Hitchcock (1935), and state that it represents the grass Sporobolus vaginaeflorus (Torr.) Wood var. inaequalis Fernald. The second chapter includes a list of all stands of Sporobolus vaginaeflorus var. inaequalis in the wider countryside round Zagreb. The stands are shown in Map 1. The third chapter deals with the phytocoenological (phytosociological) relations of the plant and the most essential ecological characteristics of its habitat in a wider area round Zagreb. While in North America the plant is present probably in more or less different plant communities on dry, bare and sandy soil (which, the authors believe, can be concluded from the writings of Wilder-Savage, 1904:158, Hitchcock, 1935:397, and Young, 1935:133—142, as well as from a comparison of the total North American areal of the species Sporobolus vaginaeflorus — as outlined by Hitchcock, 1935:397, Fig. 821 — with the areals of the main vegetation zones and regions of this territory — as characterized and specified by R. Knapp, 1957), in the new stands around Zagreb it is attached to a rather specific habitat. These are chiefly flood areas with a sandy or gravel-containing porous soil which dries up completely during the summer months and on which, owing to human influence and occasional powerful action of the river’s current (such as the deposition of new layers of sand, local changes in the river bed, and the like) no vegatation of any higher organisational level has developed. In such uninhabited areas Sporobolus vaginaeflorus var. inaequalis develops a quite specific plant community to which, as a separate association, the authors have given the name of Poa-Sporoboletum vaginaeflori. The association is shown in Table I on the basis of seventeen phytocoenological records. As can be seen from the table, the association Poa-Sporoboletum vaginaeflori consists of a comparatively large number of species. But of these species only 13 per cent, is present to the two highest degrees of constancy, while more than 70 per cent, is present only to the 1st and 2nd degrees of constancy. Nevertheless the association is extremely well characterized, its total characteristic grouping consisting of Sporobolus vaginaeflorus var. inaequalis, Poa compressa var. psammophila, Poa angustifolia, Blackstonia serótina, Vulpia myuros and Barbula acuta, as territorial and locally characteristic plants of the association; and Achillea millefolium ssp. pannonica, Tunica saxífraga, Sedum boloniense, Euphorbia cyparissias, Thymus pulegioides var. chamaedrys, Centaurea rhenana, Daucus carota, Plantago lanceolata, Medicago hipulina, Lotus corniculatus and Cichorium intybus as plants of the two highest degrees of constancy. Of the plants listed as characteristic for the association the greatest diagnostic value is offered by grasses such as Sporobolus vaginaeflorus var. inaequalis and Poa compressa var. psammophila, of which the former in particular is as a rule abundantly present and, in the typical facies of the association, even dominant. In addition to the typical facies (Table I, records 1—11) the authors have also encountered facies of the species Vulpia myuros (records 12 and 13 in the table), Thymus chamaedrys (record 14), Achillea pannonica (record 15), Festuca pseudovina (record 16), Dactylis glomerata (record 17) and others. The table further shows that the association of Poa-Sporoboletum vaginaeflori, in view of its total floral structure, undoubtedly belongs to the vegetation class Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. et Tx. This is clearly proved by the fact that the typical species of this class (including also the separate characteristic species of the communities of the orders Festuco-Sedetalia Tx. and Festucetalia vallesiacae Br.-Bl. et Tx.; E. Oberdorfer, 1957:244—299), shown in the table, are present in the association in a comparatively large number, and in places even very abundantly. On the other hand, however, no definite solution can yet be offered for the question of a more precise systematic position of this association within the class Festuco-Brometea, and the authors believe it will even be impossible to solve this question until the rest of the meadow vegetation in the region of our river sandbanks is investigated in a wider sense of the word. At present the authors consider it most likely that it will be possible to connect this association with the order Bromeialia and perhaps even with the Bromion alliance (in a wider sense), and therefore the common characteristic species of these two vegetation units are separately pointed out. For the same reason the table also shows separately the characteristic species of communities of the meadow class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, which — in spite of a minor degree of constancy within the structure of our association — can be regarded within the scope of the class Festuco-Brometea as differential elements of the alliance Bromion s. 1. (cf. E. Oberdorfer, 1957:264—299). From the syngenetic point of view the association Poa-Sporoboletum vaginaeflori forms an explicitly pioneer-type of community which is the first to settle on bare, sandy or gravelly ground in areas of river sandbanks more or less affected by floods, which are exposed to strong droughts during the summer and the beginning of the autumn. These are then habitats without vegetation, which in any case favour the development of various neophytes, as is Sporobolus itself, which therefore in our so far investigated area and within the association Poa-Sporoboletum vaginaeflori is joined individually by some other species of American origin, such as Stenactis annua, Asclepias syriaca, Erigeron canadensis, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Oenothera biennis, and others. In all places where the development of the pioneer vegetation of woods and undergrowth (Populetalia) is prevented, a specific meadow community of a higher organisational level is bound to develop from the association Poa-Sporoboletum in a further progressive series. Comparatively most important in this community are species like Andropogon ischaemum, Brachypodium pinnatum, Teucrium chamaedrys, Ononis spi- nosa, Potentilla verna f., Centaurea rhenana, Thymus chamaedrys, Achillea pannonica, Leontodón taraxacoides and others. This community no doubt belongs to the Festuco-Brometea class, and probably also to the order Brometalia or the Bromion (s. 1.) alliance, unless — as will be shown only by future investigations — it forms with the association Poa-Sporoboletum vaginaeflori a separate vegetation unit of a higher order., In diesem Beitrag berichten die Verfasser über einen interessanten Fund der Art Sporobolus vaginaeflorus (Torr.) Wood in der weiteren Umgebung von Zagreb, wo dieses nordamerikanische Gras längs beiden Saveufern stellenweise sehr verbreitet ist. Da diese Pflanze für die Flora unseres Landes (und wahrscheinlich auch Europas) bisher nicht vermerkt wurde, haben ihr die Verfasser in den jüngst vergangenen Jahren (als erste hat sie L j e r k a Gospodaric 1954 im Gebiet 2itnjak- Bogdani gesammelt) als einem interessanten Neophyten ein besonderes Augenmerk gewidmet. Im ersten Kapitel des Beitrages vergleichen die Verfasser die Pflanze aus dem zagreber Gebiet (Abb. 1., 2.) mit den Herbarbelegen aus dem Gebiete Nordamerikas die ihnen zu Verfügung standen, und weiter mit den Diagnosen, analytischen Schlüsseln und Zeichnungen in den floristi- schen Arbeiten Wilder — Savages (1904), Fernalds (1933) und Hitchcocks (1935) und stellen fest, dass es sich um die Sippe Sporobolus vaginaeflorus (Torr.) Wood var. inaequalis Fernald handelt. Im zweiten Kapitel werden alle bekannten Fundorte des Grases Sporobolus vaginaeflorus var. inaequalis in der weiteren Umgebung von Zagreb angeführt. Die Fundorte sind auf der Mappe I dargestellt. Im dritten Kapitel sind die phytozoenologischen (pflanzensoziologischen) Beziehungen der Pflanze und die wesentlichsten oekologischen Verhältnisse ihrer Standorte im Gebiet der weiteren Umgebung von Zagreb dargestellt. Während diese Pflanze inerhalb ihres sehr grossen Areals im Gebiete von Nordamerika in mehr oder weniger verschiedenen Pflanzengesellschaften auf trockenem, wüstem und sandigem Boden verbreitet ist (was nach Meinung der Verfasser aus den Ausführungen von Wilder — Savage, 1904:158, Hitchcock, 1935:397 und Y o u n g, 1936:133—142 hervorgeht, und auch auf Grund eines Vergleiches dos gesammten, von H itchcock, 1935:397, Fig. 821, dargestellten nord- amerikanischen Areals der Art Sporobolus vaginaeflorus mit den Arealen der Vegetations-Zonen und -Kreise dieses Territoriums, Wie dieselben von TR. Knapp, 1957, charakterisiert und begrenzt sind, geschlossen werden kann) ist sie auf den neuen Fundorten in der weiteren Umgebung von Zagreb nur an ziemlich bestimmte Standorte gebunden. Dies sind vornehmlich überschwemmte Flächen mit sandig-kiesiger, durchlässiger Unterlage, die im Sommer ganz austrocknen und au£ denen sich menschlicher Tätigkeit wegen und zeitweiliger heftiger Wirkung des Flusslaufes (z. B. durch neue Sandanschwemmungen, lokale Aenderungen des Flussbettes u. ä.) keine Vegetation höheren Organisationsgrades entwickelt hat. Auf solchen unbesiedelten Flächen ist eine besondere Pflanzengesellschaft von Sporobolus vaginaeflorus var. inaequalis zur Entwicklung gekommen, welche die Verfasser als eine besondere Assoziation mit dem Namen Poa-Sporoboletum vaginaeflori bezeichnet haben. Diese Assoziation ist auf der Tabelle I auf Grund von 17 phytozoenologischen Aufnahmen dargestellt. Die Gesellschaft Poa-Sporoboletum vaginaeflori ist — wie aus der Tabelle ersichtlich ist — aus verhältnismässig zahlreichen Arten zusammengesetzt. Der vollständigen charakteristischen Artenverbindung der Assoziation gehören Sporobolus vaginaeflorus var. inaequalis, Poa compressa var. psammophila, Poa angustifolia, Blackstonia serótina, Vulpia myuros und Barbula acuta als territoriale und lokale Charakterarten der Assoziation, sowie Achillea millefolium ssp. pannonica, Túnica saxífraga, Sedum boloniense, Euphorbia cyparissias, Thymus pulegioides var. cha- maedrys, Centaurea rhenana, Daucus carota, Plantago lanceolata, Medi- cago lupulina, Lotus corniculatus und Cichorium intybus als Pflanzen der zwei höchsten Stetigkeitsgrade. Von den Pflanzen die als Assoziations- Charakterarten angeführt werden, kann man den grössten diagnostischen Wert den Gräsern Sporobolus vaginaeflorus var. inaequalis und Poa compressa var. psammophila zuschreiben, von denen namentlich die erst genannte Art stets reichlich anwesend ist. Ausser der typischen Facies (Tabelle I, Aufnahmen 1—11) haben die Verfasser bisher noch Facies von Vulpia myuros (Aufnahme 12 und 13 in Tabelle), Thymus cha- maedrys (Aufnahme 14), Achillea pannonica (Aufnahme 15), Festuca pseudovina (Aufnahme 16), Dactylis glomerata (Aufnahme 17) feststellen können. Aus der Tabelle ist weiterhin ersichtlich, dass die Assoziation Poa- Sporoboletum vaginaeflori zweifellos der Klasse Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. et Tx. anzugliedern ist. Dies beweist auch die Tatsache, dass die Charakterarten dieser Klasse (einschliesslich auch die Charakterarten einzelner Gesellschaften der Ordnungen Festuco-Sedetalia Tx. und Festu- cetalia vallesiacae Br.-Bl. et Tx.; E. Oberdörfer, 1957:244—299), die auch in der Tabelle abgesondert angeführt sind, in der Assoziation in verhältnismässig grosser Anzahl und teilweise sogar reichlich anwesend sind. Anderseits kann aber die nähere systematische Stellung dieser Gesellschaft innerhalb der Klasse Festuco-Brometea vorderhand noch nicht mit Sicherheit bestimmt werden. Vom syngenetischen Standpunkt aus, stellt die Assoziation Poa- Sporoboletum vaginaeflori eine ausgesprochene Pioniergesellschaft dar, die sich auf nackten, sandig-kiesigen Flächen in Flussgebieten auf mehr oder minder überschwemmten Sandbänken entwickelt, die im Laufe des Sommers und bis zum Anfang des Herbstes einer starken Dürre ausgesetzt sind. Das sind also die unbewachsenen Standorte, die auch sonst die Verbreitung von Neophyten begünstigen. Im weiteren progressiven Verlauf entwickelt sich aus dem Poa- Sporoboletum an allen Stellen, wo die Entwicklung einer Wald- oder Gebüsch-Vegetation (Populetalia) verhindert ist, eine besondere Wiesengesellschaft höheren Organisationsgrades, in der z. B. die Arten Andro- pogon ischaemum, Brachypodium pinnatum, Teucrium chamaedrys, Ononis spinosa, Potentilla verna f., Centaurea rhenana, Thymus chamaedrys, Achillea pannonica, Leontodon taraxacoides u. a. die wichtigste Rolle spielen.

Tetanus predstavlja u Jugoslaviji kao poljoprivrednoj zemlji važan problem u nacionalnoj patologiji, jer po svom mortalitetu dolazi na prvo mjesto među akutnim zaraznim bolestima. Na temelju analize 360 slučajeva tetanusa, koji su liječeni u Bolnici za zarazne bolesti u Zagrebu od 1939.-1954., pokušalo se osvijetliti epidemiologiju i kliniku tetanusa u NR Hrvatskoj, a i u ostalim dijelovima Jugoslavije. Tetanus je najviše proširen u nizinskim dijelovima Jugoslavije s razvijenom poljoprivredom i stočarstvom. Od njega obolijevaju većinom (u 78% slučajeva) seljaci i njihova djeca, a od gradskog stanovništva oni s periferije, koji se bave i sitnom poljoprivredom. No od tetanusa obolijevaju kod nas i industrijski radnici te ljudi zaposleni u nekim obrtima (stolari, krojači, postolari i t. d.). Tetanus pokazuje kod nas izrazito sezonsko kretanje i javlja se, kad ljudi rade, većinom bosonogi, u polju i vrtu. Prema dobi tetanus je često oboljenje novorođenčadi te mladih dobnih skupina (od 5-20 godina). U mlađim dobnim skupinama je mnogo češći kod muških nego kod ženskih, svakako zbog češćih povreda kod muške omladine. Kudikamo najveći broj naših bolesnika se zarazio ubodom na različite predmete (trn, trijeska i t. d.), a najčešće mjesto povrede je bila noga. Ukratko je izneseno moderno shvaćanje o patogenezi tetanusa. Prema kliničkoj slici daleko najveći broj slučajeva je pripadao generaliziranom tetanusu, no bilo je i nekoliko slučajeva lokaliziranog tetanusa. Analiziran je odnos letaliteta prema lokalizaciji povrede, dužini inkubacije i dužini intervala između prvih simptoma bolesti i pojave reflektornih grčeva. Letalitet je u analiziranom materijalu iznosio 30,55%. Opširnije se raspravlja o terapiji tetanusa, naročito o modernoj primjeni relaksantnih sredstava. Spominje se uspješna terapija kroničnog tetanusa cijepljenjem tetalpanom. U profilaksi tetanusa se najviše preporučuje aktivna imunizacija ljudi, kod kojih postoji veća vjerojatnost povreda i infekcije., Yugoslavia is an agricultural country and tetanus is of great importance in the national pathology since: 1. it has one of the highest mortality rates among acute infectious diseases, 2. the disease has a fatality rate of 43% and 3. it has shown a steady increase during the last years. This paper presents an analysis of 360 cases of tetanus which were treated in the Fever Hospital, Zagreb, from 1939-1954 (table 1). This analysis is intended to show the epidemiological and' clinical aspects of tetanus in P.R. Croatia and other parts of Yugoslavia. The highest regional incidence of tetanus is in the northern agricultural parts of Yugoslavia. In the great majority of cases (78%) it is a disease of peasants and their children. Among inhabitants·of towns it is a disease of those from the peripheral parts who are occupied with some agricultural work as well. Industrial workers and some tradesmen (joiners, tailors, shoemakers etc.) also suffer from tetanus (table 4). Tetanus has a characteristic seasonal incidence and the great majority of cases occurs between May and October (table 2) i. e. in the season when people do agricultural work in fields and gardens (table 3). It is of great importance that most of our peasants work bare-footed on manured soil. Tetanus very often occurs among newborns and younger age groups (from 6-20 years of age). In this age group the occurrence is more common in males than females (126:53) because of the much greater exposure to injuries of male youth during their work, play and sport (table 5). In 47,51% of cases the type of injury was a puncture (table 6) with different instruments (thorn, wooden splinter etc. - table 7). The most common site of injury was the foot (table 11). Modern concepts of pathogenesis of tetanus are briefly described. Most of our cases of tetanus presented themselves as a generalised tetanus (table 8) of moderate severity, whereas there were only a few cases of localised tetanus, all of them mild. The number of cases of tetanus in the newborn is small because these cases have been admitted to our hospital only since 1952. The number of cases of gynaecological tetanus is also small; this is probably due to the unreliable data. The .case fatality rate depended on the clinical form of the disease and was the highest in the cephalic and gynaecological forms and in tetanus of the newborn (table 9). Clinical relation of fatality rate to incubation period (table 10), location of injury (table 11) and interval between the first signs of tetanus and first spasms (table 12) is analysed. The average fatality rate in the analysed material was 30,55%. The treatment of tetanus is discussed in more detail. Since 1953 all moderate and severe cases of tetanus were given muscle relaxant Tolserol beside the usual therapy (antitoxic serum. hypnotics, narcotics, antibiotics etc.). The best results with this drug have been achieved in moderately severe cases as regards the subjective state of the patients, by facilitating the intake of food and fluids. In some patients with retention of urine this condition was overcome by the drug. In most of the severe cases, however, Tolserol was not able to control reflex spasms and save the life of the patient. In cases with spasm of the pharyngeal muscles we have also used a gastric tube for feeding and drug administration. The tube was maintained in position for a period of several days. In two cases with chronic tetanus satisfactory therapeutic result has been obtained with active immunisation. Seroprophylaxis and active immunisation against tetanus are briefly discussed. Active immunisation of people most exposed to infection with tetanus is recommended.

Koristeći se vlastitim nastavnim iskustvima, kao i opsežnim materijalima sa dviju evropskih konferencija (godine 1967: European Orthodontic Society Bern, godine 1968: W.H.O. — Copenhagen), autor analizira faktore, koji utječu na bolju motivaciju studenata u nastavnom procesu. Između ostalog razrađuje: ulogu ličnosti nastavnika u koncepciji nastavnog plana i programa, interdisciplinarnu ravnotežu i njeno kronološko usklađivanje, osuvremenjivanje nastave, nastavnu literaturu, balaste kojima je nastava bremenita, ulogu znanstveno - istraživačkog rada na fakultetu, vrsti komunikacije u realizaciji nastavnog programa itd. Studija se prema mišljenju autora može primijeniti na jugoslavenske stomatološke edukativne centre kao cjelinu. Njen cilj je da pridonese boljem i neposrednijem sudjelovanju studenata u izvođenju nastave., On the basis of his personal teaching experiences and of the printed material from two European teaching conferences (EOS — Bern, in 1967, and WHO — Copenhagen, in 1968) the author analyses those factors which improve the motivation of students during the teaching process. He deals, inter alia, with the role of the teacher's personality in the conception of the teaching programme and curriculum, and the interdisciplinary balance and its chronologic coordination. He discusses also the modernization of course contents and textbooks, the participation of students in the scientific and research work, the types of communications, etc. The paper can be applied to the existing conditions at all Yugoslav dental faculties. Its objective is to realize a more thorough and direct participation of students in the process of study., An Hand von eigenen Erfahrungen im Unterricht und auf Grund von Materialien zweier europäischen Konferenzen (European Orthodontie Society, Bern, 1967, und W.H.O., Copenhagen, 1968) analysiert der Autor Faktoren welche eine bessere Beteiligung der Studenten am Unterricht bedingen. Unter anderem wurde bearbeitet; die Bedeutung der Persönlichkeit der Lehrkräfte in der Ausarbeitung des Lehrplans und -programms, das gegenseitige Gleichgewicht der Lehrgegenstände und ihre chronologische Reihenfolge, die Aktualisierung der Ausbildung, die Lehr-Literatur, Ballaste welche den Unterricht erschweren, die Rolle der wissenschaftlichen Forschung an der Fakultät, die Arten der Kommunikation in der Verwicklichung der Programme u.s.w. Die Studie hat die bestehende Lage im Auge, welche, nach Ansicht des Autors, auf die jugoslawischen stomatologischen Edukationszentren angewendet werden kann. Ihr Zweck ist es eine bessere und unmittelbare Beteiligung der Studenten in der Ausbildung zu forden.

In several subtitles of this paper peculiarities of immune reaction against avian mycoplasmas, their immunogenic properties and possibilities of acquiring immunity are reviewed. Special attention is paid to the encouraging results of use inactivated or attenuated mycoplasmal vaccines in prophylaxis of poulty mycoplasmosis.

1. Toksični proteini otrova Vip. ammodyt. a. mogu se u toku filtracije iz vodenih otopina adsorbirati na filtru u značajnim količinama. Antigena struktura toksina u filtratu može se smatrati izmijenjenom. 2. Otrov Vip. ammodyt. a. pokazuje u Oudinovu testu tri precipitaciona prstena, pa sadržava prema tome 3 antigena. 3. U vodi netopljivi proteinski talog toksina Vip. ammodyt. a. može se pročistiti precipitacijama iz vodene otopine, pa pokazuje svojstva netoksične čiste proteinske supstance. 4. Toksin Vip. ammodyt. a. sastoji se iz najmanje sedam proteinskih komponenata, koje pri elektroforezi pokazuju različitu elektroforetsku pokretljivost. 5. U pokusima titracije imunog seruma s toksinom Vip. ammodyt. a., upotrebljavajući hemolizu eritrocita ili 50% smrtnost miševa kao indikator za točku neutralizacije, dobiveni su isti rezultati. Iz te činjenice može se zaključiti, da su toksičnost za miševe i hemolitička aktivnost toksina Vip. ammodyt. a. svojstva iste proteinske supstance. 6. Flokulaciona krivulja toksina i antitoksina pokazuje maksimum turbiditeta u točki neutralizacije toksina. Ti se rezultati slažu s onima iz pokusa neutralizacije hemolizom i titracije seruma otrovom na životinjama. 7. Elektroforezom toksina Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Rossi utvrđeno je, da se toksin sastoji iz šest proteinskih komponenata. 8. Izvršena je clektroforetska analiza priredcnog imunog seruma protiv otrova pauka Latrodectus t. R., The toxic proteins from Vip. ammodytes a. venom can be selectively adsorbed on filter paper fibers, so that antigenic composition of filtrated aqueous solution can be considered as changed. The water insoluble precipitate obtained from Vip. ammodyt. toxin can be purified by reprecipitation from aqueous solution at its isoelectric point. This substance shows the properties of a non-toxic pure protein. The Oudin test gives evidence for the presence of three precipitating antigenic components in the venom of Ammodytes viper. Six or seven protein components in crude venom can be distinguished by their different electrophoretic mobilities. The same value for immune serum has been obtained in the neutralization test of Vip. ammodytes toxin, irrespective of which of the activities of venom, haemolysis or toxicity in mice were used for indicating the endpoint. Thus the haemolytic and toxic effects of the venom can be considered as the properties of a single substance. The toxin-antitoxin precipitation curve was of the floculation type showing a maximum, corresponding to the neutralization point as revealed through the measurement of haemolytic activity of venom and antitoxic potency of antivenin. Six protein components with different electrophoretic mobilities can be distinguished when the venom of the spider Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Rossi is examined by electrophoresis. The immune serum against Latrodectus t. R. toxin was analysed electrophoretically.

Autori u uvodu govore o potrebi zamjene silikatnih cemenata, koji imaju privremeni karakter, novim boljim materijalima. Ističu da ni autoakrilati, u koje se polagala velika nada, nisu u potpunosti zadovoljili. Složeni materijali za punjenje kaviteta, koji se sastoje iz organske baze i anorganskog dijela, imaju veliku budućnost. Autori su ispitivali i uspoređivali novi akrilatno-keramički materijal TD 71, sa silikatnim cementom Achatit biochromatic. Na materijalu od 366 ispuna aproksimalnog i cervikalnog kaviteta bila je ispitivana stabilnost boje, rubna i duboka diskoloracija, površinska kontura te marginalna adaptacija i adhezija. Kontrola je bila izvršena nakon 6 i 10 mjeseci. Autori na temelju svojih promatranja zaključuju, da TD 71, kao složeno sredstvo za punjenje prednjih zubi, zahtijeva osobitu pažnju, jer predstavlja dobru alternativu za silikatni cement, osobito u kiselom miljeu usne šupljine. To sredstvo zadovoljava u potpunosti kozmetske zahtjeve, stabilno je u boji i vrlo dobro pri leži uz rubove kaviteta. Uz dobro izvedenu podlogu od cink oksifosfatnog cementa ne oštećuje pulpu., Introducing their paper the authors express the need of replacing silicate fillings with new filling materials as silicate has a rather temporary character. Out of the new compound materials the authors aim was to compare and evaluate TD 71 with silicate cement Achatit biochromatic.On various 366 fillings in 180 patients with approximal and cervical cavities, the colour stability, discoloration, surface contour and marginal adaptation was checked. Controls of the filings had been undertaken after 6 and 10 months. Based on their observations the authors conclude that TD 71, the new compound material for filling front teeth deserves special attention as it represents a good alternative for silicate cements, especially in the sour environments of the oral cavity. TD 71 satisfies the cosmetic appearence, has colour stability with good adherance to the cavity walls and with a phosphate cement lining does not endanger the pulp., Einleitend betonen die Verfasser die Notwendigkeit Silikatzemente mit anderen Füllungsmaterialien auszutauschen, da Silikatfüllungen eigentlich als provisorischer Material anzusehen ist. Von den neuen komplexen Füllungsmaterialien, die eine organische und anorganische Komponente haben, denen eine grosse Zukunft bevorsteht, wurde TD 71 untersucht und mit Achatit biochromatic verglichen. Auf 366 Füllungen von aproximalen und cervikalen Kavitäten an 180 Patienten wurde die Farbstabilität, die Rand und Tiefverfärbung, die Oberfläche, marginale Adaptation und Adhaesion untersucht. Kontrollen waren nach 6 und 10 Monaten durchgeführt. Auf Grund Ihrer Erfahrungen schliessen die Verfasser dass TD 71, das neue akrilat-keramische Füllungsmaterial als Material für vordere Zähne besondere Aufmerksamheit verdient, weil es eine gute Alternative für Silikate vorstellt, besonders im saueren Milieu der Mundhöhle. TD 71 entspricht den kosmetischen Forderungen, zeigt eine Farbstabilität und gutes Adhesion vermögen an den Wanden der Kavität und mit einer Zementunterlage ist keine Auswirkung auf das Pulpagewebe zu erwarten.

We have submitted a short article to The Physical Review [1] containing the main results of our present paper, i. e., that it is possible to account qualitatively for the large log ft — 8.1 value and approximately allowed shape of the Ho166—>- Er166 ground state (0 -->0 + ) transition [2], by a tensor pseudoscalar mixture. The amount of the pseudoscalar admixture can not be determined without new experimental data or calculation of the matrix elements involved. Sluzeci se analogijom sa teorijom elektromagnetskog zracenja, E. F e r m i [9] je prvi formulirao teoriju beta radioaktivnog raspada. On je pretpostavio da je vjerojatnost beta procesa proporcionalna vjerojatnosti prisustva svih cestica na istom mjestu. Za uzajamno djelovanje on uzima skalarni produkt od dva polarna vektora izgradena od kvantiziraniih polja nukleona i leptona.