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U radu je prikazana statistička analiza zabilježenih oborina na dvije postaje, Dugopolje i Muć. Na samom početku rada opisane su neke od osnovnih karakteristika područja gdje se nalaze promatrane postaje, zatim slijede matematičke osnove provedenih analiza, potom proračun te na samom kraju zaključak (kakvi su režimi u odnosu jedan na drugog, imaju li više sličnosti ili razlika). Analize su provedene za nizove godišnjih, mjesečnih i dnevnih oborina zabilježenih na obje postaje. Neke od analiza pomoću kojih su dobiveni rezultati su; osnovna statistička analiza, funkcije raspodjele, HI-kvadrat test, testovi nezavisnosti i homogenosti, dvostruka sumarna krivulja, regresijska analiza, analiza maksimalnih oborina, RAPS, oborinske funkcije te auto-korelacijske funkckije. Dobiveni rezultati nam ukazuju na veće maksimalne količine oborina na postaji Dugopolje, ali i na bolju ujednačenost oborina na postaji Muć tijekom godine. Na obje postaje prevladavaju oborine manjeg inteziteta. Zaključno, dvije postaje jako dobro koreliraju jedna drugoj., The paper presents a statistical analysis of recorded precipitation at two stations, Dugopolje and Muć. At the very beginning of the paper, some of the basic characteristics of the area where the observed stations are located are described, followed by the mathematical basis of the analyses carried out, then the calculation and at the very end the conclusion (what are the regimes like in relation to each other, do they have more similarities or differences). Analyses were performed for series of annual, monthly and daily precipitation recorded at both stations. Some of the analyses with which the results were obtained are; basic statistical analysis, distribution functions, HI-square test, tests of independence and homogeneity, double summary curve, regression analysis, maximum precipitation analysis, RAPS, precipitation functions and auto-correlation functions. The obtained results indicate a higher maximum amount of precipitation at the station Dugopolje, but also a better uniformity of precipitation at the station Muć during the year. Precipitation of lower intensity prevails at both stations. In conclusion, the two stations correlate very well with each other.

U ovom radu analizirana je tehnologija proizvodnje sjemenske soje na OPG-u „Vrbanić Igor“ u 2019. godini. Agrotehničke mjere od obrade tla do same žetve usjeva obavljene su u skladu s pravilima struke. Usjev soje s obzirom na vremensku prognozu koja je pratila 2019. godinu dala je zadovoljavajući sklop kao i prinos od 3,5 t/ha. U radu su korišteni podaci Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda o vremenskim prilikama za meteorološku postaju Osijek. Vidljivo je da je 2019. godina bila suprotna u odnosu na višegodišnji prosjek. Višak oborina, odnosno vlažni period tijekom svibnja i lipnja što je uzrokovalo probleme u bubrenju, klijanju i nicanju soje, povećanje oborina tijekom lipnja i srpnja koje je uzrokovalo zadržavanje vode u usjevu. No, unatoč tome ostvareni su zadovoljavajući urodi zrna soje., This paper analyzes seed soybean technology on OPG Vrbanić Igor in 2019. Agrotechnical measures from soil till harvest crops have been made according to the rules of the profession. The soybean yield due to the weather forecast that followed 2019 gave a satisfactory circuit as well as a yield of 3,5 t / ha. The data of the State Hydrometerological Institute on weather conditions for the metrology station Osijek were used in this paper. It is noticeable that 2019. was the year against the multi-annual average. The excess rainfall, respectively wet season during May and June, caused unimaginable problems in swelling, germination and sprouting of soybeans, an increase in precipitation during June and July that caused water retention in the crop.

U ovom radu opisane su karakteristike sliva rijeka Bednje i Plitvice. Ukratko su objašnjeni teorijski temelji hidroloških i statističkih pojmova i korelacijske veze između oborine (P) i otjecanja (Q). Podaci o oborinama i protoci s hidroloških postaja dobiveni su od strane Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda. Izvršena je osnovna statistička obrada skupova podataka za razdoblje od 1990. do 2019. godine. Protoci s hidroloških postaja i oborine s meteoroloških postaja nizvodno od hidroloških postaja korelirani su u razdoblju od 2000. do 2019. godine. Korelacijska veza između oborina i protoka prikazana je u dijagramu disperzije i izračunata je vrijednost Pearsonovog koeficijenta i vrijednosti koeficijenta determinacije R². Izračunate su vrijednosti srednje apsolutne pogreške (MAE), srednje kvadratne pogreške (MSE) i korijenske srednje kvadratne pogreške (RMSE). Na temelju izračunanih vrijednosti i rangiranja koeficijenata korelacije prema Roemer-Orapskoj skali, kategorizirani su korelacijski odnosi između oborina i protoka po jačini veze. Izdvojeni su odnosi kod kojih je prisutna jača korelacijska veza između oborina i protoka. Konačni rezultat ovog rada je izdvajanje meteoroloških postaja čiji su podaci oborina prihvatljivi u svrhu predviđanja protoka na hidrološkim postajama u slivu rijeke Bednje i Plitvice. The characteristics of the Bednja and Plitvica River basins are described in this paper. The theoretical foundations of hydrological and statistical concepts and correlation analyses between precipitation (P) and runoff (Q) are briefly explained. Runoff and precipitation data from meteorological stations were obtained by the Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service. A basic statistical analysis of data for period from 1990 to 2019 has been done. Runoff from hydrological stations and precipitation from meteorological stations downstream of hydrological stations were correlated between 2000 and 2019. The correlation between precipitation and runoff is shown in the dispersion diagrams and Pearson coefficient and coefficient of determination R² values were calculated. The mean absolute errors (MAE), mean square errors (MSE) and the root mean square errors (RMSE) were calculated. Based on the values and ranking of correlation coefficients according to Roemer-Orapska scale, correlation between precipitation and runoff per connection strength are categorised. Relations with a stronger correlation link between precipitation and runoff are singled out. The result of this paper is the separation of meteorological stations where precipitation measurements are acceptable for the purposes of predicting runoff at hydrological stations in the basin of the Bednja and Plitvica Rivers.

U ovom radu praćena je proizvodnja suncokreta, te utjecaj vremenskih prilika (temperature i oborina) tijekom 2020. godine na OPG-u „Ivica Plazibat“ u Viškovcima. U radu su korišteni podaci od Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda o vremenskim prilikama za meteorološku postaju Osijek. U ispitivanju je korišten hibrid suncokreta P64LE99 tvrtke Pioneer. Agrotehnički zahvati obavljeni su prema pravilima struke i načelima ekološke poljoprivrede. Prinos je bio zadovoljavajući 2,5 – 4 t/ha masa 1000 zrna je 86 g, a uljnost je bila 53 % što je rezultat dobrih proizvođačkih odluka. Pojava bolesti i štetnika je bila minimalna, odabir pravilnog hibrida imala je veliku korist u preventivi od mogućih bolesti za vrijeme vegetacije. Visoka temperatura pogodovala je produženom klijanju, dok su oborine prouzrokovale nešto manji sklop biljaka uslijed deficita od 30,4 mm., This paper monitors the production of sunflower, and the impact of weather conditions (temperature and precipitation) during 2020. at the family farm "Ivica Plazibat" in Viškovci. The paper uses data from the State Hydrometeorological Institute on weather conditions for the meteorological station Osijek. Pioneer's P64LE99 sunflower hybrid was used in the study. Agrotechnical interventions were performed according to the rules of the profession and the principles of organic agriculture. The yield was satisfactory 2.5 - 4 t / ha, the weight of 1000 grains is 86 g, and the oil content was 53%, which is the result of good production decisions. The occurrence of diseases and pests was minimal, the selection of the right hybrid was of great benefit in the prevention of possible diseases during the growing season. The high temperature favored prolonged germination, while precipitation caused a somewhat smaller set of plants due to a deficit of 30.4 mm.

U ovom radu praćena je proizvodnja ozime uljane repice, te utjecaj vremenskih prilika (temperature i oborina) tijekom 2018./2019. godine na OPG-u „Ivić Hrvoje“ u Vođincima. U radu su korišteni podaci od Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda o vremenskim prilikama za meteorološku postaju Vinkovci. Hibridi korišteni u ispitivanju bili su Syngenta Bluestar i KWS Alvaro. Agrotehnički zahvati obavljeni su prema pravilima struke. Vegetacijska godina 2018./2019. imala je manjak od 364 mm oborina, dok je prosječna temperatura bila viša za 0,9 °C u odnosu na višegodišnji prosjek (1981. – 2018.). Manjak oborina tijekom jesenskih i zimskih mjeseci je imao izrazito negativan utjecaj na uljanu repicu u ovoj vegetacijskoj godini. Prinos je bio ispod očekivanja (3,6 – 3,8 t/ha), unatoč pravilnoj agrotehnici uslijed djelovanja loših vremenskih prilika. Zaključujemo da vegetacijska 2018./2019. godina nije bila pogodna za uzgoj ove kulture., This paper monitors the production of winter oilseed rape, and the impact of weather conditions (temperature and precipitation) during 2018/2019. at the family farm "Ivić Hrvoje" in Vođinci. The paper uses data from the State Hydrometeorological Institute on weather conditions for the meteorological station Vinkovci. The hybrids used in the study were Syngenta Bluestar and KWS Alvaro. Agrotechnical interventions were performed according to the rules of the profession. Vegetation year 2018/2019. had a deficit of 364 mm of precipitation, while the average temperature was higher by 0.9 ° C compared to the multi-year average (1981-2018). The lack of precipitation during the autumn and winter months had a markedly negative impact on oilseed rape in this growing year. The yield was below expectations (3.6 - 3.8 t / ha), despite proper agronomic techniques due to the effects of bad weather. We conclude that the vegetation 2018/2019. year was not suitable for growing this culture.

U ovom radu analizirana je tehnologija proizvodnje ozimog ječma na OPG-u „Matija Krstanac“ u vegetacijskoj godini 2018.-2019. godini. Agrotehničke mjere od obrade tla do same žetve usjeva obavljene su u skladu s pravilima struke. Usjev ozimog ječma s obzirom na vremensku prognozu koja je pratila 2018.-2019. godine dala je zadovoljavajući prinos od 7 t/ha na površinama zasijanim na 10 ha. U radu su korišteni podaci Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda o vremenskim prilikama za meteorološku postaju Gorice.Vidljivo je da je vegetacijska 2018.-2019. godina bila suprotna u odnosu na višegodišnji prosjek. Vegetacijska godina 2018.-2019. bila sa manje oborina i većim mjesečnim temperaturama zraka u odnosu na višegodišnji prosjek 1961.-1990.Manjak oborina u listopadu nije pravio problema usjevu ječma za sjetva, a niti prilikom klijanja i nicanja. U svibnju oborina je palo više nego od višegodišnjeg prosjeka, što je dobro jer nam za nalijevanje i formiranje zrna treba dosta vlage., In this paper, the technology of winter barley production on the family farm "Matija Krstanac" in the vegetation year is analyzed 2018.-2019. year. Agrotechnical measures from tillage to the harvest of crops were carried out in accordance with the rules of the profession. Winter barley crop given the weather forecast that accompanied 2018-2019. year gave a satisfactory yield of 7 tons / hectare on areas sown on 10 hectaresThe paper uses data from the State Hydrometeorological Institute on weather conditions for the Gorica meteorological station. It can be seen that the vegetation 2018-2019. year was the opposite of the multi-year average. Vegetation year 2018-2019 was with less precipitation and higher monthly air temperatures compared to the multi-year average of 1961-1990. The lack of precipitation in October did not cause problems for the barley crop for sowing, nor during germination and germination. In May, precipitation fell more than the multi-year average, which is good because we need a lot of moisture to pour and form grain.

U ovome radu ispitivana je tehnologija uzgoja suncokreta na OPG-u „Mišo Kuric“ u 2018. Godini. Agrotehniĉki zahvati obavljani su u skladu s pravilima struke tijekom uzgoja suncokreta. Usjev suncokreta je bio vrlo dobro razvijen i odgovarajućeg sklopa s obzirom na koliĉinu vlage. U radu su korišteni podatci Drţavnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda o vremenskim prilikama za meteorološku postaju Osijek u 2018. Godini. Godina je bila toplija u odnosu na višegodišnji prosjek, isto tako je i koliĉina oborina bila veća, ostvareni prinosi iznose 3 t/ha i zadovoljavajući su s obzirom na vremenske prilike u 2018. godini., This paper investigates the technology of sunflower cultivation at the family farm “Mišo Kuric“ in 2018. Agrotehnical interventions at the family farm were conducted in accordance with vocational norms during a yearround cultivation of sunflower. The oat, due to the amount of moisture, was well-developed and satisfying circuit. The paper uses data from Meteorological and Hydrological Service regarding weather conditions for Osijek weather station in 2018. Year 2018 was warmer than the multi-year average while the precipitation rate in 2018 was higher by 23 mm. The sunflower seed yield produced during 2018. was 3 t/ha and is satisfactory considering weather conditions in the same year.

U ovom radu opisivana je tehnologija uzgoja kukuruza na OPG-u „Ivan Barišić-Jaman“ u 2018. godini. Agrotehničke mjere od same obrade tla do žetve obavljene se prema pravilima struke. Usjev kukuruza je dao odgovarajući sklop biljaka i zadovoljavajući prinos (oko 12 t/ha) s obzirom kakva je vremenska prognoza pratila 2018. godinu. Prinos silaže bio je 55 t/ha nakon čega je pohranjena u posebne silose te pokrivena folijom kako bi se spriječilo kvarenje silaže. U radu su korišteni podaci Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda o vremenskim prilikama za meteorološku postaju Osijek.Potreba za vodom povećava se kako biljka raste, a najveću potrebu za vodom ima u vrijeme metličanja i svilanja, za vrijeme oplodnje i početak nalijevanja zrna. Od klijanja do fiziološke zriobe kukuruza, proizvodnja kukuruza je složen proces, a brzina i trajanje svake faze ovise o karakteristikama hibrida i dužini vegetacije pojedinih hibrida kukuruza., This paper describes the technology of corn production at OPG "Ivan Barišić-Jaman" in 2018. Agrochemical measures of the soil tillage to harvest have been made according to the rules of the profession. The corn had a suitable set of plants and satisfactory yields with considering to the 2018 weather forecast. The yield of silage was 55 t / ha, after which it was stored in special silos and covered with foil to prevent the silage spoilage.The data of the State Hydrometerological Institute on weather conditions for the metrology station Osijek were used in this paper. The need for water increases as the plant grows, and the biggestt need for water is in time of tasseling and silky, during fertilization and grain filling. From germinating to physiological production is a complex process, the speed and duration of each stage depend on the hybrid characteristics and the length of the crops of some corn hybrids.

U ovom radu analizirana je tehnologija proizvodnje soje na OPG-u „Ivan Barišić-Jaman“ u 2018. godini. Agrotehničke mjere od obrade tla do same žetve usjeva obavljene su u skladu s pravilima struke. Usjev soje s obzirom na vremensku prognozu koja je pratila 2018. godinu dala je zadovoljavajući sklop kao i prinos od 4 t/ha. U radu su korišteni podaci Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda o vremenskim prilikama za meteorološku postaju Osijek. Vidljivo je da je 2018. godina bila suprotna u odnosu na višegodišnji prosjek. Manjak oborina, odnosno sušni period tijekom travnja i svibnja što je uzrokovalo neznačajne probleme u bubrenju, klijanju i nicanju soje, povećanje oborina tijekom lipnja i srpnja koje je uzrokovalo zadržavanje vode u usjevu. Također, manjak oborina zabilježen je u kolovozu i rujnu koje je donekle stabilizirala vlaga koja je bila dostupna od prethodna dva mjeseca., This paper analyzes soybean technology on OPG Ivan Barišić-Jaman in 2018. Agrotechnical measures from soil till harvest crops have been made according to the rules of the profession. The soybean yield due to the weather forecast that followed 2018 gave a satisfactory circuit as well as a yield of 4 t / ha. The data of the State Hydrometerological Institute on weather conditions for the metrology station Osijek were used in this paper. It is noticeable that 2018 was the year against the multi-annual average. The precipitation shortage, the drying season during April and May, caused unimaginable problems in swelling, germination and soaking of soy, an increase in precipitation during June and July that caused water retention in the crop. Also, the precipitation was recorded in August and September which somewhat stabilized the moisture that was available from the previous two months.

U ovom radu ispitivana je proizvodnja ječma na obiteljskom poljoprivrednom gospodarstvu Lucić Marko. Agrotehnički zahvati na OPG-u obavljani su u skladu s pravilima struke tijekom cjelogodišnjeg uzgoja ozimog i jarog ječma. Usjev ječma s obzirom na količinu vlage bio je dobro razvijen, te zadovoljavajućeg sklopa. U radu su korišteni podatci Privatnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda o vremenskim prilikama za meteorološku postaju Đakovo u 2017. i 2018. godini. Godine 2017. i 2018 bile su ekstremnije u odnosu na višegodišnje prosjeke. Bilo je sušno i vrlo većih količina oborina. Prinosi koji su ostvareni na ozimom ječmu tijekom 2018. godine iznose 4,0 t/ha i zadovoljavajući su s obzirom na nepovoljne vremenske prilike u 2018. godini., This paper investigated the production of barley on the family farm Lucić Marko. Agrochemical interventions at OPG were performed in accordance with the rules of the profession throughout the year of winter and barley cultivation. Due to the amount of moisture, roasted barley was a well-developed and satisfying assembly. The data of the Private Hydrometeorological Institute on the weather conditions for the Đakovo meteorological station in 2017 and 2018 were used in this paper. The years 2017 and 2018 were more extreme compared to the perennial averages, and there were more and more precipitation levels. Yields achieved on winter barley during 2018 amount to 4.0 t / ha and are satisfactory due to adverse weather conditions in 2018.

U radu je dan opis podrijetla vode na planeti Zemlji i njezino značenje u prošlosti i sadašnjosti. Analizirani su razmjeri kretanja vode na zemlji, njihove značajke, kao i glavni izvori dostupne vode na zemlji izraženi kroz postotni udio na globalnoj razini. Također je razmatran nastanak vode u Svemiru i proizvodnja kisika u ranoj fazi nastanka planeta. Fokus rada bazira se na održanju kvalitete vode dostupne na Zemlji te pojavi globalne varijabilnosti intenziteta oborina koje u zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća mijenjaju značajke velikih svjetskih površina kroz procese velikih suša i poplava. Kroz rad su opisani neki od najznačajnijih primjera eksploatacije pitkih voda u svijetu kroz površinske i podzemne rezerve vode. Analizirane su mogućnosti povećanja proizvodnje hrane za ljudske potrebe u pogledu povećanja zemljišta kroz tehnološki napredne metode te zaštita vodnih resursa uslijed klimatskih promjena. Dan je osvrt na značajke kvalitete prirodne vode u medicini i industriji, poboljšanje sanitarnih uvjeta, utjecaj ljudskog zagađenje na globalnoj razini, gospodarski rast i problem smanjenja vode, kao i globalni problem ispuštanja nepročišćenih otpadnih voda u recipijente i, posljedično, ugrožavanje flore i faune., This paper gives a description of the origin of water on planet Earth and its importance in the past and the present. The paper presents the analysis of water flow extent on Earth, its characteristics, as well as the main sources of available water on the planet, expressed through a percentage share on a global scale. It also deals with the origin of water in the Universe, as well as the production of oxygen at the early stages of the planet’s formation. The focus of the paper is based on maintaining the quality of water available on Earth and the global variability of precipitation intensity that has changed the characteristics of large world surfaces through significant drought and flood processes over the last decades. Throughout the paper, some of the most important examples of exploitation of drinking water in the world through the surface and underground reserves of water are described. The possibilities of increasing the production of food for human needs in terms of increasing land through technologically advanced methods and the protection of water resources due to climate change are analyzed. At the end of the paper, there is a review of the characteristics of natural water quality in medicine and industry, sanitary conditions improvement, the impact of global pollution on human beings, economic growth and the problem of water scarcity, as well as the global problem of discharging untreated wastewater into the recipients and consequently endangering flora and fauna.

Krški izvori Rumin Veliki i Rumin Mali nalaze se u slivu rijeke Cetine, nizvodno od akumulacije Peruča. Izgradnjom i puštanjem sustava akumulacija Buško Blato – HE Orlovac 1973. godine u funkciju, dogodile su se promjene hidroloških režima ovih izvora. U radu su analizirani i uspoređeni hidrološki režimi prije i poslije izgradnje sustava. Korišteni podatci su srednji dnevni protoci na vodomjernim postajama Rumin Veliki (1948. – 2016.) i Rumin Mali (1950. – 2016.) te podatci o dnevnim oborinama, srednjim dnevnim temperaturama i relativnim vlažnostima zraka na meteorološkim postajama Livno (1996. – 2017.) i Sinj (1995. – 2016.). Analizirani su režimi godišnjih, mjesečnih i dnevnih oborina, temperature i relativnih vlažnosti zraka na Livanjskom i Sinjskom polju, te režimi godišnjih, mjesečnih i dnevnih protoka na izvorima Rumin Veliki i Rumin Mali. Nakon toga napravljena je korelacijska i regresijska analiza između: 1. ukupnih godišnjih oborina na postajama Livno i Sinj i srednjih godišnjih protoka oba izvora te 2. godišnjih, mjesečnih i dnevnih protoka predmetnih izvora. Nakon puštanja sustava u funkciju, protoci su se snizili na oba izvora. Prosječni srednji godišnji protok na izvoru Rumin Veliki se snizio za 11,6 m3/s (za 62,4%) , a na izvoru Rumin Mali za 1,02 m3/s (za 37,2%). U recentnom razdoblju izvori se prihranjuju vodama iz vlastitog (unutrašnjeg) sliva., Karst springs Rumin Veliki and Rumin Mali are located in the Cetina River basin, downstream from the Peruča reservoir. With the construction and putting into operation the system Buško Blato reservoir – HPP Orlovac in 1973., there have occurred some changes in the hydrological regime of these springs. This paper presents analysis and comparison of the hydrological regimes before and after the construction of the system. Used data are daily average discharges at the water stations Rumin Veliki (1948 - 2016) and Rumin Mali (1950 - 2016) and data on daily precipitation, as well as daily average temperatures and relative humidity at meteorological stations Livno (1996 - 2017) and Sinj (1995 - 2016). This paper also analyzes annual, monthly and daily precipitation, as well as, temperature and relative humidity in the fields of Livno and Sinj and it analyzes annual, monthly and daily discharges at the springs Rumin Veliki and Rumin Mali. Further on, it gives correlation and regression analysis between: 1. total annual precipitation at meteorological stations Livno and Sinj and the mean annual discharges of both springs and 2. annual, monthly and daily discharges of the springs in question. On both springs discharges were reduced after the system was put into operation. The average annual discharge was reduced by 11,6 m3/s ( for 62,4%) on spring Rumin Veliki and by 1,02 m3/s (for 37,2%) on spring Rumin Mali. In recent period both springs are fed by water from their own basins.

Krški izvori Rumin Veliki i Rumin Mali nalaze se u slivu rijeke Cetine, nizvodno od akumulacije Peruča. Izgradnjom i puštanjem sustava akumulacija Buško Blato – HE Orlovac 1973. godine u funkciju, dogodile su se promjene hidroloških režima ovih izvora. U radu su analizirani i uspoređeni hidrološki režimi prije i poslije izgradnje sustava. Korišteni podatci su srednji dnevni protoci na vodomjernim postajama Rumin Veliki (1948. – 2016.) i Rumin Mali (1950. – 2016.) te podatci o dnevnim oborinama, srednjim dnevnim temperaturama i relativnim vlažnostima zraka na meteorološkim postajama Livno (1996. – 2017.) i Sinj (1995. – 2016.). Analizirani su režimi godišnjih, mjesečnih i dnevnih oborina, temperature i relativnih vlažnosti zraka na Livanjskom i Sinjskom polju, te režimi godišnjih, mjesečnih i dnevnih protoka na izvorima Rumin Veliki i Rumin Mali. Nakon toga napravljena je korelacijska i regresijska analiza između: 1. ukupnih godišnjih oborina na postajama Livno i Sinj i srednjih godišnjih protoka oba izvora te 2. godišnjih, mjesečnih i dnevnih protoka predmetnih izvora. Nakon puštanja sustava u funkciju, protoci su se snizili na oba izvora. Prosječni srednji godišnji protok na izvoru Rumin Veliki se snizio za 11,6 m3/s (za 62,4%) , a na izvoru Rumin Mali za 1,02 m3/s (za 37,2%). U recentnom razdoblju izvori se prihranjuju vodama iz vlastitog (unutrašnjeg) sliva. Karst springs Rumin Veliki and Rumin Mali are located in the Cetina River basin, downstream from the Peruča reservoir. With the construction and putting into operation the system Buško Blato reservoir – HPP Orlovac in 1973., there have occurred some changes in the hydrological regime of these springs. This paper presents analysis and comparison of the hydrological regimes before and after the construction of the system. Used data are daily average discharges at the water stations Rumin Veliki (1948 - 2016) and Rumin Mali (1950 - 2016) and data on daily precipitation, as well as daily average temperatures and relative humidity at meteorological stations Livno (1996 - 2017) and Sinj (1995 - 2016). This paper also analyzes annual, monthly and daily precipitation, as well as, temperature and relative humidity in the fields of Livno and Sinj and it analyzes annual, monthly and daily discharges at the springs Rumin Veliki and Rumin Mali. Further on, it gives correlation and regression analysis between: 1. total annual precipitation at meteorological stations Livno and Sinj and the mean annual discharges of both springs and 2. annual, monthly and daily discharges of the springs in question. On both springs discharges were reduced after the system was put into operation. The average annual discharge was reduced by 11,6 m3/s ( for 62,4%) on spring Rumin Veliki and by 1,02 m3/s (for 37,2%) on spring Rumin Mali. In recent period both springs are fed by water from their own basins.

U ovom radu ispitivan je utjecaj vremenskih prilika na urod zrna suncokreta na OPG - u Mihaljević Ljubica kroz 2014. i 2015. godinu. Agrotehnički zahvati obavljani su u skladu sa pravilima struke te pravovremeno tijekom obje godine. Opisani su kroz sve etape obavljanja. U radu su korišteni podaci Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda o vremenskim prilikama za meteorološku postaju Gradište u 2014. i 2015. godini. Prosječni prinos 2014. godine bio je ~ 3.5 t/ha, dok je u 2015. bio ~ 4.25 t/ha. Može se zaključiti da su na prinos zrna najveći utjecaj imale vremenske prilike koje su bile dijametralno suprotne tijekom ove dvije godine, This paper analyses the effect of weather conditions on sunflower grain yield on family farm Mihaljević Ljubica during 2014 and 2015. During both years agrotechnical operations were conducted in accordance with profession rules and well timed. The paper used dana of Meteorological and Hydrological service about weather conditions during 2014 and 2015 for weather station Gradište. Average yield during 2014 was~3.5 t/ha, while during 2015 was~4.25 t/ha. It can be concluded that the grain yield had the greatest influence weather conditions that were diametrically opposed during these two years

U ovom radu ispitivana je tehnologija uzgoja zobi na OPG-u „Suzana Jagnjić u 2016. godini. Agrotehnički zahvati na OPG-u obavljani su u skladu s pravilima struke tijekom cjelogodišnjeg uzgoja ozime i jare zobi. Usjev zobi s obzirom na količinu vlage bio je dobro razvijen te zadovoljavajućeg sklopa. U radu su korišteni podatci Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda o vremenskim prilikama za meteorološku postaju Virovitica u 2016. godini. Godina 2016. bila j toplija u odnosu na višegodišnji prosjek za 0,65 °C dok je količina oborina u 2016.godini bila veća za 68,4 mm. Prinosi koji su ostvareni na ozimoj i jaroj zobi tijekom 2016. godine iznose 4,5 t/ha i zadovoljavajući su s obzirom na nepovoljne vremenske prilike u 2016. godini., This paper investigates the technology of oat cultivation at the family farm “Suzana Jagnjić“ in 2016. Agrotehnical interventions at the family farm were conducted in accordance with vocational norms during a year-round cultivation of winter and spring oat. The oat, due to the amount of moisture, was well-developed and satisfying circuit. The paper uses data from Meteorological and Hydrological Service regarding weather conditions for Virovitica weather station in 2016. The year of 2016 was warmer than the multi-year average of 0,65° C, while the precipitation rate in 2016 was higher by 68,4 mm. The winter oat and spring oat yield produced during 2016 amounts to 4.5 t/ha and is satisfactory considering weather conditions in the same year.

U završnom radu obuhvaćeno je: pogon za obradu tehnološke vode, objekti vodoopskrbe i odvodnje grada Osijeka, elektroenergetski sustav pogona te mjere uštede električne energije u radu pogona. Ukratko je objašnjeno gdje se nalaze crpilišta. Prikazana je podjela pogona za obradu vode te su na geografskoj karti prikazana crpilišta i magistralni vodovi. Objašnjen je svaki objekt u pogonu te je prikazan način automatskog upravljanja kroz povijest. Na kraju završnog rada pojašnjene su mjere uštede električne energije, kojima se postiže veća efikasnost pogona. In the final paper is included: process for tehnological water treatment, water supply objects and drainage facilities, power sistem of process and measures energy saving in the process. water pumping stations are briefly explained, a division process for water treatment is shown and the water pumping stations and the main line are displayed on geographic map. Every object in process is explained and the way of managing trough history is shown. The measures of energy savings wich could achive better efficiency are explained at the end of final paper.

U ovom radu analizirat će se proizvodnja pšenice na OPG-u „Katarina Jukić“ u 2019. godini. ostvaren prinos pšenice iznosio je 7,5 t/ha, vlaga 12,8 % , a proteini 12,6 %, dok je hektolitar pšenice iznosio 81 kg. OPG obrađuje 11,5 hektara zemlje, a od toga je zasijano 1,5 ha pšenice. Vlasnik OPG-a napominje da je jedna od bitnih stvari plodored pa je tako kultura prije pšenice bila kukuruz. Što se tiče prinosa za vegetacijsku godinu 2018./2019. vlasnik je iznimno zadovoljan prinosima. Vremenske prilike tijekom vegetacijskog razdoblja pšenice 2018./2019. su bile specifične, osobito kada su u pitanju oborine. Iako je ukupna količina oborine tijekom vegetacijskog razdoblja bila tek nešto manja od referentnog višegodišnjeg prosjeka, na kraju žetve prinos pšenice je bio zadovoljavajući., This paper will analyze the production of wheat on the family farm "Katarina Jukić" in 2019. the realized wheat yield was 7.5 t / ha, moisture 12.8 %, and proteins 12.6 %, while the hectolitre of wheat was 81 kg. The family farm cultivates 11.5 hectares of land, of which 1.5 ha of wheat have been sown. The owner of the family farm notes that one of the important things is crop rotation, so the crop before wheat was corn. Regarding the yield for the vegetation year 2018/2019. The owner is extremely satisfied with the yields. Weather conditions during the wheat growing season 2018/2019. were specific, especially when it comes to precipitation. Although the total rainfall during the growing season was only slightly lower than the reference multi-year average, at the end of the harvest the wheat yield was satisfactory.

Završni rad prikazuje proizvodnju kukuruza na OPG Dukmenić u Vukojevcima tokom vegetacijske sezone 2022. Na OPG-u Dukmenić najčešće se uzgajaju hibridi Osječkog poljoprivrednog instituta i to hibrid OS Kulak. Agrotehničke mjere koje prate uzgoj kukuruza, na OPG-u su provedene pravovremeno primjenom vlastite raznovrsne poljoprivredne mehanizacije. Tla u vlasništvu OPG Dukmenić su povoljna za uzgoj kukuruza i drugih žitarica. Na OPG-u Dumenić se poštuje plodored. OPG na svojim površinama većinom nastoji izmjenjivati kukuruz, ječam, pšenicu i suncokret. Obrada i priprema tla su odrađene kvalitetno i u adekvatnom roku jer je predusjev bio pšenica. Sjetva je obavljena u optimalnom roku 23. i 24 . travnja hibridom OS Kulak. Pojavljeni korovi u kukuruzu nisu utjecali na prinos. Vremenski uvjeti tijekom rasta i razvoja kukuruza su bili nepovoljni zbog ekstremne suše. Mjerenjem klipa utvrđeno je da je prosječna masa cijelog klipa 237 grama, masa zrna 178,3 grama a masa samog otučka 58,7 grama. Prema rezultatima mjerenja utvrđeno je da je prosječan prinos 1,37 kilograma vlažnog zrna na m2., The final paper shows the production of corn at OPG Dukmenić in Vukojevci during the growing season of 2022. Hybrids of the Osijek Agricultural Institute are most often grown at OPG Dukmenić, namely the OS Kulak hybrid. Agrotechnical measures accompanying the cultivation of corn were carried out at OPG in a timely manner by using our own diverse agricultural machinery. The soils owned by OPG Dukmenić are favorable for growing corn and other cereals. At OPG Dumenić, crop rotation is respected. OPG mostly tries to alternate corn, barley, wheat and sunflower on its areas. Cultivation and preparation of the soil were done with quality and in an adequate time, because the pre-crop was wheat. Sowing was done at the optimal time on the 23rd and 24th. April by the OS Kulak hybrid. The weeds that appeared in corn did not affect the yield. Weather conditions during the growth and development of corn were unfavorable due to extreme drought. By measuring the cob, it was determined that the average weight of the entire cob is 237 grams, the weight of the grain is 178.3 grams, and the weight of the stem itself is 58.7 grams. According to the measurement results, it was determined that the average yield is 1.37 kilograms of wet grain per m2.

U ovom radu analiziran je utjecaj atmosferskih čimbenika (temperature zraka i oborine) na temperaturu mora i salinitet te strujanje u Jadranskom moru za mjesec rujan u razdoblju od 2010. do 2019. godine. Prikazana je višegodišnja varijabilnost prostorne raspodjele temperature mora i saliniteta na dubini od 5 m, te strujanja na 5 i 20 m dubine. Podatci saliniteta i temperature na 5 m dubine dobiveni su višegodišnjim terenskim uzorkovanjem korištenjem CTD sonde, polja struja su produkt numeričke reanalize Copernicus programa, dok su podatci o temperaturi zraka i oborina rezultat klimatološke analize mjerenja na postajama Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda. Za promatrano razdoblje uočena je iznimna višegodišnja varijabilnost srednje temperature zraka i količine oborina te površinske temperature. Osim atmosferskih čimbenika na svojstva Jadranskog mora je utjecalo i Sredozemno more kroz komunikaciju preko Otrantskih vrata. U promatranom razdoblju zabilježen je porast saliniteta što je rezultiralo rekordnim vrijednostima saliniteta koje su bile veće od ranije izmjerenih. In this paper, the influence of atmospheric factors (air temperature and precipitation) on sea temperature and salinity and currents in the Adriatic Sea is analyzed for the month of September in the period from 2010 to 2019. Long-term variability of the spatial distribution of sea temperature and salinity at 5 m depth and currents at 5 and 20 m depth is presented. The data on salinity and temperature at 5 m depth were obtained by multi-year field sampling with CTD probes, the current fields are the product of numerical reanalysis of the Copernicus program, while the data on air temperature and precipitation are the result of climatological analysis of measurements at Croatian meteorological and hydrological service stations. Exceptional multiyear variability in the mean air temperature and precipitation, as well as in the surface temperature, was found for the observed period. In addition to atmospheric factors, the characteristics of the Adriatic Sea were also influenced by the Mediterranean Sea through the Strait of Otranto. An increase in salinity was observed during the observed period, leading to record salinity values, higher than those previously measured.

Ovaj rad obrađuje temeljne pojave, metode i postupke koji su primijenjeni u sustavu tehničkog promatranja hidroelektrane. Tehnička promatranja obuhvaćaju hidrološko prognoziranje, promatranje građevinskih objekata, stanje okoliša neposredno uz građevinske objekte i promatranje ugrađene strojarske i elektroenergetske opreme. Osnova za pravilno i ekonomično održavanje hidroelektrane jest poznavanje stanja i praćenje promjena na objekatima, postrojenjima i ugrađenoj opremi. Pravilno održavanje opreme u pogonu doprinosi njenoj visokoj pogonskoj sigurnosti i pouzdanosti a hidroelektranu čini maksimalno raspoloživom. Rad je usmjeren na one metode i postupke koji daju kvalitetnu sliku stanja objekata i opreme. Obrađene metode i postupci ispitivanja i mjerenja ne djeluju štetno ni razarajuće na opremu. Zbog toga rad prvenstveno obrađuje u praksi primjenjive i dokazane metode i postupke koji se provode u HEP -u, a koji se temelje na važećim normama i preporukama. Zbog sveobuhvatnosti ove problematike, nemoguće je opisati sve poznate metode i postupke ispitivanja i mjerenja. Univerzalnu strukturu sustava tehničkog promatranja hidroelektrana nemoguće je u potpunosti definirati zbog sustavnih i tehničkih specifičnosti svakog objekta kao i specifičnosti okoliša. This paper deals with some basic manifestations, methods and techniques applied in the system of technical observation of a hydro-electric power plant. Technical observations include hydrolologic forecast, surveying of buildings and monitoring of the installed machines and electric-power equipment. Basic for proper and cost-effective maintenance of a hydro-electric power plant is founded on familiarity with situation and on monitoring changes on buildings, plant and installed equipment. Proper maintenance in the plant contributes to its high operating safety and to its reliability whereas a hydro- -electric power plant is made disposable to a maximum degree. This paper concentrates on methods and procedures which give a clear picture of the state of buildings and equipment. Methods and procedures of testing and measurement dealt with in this study are neither harmful nor destructive considering equipment. Therefore, this piece of work above all considers practical, applicable and proved methods and procedures implemented in Croatian Power Utility (HEP) which are based on efective standards and instructions. Due to comprehensiveness of the problem area it is impossible to describe all the well-known methods and procedures of examination and measurement. All-embracing structure of the technical observation of hydro- -electric power plants is impossible to be entirely defined owing to specific quality of each object in terms of system, environment and technology.

Cilj ovoga rada je bio prikazati suvremenu tehnologiju intenzivnog uzgoja začinske paprike te mjere njege i zaštite usjeva na OPG-u Stjepana Marića u Soljanima. Stjepan Marić se bavi proizvodnjom začinske paprike više od 15 godina, gdje je cjelokupni proces proizvodnje olakšan zbog suvremenih uređaja i strojeva koji se primjenjuju u ovoj proizvodnji. Zbog postizanja visokih i stabilnih prinosa proizvodnja se isključivo odvija uz navodnjavanje kap po kap, gdje se precizno dozira određena količina do svake biljke. Ovakvim načinom navodnjavanja ne dolazi do stresa kod biljaka za razliku od drugih načina navodnjavanja gdje se voda raspršuje kapljicama po površini. Sve mjere njege, zaštite i agrotehnike se provode pravodobno i precizno. Začinska paprika se uzgaja na 1,5 – 2 ha ovisno o parceli na kojoj se nalazi. Nepovoljne temperature i velike količine oborina kao i pojava mrazeva u kasno proljeće produljuju rok sadnje a samim time uzrokuju i kasniju berbu paprika. Na ovakav način se može smanjiti prinos jer određeni dio plodova neće dozreti i ostati će neubran., The aim of this paper was to present the modern technology of intensive cultivation of spicy paprika and measures od care and protection of crops on the family farm of Stjepan Marić in Soljani. Stjepan Marić has been producing spicy paprika for more than 15 years, where the entire production process has been facilitated due to modern devices and machines used in this production. Due to the achievement of high stable yields, the production takes place exclusively with drip irrigation, where certain amount is precisely dosed to each plant. This method of irrigation does not cause stress to plants, unlike others methods of irrigation where water is sprayed by droplets on the plant surface. All measures of care, protection and agrotechnics were carried out timely and precise manner. Spicy paprika are grown on 1.5 – 2 ha depending on the plot on which it is located. Unfavourable temperatures and large amounts of precipitation as well as the appearance of frosts in late spring prolong the planting period and thus cause a later harvest of paprika. In this way, the yield can be reduced because a certain part of the fruit will not ripen and will remain unharvested.

Rad se bavi analizom promjena u snježnom pokrivaču i njihovog utjecaja na proljetni protok na odabranim tekućicama porječja Kupe u razdoblju 1989. – 2018. Primjenom MannKendallovog testa analiziran je trend broja dana s snijegom ≥ 1 cm, visine snijega, padalina, temperature zraka i protoka. Broj dana sa snijegom, visina snijega i protok dodatno su analizirani putem RAPS metode. Za korelacijsku analizu između odabranih klimatskih i hidroloških elemenata korišten je Spearmanov koeficijent korelacije. Rezultati rada ukazuju na smanjenje broja dana sa snijegom i visine snijega u prosincu i travnju. Korelacijskom analizom utvrđena je statistički značajna povezanost između akumuliranog snijega i proljetnog protoka. Opažene promjene u protoku odnose se na porast protoka u veljači i ožujku i javljanje minimuma protoka ranije tijekom godine. Naposlijetku je ispitana povezanost između utvrđenih promjena i Sjevernoatlantske oscilacije (NAO). Promjene u snježnom pokrivaču i protoku dijelom su povezane s promjenama u NAO indeksu tijekom istraživanog razdoblja. This paper deals with the changes in snow cover and their impact on spring discharge of rivers in Kupa river drainage basin for the 1989-2018 period. Trend analysis of number of snow days, snow depth, precipitation, air temperature and river discharge was performed using the Mann-Kendall trend test. The number of snow days, snow depth and discharge were further analysed using RAPS method. Correlation analysis was conducted with the nonparametric Spearman test for correlation. The significant downward trend was detected for number of snow days and snow depth in December and April. Accumulated snow and spring discharge are significantly correlated in the study area. There is significant increase in discharge in February and March. The change in the timing of minimum discharge toward earlier in the year was also detected. The changes in snow cover and discharge are related to changes in NAO indices.

U članku su analizirani nizovi srednjih dnevnih, mjesečnih i godišnjih temperatura zraka i mjesečnih i godišnjih oborina mjereni na tri postaje na otoku Visu. Korišteni su podaci opaženi na glavnoj meteorološkoj postaji Komiža (1956.-2019.) i automatskim postajama Hum (2012.-2019.) i Dračevo polje (2017.-2019.). Osim toga analizirani su i nizovi srednjih dnevnih, mjesečnih i godišnjih temperatura površine mora mjereni na postaji Komiža (1991.-2019.). Vis je mali karbonatni otok površine 89,72 km2 s najvišim vrhom od 587 mnm na kojem je locirana automatska meteorološka postaja Hum. Režim temperatura zraka na sve tri postaje na malom otoku udaljenom od kopna je sličan. Srednje dnevne, mjesečne i godišnje temperature zraka najviše su na postaji Komiža. Više su za oko 1 ºC od srednjih godišnjih temperatura zraka izmjerenih u Dračevom polju i oko 3,6 ºC od onih izmjerenih na postaji Hum. Trend porasta srednjih mjesečnih temperatura zraka u razdoblju 1964.-2019. javlja se u svakom pojedinom mjesecu godine. Gradijent opadanja srednjih dnevnih temperatura zraka s nadmorskom visinom u toplom dijelu godine znatno je niži nego u hladnom dijelu godine. Najintenzivniji porasti temperatura zraka javljaju se u najtoplijem dijelu godine. Srednje godišnje vrijednosti temperatura površine mora u razdoblju 1991.-2019. brže su rasle od srednjih godišnjih temperatura zraka. Prosječne mjesečne temperature površine mora više su od prosječnih mjesečnih temperatura zraka u razdoblju od rujna do travnja. U ostalim mjesecima su niže. Minimalne dnevne temperature zraka javljaju se u hladnom dijelu godine između 6 i 7 sati dok se tijekom toplog dijela godine javljaju nešto ranije između 4 i 5 sati. Maksimalne dnevne temperature zraka uglavnom se javljaju oko 13 sati. Niti jedan od analiziranih nizova godišnjih i mjesečnih oborina u razmatranom razdoblju (1956.-2019.) nije pokazao postojanje statistički značajnog trenda porasta ili opadanja., The paper analyses the series of average daily, monthly and annual air temperatures and monthly and annual precipitation measured at three stations on Vis Island. The used data were observed at the main meteorological station Komiža (1956 - 2019), as well as automatic stations Hum (2012 – 2019) and Dračevo polje (2017 - 2019). Additionally, the analysis also included the series of average daily, monthly and annual sea surface temperatures measured at the station Komiža (1991 - 2019). Vis Island is a small carbonate island with a surface of 89.72 km2 and the highest peak of 587 asl, where the automatic meteorological station Hum is located. The air temperature regimes at all three stations on the small island far off the mainland are similar, with the average daily, monthly and annual air temperatures being the highest at the station Komiža - by about 1 ºC higher than the average annual air temperatures measured at Dračevo polje and by about 3.6 ºC higher than those measured at the station Hum. The upward trend in average monthly air temperatures in the period of 1964 - 2019 occurs in each individual month of the year. The gradient of average daily air temperatures’ decrease with altitude is significantly lower in the warm part of the year than in the cold one. The most intense increases in air temperatures occur in the warmest part of the year. The average annual values of sea surface temperatures in the period of 1991 – 2019 increased faster than the average annual air temperatures. The average monthly sea surface temperatures are higher than the average monthly air temperatures in the period from September to April, while lower in other months. The minimum daily air temperatures occur in the cold part of the year between 6 a.m. and 7 a.m. During the warm part of the year they occur slightly earlier - between 4 a.m. and 5 a.m. The maximum daily air temperatures generally occur around 1 p.m. Not one of the analysed series of annual and monthly precipitation in the observed period (1956 - 2019) showed the existence of a statistically significant upward or downward trend., Im Beitrag werden die Zeitreihen für die Tages-, Monats- und Jahresmittel der Lufttemperatur sowie für die Monats- und Jahresmittel des Niederschlags analysiert, die an drei Stationen auf der Insel Vis gemessen wurden: an der meteorologischen Hauptstation Komiža (1956-2019) sowie an den automatischen Wetterstationen Hum (2012-2019) und Dračevo polje (2017-2019). Außerdem werden die an der Station Komiža (1991-2019) gemessenen Zeitreihen für die Tages-, Monats- und Jahresmittel der Meeresoberflächentemperatur analysiert. Vis ist eine kleine Kalkinsel mit einer Fläche von 89,72 Quadratkilometern und mit dem höchsten Gipfel von 587 Metern über dem Meeresspiegel, wo sich die automatische Wetterstation Hum befindet. Das Lufttemperaturregime an allen drei Stationen auf dieser weit vom Land entfernten Insel ist ähnlich. Die höchsten mittleren Tages-, Monats- und Jahreslufttemperaturen wurden an der Station Komiža gemessen. Sie sind etwa 1 ºC höher als die an Dračevo polje gemessenen mittleren Jahreslufttemperaturen und etwa 3,6 ºC höher als die an der Station Hum gemessenen mittleren Jahreslufttemperaturen. Ein Aufwärtstrend liegt bei den mittleren Monatslufttemperaturen im Zeitraum 1964-2019 in jedem einzelnen Monat des Jahres vor. Der abfallende Gradient der mittleren Tageslufttemperaturen ist in der warmen Jahreszeit mit abfallender Seehöhe wesentlich niedriger als in der kalten Jahreszeit. Die stärksten Lufttemperaturerhöhungen wurden in der wärmsten Jahreszeit beobachtet. Die Werte der mittleren Jahresmeeresoberflächentemperaturen erhöhten sich im Zeitraum 1991-2019 schneller als die Werte der mittleren Jahreslufttemperaturen. Die Monatsmittel der Meeresoberflächentemperatur sind höher als die Monatsmittel der Lufttemperatur im Zeitraum zwischen September und April, während sie in anderen Monaten niedriger sind. Die minimalen Tageslufttemperaturen wurden in der kalten Jahreszeit zwischen 6 und 7 Uhr beobachtet, während sie während der warmen Jahreszeit etwas früher, zwischen 4 und 5 Uhr, die Minimalwerte erreichen. Die Maximalwerte der Tageslufttemperatur zeigen sich meistens um 13 Uhr. Bei keinen von den analysierten Zeitreihen des Jahres- und Monatsniederschlags zeigte sich im beobachteten Zeitraum (1956-2019) ein statistisch signifikanter Aufwärts- oder Abwärtstrend.

U ovom radu analizirana je tehnologija proizvodnje suncokreta na OPG-u „Vjekoslav Šmider“ u 2019. godini. Usjev suncokreta je iznosio 3,2 t/ha, apsolutna težina zrna je iznosila 85 g, a uljnost je bila 48 %. Ova godina je bila izuzetno povoljna za uzgoj suncokreta. Uzmemo li u obzir da je zbog kišnog razdoblja u travnju sjetva bila pomaknuta za par dana, to nije negativno utjecalo na početni rast i razvoj suncokreta. Svibanj bilježi suficit oborina od 89,4 mm od višegodišnjeg prosjeka. Ta velika količina oborina nije negativno utjecala na suncokret jer je bila raspoređena tijekom cijelog mjeseca. Manje količine oborina smo imali u srpnju no to se nije odrazilo na suncokret jer je od prijašnjih mjeseci imao dovoljno vlage za kvalitetno sazrijevanje. U kolovozu je pala prosječna količina oborina koja nije ništa značila jer je suncokret bio u fazi sazrijevanja i nalijevanja zrna., In this paper, the technology of sunflower production on the family farm "Vjekoslav Šmider" in 2019 is analyzed. The sunflower crop was 3.2 t/ha, the absolute grain weight was 85 g, and the oil content was 48 %. This year was extremely favorable for sunflower cultivation. If we take into account that due to the rainy period in April sowing was postponed by a few days, this did not negatively affect the initial growth and development of sunflower. May recorded a surplus of precipitation of 89.4 mm from the multi-year average. This large amount of precipitation did not negatively affect the sunflower as it was distributed throughout the month. We had smaller amounts of precipitation in July, but this did not affect the sunflower because it had enough moisture from previous months for quality ripening. In August, the average amount of precipitation fell, which meant nothing because the sunflower was in the phase of ripening and pouring the grain.

Tema završnog rada je tehnologija proizvodnje kukuruza u poduzeću „Agro Bovis d.o.o.“. Kukuruz je jednogodišnja kultura koja se uzgaja za prehranu ljudi ali u većoj mjeri za ishranu stoke. Kukuruz ima određene zahtjeve prema svjetlosti, vodi, klimi i tlu. Na „Agro Bovis d.o.o.“ predstavlja najznačajniju kulturu te je najveći dio površina zasijano istom. Oborine su veoma važne u rastu i razvitku stabljike kukuruza. U radu je prikazana agrotehnika proizvodnje kukuruza na „Agro Bovis d.o.o.“. Vegetacijska godina 2019. bila je izrazito povoljna za proizvodnju kukuruza i isti su ostvarivali rekordne prinose., The topic of the final work is the technology of corn production in the company "Agro Bovis d.o.o.". Maize is an annual crop that is grown for human consumption but to a greater extent for livestock nutrition. Corn has certain requirements for light, water, climate and soil. At "Agro Bovis d.o.o." it represents the most important crop and most of the areas are sown with the same. Precipitation is very important in the growth and development of the corn stalk. The paper presents the agrotechnics of corn production at "Agro Bovis d.o.o." The vegetation year 2019 was extremely favorable for the production of corn and they achieved record yields.

U ovom radu analizirana je proizvodnja ječma na obiteljskom poljoprivrednom gospodarstvu „Funarić Dražen“. Na gospodarstvu se uzgaja ozimi ječam, koji je se koristi za ishranu stoke. Nicanje je bilo malo otežano, ali pravilni agrotehnički zahvati i stručno znanje je rezultiralo odličan prinos. Vegetacijska godina 2018.i 2019. bila je u početku vrlo sušna, ali onda pred kraj vegetacije su pale velike količine oborina. Za ovakvu tešku godinu ostvareni su odlični prinosi ječma (Maxim-Poljoprivredni institut Osijek) koji su iznosili 7,4 t/ha., In this paper, the production of barley on the family farm "Funarić Dražen" is analyzed. The farm grows winter barley, which is used to feed livestock. Germination was a little difficult, but proper agronomic interventions and expertise resulted in excellent yields. The vegetation year 2018 and 2019 was initially very dry, but then towards the end of the vegetation large amounts of precipitation fell. For such a difficult year, excellent barley yields were achieved (Maxim-Agricultural Institute Osijek) which amounted to 7.4 t per hectare.

U ovom radu analizirana je proizvodnja pšenoraţi na obiteljskom poljoprivrednom gospodarstvu „Galinović Danijel“. Agrotehniĉke mjere su obavljene prema pravilima struke. Prinos je iznosio 4,5 t/ha s obzirom na temperature i oborine tijekom 2017/2018. godine. Najkritiĉniji je bio mjesec srpanj kada je palo 131,6 mm oborina te se ţetva teţe odvijala. TakoĊer, u travnju i svibnju je trajala suša koja nije negativno utjecala na pšenoraţ, što znaĉi da pravovremena priprema tla, gnojidba i korištenje herbicida uvelike pomaţu povećati prinos., This paper analyzes the production of triticosecale on the family farm "Galinović Danijel". Agrotechnical measures were carried out according to the rules of the profession. The yield was 4.5 t/ha with regard to temperatures and precipitation during 2017/2018. The most critical month was July, when 131,6 mm of precipitation fell and the harvest was more difficult. Also, in April and May there was a drought that did not negatively affect the triticosecale, which means that timely soil preparation, fertilization and use of herbicides greatly help to increase yields.

U ovome radu je analizirana proizvodnja ozime pšenice na obrtu u poljoprivredi „Beta“. Agrotehničke mjere od obrade tla do žetve, su obavljena prema pravilima struke. Detaljno su opisane agrotehničke mjere i operacije provedene tijekom vegetacije soje. Vremenske prilike su bile nepovoljne uz par stresnih situacija. Usjev soje je dao zadovoljavajući sklop kao i prinos od 3,5 t/ha, s obzirom na vremenske prilike gdje smo imali nicanje u razdoblju od 2 mjeseca. U radu su korišteni podaci Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda o vremenskim prilikama za meteorološku postaju Osijek., This paper analyzes the production of soy on the craft „Beta“. Agrotechnical measures from soil untill harvest crop have been made accourding to the rules of the profession. Agrotechnical measures and operations conducted during the soybean vegetation were detailed listed. Weather characteristics were quite unfavorable with few stressful situations. Due to weather conditions during which we had germination over the course of two months, the soy crop has given a sattisfactory circuit as well as a yield of 3,5t/ha. The data of the State Hydrometerological Institute on weather conditions for the metrology station.

Jedan od najčešće korištenih proxy-ja prilikom interpretacije paleoklimatskih zapisa je izotopni sastav kisika. Njegova varijabilnost u tim zapisima ovisi o izotopnom sastavu oborina nekog područja. Na izotopni sastav kisika u oborinama utječu nadmorska visina, geografska širina, kontinentalnost, temperatura, količina oborina ali i izvor vlage zraka u oborinama. Cilj ovog rada bio je na temelju meteoroloških podataka utvrditi izvore vlage zraka u oborinama na području grada Zagreba. Također, utvrđen je i udio reciklirane vlage zraka u ukupnoj količini oborina (proistekle od evaporacije iznad kontinenta). Petodnevne unazadne putanje zračnih masa za dane s količinom oborina >0,5 mm na lokaciji Zagreb određene su koristeći HYSPLIT model NOAA-e (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) koji se temelji na podacima generiranim od strane GDAS-a (Global Dana Assimilation System). Analizom dobivenih podataka izračunate su lokacije na kojima su zračne mase apsorbirale vlagu, te je prostornom analizom dobivenih podataka izračunat udio recikliranih oborina u ukupnoj količini oborina. One of the most commonly used proxies in the interpretation of paleoclimatic records is the isotopic composition of oxygen. Its variability in these records depends on the isotopic composition of precipitation in an area. The isotopic composition of oxygen in precipitation is influenced by altitude, latitude, continentality, temperature, amount of precipitation, but also by the moisture sources of precipitation. The aim of this paper was to determine the moisture sources of precipitation over Zagreb city based on meteorological data. Also, the share of recycled moisture in the total amount of precipitation (resulting from evaporation above the continent) was determined. Five-day back trajectories of air masses for days with precipitation> 0.5 mm at the Zagreb location was determined using the HYSPLIT model of NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) based on data generated by GDAS (Global Dana Assimilation System). The analysis of the obtained data calculated the locations where the air masses absorbed moisture, and the spatial analysis of the obtained data will calculate the share of recycled precipitation in the total amount of precipitation.

U ovom radu analiziran je utjecaj vremenskih prilika i pravovremeno izvođenje agrotehnike u proizvodnji silažnog kukuruza na OPG-u „Stjepan Sarošević“ u 2019. godini. Detaljno su opisane sve izvedene agrotehničke mjere koje su zasnovane na preporuci struke i vlastitog iskustva u proizvodnji te na osnovu podataka Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda s mjerne postaje Gradište. Iz svega navedenog možemo zaključiti kako je 2019. godina bila izrazito pogodna za proizvodnju silažnog kukuruza jer se postigao prirod od 77 t/ha silaže., This paper examines the impact of weather conditions and the timely implementation of agricultural techniques in the production of silage corn on the family farm "Stjepan Sarošević" in 2019. All performed agro-technical measures are described in detail, which are based on the recommendation of the profession and own experience in production, and on the basis of data from the State Hydrometeorological Institute from the measuring station Gradište. From all the above, we can conclude that 2019 was extremely suitable for the production of silage corn, where we achieved a yield of 77 t/ha of silage.

Svrha ovog rada je prikazati proces proizvodnje ulja od sjemenki grožđa sorte Merlot, koje su osušene prirodnim putem, pomoću toplinskog zračenja sunca. Na temelju provedenih istraživanja i ispitivanja može se utvrditi problematika u proizvodnji od trenutka uzimanja sjemenki, prosijavanja, sušenja pa sve do prerade u ulje. Vrlo je istaknuta kvaliteta ulja osobito kod crnih sorata grožđa jer je bogato vitaminima i mineralima. Posebno treba posvetiti pažnju kod sušenja sjemenki te pažljivo kontrolirati njihovu vlažnost. Vlažnost ima velik utjecaj kod hladnog prešanja, te ga može otežati. Hladnim prešanjem iskoristivost sjemenki je mala. Završni proizvod, odnosno ulje, dobije se nakon provedene filtracije i taloženja. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the process of producing oil from Merlot grape variety, which are naturally dried by the thermal radiation of the sun. On the basis of the research and testing carried out, it is possible to identify the issues of production from seed sampling, sowing, drying and till processing into oil. The quality of oil is very high, especially in black grape varieties because it is rich in vitamins and minerals. Particular attention should be paid to drying seeds and to carefully control their moisture. Humidity has a great impact on cold pressing and can make it difficult. By cold compressing the usability of the seeds is small. The final product, i.e. oil, is obtained after filtration and precipitation.

U ovom radu izvršena je hidrološka analiza postaja Sinj i Livno koje prate oborine te analiza postaje Ruda koja prati protoke, za razdoblje od 1996. – 2007. godine. Napravljena je korelacijska i regresijska analiza između ukupnih godišnjih oborina na postajama Sinj i Livno, ukupnih godišnjih oborina na postaji Sinj i protoka na postaji Ruda te ukupnih godišnjih oborina na postaji Livno i srednjih godišnjih protoka na postaji Ruda. Prikazana je i analiza vremenskih serija, autokorelacija padalina na postajama Sinj i Livno i protoka na postaji Ruda, te kroskorelacija između padalina na postaji Sinj i protoka na postaji Ruda, te padalina na postaji Livno i protoka na postaji Ruda., An analysis of precipitation on meteorological station in Sinj and Livno and discharges on station Ruda was performed in this thesis for period from 1996. – 2007. This paper presents correlation and regression analysis between total annual precipitation on stations Sinj and Livno, total annual precipitation on station Sinj and mean annual discharges on station Ruda, and total annual precipitation on station Livno and mean annual discharges on station Ruda. Further on, it gives time series analysis, autocorrelation on stations Sinj, Livno and Ruda, and croscorrelation between precipitation on station Sinj and discharges on station Ruda and precipitation on station Livno and discharges on station Ruda.

U ovom radu obavljeno je ispitivanje na utjecanje sklopa u sjetvi soje i vremenskih prilika na urod soje na OPG-u „Suzana Jagnjić“ tijekom vegetacijske godine 2018. Svi tehnološki i agrotehnički zahvati su obavljeni prema pravilima struke tijekom cijele vegetacijske godine. U ovom istraživanju korišteni su interni podatci sa OPG-a „Suzana Jagnjić“ i Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda o vremenskim prilikama za meteorološku postaju Virovitica tijekom 2018. godine. Prosječni prinos u proizvodnoj 2018. godini iznosio je 2,9 t/ha, ili na površinama od 50*5,5 m u iznosu od 95 kilograma soje na 70 cm međurednog razmaka, na 25 cm 90 kilograma dok na 50 cm 93 kilograma. Iz navedenih podataka možemo zaključiti da su u sva 3 analizirana sklopa dala slične prinose. Sitne razlike u prinosu najviše su rezultat klimatskih promjena., In this paper, an experiment was conducted on the influence of the plant on soy sauce and Time on the soybean yield on OPG "Suzana Jagnjić" during vegetation of the year 2018. All technological and agrotechnical interventions were conducted according to the rules of profession during the vegetation season. In this study, internal use was used data from OPG "Suzana Jagnjić" and the State Meteorological Institute Weather conditions for the Virovitica meteorological station during 2018. The average yield in production in 2018 was 2.9 t /ha, or on surfaces of 50 * 5.5 m in the amount of 95 kilograms of soy on 70 cm of interlaced space, 25 cm in 90 kilograms, and 50 cm in 93 kilograms. From the above data, we can conclude that all of the 3 analyzed entities yielded similar yields. Small differences in yields are mostly the result of climate change

Kako bi se definirali odnosi između koncentracije nitrata, oborina i podzemne vode te analiziralo onečišćenje podzemne vode uslijed poljoprivrednih aktivnosti, na bankinama melioracijskog kanala smještenog u blizini Osijeka ugrađeni su piezometri dubine 5 m iz kojih su analizirani uzorci podzemne vode u razdoblju od lipnja 2014. do lipnja 2016. godine. Kako je u melioracijskom kanalu vegetacija, a samo s lijeve strane poljoprivredna parcela, radila se i usporedba koncentracija opaženih na piezometrima koji su smješteni u istoj ravnini, ali na suprotnim bankinama. T je analiza pokazala da je 78,1 % slučajeva, koncentracija nitrata na lijevoj obali kanala, uz poljoprivrednu parcelu bila veća nego zabilježena koncentracija nitrata na desnoj obali u isto vrijeme unatoč maloj udaljenosti između piezometara. U radu su analizirane i korelacije nizova koncentracije nitrata, oborina i razina podzemne vode. Kako provedena analiza nije pokazala značajnu korelaciju, pristupilo se usporedbi distribucija navedenih nizova, a to je rađeno preko kopula. Značajnu korelaciju (koeficijent korelacije 0,706) pokazala je jedino usporedba maksimalnih zabilježenih razina podzemnih voda (gornji kvartil) i koncentracije nitrata na piezometrima smještenim na desnoj bankini kanala., In order to define the relationship between nitrate concentrations, precipitation and groundwater and analyse groundwater pollution caused by agricultural activities, piezometers (of 5 m depth) were installed in the banks of an amelioration drainage canal located near Osijek. Groundwater samples from the piezometers were analysed in the period from June 2014 to June 2016. As there is an agricultural lot only on the left side of the canal and the rest contains vegetation, a comparison of concentrations observed in the piezometers located on the same plane but on the opposite canal banks was also performed. T-analysis showed that the nitrate concentration along the agricultural lot on the canal’s left bank was higher in 78.1 % of the cases than the simultaneously measured nitrate concentration on its right bank despite a short distance between the piezometers. The paper further analysed the correlations of the series of nitrate concentrations, precipitation and groundwater levels. As the performed analysis showed no significant correlation, the distributions of the copula series were also compared. Only the comparison of the maximum recorded groundwater levels (upper quartile) and nitrate concentrations in the piezometers located on the right canal bank showed a significant correlation (correlation coefficient of 0.706).

Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and calcium phosphate (ACP) increasingly attract attention as initial solid phases in vertebrate and invertebrate hard tissue formation, as well as in materials science as a possible new synthetic route for advanced materials preparation. Although much is known about these two amorphous phases and similarities in the mechanisms of their formation are recognized, no attempt has been made to investigate their formation under defined and comparable initial experimental conditions viz supersaturation, constituent ions ratio, ionic strength and presence of relevant inorganic additives. In this paper, the formation of ACC and ACP in three model precipitation systems of increased chemical complexity were investigated: (a) systems containing constituent ions, (b) systems containing additional co-ions, and (c) systems with higher ionic strength and addition of Mg2+. The results have shown that ACP is more stable and was formed at lower relative supersaturations in comparison to ACC. The precipitation domain of both phases expanded with increasing complexity of precipitation systems, with the ACP precipitation domains always being larger than that of ACC. In addition to stability, the presence of inorganic ions, especially Mg2+, influences the composition of both amorphous phases. The obtained results indicate that general similarity between ACC and ACP exists, but it could also be concluded that similar chemical environment in which they form not necessary lead to similar structural properties.

Meteorološki i klimatski uvjeti mogu uvelike utjecati na kontinuirani i zadovoljavajući tijek izvođenja radova na gradilištu. Posebno je važno, ali nedovoljno primijenjeno u praksi, prilikom izrade vremenskog plana i definiranja roka za građenje uzeti u obzir i moguće zastoje pri radu gradilišta zbog nepovoljnih vremenskih uvjeta. Meteorološki i klimatski uvjeti imaju različit utjecaj ovisno o lokaciji gradilišta. Iz tog razloga, kako bi se statistički obradio utjecaj vremenskih neprilika na području grada Rijeke, s pripadajućom umjereno toplom, vlažnom klimom i vrućim ljetima (Cfa - Köppen-ova klasifikacija klime), od Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda (DHMZ) zatraženi su meteorološki podaci o vremenskim neprilikama za vremensko razdoblje od 25 godina, izmjerenih i zabilježenih u glavnoj meteorološkoj postaji u gradu Rijeci. Vremenske neprilike za koje su zatraženi podaci, a koje su karakteristične za klimatsko područje grada Rijeke, su Oborine (≥ 10 mm), Olujni vjetar, Hladni dani (Tmin < 0 °C) i Vrući dani (Tmax ≥ 30 °C). Zatraženi meteorološki podaci su u obliku ukupnog broja dana u mjesecu sa zabilježenim djelovanjem pojedine vremenske neprilike. Ciljevi ovog rada su, primjenom odgovarajućih statističkih testova, testiranje različitosti na razini značajnosti od 5 %, među skupinama vremenskih neprilika (Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test) te, zatim, određivanje 95 % pouzdanog intervala s matematički očekivanim danima zastoja pri radu gradilišta za svaki mjesec pojedinačno (intervalna procjena očekivanja u skupini s normalnom distribucijom podataka). Mjesečni intervali dobiveni statističkom obradom s matematički očekivanim danima zastoja, zbog vremenskih neprilika predstavljaju vrijedan ulazni parametar u svrhu preciznije izrade vremenskog plana i definiranja roka za građenje na području grada Rijeke., Meteorological and climate conditions can significantly affect the continuous and satisfactory progress of work on a construction site. When it comes to creating schedules and defining deadlines at a construction site it is very important to consider possible time delays during work execution as a result of adverse weather conditions. Still, this practice isn't widely applied. Weather and climate conditions may have different effects depending on the location of the construction site. Hence, to be able to statistically analyze the effect of weather conditions in Rijeka area, with it's moderately warm and humid climate with hot summers (Cfa - Köppen climate classification), data on weather conditions that were measured and recorded in the central meteorological station in Rijeka during the period of last 25 years were requested from the Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service (DHMZ). The weather conditions the data was requested on are specific to the microclimate of the Rijeka area. They are as follows: precipitation (≥10 mm), storm winds, cold days (Tmin < 0 °C) and hot days (Tmax ≥ 30 °C). Requested meteorological data are in the form of the total number of days in a month with specific weather conditions recorded. The aim of this paper is to apply appropriate statistical tests in order to examine variations on the scale of significance of 5 % between distinct weather conditions (Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test), and to determine the 95% reliable interval of the mathematical expectation of work delays on a construction site for each month (an interval expectations assessment within a group containing normal data distribution). Monthly intervals obtained via statistical analysis that include mathematical expectation of execution delays due to poor weather condition represent a valuable input parameter for the purpose of creating a more precise schedule and defining construction deadlines in the Rijeka area.

Metodom RAPS (eng. Rescaled Adjusted Partial Sums) provedena je analiza ulaznih i izlaznih pokazatelja uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda u Čakovcu tijekom lipnja, srpnja i kolovoza 2015. godine. Cilj rada je bio ustanoviti povezanost količina oborina i srednje dnevne temperature zraka te vrijednosti ulaznih i izlaznih vremenskih nizova veličina kemijske potrošnje kisika (KPK), biološke potrošnje kisika unutar pet dana (BPK5) i suspendiranih tvari na uređaju za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda. RAPS metoda primijenjena je na vremenski niz količina oborina, no nije imala veliku učinkovitost zbog velikih oscilacija količina oborina u promatranom razdoblju. Daljnja analiza temeljena je isključivo na usporedbi ulaznih i izlaznih vrijednosti KPK, BPK5 te suspendiranih tvari sa srednjom dnevnom temperaturom zraka. Iz rezultata je vidljivo da ulazni nizovi sadrže izraženije podnizove s obzirom na njihove srednje vrijednosti i trendove povećanja, odnosno smanjenja vrijednosti. U usporedbi s ulaznim podnizovima, izlazni podnizovi ne osciliraju u tolikoj mjeri s obzirom da izražavaju izlaznu kakvoću otpadne vode. Vidljivo smanjenje izlaznih vrijednosti pokazatelja potvrđuje kvalitetnu obradu ulazne otpadne vode., The RAPS method (Rescaled Adjusted Partial Sums) was implemented to analysing input and output indictors of the Čakovec wastewater treatment plant during June, July and August 2015. The paper’s aim was to establish a relation of the precipitation volume and daily mean air temperature with the values of input and output time series related to chemical oxygen demand (COD), 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and suspended solids at the WWTP. The RAPS method was applied to precipitation volume time series, but was not higly efficient due to large osciallations of precipita¬iton volumes in the observed period. A further analysis was based excluisvely on the comparison of the input and output values of COD, BOD5 and suspended solids with daily mean air temperature. The results show that the input series contain more pronounced subseries in terms of their mean value and the trends of increasing or decreasing values. In comparison with the input subseries, the output subseries do not oscillate in such measure since they are related to wastewater output quality. A visible decrease in indicator outlet values confirms a high quality treatment of input wastewater.

U ovom radu prikazani su postupak i rezultati određivanja recesijskih krivulja i glavne recesijske krivulje za izvor Wasseralm u razdoblju od 1995. do 2005. godine. Analiza je izvršena korištenjem dviju metoda pogodnih za određivanje i međusobnu usporedbu koeficijenata recesije., Both the process and the results of determining recession curves with the main curve for the Wasseralm Spring, for the period from the 1995 until 2005, are being presented in this paper. Analysis was performed utilizing two methods efficient for either determining and mutually comparing the recession coefficients.

Ovim se radom želi dati doprinos dosadašnjim spoznajama na području poznavanja vertikalnih procesa u hidrološkom ciklusu. To se odnosi na vodopropusne prostore riječnog aluvija, koji nisu u neposrednoj vezi sa površinskim vodnim režimom vodotoka. Cjelovito upoznavanje tih hidroloških procesa i prirodnih zakona gibanja vode u vertikalnoj izmjeni moguće je jedino istraživačkim radom. Direktnim mjerenjem i hidrološkom analizom čimbenika vertikalne vodne bilance podzemnih voda na infiltrometarskoj stanici „Varkom“ u Varaždinu od 1988. godine, moguće je bliže upoznati procese infiltracije i evapotranspiracije, a koji su karakteristični za klimatske osobine sjeverozapadnog prostora Republike Hrvatske., This paper aims to contribute to current state of the art in the field of knowledge of vertical processes in the hydrological cycle. These are broad and well permeable areas of river alluvium, which are not directly related to surface water regime of the watercourse. Most fully exploring these hydrological processes and natural laws of motion of water may be the only exploratory work. By direct measurement from year 1988. and by analysis of hydrological factors of the vertical water balance of groundwater at the infiltration station "Varkom" it is possible to get to know processes of the infiltration end evapotranspiration, which are characteristic of the climate region of the northwestern area of Croatia.

Rad se bavi prostornim razlikama varijabilnosti padalina u Središnjoj Hrvatskoj. Varijabilnost padalina analizirana je za osam postaja za koje postoje dostupni podaci za razdoblje od 1950. do 2007. Sve postaje imaju kontinentski pluviometrijski režim. Godišnje vrijednosti srednje relativne varijabilnosti padalina u istraživanom prostoru imaju relativno mali raspon. U većini je postaja maksimum varijabilnosti u jesen, a minimum u proljeće. U godišnjem hodu varijabilnosti padalina sve postaje imaju maksimum u listopadu. Sporedni maksimum varijabilnosti javlja se u siječnju ili veljači. Glavni minimum varijabilnosti u svim je postajama u lipnju, osim u Sisku, gdje se javlja u travnju. Sporedni minimum varijabilnosti padalina jest u ožujku ili travnju. Prostorne razlike u varijabilnosti padalina postoje, premda nisu toliko izražene, naročito od ožujka do srpnja., The paper deals with spatial differences in precipitation variability in Central Croatia. Precipitation variability is analysed for 8 meteorological stations for which data for the 1950-2007 period are available. All the researched stations have a continental pluviometric regime. The annual values of mean relative variability in the studied area have relatively small range. The precipitation variability maximum occurs in Autumn at most of the stations, and the minimum in Spring. The annual course of precipitation variability is characterised, at all stations, by a maximum in October. The secondary maximum of precipitation variability occurs in January or February. The primary minimum of precipitation variability is in June at all stations apart from Sisak, where the minimum is in April. The secondary minimum is in March or April. There are spatial differences in precipitation variability, although not particularly pronounced, especially in the March till July period.

U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja površinskog otjecanja oborinske vode i erozije tla na opožarenoj površini alepskog bora te progre sija vegetacije nakon požara i njen utjecaj na zaštitu tla od erozije. Sta cionarni šum ski pokus postavljen je u kolovozu 2002. godine u okolici Spli ta, u slivu Žrnov nice, na opožarenoj površini alepskog bora, koju je požar za hvatio 11. kolovoza 2001. godine. Ploha se nalazi na koluviju s pretežno detritusim kamenja, na nadmorskoj visini od 83 m i nagibu od 30° (GPS kordi nate: N 43° 31’, E 16° 22’). Istraživanja su obuhvatila razdoblje od kolovoza 2002. godine do kraja prosinca 2005. godine, tijekom koje je registrirano 265 kiš nih dana. Površinsko otjecanje oborina i gubici tla zabilježeni su u 53 kiš na dana, a izazvale su ih oborine od 8,2 mm (visok intenzitet) do 133,7 mm (vr lo vi sok intenzitet). Mjesečne vrijednosti površinskog otjecanja oborina u istraživanom razdoblju kreću od nule do maksimalno 3,03 mm/m2u rujnu 2002. godine. Godišnje vrijednosti površinskog otjecanja oborina na ovoj plohi iznosile su: 4,71 mm/m2 u 2002. godini, 2,08 mm/m2 u 2003., 4,40 mm/m2 u 2004. i 3,41 mm/m2u 2005. godini.Srednji koeficijent površinskog otjecanja oborina iznosio je 0,0042. Postotak površinskog otjecanja oborinske vode je nizak, inter cepcija, isparavanje i infiltracija vode u tlo iznosi i do 99,6 %. Mjesečne vri jednosti gubitaka tla kreću od nule u ljetnim mjesecima, do maksimalno 9,50 g/m2u rujnu 2002. godine. Godišnje vrijednosti erozijskog nanosa na ovoj plohi iznosile su: 10,83 g/m2u 2002. godini, 0,016 g/m2u 2003., 0,123 g/m2u 2004., 0,246 g/m2u 2005. godini. Koeficijent površinskog otjecanja u erodibilnim danima kretao se od 0,0020 do maksimalno 0,1165. Sukcesija prirodne vege tacije prisutna je na opožarenoj površini, na njoj se obilno razvijaja travni pokrov, dok se alepski bor jako slabo obnavlja, javlja se samo u tragovima. Uz travni pokrov razlog ovako malim gubicima tla su i geološke i pedološke karakteristike plohe, koja je postavljena na izrazito skeletnom koluviju, on je izrazito vodopropusan i djeluje kao “sito”, pa su gubici zanemarivi, gotovo ih i nema. Uz ovakva obilježja tla i vegetacije na ovoj površini nisu izražena po vršinska otjecanja i erozija tla., Severe degradation of forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean karst area is largely responsible for their lessened anti-erosion function. Almost 60% of the area is covered with coppices, scrub, maquis and bare land, while high forests of mostly Aleppo and black pine account for only 9.9 % of the forested area (Topić, 1994). In addition, fires in this area are generally of alarming proportions, making it possible to attribute soil erosion, to a certain extent, to the impact of forest fires. This paper presents the results of research into erosion and surface runoff in the Aleppo pine area burnt in a fire on 11August 2001. Post-fire vegetation progression was monitored and so was its impact on soil protection from erosion and surface runoff. Research was conducted in the Žrnovnica river in a wider area of the town of Split. This is the eu-Mediterranean phytogeographic region characterized by the Mediterranean climate with distinct oscillations of monthly temperatures and precipitation. Mean annual air temperature is 15.9 °C and mean monthly precipitation is 826 mm. Annual precipitation is not uniformly distributed across all the months and seasons. The cold part of the year is responsible for 63 % of the mean annual precipitation quantity. A stationary forest experiment, set up in August 2002, involved a burnt area of Aleppo pine growing on colluvial soil with predominant stone detritus at an altitude of 83 m and slope of 30° (GPS coordinates: N 43° 31’, E 16° 22’). Research encompassed a period spanning from August 2002 to the end of December 2005. Research was centered round a 20 m x 5 m experimental plot set up parallel with the slope. The plot was furnished with an erosion collection tank and fenced off with a tin fence. The positioning of the fence prevented the reception of lateral water and/or soil suspension, as well as uncontrolled water or soil suspension loss. Precipitation quantity, precipitation intensity and surface runoff were measured in the plot, and so was the quantity of erosion sediment as the basic indicator of the effect of forest vegetation and vegetation in general. A pedological profile opened in the plot provided soil samples that were analyzed in the laboratory. The measure of the association between surface runoff, soil loss and precipitation characteristics was estimated with Pearson’s correlation coefficient (Sokal, 1995). A significance level of 5 % was considered statistically significant for all statistical analyses. All statistical analyses were made using the STATISTICA 7.1 software (StatSoft, Inc. (2006). During the study period (2002 – 2005) there were 265 rainy days with total precipitation of 3,244.1 mm. Mean annual precipitation reached 973.2 mm. Surface runoff and soil losses were recorded in 63 rainy days. They were caused by 24 low-intensity precipitation events, 20 moderate intensity events, 9 high intensity events and 2 very high intensity precipitation events. No data on precipitation intensity for 8 days with runoff are available because there was no ombrograph in the plot at the very beginning of monitoring. Surf ace runoff was caused by precipitation between 8.2 mm (high intensity) and 133.7 mm (very high intensity). Precipitation less than 10 mm caused surface runoff in only two cases. In almost 50 % of the cases the quantity of surface runoff was equal to or less than 0.1 mm/m2. Total surface runoff in this plot for the study period (2002–2005) was 14.6 mm/m2; 4.71mm/m2in 2002, 2.08 mm/m2in 2003, 4.40 mm/m2in 2004 and 3.41 mm/m2in 2005). Monthly values of surface runoff ranged from zero to maximal 3.03 mm/m2in September 2002. The mean surface runoff coefficient was 0.0042. It is evident that the surface runoff percentage in the burnt area on skeletal colluvial soil was low and that interception, evaporation and infiltration of water in the soil reached as much as 99.6 %. The total erosion sediment quantity in the study area in the period 2002 to 2005 was 11.22 g/m2; (10.83 g/m2in 2002, 0.016 g/m2in 2003, 0.123 g/m2in 2004, and 0.246g/m2in 2005). Monthly soil loss values ranged from zero in summer months to maximal 9.50 g/m2in September 2002. The surface runoff coefficient ranged from 0.0020 to maximal 0.1165 in erodible days. The highest surface runoff and soil loss was concentrated in autumn and winter months, which coincides with the seasonal distribution of precipitation in the study area. The burnt area is covered with natural grass vegetation. In contrast, Aleppo pine regenerates poorly and occurs only in traces. It is the grass cover, occurring as early as the first year after the fire, and the features of the soil in which the plot was set up that are responsible for such low surface runoff and soil loss values. The grass cover protects the soil from raindrops hitting the ground, while its dense roots guard it against erosion. Such low soil losses can also be attributed to the geological and pedological characteristics of the plot, which was set up in distinctly skeletal colluvial soil that is exceptionally water permeable and acts as a “sieve”, thus making the losses negligible or almost non-existent. Surface runoff and soil erosion in such soil and vegetation are not distinct.