Search

Služba Božja prvi je list u nekadašnjoj Narodnoj Republici Hrvatakoj koji je objavljen nakon prekida diplomatskih odnosa između Jugoslavije i Svete Stolice (1953). Na temelju zakonodavstva i objavljenih povijesnih rasprava autor u kratkim crtama slijedi zaplet i rasplet tih odnosa i njihov odraz u životu Crkve u Hrvatskoj. Do prekida je dovelo sve veće ugrožavanje materijalnoga položaja Crkve oduzimanjem imovine, fizičko zlostavljanje i zatvaranja velikoga broja crkvenih osoba, gušenje religioznih sloboda, kao što su zabrana crkvenih glasila i tiska, dokidanje religiozne pouke u državnim š kolama, ometanje vjeronauka u crkvamapoticanje uspostave Društva katoličkih svećenika koji su trebali poslužiti državnoj svrsi. Nakon prekida odnosa stanje Crkve u Jugoslaviji kao da se pogoršalo. Krivnja za slabe odnose bacana je na emigrantsko svećenstvo, naročito ono okupljeno oko sv. Heronima u Rimu. Iz sjemeništa su izvlačeni kandiadti za svećeništvo. Zaatvarana su bogoslovna učilišta, a Zakonom o nacionalizaciji 1958. oduzimano je Crkvi od imovine koja joj je ostala nakon provedbe ranijih zakona. Upravo u vrijeme smrti kardinala Stepinca, simbola stradanja (1960.) počeli su pokušaji Svete Stolice za ublažavanjem teškoga stanja Crkve u Jugoslaviji. Stepinčeva smrt kao da je olakšala sporazumjevanje. U popuštanju zategnutosti otvorila se mogućnost i objavljivanju lista Služba Božja., Divine Service was the first journal published in former People’s Republic of Croatia after the break of diplomatic relations between Yugoslavia and the Holy See (1953). On the basis of legislation and published historical disputes the author briefly follows the twists and turns of these relations as well as their reflection in the Church life in Croatia. The break was caused by ever greater jeopardizing of material position of the Church, seizure of properties, physical maltreatment and imprisonment of numerous church persons, suppression of religious freedom, like prohibition of church papers and editing, abolishing religious education in state schools, obstruction of religious education in churches, encouraging the institution of the Society of Catholic Priests who should have served the state purposes. After the relations break off the state of the Church in Yugoslavia deteriorated. The blame for poor relations was shifted on emigrant clergy, especially those gathered around St Jerome in Rome. The candidates for priests were being pulled out of seminaries. Theological schools were being closed, and the Nationalization Law (1958) was taking the Church property left after the enforcement of earlier laws. Just at the time of Cardinal Stepinac’s death, the symbol of suffering (1960), the Holy See started trying to alleviate the hard condition of the Church in Yugoslavia. The death of Stepinac seemed to have eased reaching the agreement. In easing the tensions a possibility of publishing the periodical Divine Service opened up.

U doktorskom radu Sakralna arhitektura Zlatka Ugljena predstavljene su sakralne građevine koje je projektirao arhitekt Zlatko Ugljen od početka njegova stvaralaštva krajem 60-ih godina 20. stoljeća do danas. U radu su analizirani, istraženi i interpretirani svi Ugljenovi realizirani i nerealizirani sakralni projekti. Objašnjeni su izvori Ugljenova specifičnoga arhitektonskog izričaja koji sintetizira modernizam – kao osnovno stilsko polazište – ali i postmodernizam i tradicijsko graditeljstvo bosanskohercegovačkog prostora. Pozornost je stavljena na interpretaciju eksterijera i dizajna interijera, a građevine su promatrane u teološkom, povijesnom, teritorijalnom i kulturološkom kontekstu prostora u kojima su sagrađene. Pored popisa i analize, u radu se donose i valoriziraju postojeće interpretacije Ugljenovih sakralnih objekata od strane istraživača iz zemalja nekadašnje Jugoslavije, ali i drugih svjetskih teoretičara arhitekture i publicista. Ugljenova sakralna arhitektura (realizirani i nerealizirani projekti za islamske i katoličke bogomolje) postavljena je u teorijski okvir kritičkog regionalizma, ali i kulture sjećanja jer je ona – sa svojim specifičnostima – bitan čimbenik pri promatranju tradicijskih prepleta različitih vjerskih i identitetskih zajednica koje obitavaju na istom prostoru. Svi objekti popraćeni su fotografijama, skicama, tlocrtima i prikazima projekata te njihovim eventualnim objašnjenjima. U radu je pozornost stavljena na proces nastanka i realizacije projekata te su ti procesi potkrijepljeni sadržajima iz arhivskih dokumenata i brojnih intervjua koje su dali sudionici i svjedoci nastanka projekata. Sadržaj disertacije zaokružen je katalogom u kojem se donose pojedinosti o projektima te intervjuom sa Zlatkom Ugljenom u kojem autor govori o osobnim i profesionalnim iskustvima te razmišljanjima o sakralnoj arhitekturi. U širem smislu, disertacija se bavi analizom moderne i postmoderne islamske i katoličke sakralne arhitekture u Bosni i Hercegovini, ali i u regiji i svijetu, uz osvrt na društvene i političke prilike koje su utjecale na nju. Zlatko Ugljen's religious architecture represents an indispensable segment not only of the author’s creative work, but also of the overall contemporary catholic and islamic religious architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in the region. Zlatko Ugljen designed more than 200 buildings in his career, and was presented with various awards both at local and international level. As a professor at the Faculty of Architecture in Sarajevo, he educated many generations of architects. However, the greatest contribution to the regional architecture Ugljen gave through his 28 projects for 29 religious buildings. Considering that Ugljen's work in religious architecture is, regardless of this fact, underrepresented in professional and scientific journals, the primary goal of this doctoral dissertation is to consolidate, analyze and evaluate Ugljen's realized and unrealized sacral projects. One of the objectives of this paper is to present them and place them into the context of both the world and regional architectural frameworks in order to get a clearer picture of the author's contribution and significance in contemporary architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The intention of this paper is, inter alia, to systematize Ugljen's sacral oeuvre in chronological terms, then to research and analyse the documentation that is available concerning his sacral projects, as well as the articles published on those projects, and to offer an interpretation of the design features and point out to different circumstances and needs in which those designs were developed. Ultimately, the aim of the dissertation is to lay foundations for stylistic distinction between modernism and postmodernism in Ugljen's oeuvre, and to point out to significant influence of critical regionalism on his creative work . In the broad sense, the dissertation analyzes modern and postmodern religious architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Catholic and Islamic) in social and political contexts that influenced its development, construction and deterioration. The dissertation is structured around a thematic-chronological framework. It is composed of an introduction, six sections and a conclusion. The introduction, set as the first section, is followed by the second section with a historical overview of modern architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the region in the 20th century. The historical overview opens with an analysis of the development of the Bosnian style at the beginning of the 20th century, which marked the birth of modernism, the protagonists of which influenced Ugljen's understanding and creation of architecture. Furthermore, a brief insight follows into the history of architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina between the two world wars. This period is presented more broadly in theoretical terms through the analysis of the history of architecture in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s through an overview of developments in architecture in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, respectfully, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in that period. After overview of the European and regional architectural scene, special attention is devoted to the history of the architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina between the two world wars, with information on the most important architects, buildings and stylistic features, followed by an insight into history of architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the World War II. Considering that development of the prewar architecture was heavily influenced by the world and regional ideological and stylistic tendencies, this section focuses primarily on the world's most important theoretical guidelines, stylistic tendencies and architects. In the third section, the social and political events after the World War II in Yugoslavia and Bosnia and Herzegovina are discussed, because they directly affected the position of the Islamic Community and the Catholic Church, which commissioned Ugljen's projects. Furthermore, the dissertation provides an insight into the position of the Islamic Community and the construction of Islamic religious buildings in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the end of the World War II to the present, considering that the position of the Islamic Community directly and indirectly defined the conditions for designing mosques. Before moving to the analysis of stylistic features of the mosques in that period, the dissertation lists the ideas and guidelines for the construction of modern mosques in the second half of the 20th century in the world. The fourth section describes and analyzes Zlatko Ugljen’s life and career, followed by description and interpretation of his sacral projects. Sections 5 and 6 elaborate on the projects for realized and unrealized religious buildings of Zlatko Ugljen following the same methodological approach, meaning that projects are analyzed chronologically, by the year of their creation, divided along the two phases: projects made in the 20th century (Section 4) and those made in the 21st century (Section 5). The sixth thematic unit applies the same approach and deals with the projects created in the 21st century, when the architect in some works moved away from modernism as a stylistic expression and adopted contemporary stylistic tendencies following the idea of critical regionalism. After the analysis and interpretation of the design features of the religious buildings, the Section 7 focuses on the specifics of the stylistic expression of Zlatko Ugljen, analyzing the sources of Ugljen's specific architectural expression, which synthesizes modernism, as a basic stylistic starting-point, postmodernism and the influence of traditional architecture through the theoretical guidelines of critical regionalism. Furthermore, the sources and features of Ugljen's sacral opus are explained, taking into consideration the stylistic genesis and influences in his work, resulting in an analysis of the design features of the religious buildings. Considering that co-authoring was an important segment of Ugljen’s career, the paper also elaborates on his associates/co-authors and their influence on each other. The interiors for churches, the use of symbols and iconography, the treatment of the climate interrelation, the choice of materials and spatial concepts were also analyzed. The time determinant as a parameter according to which the sacral projects were analyzed was derived from the stylistic features of Ugljen’s projects. They were analyzed with regard to the placement of the realized or unrealized facility in a certain environment, the analysis being supported with an explanation of the needs and reasons for which the facilities were designed, as well as the historical context in which they were built or should have been built. In addition, Ugljen’s sacral projects are placed within the framework of religious architecture in BiH. This content is additionally enriched with excerpts from interviews with Ugljen's most important associates and co-authors (Nina Ugljen Ademović, Branko Tadić, Husejn Dropić and Fr. Marko Karamatić). The research is based on the heterogeneous materials, such as: encyclopedias, books, archival and project documentation, critical reviews, newsletters, notes, interviews, newspaper articles and photo-documentation, taken from the Archives of the Episcopal Ordinariate in Mostar, Franciscan Library in Mostar, Historical Archives in Sarajevo, Archives of the Riyasat of the Islamic Community in Sarajevo, the Matica Srpska Library in Novi Sad, the National and University Library in Zagreb and the City Library in Mostar. Significant documents were provided by the Archives of the Behram-Bey’s Madrasa and the Islamic Center in Tuzla, as well as by the Franciscan Parish Archives in Tuzla, Žeravac and Zabilje. These archives contain various documents that helped us to get more information and a better understanding of the processes of creation and construction of the facilities: conceptual or detailed design projects, work diaries, tenders, contracts, opinions of commissions, changes, offers, invoices and sketches. Design sheets for churches and mosques built before the 1990s, with the exception of St. Peter and Paul’s Church in Tuzla, are not available any more, as they were mostly destroyed during the war. The completeness of the processing of the material was affected by the fact that certain documentation was nonexistent, because if it had been available, it could have significantly supported the precise analysis of the proportions and other constructive values of these realized objects and thus contributed to the formal analysis of Ugljen's religious projects. The description and analysis of the construction of Ugljen's sacral projects presented in this paper, relying on projects and personal insights from the field research, can help further evaluation and research of his work in the future. Ugljen has won numerous domestic and international awards and some of its sacral buildings can be found in world-renowned publications on this topic. The religious architecture of Zlatko Ugljen belongs to the most praised, but also the most disputed parts of his work. Religious projects, built during the six-decade long creative period of Zlatko Ugljen, had different fates: two buildings were left unfinished, one was destroyed in the war, eighteen were realized, whereas eight projects remained unrealized. Thus, Ugljen's sacral opus is not large, but viewed within the history of contemporary architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it has attracted the greatest interest of the world and regional public.

Vilim Keilbach je bio teolog i filozof prepoznat u svjetskim razmjerima. Na hrvatskom govornom području o njemu je vrlo oskudna literatura, stoga ćemo u radu prikazati njegovu biografiju s naglaskom na razdoblje života u Hrvatskoj, a na osnovi arhivskoga gradiva pohranjene u arhivu Katoličkoga bogoslovnoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu i knjižnice Fakulteta koja čuva njegovu do sad neobrađenu ostavštinu. Prikazat ćemo dio Keilbachova znanstvenoga rada s naglaskom na njegovo nastojanje da poveže tomizam sa psihologijom religije., Vilim Keilbach was a theologian and a philosopher well known world-wide. Croatian speaking area lacks literature about him. Hence, this paper will show in detail his biography based on the archives stored in the archive of the Catholic Faculty of Theology, University of Zagreb, and the library of the Faculty that has been keeping his unprocessed legacy till now. The paper will show a part of Keilbach’s scientific work, emphasizing his endeavour to connect Thomism with Psychology of Religion.

U ovom radu se govori o situaciji koja je dovela do Španjolskog građanskog rata te sam njegov tijek. Naglasak se stavlja na krucijalne događaje koji su uzrokovali pobunu u srpnju 1936. godine. U opisivanju rata se priča o značajnim bitkama koje su promijenile tijek ratovanja i donijele pobjedu nacionalistima. Nadalje, prelazi se na značajke i obilježja republikanske i nacionalističke snage. Potom se priča o intervenciji stranih sila i njihovim vrstama pomoći. Rad nastavlja analizirati društvena događanja koja su se zbivala mimo rata, a to su položaj žena i uloga Katoličke Crkve. Na kraju se spominje najistaknutija osoba u ratu Francisco Franco te se opisuje njegovo djelovanje prije i za vrijeme rata. This paper discusses the situation that led to the Spanish Civil War and its course. Emphasis is placed on the crucial events that caused the July 1936 uprising. The description of the war tells of significant battles that changed the course of the war and brought victory to the nationalists. Furthermore, one moves on to the features and characteristics of the Republican and Nationalist forces. Then there is the story of the intervention of foreign forces and their types of assistance. The paper continues to analyze the social events that took place outside the war, namely the position of women and the role of the Catholic Church. Finally, the most prominent person in the war, Francisco Franco, is mentioned and his actions before and during the war are described.

Vjerska sloboda je jedno od najstarijih, temeljnih i neotuđivih ljudskih prava. Istovremeno, kao ljudsko pravo, vjerska sloboda je višedimenzionalno pravo koje štiti individualnu i kolektivnu dimenziju slobode (forum internum i forum externum). Polazeći iz perspektive socijalnog nauka Katoličke crkve teorijski dio rada prikazuje vjersku slobodu kao višedimenzionalno ljudsko prava i daje uvid u odnos Katoličke crkve i vjerske slobode kroz povijest. Empirijski dio rada temelji se na hrvatskom istraživanju »Religija i ljudska prava« (2014.) koje je provedeno u sklopu međunarodnog empirijskog istraživačkog programa »Religion and Human Rights« (2012.-2019.). Na temelju navedenog istraživanja ovaj rad istražuje povezanost religioznosti te stavova i iskustava o vjerskoj slobodi (forum internum i forum externum) kod religiozno deklariranih mladih u Hrvatskoj u dobi od 17 do 19 godina, od kojih većinu čine katolici. Rezultati empirijske analize (višestruke regresije) pokazuju da prediktor religioznosti utječe na stavove i iskustva religiozno deklariranih mladih u Hrvatskoj s obzirom na vjersku slobodu u obje njezine dimenzije., Religious freedom is one of the oldest, fundamental and inviolable human rights. At the same time, religious freedom, as a human right, is a multidimensional right that protects the individual and the collective dimension of freedom (forum internum and forum externum). Starting from the perspective of the social teaching of the church, the theoretical part of the paper shows religious freedom as a multidimensional human right and provides insight into the relationship between the Catholic Church and religious freedom through history. The empirical part of this paper is based on the Croatian research »Religija i ljudska prava« (»Religion and Human Rights«) (2014), which was conducted within the scope of the international empirical research program »Religion and Human Rights« (2012-2019). Based on the mentioned research, this paper explores the connection of religiosity, attitudes and experiences of religious freedom (forum internum and forum externum) among young people in Croatia declared as religious at the age of 17 to 19, most of whom are Catholics. The results of the empirical analysis (multiple regression analysis) show that the predictors of religiosity have an impact on the attitudes and experiences of young people in Croatia declared as religious as regards religious freedom, in both of its dimensions.

Rad se bavi ulogom omladinskih organizacija u strukturi komunističke vlasti u prvim godinama nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata. Te su organizacije bile pomladak Komunističke partije te su djelovale kao njezine transmisije u zadacima koje je trebalo provesti. Rad ne prati sve procese u koje su omladinske organizacije bile uključene, nego se fokusira na obračun s protivnicima režima u borbi za prevlast nad mladima, ponajprije s Katoličkom crkvom, kao i na djelovanje prema nositeljima oporbenih ideja među mladima u školama i na Sveučilištu. Savez komunističke omladine Jugoslavije i Ujedinjeni savez antifašističke omladine Jugoslavije/Hrvatske, posljednji od 1946. pod nazivom Narodna omladina Jugoslavije/Hrvatske, nastojali su u što većoj mjeri umanjiti utjecaj Katoličke crkve, a Katolička ga je crkva s druge strane nastojala raznim metodama zadržati. Prema nositeljima oporbenih ideja u školama i na Sveučilištu Savez komunističke omladine Jugoslavije i Narodna omladina Hrvatske djelovali su oštro, što je često rezultiralo izbacivanjem učenika i studenata iz obrazovnih ustanova. Takvo je djelovanje ostavljalo teške posljedice za budućnost mladih nesklonih režimu., The topic of this paper is the role of youth organisations, the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia (Savez komunističke omladine Jugoslavije – SKOJ) and the United League of Anti-Fascist Youth of Croatia (Ujedinjeni savez antifašističke omladine Hrvatske – USAOH), from 1946 known as the People’s Youth of Croatia (Narodna omladina Hrvatske – NOH), in the communist power structure of the Federal State (later People’s Republic) of Croatia during the first few years after the end of World War II. These organisations represented the youth wing of the Communist Party (Komunistička partija – KP) and acted as its transmitters in various tasks that needed to be carried out. The SKOJ was the Communist Party’s main ally and support when it came to organising the new order in the country; their modes of operation and organisation were almost identical in the period immediately after the war. Just like the KP, the SKOJ was a closed and relatively tight organisation. It operated simultaneously with the USAOJ (from 1946 the NOJ), a much broader organisation that was under its control. Due to the similarities in their programmes and tasks – both were responsible for fulfilling the KP’s directives – the two organisations were merged following a decision by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia in 1948. The resulting organisation was named the People’s Youth of Croatia. This paper doesn’t follow all the processes in which the youth organisations were involved, instead focusing on their efforts to suppress the regime’s opponents in its goal to win over the youth – primarily the Catholic Church – as well as their actions against opposition among the school and university youth. The SKOJ and NOH put particular emphasis on reducing the influence of the Catholic Church, the strongest opponent of the regime, on the country’s youth, while the Church sought to preserve this influence through various means. The Church gathered the youth at religious services and ceremonies, religious education classes, Catholic organisations, and various educational and entertainment activities, which the NOH opposed through ideological upbringing. This took the form of debate clubs in school, science groups, studies involving subjects that directly negate religion, setting up work organisations in rural areas, and especially youth work actions. The SKOJ and NOH acted harshly against anyone at schools or the University who openly opposed the ruling elite – such students were often expelled from their institutions. Upon taking control of the University, the Party and state leadership mandated the “purging” of the regime’s opponents and the forming of the University as the centre of higher education for new “people’s” professionals – the new socialist intelligentsia. The purges were conducted by the youth organisations under the supervision of the KP and had a strong negative effect on the future of those youths who weren’t supportive towards the regime.

Rad počinje opisom početaka crkvenosti u Bačkoj, te nastavlja dolaskom prvih franjevacau Bač. Opisuje franjevačke samostane u Bačkoj, te svaki samostan posebno, u Subotici, Baču,Somboru i Novom Sadu. Svi poznati franjevci iz Bačke, opisani su u daljnjem tekstu rada.Ilirski pokret kao poveznica između bunjevačkih i šokačkih franjevaca, naslov je koji donosi nove povijesne činjenice u franjevačkoj povijesti na ovim prostorima. U petom poglavlju rada, opisana je detaljna povijest provincije svetog Ćirila i Metoda. Nadalje je opisano kako se utjecaj turske vladavine, odrazio na franjevce u kontinentalnoj Hrvatskoj. Pri kraju rada,opisana je situacija nakon odlaska turaka, te osnivanje same provincije sv. Ćirila i Metoda, ina koji način je jozefinizam utjecao na nju. Paper begins with the description of the Christian life in Bačka, and continues with the arrivalof first Franciscans to Bač. The paper describes Franciscan monasteries in general and themonasteries in Subotica, Bač, Sombor, and Novi Sad in particular. All famous BačFranciscans have been described in the latter parts of the text. Illyrian movement as theconnection between Bunjevci and Šokci Franciscans is a title that sheds light on some newhistorical facts on Franciscans in this geographical region. Fifth Chapter concerns a detailedaccount on the history of the province of St. Cyril and Methodius. The text deals with theeffects of Ottoman rule on Franciscans in continental Croatia. The end of the paper describesthe situation in the region after the Ottomans retreated, the establishment of the province ofSt. Cyril and Methodius, as well as the effect of Josephinism on the establishment of theprovince.

U ovome je radu prikazan program pristaša Hrvatskoga katoličkog pokreta (dalje: HKP) i njihov programatski članak »Naše stanovište u politici« objavljen 1912. godine u Riječkim Novinama. S obzirom na očitovane ideje, taj članak ukazuje na slojevitost i zahtjevnost društveno-političkog te vjerskog konteksta započinjanja samih novina, kao i nastanka navedenog članka. Aktivno sudioništvo uredništva Riječkih Novina, i većine pristaša Hrvatskoga katoličkog pokreta, u aktualnim društveno-političkim zbivanjima dovelo je do nužnosti zauzimanja stava prema ključnim odrednicama političkog života u Hrvatskoj (stav prema Hrvatsko-ugarskoj nagodbi, političkim strankama, Slovencima, Srbima). U tom pogledu, programatski članak uz crkvenu, smješta Riječke Novine i u određenu političko-nacionalnu grupaciju. Predratno razdoblje u Trojednoj Kraljevini Hrvatskoj, Slavoniji i Dalmaciji obilježila je s jedne strane austro-ugarska vladavina, koja nije vodila računa o hrvatskim interesima, a s druge strane srpski uspjesi u Balkanskim ratovima. Kako se u radu pokazuje, obje će odrednice pridonijeti stavu južnoslavenskog jedinstva ne samo uredništva Riječkih Novina nego i cijele jedne grane Hrvatskoga katoličkog pokreta., The paper shows the program of the followers of the Croatian Catholic Movement as stated in the programmatic article »Naše stanovište u politici« (»Our standpoints in politics«) published in December 1912 in daily newspaper called Riječke Novine. Regarding the ideas, the article shows a complicated and multilayered socio-political and religious context of the emergence of the newspaper, as well as the development of the aforementioned article. Since it is considered a product of Croatian Catholic Movement, the author suggests that this article should be examined primarily in the context of the Catholic Church and numerous Catholic movements across Europe. Moreover, the article was almost completely focused on the higher evaluation of the contribution of laity in the Church and political life, as well as in the development of catholic press. The active participation of the editorial board of Riječke Novine (and the majority of followers of the Croatian Catholic Movement) in contemporary socio-political events led towards the necessity of expressing their attitude towards the key factors of the contemporary Croatian political life (e.g. their attitudes towards the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, political parties, the Slovenians, the Serbs). Exactly regarding these attitudes the programmatic article situated Riječke Novine in a specific political and national group. The period just before the First World War in Croatia was marked by inadequate Austro-Hungarian rule on the one hand, and Serbian successes in the Balkan Wars on the other hand. As the paper reveals, both of these factors will contribute to the formation of the pro-Yugoslav attitude among Croats and Serbs not just within the editorial board of Riječke Novine but also within one (and predominant) branch of the Croatian Catholic Movement.

Suvremeno novinarsko izvještavanje sve više mijenja društvene poglede na sva područja ljudskih djelatnosti, pa tako i na kršćanstvo. Povijesno gledano, Katolička je Crkva svoje sadržaje ponajprije objavljivala u obliku tiskovina, a razvojem masovnih medija sve više prepoznaje njihovu ulogu i neupitnu važnost u vlastitoj promociji i predstavljanju masovnoj publici. Ipak, kršćanske su organizacije oduvijek imale averziju prema bilo kakvu obliku sudjelovanja u medijima, iako danas osnivaju i vlastite medijske kuće kako bi na što kvalitetnije načine došle do šire javnosti. Za Katoličku Crkvu u suvremenom smislu nužno je da se medijski eksponira kako bi zadržala kontakt s publikom, iako tu činjenicu novinari nerijetko iskorištavaju. U skladu s time, kršćanski su sadržaji u okviru masovnih medija često senzacionalističkog, pristranog i polutabloidnog karaktera, pri čemu su takve informacije neprovjerene i nedovoljno istražene. S obzirom na sve navedeno, novinari time krše etička načela novinarskog izvještavanja koja se temelje na vjerodostojnosti, objektivnosti i istinitosti, što se posebno odnosi na izvještavanje o kršćanstvu koje već samo po sebi propagira moralne vrijednosti. Nastavno na to, potrebno je da Katolička Crkva i mediji prepoznaju istinske potrebe jedni drugih te ih uvaže tako da, između ostaloga, idu u korist i njima i javnosti. U okviru je rada tako provedeno istraživanje članaka kršćanske tematike dvaju gotovo najčitanijih hrvatskih portala Index i 24 sata s ciljem utvrđivanja načina na koje spomenuti portali izvještavaju javnost o kršćanstvu kao religiji te koriste li pritom načela novinarske etike kako bi proširili broj konzumenata, što posljedično stvara iskrivljene poglede na kršćanstvo u cjelini. Contemporary journalistic reporting is increasingly changing societal views in all areas of human activity, including Christianity. Historically, the Catholic Church has primarily published its contents in the form of publications, and with the development of the mass media it is increasingly recognizing their role and unquestionable importance in its own promotion and presentation to the mass audience. Nevertheless, Christian organizations have always had an aversion to any form of participation in the media, although today they even establish their own media houses in order to reach the general public in the best possible ways. For the Catholic Church in the modern sense, it is necessary to be exposed in the media in order to maintain contact with the audience, although this fact is often used by journalists. Accordingly, Christian content within the mass media is often sensationalist, biased and semi-tabloid in nature, and such information is unverified and insufficiently researched. In view of all the above, journalists are thus violating the ethical principles of journalistic reporting based on credibility, objectivity and truthfulness, which is especially true of reporting on Christianity, which in itself propagates moral values. In addition, the Catholic Church and the media need to recognize each other's true needs and respect them so that, among other things, they benefit both them and the public. The paper conducted a study of Christian articles on the two most widely read Croatian portals Index and 24 sata in order to determine how these portals inform the public about Christianity as a religion and whether they use the principles of journalistic ethics to expand the number of consumers, resulting in distorted views on Christianity as a whole.

Rad iznosi djelomične nalaze istraživanja hrvatskog narodnjaštva (etnonacionalizma) kao religije (u smislu ljudskog izmišljanja svetog). Praktični su problemi sljedeći: narodnjaštvo kao religija koja među ostalim uključuje da narod ima mogućnost i/ili sposobnost da se razvije u nositelja države i da to treba i postati; posljedice narodnjaštva, a to su nedostižnost narodne demokracije, narodne privrede i narodnog sazrijevanja; uvjeti vjere u narod, i to prvenstveno Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj kao uvjeta 1961-1971, te prije i nakon toga, naročito nakon 1990. Teorijski su problemi, tj. neodgovarajuće znanstveno znanje o praktičnima, sljedeći: prvo, odluke Ustavnog suda Republike Hrvatske o etničkim i vjerskim zajednicama; drugo, sustavna historija prava i države Hrvatske i Jugoslavije 1945-1990; treće, preobrazba komunizma i katolicizma u narodnjaštvo; četvrto i peto, društvena struktura i predstavljanje/ zastupanje. Da bi se postigla opća svrha istraživačkog projekta, a to je upotreba razuma u javnim poslovima, istraživanje je provedeno u teorijsko-metodologijskom okviru integralne teorije prava i države, koji uključuje prilagođenu Lasswellovu i McDougalovu političku analizu proširenu historijskim institucionalizmom i kritičkom teorijom prava. Hipoteze su rada da je narodnjaštvo u Hrvatskoj posljedica, među ostalim, sljedećih uvjerenja koja je podržavala Katolička crkva u Hrvatskoj 1960-ih, a u značajnoj mjeri i kasnije: 1. jedini prihvatljivi odnos Crkve i države jest onaj partnerstva dvaju pravno jednakih javnih poredaka nad istim podložnicima unutar kojega Crkva ima isključivu vlast da uređuje bračne i obiteljske odnose te vlast da nadzire odgoj i obrazovanje u javnim školama; 2. seljačka obitelj temeljna je organska ljudska zajednica; 3. podložnici crkvene – izvorno feudalne – vlasti vezani stvarno za zemlju tvore narod, koji zajedno s klerom tvori kršćanski narod; 4. s obzirom na to da su temeljne istine dostupne samo teologijom, a praksa je primjena teorije, praktično znanje, osobito o primjerenom odnosu Crkve i države, valjano je samo ako je u skladu s crkvenim naukom. U radu se pokazuje da najvjerojatniji razlog zbog kojega je Katolička crkva u Hrvatskoj bila dosta tiha za jugoslavenskoga i hrvatskoga proljeća 1961-1971. i poprilično glasna nakon 1990. jest vezanost Crkve u Hrvata u pogledu odnosa Crkve i države više na Prvi nego na Drugi vatikanski koncil. Crkveno narodnjaštvo, koje olakšava političko partnerstvo Crkve i države te osigurava vladajući položaj klera unutar Crkve, koincidiralo je s interesom jugoslavenskih komunista da zadrže svoju moć i vlast preobrazbom, uz crkvenu potporu honoriranu konkordatom, u hrvatske etnonacionaliste koji su, kao novoobraćeni kapitalisti, prisvojili najveći dio ranijeg društvenog vlasništva i nastavljaju prisvajati najveći dio sadašnjih javnih dobara., The paper reports partial findings of a research project into Croatian ethnonationalism (Croatian: narodnjaštvo) as a religion (in the sense of a human invention of the sacred). The practical problems are as follows: ethnonationalism as a religion, which implies inter alia that an ethnic community (Croatian: narod) has the potential and/or capability to develop into, and ought to become, the substratum of a (nation-)state; consequences of ethnonationalism, which include the unattainability of ethnic democracy, ethnic economy and ethnic maturity; conditions of Croatian ethnonationalism, primarily the Catholic Church as a condition in 1961-71, and also before and after the period, especially since 1990. Theoretical problems, i.e. inadequacies in scholarly knowledge of the practical problems, include the following: firstly, Croatian Constitutional Court jurisprudence on ethnic and religious communities; secondly, systematic history of law and state in Croatia and Yugoslavia 1945-90; thirdly, transformation of both communism and catholicism into ethnonationalism; fourthly and fifthly, social structure and representation/agency. To attain the general goal of the research project, which is the use of reason in public affairs, the research is carried out within the theoretical and methodological framework of an integral theory of law and state which includes a modified Lasswell and McDougal’s policy analysis expanded by historical institutionalism and critical theory. The subject-matter are the following features of Catholicism as an institutionalized religion, especially in Croatia 1961-71: (1) law, i.e. (1.1) sources of law; (1.2) internal law (organs, members, means); (1.3) external law (relations with the state and non-Catholics); (2) the Church and economy; (3) the Church and nation; (4) Catholicism on theory and practice. The hypotheses (which are ideal-types and as such cannot be either verified or falsified conclusively) are that ethnonationalism in Croatia is a consequence of, inter alia, the following beliefs maintained by the Catholic Church in Croatia in the 1960s and to a significant degree later on: 1. the only acceptable relationship between the Church and the state is the partnership of two legally equal public orders over the same subjects within which the Church has the exclusive power to regulate matrimonial and other family relations, and the power to control education in public schools; 2. peasant family is the basic organic human community; 3. the subjects to the ecclesiastical – originally feudal – power tied in fact to land make the ethnic community (Croatian: narod), which is united with the clergy into the Christian community (Croatian: kršćanski narod); 4. since fundamental truths are accessible by theology only, and practice is an application of theory, practical knowledge, especially on the appropriate relationship between the Church and the state, is valid only if in accord with Church teaching. The evidence presented in the paper supports to a significant degree the hypotheses. The research findings contribute to the solution of all the theoretical problems, providing major contributions to the second and the third: the most probable reason why the Catholic Church in Croatia was rather silent in the Yugoslav and Croatian Spring 1961-71 and quite vocal since the 1990 is the Croatian Church’s allegiance in matters of Church and state more to the First than to the Second Vatican council (which abandoned the Church’s “divine” right to be co-sovereign with the state, exposing the “right” as a human invention of the sacred); the Church’s ethnonationalism, which facilitates the political partnership of the Church and the state and ensures the dominant position of the clergy within the Church, has coincided with the interest of Yugoslav communists to retain their might and power by a metamorphosis, with the Church’s assistance honoured by a concordat, into Croatian ethnonationalists, who, as newly born capitalists, have appropriated the greater part of the former socialist property and continue appropriating the greater part of present public goods.

Pod katoličkom obnovom u ovom slučaju podrazumijevam široko shvaćeni proces oporavka katoličke crkve. Kriza katoličke crkve se počela rješavati Tridentskim saborom (1545.-1563.). U ovom radu je sažeto predstavljena obrada katoličke obnove i njezine veze s obrazovanjem na prostoru od Jadrana do rijeka Mure i Drave odnosno Senjsku, Modrušku i Zagrebačku biskupiju i to onaj dio koji su činili “ostaci ostataka” Hrvatsko-slavonskog kraljevstva početkom 17. stoljeća. Odredbe Tridentskog sabora su se na prostoru triju krajišta počele provoditi u praksu katoličke crkve većinom tek u 17. stoljeću. Osobitu važnost u procesu katoličke obnove igralo je obrazovanje, što je naglašeno u radu. Krajem 16. stoljeća, a do sredine 17. stoljeća u većini župa su osnovane župne pučke škole iz kojih su dijelom novačeni kandidati za buduće svećenike. Temeljni cilj ovih škola je bio širenje katoličkog katekizma među pukom. U 17. stoljeću je katolička crkva počela intenzivno organizirati srednje školstvo usmjerno obrazovanju svečenićkog podmlatka. Na prostoru hrvatskih zemalja isusovci su imali važnu ulogu u razvitku obrazovanja. Oni su na prostore hrvatskih zemalja došli kao propovjednici i nosioci katoličke obnove, a njihovi samostani su postali žarišta intelektualnog, kulturnog i religioznog života. Početkom 17. stoljeća glavna uporišta isusovaca važna za Zagrebačku, Senjsku i Modrušku županiju bila u Zagrebu, Varaždinu i Rijeci. Za školovanje svećenika je početkom 17. stoljeća od najveće važnosti bilo sveučilište u Grazu, no važnost su imala i druga europska sveučilišta. Moguće je zaključiti da su početkom 17. stoljeća procesi katoličke obnove i jačanja obrazovanja bili međusobno povezani., The ‘catholic restoration’ in this case is a widely accepted process of recuperation and rebuilding of the Catholic Church. The Trident Council (1545.-1563.) helped the church crisis to dissolve and a process of recuperation to start.. This paper is an abridged presentation of Catholic revival and its connection to education in the wider region from the Adriatic Sea up to River Mura and River Drava, or rather, Senj, Modruš and Zagreb Diocese, what was left of them, leftovers” from Croatian-Slavonnian Kingdom in early 17th century. The Trident Council decisions were starting to adhere in Catholic Church practices of these areas as late as the 17th century. A particular importance of this Catholic revival was attributed to education, which has been stressed in this paper. In the period from the late 16th up to mid-17th century, most parishes had parish elementary schools, providing candidates for future priests.. The main reason to start these schools, however, was to spread Catholic Catechism among the population. In 17th century the Catholic Church began intensive work to organize secondary schools, aimed to educate further new priesthood generation. In Croatian territories, Jesuits had an important role in development of education. Here they had come as preachers and foot soldiers of Catholic revival, and their friaries became focuses of intellectual, cultural and religious life. In early 17th century, the main Jesuit strongholds in Zagreb, Senj and Modruš diocese were the cities of Zagreb, Varaždin and Rijeka. The most valued university for priest education in early 17th century was Graz, however, other European universities were important too. We can conclude, that in early 17th century the processes of Catholic restoration and growing education were interlinked.

Bez opraštanja i dijaloga u istini i miru, a koji se temelji na uvažavanju pravde i ljubavi nema iskrenog suživota dojučerašnjih protivnika. Ako se zločinac ne pokaje i izrazi žaljenje uz traženje oprosta za svoja nedjela, a ako žrtva ne oprosti svome krvniku, nema kraja podijeljenosti mržnji i zlu. A pomirenje je stvarnost te ono u Crkvi ima vidljiv znak Božje milosti, putem sakramenta pomirenja. Dar pomirenja je upravo suočavanje s istinom, za kajanje za vlastite grijehe, na priznavanje zločina, a ono sa sobom donosi zadovoljštinu žrtvama, a isto tako i dar oproštenja i onima koji su počinili zlo. Upravo u ovom radu u kojem govorimo o sustavu zla i tamnici naroda koji se je događao u komunizmu, kao i o žrtvama toga zla, naglasak stavljamo na opraštanje kao jedinu paradigmu svega onoga što se je događalo u jednom vremenu jednoumlja, isključivosti, zatiranja ljudskog dostojanstva, vremenu patnje, progona i smrti. Kada opraštamo slobodno i iskreno, opraštajući sebi opraštamo i drugima, ozdravljamo svoju dušu i savjest i tako postajemo „Djeca Božja“. Iznoseći činjenice na svjetlo dana, nije nam namjera osuđivati i prokazivati pojedince koji su učinili tolika zla, a sada su mrtvi, već potaknuti mlađi naraštaj da iščitavajući ove stranice ne zaborave ova jeziva svjedočanstva onih ljudi, svećenika, koji su prošli „crveni teror“, teror smrti. Namjera nam je da kao kršćani opraštamo, ali ne zaboravimo zbog istine, što se je u jednom povijesnom vremenu događalo dvojici svećenika koji su živjeli i prenosili svoju vjeru za spasenje svome narodu, svojim župljanima, a zato ih je ondašnja komunistička vlast nagradila progonom i robijanjem u kazamatima bivše komunističke Jugoslavije i okrutnom smrću. Without forgiveness and dialogue in truth and peace, which is based on respect for justice and love, there is no sincere coexistence of the opponents of the day before yesterday. If the perpetrator does not repent and express regret while seeking forgiveness for his misdeeds, and if the victim does not forgive his executioner, there is no end to the division of hatred and evil. And reconciliation is a reality, and in the Church it has a visible sign of God's grace, through the sacrament of reconciliation. The gift of reconciliation is precisely the confrontation with the truth, for repentance for one's own sins, for the confession of crimes, and it brings with it satisfaction to the victims, as well as the gift of forgiveness to those who have committed evil. It is in this paper that we talk about the system of evil and the dungeon of the people that took place under communism, as well as the victims of that evil, we emphasize forgiveness as the only paradigm of everything that happened in a time of unanimity, exclusivity, eradication of human dignity. a time of suffering, persecution and death. When we forgive freely and sincerely, by forgiving ourselves we forgive others, we heal our soul and conscience and thus we become "Children of God". By bringing the facts to light, we do not intend to condemn and denounce individuals who have done so much harm and are now dead, but to encourage the younger generation not to forget these horrific testimonies of those people, priests, who went through the "red terror", terror of death. Our intention is as Christians to forgive, but not forget for the truth, what happened in one historical time to two priests who lived and passed on their faith for salvation to their people, their parishioners, and therefore the then communist government rewarded them with persecution and imprisonment. in the casemates of the former communist Yugoslavia and the cruel death.

Sadašnje sudjelovanje Katoličke Crkve u suvremenom ekumenskom pokretu uvelike se razlikuje od onoga kako je to bilo na njegovom početku. Crkva je postupno, od stava protivljenja i odbacivanja, prelazila na prihvaćanje, sudjelovanje i konačno na apsolutnu zauzetost oko ekumenskog pokreta. Prekretnicu je označio Drugi vatikanski sabor koji je, od samog sazivanja, do intonacije saborskih dokumenata i provođenja njihovih smjernica u život Crkve, pokazao da je ekumenski put onaj put kojim je Crkva pozvana ići ukoliko želi ostvariti poslanje koje je dobila od Gospodina. Stoga nije pogrešno reći da se ekumenska nastojanja Katoličke Crkve glede ekumenskog pokreta mogu podijeliti na vrijeme prije Sabora i na vrijeme poslije Sabora. Ovaj rad slijedi tu kronologiju. U provom dijelu prikazana je promjena mentaliteta unutar Crkve, s naglaskom na plodove Drugog vatikanskog sabora i pontifikate poslijesaborskih papa. Drugi dio fokusiran je na biskupovu ulogu u ekumenizmu koja je istaknuta u glavnim poslijesaborskim crkvenim dokumentima. Naglasak je na najnovijem dokumentu Papinskog vijeća za jedinstvo kršćana – Biskup i jedinstvo kršćana: ekumenski Vademecum, izdanom 04. prosinca 2020. godine. The present participation of the Catholic Church int he modern ecumenical movement is very diffrenet from what it was at its beginning. The Church gradually, from an attitude of opposition and rejection, shifted to acceptance, participation, and finally to absolute preoccupation with the ecumenical movement. The turning point was marked by the Second Vatican Council which, from its convening to the intonation oft he Council documents and the implementation of their guidelines in the life od the Church, showed that the ecumenical path is the path the Curch is called to follow if she wants to fulfull the mission she received from the Lord. So it isn't wrong to say that the ecumenical efforts oft he Catholic Curch regarding the ecumenical movement can be divided into the time before the Council and the time after the Council. This paper follows that chronology. The first part shows the cange of mentailty within the Curch, with an emphasis on the fruits od the Second Vatican Council and the pontiffs oft he post-council popes. The second part focuses on the bishop's role in ecumenism, which is highlighted in major post-council church documents. The emphasis is on the latest document oft he Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity – Bishop and Christian Unity: Ecumenical Vademecum, issued on December 4, 2020.

Poljsku se ponajprije smatra izvorom migracija, ali posljednjih godina zemlja je postala i mjesto naseljavanja izbjeglica i migranata, koji osobito dolaze iz Istočne Europe. U ovom smo radu najprije pokušali prikazati današnje iseljavanje iz Poljske, a zatim predstaviti priljev stranaca u tu zemlju. Pokazali smo i posljedice iseljavanja za Poljsku. Zatim smo se fokusirali na učenje Crkve o iseljenicima, a posebno na brigu za njihovo duhovno dobro. Drugi dio članka posvećen je useljenicima u Poljsku. Razmišljanje završava predstavljanjem trenutačnih podataka o broju imigranata i razlozima naseljavanja u Poljskoj. Prikazali smo poljsku državnu politiku s tim u vezi te prešli na stav Rimokatoličke Crkve u pogledu prihvaćanja izbjeglica i migranata. Na temelju provedenih analiza ustanovili smo da je politika poljske države otvorena uglavnom prema pridošlicama iz Istočne Europe, dok potencijalnim migrantima sa Srednjeg Istoka i iz Afrike, poljska Vlada nudi pomoć samo u privremenom naseljavanju. S druge strane, Rimokatolička Crkva u Poljskoj naglašava potrebu otvorenosti prema svim ljudima kojima je pomoć potrebna, premda primjećuje da je potrebno educiranje javnosti o tom pitanju. Rješenja prihvaćena u Poljskoj rezultirala su masovnim priljevom migranata iz istočnoeuropskih zemalja, posebno iz Ukrajine., Poland is associated primarily as a source of migration, but in recent years the country has become a place of settlement for refugees and migrants coming in particular from Eastern Europe. In this paper we first set out to present the current emigration from Poland, then presented the influx of foreigners to the same country. We also presented the consequences of emigration from Poland. Then we concentrated our analysis on the teaching of Church regarding emigrants, and in particular the care for their spiritual good. The second part of the article was devoted to immigration to Poland. The reflection ended with presentation of current data on the number of immigrants and the reasons for settling in Poland. We demonstrated the Polish state policy in this regard, to move on to the position of the Roman Catholic Church as regards the acceptance of refugees and migrants. Based on the analyses conducted we found that the policy of Polish state is open mainly to newcomers from Eastern Europe, while in relation to Middle East and Africa, the Polish government offers only assistance in temporary settlement of potential migrants. In turn, the Roman Catholic Church proclaims the need to be open to all people in need of help, although it notices the need to educate the public in this matter. The solutions adopted in Poland result in a mass influx of migrants from Eastern European countries, especially from Ukraine.

U ovom se radu predstavlja tema vjerske baštine kao turističkog resursa i njegove razvojne mogućnosti u Republici Hrvatskoj. Iako vjerski turizam u Hrvatskoj ima veliki potencijal još uvijek nije u potpunosti izgrađen kao integralni dio nacionalnog turističkog proizvoda. Za naše je područje specifična uska povezanost vjerske i kulturno-povijesne baštine kroz nacionalnu povijest. Većina resursa vjerske baštine pripada Katoličkoj crkvi koja upravlja njima, ali su od velikog interesa i ostalim baštinskim institucijama. Velik nedostatak je nedovoljna suradnja između države, tijela javne uprave i državnih institucija i Crkve u upravljanju dobrima i nepostojanje zajedničkog pristupa interpretaciji. Predstavljeni su vjerski objekti i prakse kao potencijali za razvitak vjerskog turizma. Posebno su istaknuti primjeri uspješne realizacije u turizmu poput Svetišta Marije Bistrice, transformacije u baštinske institucije poput Pustinje Blaca ili pak primjeri razvoja novih proizvoda koji svjedoče o samoj dinamičnosti baštine. This paper deals with religious heritage as a resource and development possibilities of religious tourism in the Republic of Croatia. Religious tourism in Croatia has great potential. However, it is still not fully built as an integral part of the national tourist product. In our area there is a close link between religious, cultural and historical heritage through national history. Most of the resources of religious heritage belong to the Catholic Church that governs them, but are of great interest to other government institutions. There is a great lack of co-operation between the state, the public administration bodies, state institutions and the Church in the management of the goods and the lack of a common approach to interpretation. Religious facilities and practices have been presented as potentials for the development of religious tourism. Especially important examples of successful realization in tourism are the Sanctuary of Marija Bistrica, transformation into heritage institutions such as the Pustinja Blaca or examples of the development of new products that testify on the dynamics of heritage itself.

Katolički karizmatski pokret ili Pokret obnove u Duhu Svetom danas je vrlo razvijen i, osobito među mladim vjernicima, popularan oblik okupljanja radi zajedničkog ostvarivanja određenih segmenata duhovnog života. Katolička Crkva se prema ovom obliku okupljanja i djelovanja u posljednjim desetljećima često određivala, ali i korigirala i usmjeravala njegova očitovanja i načine djelovanja. Danas je to pokret općenito prihvaćen i podržan. No, kao i svaki drugi oblik okupljanja s ciljem duhovno-vjerskog rasta i napretka osoba i zajednica, ni ovaj oblik nije pošteđen različitih opasnosti i zastranjenja. Stoga je za pastoralno djelovanje izuzetno važno na teološko-pastoralni prosudbeni način odrediti i prepoznati vlastitosti i izvorišta ovog pokreta danas. Upravo je to cilj ovog rada. Te vlastitosti i ta izvorišta sagledavaju se na temelju povijesnih oznaka te posebno na temelju odrednica učiteljstva Crkve. K tomu, ovo je sagledavanje obogaćeno i teološkim prilozima nekih istaknutijih teologa., The Catholic Charismatic Movement or the Movement of Renewal in the Holy Spirit is a highly developed and popular form of gathering for the common realization of certain segments of the spiritual life, especially among young believers. In the last decades, the Catholic Church has often reflected about this form of gathering and action, and has also corrected and offered guidelines for its manifestations and its way of doing things. Today, this movement is generally accepted and supported. But, like any other form of gathering with the purpose of spiritual and religious growth and progress of persons and communities, this form is not spared of various dangers and anomalies. It is therefore of utmost importance for pastoral action to determine and identify, in theological-pastoral discernment, the properties and sources of this movement today. This is precisely the aim of this paper. These properties and sources are examined on the basis of historical designations, and especially on the basis of the instructions of the Magisterium of the Church. In addition, the examination is enriched with theological contributions of some prominent theologians.

U radu se razmatra školski zakon donesen za banovanja Ivana Mažuranića 1874., kojim je u Trojednoj Kraljevini ozakonjena emancipacija države od Crkve na području obrazovanja. Budući da je u Trojednoj Kraljevini tijekom XIX. stoljeća izostao sukob liberala i Katoličke crkve te su donesena samo dva zakona koja sužavaju prava Crkve, intencija je rada rasvijetliti okolnosti donošenja toga zakona i njegov odraz na odnose crkvenih i državnih vlasti., The second half of the 19th century was marked by the secularisation of the school system, which was present in most European countries, including the Triune Kingdom. However, there were no other “threats” to the Church’s historical rights (registers, jurisdiction over marriages, the introduction of divorces) as was the case elsewhere, which is proof of the Church’s deep involvement in political, cultural, and public life, but is also the consequence of unfinished national integration as a precondition for later reforms in the spirit of modernisation. Since there was no conflict between liberals and representatives of the Catholic Church in the Triune Kingdom, it is unsurprising that only two laws that tended towards reducing the competences of the Catholic Church in the spirit of modernisation were enacted during the “Long 19th Century”. One of them was the so-called Mažuranić School Law of 1874. Much was written in the press about this law as it was about to be introduced – most comments were positive, save those of the Katolički list (Catholic Paper), which was of Church provenance. Teachers’ assemblies and associations also supported the reform and modernisation of the education system. It is therefore apparent that Mažuranić and the school reform enjoyed the support of the broader public, save for the Church. The parliamentary debate on Mažuranić’s law showed that those defending the rights of the Church were in the minority. Namely, out of nine members who spoke then, four were against the law, all of them priests (Vučetić, Lehpamer, Mihalović, Šušković). Two priests (Jagić and Broz) generally accepted the draft of the law, while Odžić didn’t express an opinion, although later interventions show that he, too, eventually supported the draft. This should be viewed as the result of differing political stances among the clergy, which were linked to the lack of a political party representing exclusively Catholic interests – this meant that priests were dispersed among existing political options. The introductory speeches by government representative Jurković and parliamentary committee rapporteur Posilović attest to the important role of the Church in society – they were cautious, mild, and specifically highlighted that the goal was to secure the further cooperation between Church and state according to “the spirit of the times”. We believe that the modernisation of the school system was a matter of time, but it was certainly helped by the lack of unified opinions among the clergy as well as the lack of their organised activity. Coordination of the activity of the bishops was also lacking, at least regarding statements. Even though the stance of the Church after the law was enacted was negative, already in September 1875 it became accepting. The clergy continued to be active in public life and politics through party and parliamentary work. Therefore, we can see that the law did not have deeper consequences regarding the relations between the Church and the state, save for the disappointment of a number of priests, who refused to take up the positions of local school superintendents. On the other hand, the School Law is a clear example of the differing political affiliations of the clergy in the Triune Kingdom and the fact that there was no organised activity even when the rights of the Church were threatened, although this could be a result of the fact that none of these threats were serious.

U posljednje vrijeme u Republici Hrvatskoj iznimno je aktualna tema moguće revizije četiriju ugovora koja je Republika Hrvatska sklopila sa Svetom Stolicom, kolokvijalno nazvanih “Vatikanskim ugovorima”. Riječ je o međunarodnim ugovorima koji su, sukladno čl. 141. Ustava Republike Hrvatske, dio hrvatskog pravnog poretka i po pravnoj snazi iznad hrvatskih zakona. Osim toga, pitanje njihove revizije, odnosno mogućnosti promjene tih ugovora, predstavlja i pitanje međunarodnog prava jer je Sveta Stolica subjekt međunarodnog prava. Ustav Republike Hrvatske također propisuje da se međunarodni ugovori mogu mijenjati ili ukinuti samo uz uvjete i na način koji su u njima utvrđeni ili suglasno općim pravilima međunarodnog prava. Klub zastupnika Građansko-liberalnog saveza i Hrvatske stranke umirovljenika predložio je Hrvatskom saboru da zaduži Vladu Republike Hrvatske da pokrene postupak pregovora o izmjenama “Vatikanskih ugovora”, na određeni način zaokružujući dosadašnje kritike “Vatikanskih ugovora”. Cilj je ovog rada analizirati taj prijedlog i odgovoriti na pitanje je li potrebna revizija “Vatikanskih ugovora”., The question a possible revision of the four treaties which the Republic of Croatia entered into with the Holy See, colloquially called “the Vatican treaties”, has recently gained a lot of attention. These treaties are international treaties which, according to Article 141 of the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, make part of the Croatian legal order and are placed above Croatian laws by their legal force. Besides that, the question of their revision, or the possibility of their amendment is also a question of international law, since the Holy See is a subject of international law. The Constitution of the Republic of Croatia also prescribes that international treaties can be changed or revoked only by the terms and in the manner set within them or in accordance with the general rules of international law. The Civil-liberal Alliance and the Croatian Pensionaries Party parliamentary Club members proposed to the Croatian Parliament to task the Government of the Republic of Croatia with initiating the procedure of negotiations for amending the “Vatican treaties”. The aim of this paper is to analyze this proposal and to answer the question whether the revision of the so called “Vatican treaties” is indeed necessary.

Na temelju dostupnog izvornog gradiva i objavljene literature autor ovim radom nastoji prezentirati važne činjenice o djelovanju predstavnika Katoličke crkve u spašavanju interniraca u koncentracijskom logoru Kampor na otoku Rabu 1942. - 1943. godine. Riječ je o talijanskom fašističkom logoru koji je zbog posvemašnjih nečovječnih uvjeta zatočenika opravdano nazvan logor smrti. U obradi ove teme autor je nastojao posebno naglasiti iznimno važnu ulogu krčkog biskupa dr. Josipa Srebrnića te najviših predstavnika Svete Stolice u njihovu svesrdnom nastojanju da se konkretnim akcijama, poduzetim kod vojnih i upravnih vrhova fašističke Kraljevine Italije, u kamporskom mučilištu poboljšaju prilike te humano postupa prema internircima. U tome su postignuti značajni rezultati, čime su bili spašeni životi mnogih žena, djece i staraca deportiranih s anektiranog područja Slovenije, Gorskog kotara i Kvarnerskog primorja u ljeto 1942., a potom i židovskih interniraca koji su u logor bili deportirani s teritorija NDH u proljeće 1943. godine., Based on the available source material and published texts, the author seeks with this paper to present important facts on the activities of the representatives of the Catholic Church in saving internees of the Kampor concentration camp on the island of Rab during 1942 and 1943. The camp in question was an Italian Fascist camp notorious for its all-out inhuman conditions of life of the prisoners, for which it was justly called a "death camp". In dealing with the subject, the author was seeking to emphasize in particular the exceptionally important role of the bishop of Krk Dr Josip Srebrnić as well as the highest representatives of the Holy See in their fervent endeavour to ensure, through concrete steps made at the military and administrative top of the Fascist Kingdom of Italy, that the conditions in the torture chamber of Kampor should be improved and the internees treated in a more humane way. Significant results were made in that respect, saving the lives of many women, children and old people deported from the annexed areas of Slovenia, Gorski kotar and Quarnero in the summer of 1942, and also, some time later, the lives of Jewish internees deported from the territory of the NDH in the spring of the year 1943.

U radu je prikazan proces provedbe Zakona o agrarnoj reformi i kolonizaciji na posjedima župa i ostalih crkvenih ustanova na području Đakovačkog dekanata. U uvodnom je dijelu rada prikazan tijek donošenja Zakona na saveznoj razini, a zatim i za područje Federalne Hrvatske, odnosno Narodne Republike Hrvatske, te njegove glavne odredbe. Reakcija Katoličke crkve na navedeni zakon bila je izrazito negativna, budući je zakon bio osobito oštar prema crkvenim posjedima i težio je osiromašenju Katoličke crkve i slabljenju njenog utjecaja u društvu. U nastavku je u kratkim crtama prikazan i odnos biskupa Antuna Akšamovića prema komunističkim vlastima, ali i prema Zakonu o agrarnoj reformi i kolonizaciji te njegovo posredovanje u osiguranju povoljnijeg položaj za Biskupiju tijekom provedbe zakona. Središnji dio rada prati provedbu agrarne reforme na posjedima devet župa Đakovačkog dekanata, biskupijskim posjedima i posjedu Kongregacije sestara Sv. Križa u Đakovu. Svi brojčani podaci na kraju su prikazani i tablično. This paper gives a review of the process of the enforcement of the Land Reform and Colonisation Law on the parish estates and lands of other ecclesiastical institutions in the Đakovo Deanery. The introductory part of this work presents the legislation at a federal level and later in the Federal Republic of Croatia, i.e. the People’s Republic of Croatia, as well as its principal regulations. The reaction of the Catholic Church to the law was extremely negative because it was extremely severe in relation to ecclesiastical estates and had the tendency to impoverish the Catholic Church and weaken its infl uence on society. Further, the relation of Bishop Antun Akšamović to the communist government is described in brief, as well as his attitude to the Land Reform and Colonisation Law and his mediating role in securing a more favourable position for the Diocese during implementation of the law. The central section of this work describes the implementation of land reform in estates of nine parishes of the Đakovo Deanery, in estates of the diocese and the estate of the Congregation of the Sisters of the Holy Cross in Đakovo. All numerical data are illustrated in tabular form at the end of the work. After the end of World War II the communist government rapidly started to settle property relations and to allocate lands to those cultivating it, to the peasants. For this purpose the Federal Land Reform and Colonisation Law was enacted on August 23, 1945; on November 24 of that same year a corresponding law for the territory of Federal Croatia was passed. Since this law was overly severe to ecclesiastical property and the divestment of land above 10 ha was foreseen by that law, its enforcement further exacerbated the relations between the Catholic Church and the state. During the hard post-war period, when the Catholic Church, like the majority of the population, was left in dire straits, the land reform dealt a heavy blow from which the Church could not recover for a long period of time. All over the country, including the territory of the Đakovo Deanery, the Catholic Church lost most of its high-quality lands, covered by the land reform, lands that had up to that time been the major source of income for the livelihood of the clergy as well as for church institutions and organizations. The main motive for the communist government to pass most of the laws, such as the Land Reform and Colonisation Law, was the assumption that by being deprived of its material basis the Catholic Church would be frustrated in its intention to continue to be the ideological and moral basis of society. With these laws the communist government affected the Church property and deprived the Church of its main sources of income, paying attention neither to the legally acquired assets or the legal peculiarities of the Catholic Church as a religious, educational and charitable institution. The protests of the Catholic Church members about the unjust application of law were rejected by the communist government; it was said that the application of law, especially in the case of the land reform, represented one of the democratic bases of Yugoslavia, applied exclusively for the benefi t of the people. The efforts made by the communist regime to present attempts at protecting the property necessary for the livelihood of the clergy and church institutions as clear indicators of the lack of solidarity of the Catholic Church with the people and country impoverished by war did not meet the desired effect because a great part of Catholic believers across the country and in foreign countries unselfi shly assumed the burden for the material support of the Church. Their contributions enabled the stabilisation of material conditions during the 1960s.

U radu je prikazan proces provedbe Zakona o agrarnoj reformi i kolonizaciji na posjedima župa i ostalih crkvenih ustanova na području Đakovačkog dekanata. U uvodnom je dijelu rada prikazan tijek donošenja Zakona na saveznoj razini, a zatim i za područje Federalne Hrvatske, odnosno Narodne Republike Hrvatske, te njegove glavne odredbe. Reakcija Katoličke crkve na navedeni zakon bila je izrazito negativna, budući je zakon bio osobito oštar prema crkvenim posjedima i težio je osiromašenju Katoličke crkve i slabljenju njenog utjecaja u društvu. U nastavku je u kratkim crtama prikazan i odnos biskupa Antuna Akšamovića prema komunističkim vlastima, ali i prema Zakonu o agrarnoj reformi i kolonizaciji te njegovo posredovanje u osiguranju povoljnijeg položaj za Biskupiju tijekom provedbe zakona. Središnji dio rada prati provedbu agrarne reforme na posjedima devet župa Đakovačkog dekanata, biskupijskim posjedima i posjedu Kongregacije sestara Sv. Križa u Đakovu. Svi brojčani podaci na kraju su prikazani i tablično., This paper gives a review of the process of the enforcement of the Land Reform and Colonisation Law on the parish estates and lands of other ecclesiastical institutions in the Đakovo Deanery. The introductory part of this work presents the legislation at a federal level and later in the Federal Republic of Croatia, i.e. the People’s Republic of Croatia, as well as its principal regulations. The reaction of the Catholic Church to the law was extremely negative because it was extremely severe in relation to ecclesiastical estates and had the tendency to impoverish the Catholic Church and weaken its infl uence on society. Further, the relation of Bishop Antun Akšamović to the communist government is described in brief, as well as his attitude to the Land Reform and Colonisation Law and his mediating role in securing a more favourable position for the Diocese during implementation of the law. The central section of this work describes the implementation of land reform in estates of nine parishes of the Đakovo Deanery, in estates of the diocese and the estate of the Congregation of the Sisters of the Holy Cross in Đakovo. All numerical data are illustrated in tabular form at the end of the work. After the end of World War II the communist government rapidly started to settle property relations and to allocate lands to those cultivating it, to the peasants. For this purpose the Federal Land Reform and Colonisation Law was enacted on August 23, 1945; on November 24 of that same year a corresponding law for the territory of Federal Croatia was passed. Since this law was overly severe to ecclesiastical property and the divestment of land above 10 ha was foreseen by that law, its enforcement further exacerbated the relations between the Catholic Church and the state. During the hard post-war period, when the Catholic Church, like the majority of the population, was left in dire straits, the land reform dealt a heavy blow from which the Church could not recover for a long period of time. All over the country, including the territory of the Đakovo Deanery, the Catholic Church lost most of its high-quality lands, covered by the land reform, lands that had up to that time been the major source of income for the livelihood of the clergy as well as for church institutions and organizations. The main motive for the communist government to pass most of the laws, such as the Land Reform and Colonisation Law, was the assumption that by being deprived of its material basis the Catholic Church would be frustrated in its intention to continue to be the ideological and moral basis of society. With these laws the communist government affected the Church property and deprived the Church of its main sources of income, paying attention neither to the legally acquired assets or the legal peculiarities of the Catholic Church as a religious, educational and charitable institution. The protests of the Catholic Church members about the unjust application of law were rejected by the communist government; it was said that the application of law, especially in the case of the land reform, represented one of the democratic bases of Yugoslavia, applied exclusively for the benefi t of the people. The efforts made by the communist regime to present attempts at protecting the property necessary for the livelihood of the clergy and church institutions as clear indicators of the lack of solidarity of the Catholic Church with the people and country impoverished by war did not meet the desired effect because a great part of Catholic believers across the country and in foreign countries unselfi shly assumed the burden for the material support of the Church. Their contributions enabled the stabilisation of material conditions during the 1960s.

Zamisao ovog rada je prikazati sadržaj dvaju dokumenta. Riječ je o Lošinjskoj izjavi – za Hrvatsku bez GMO-a i Manifestu Kršćanskog akademskog kruga naslovljenom U službi čovjeka i zajednice. Prikaz ide smjerom upućivanja na važne točke svakog dokumenta, kao i na neke njihove sličnosti i podudarnosti. U tom procesu potrebno je istaknuti najvažnije probleme i okolnosti u kojima su ti dokumenti nastali. Ovdje je potrebno naznačiti teorijske oslonce za pozicije, te ranije dokumente ili dosege na koje ovi dokumenti referiraju. Možemo istaknuti da svi problemi prikazani u oba dokumenta imaju zajednički nazivnik u problematici razvoja demokracije i civilnog društva, jačanju kojih smjeraju i spomenuti dokumenti., Central idea of this paper is to present the contents of two recent documents which have appeared in Croatia. This documents are Lošinjska izjava – za Hrvatsku bez GMO-a and Manifest of Kršćanski akademski krug titled U službi čovjeka i zajednice. Aim of this review is to point out some important dimensions of each of two documents and to show resemblance and correspondence in some of given dimensions. In this process it is important to emphasize most important problems and circumstances in which these documents were made. We can point out that both of these documents have central position in promoting democracy and growth of civil society. This is probably the most important task in many political activities in contemporary society.

U radu se na temelju izvorne građe, na primjeru župe Pleternica, oslikava i analizira politika komunističkoga režima u Hrvatskoj prema pojedinim katoličkim župnicima i župama u ozračju sveukupnih crkveno-državnih odnosa. Primjer uskraćivanja dozvole za gradnju crkve, zbog komunističkim vlastima neprihvatljive osobe župnika Ljudevita Petraka, a na štetu svih vjernika, oslikava svu bezobzirnost prema Crkvi i njenim vjernicima., Based on historical sources, the paper illustrates and analyzes the policy employed by the communist regime in Croatia in its dealing with some of the Catholic parish priests and parishes in the context of overall relations between the Church and the state, on the example of the Pleternica parish. The example of the denied construction permit for a new church, to the detriment of all the worshippers, because the communist authorities found the parish priest Ljudevit Petrak unacceptable, illustrates all the inconsideration that the communists showed to the Church and its flock. The communist government in Croatia systematically fought against religion and religious communities, particularly against the Catholic Church, which they perceived as their worst enemy. They strove to weaken the Church’s activity and influence on the Croatian population in every possible way. The examples of the Pleternica parish and the obstruction of the new church’s construction illustrate all the inconsiderateness of the Communist government, not only in its treatment of the Church as an institution, but also in its treatment of the Catholics as its citizens. Twenty years of obstructing the building of the church in Pleternica only because Ljudevit Petrak, whom the government considered unfit, was at the helm of the Pleternica parish is just one of the examples many parish priests were faced with throughout Croatia. On the other hand, we may observe a consistency of the church authorities in refusing to yield to the pressures of the state authorities, who made Petrak’s transfer from Pleternica a condition for the church’s construction. The question is how much time would have passed before the construction of the church began if the communist government had not been forced to give in during Yugoslavia’s negotiations with the Holy See and the signing of the 1966 protocol.

U ovom tekstu se analiziraju stavovi ispitanika o zakonskom reguliranju pobačaja u Hrvatskoj, koje smo ukrštali s religijskom samoidentifikacijom i praksom te sociodemografskim obilježjima ispitanika. Na taj način smo željeli ukazati na eventualnu prisutnost razlika u stavovima o pobačaju i zagovaranju opcije života ili opcije izbora, s obzirom na navedene karakteristike ispitanika. Polazeći od pretpostavke utjecaja konteksta društvenih promjena s početka 90-ih na stavove ispitanika o pobačaju, te uz oslanjanje na neke teorijske koncepte i istraživanja o pobačaju, potvrdili smo sve tri hipoteze istraživanja. Skicirali smo neke procese koji su mogli utjecati na veće slaganje s opcijom izbora nego li s opcijom života kod ispitanika, pogotovo s obzirom na dominaciju katolika u društvu u kojem je Katolička crkva okrenuta »rnoralnoj obnovi", a ukazali smo i na svojevrsnu polarizaciju stavova vezanih uz zakonsku regulativu pobačaja kod oba tabora, kao i na sukob tradicionalnih i modernih vrijednosti., This paper analyses the attitudes of the respondents towards the legislative regulation of the abortion in Croatia. The attitudes are cross-tabulated with the religious self-identification and practice and sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents. In this way we wanted to point out a possible presence of differences in the attitudes towards the abortion and the advocacy of pro-life or pro-choice options, bearing in mind the above mentioned characteristics of the respondents. Starting from the assumption of the influence of the context of social changes at the beginning of 90s on the attitudes of the respondents towards the abortion, and by leaning on same theoretical concepts and researches on the abortion, all three hypotheses have been confirmed. We sketched some processes that might have influenced a greater concurrence with the pro-choice than with pro-life option, especially if we take into account that this society is dominated by the Catholic church and in which the Church has been turned towards the 'moral restoration'. Also in the both camps it can be noticed a certain polarization of the attitudes when the legislative regulation on the abortion is in question, as well as the clash of traditional and modern values.