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The first monasteries of the Canons Regular of St Augustine were founded in Bohemia and Moravia in the 1330s. Convents concluded confraternities with each other, which were based on the reciprocal holding of requiem masses, the singing of psalms, and prayers for deceased members of the confraternal convent. A convent was bound through a confraternal document to fulfil its worship and prayer obligations. The objective of this paper is to provide an edition of confraternity documents issued by convents of the monasteries of the Canons Regular of St Augustine which are held in the National Archives in Prague. They are located in the Archives of Abolished Monasteries collection, which contains documents from the former archives of monasteries abolished by the Bohemian king, Joseph II. In particular, these include the Order's archive for the monastery in Třeboň and the Order's archive for the monastery in Prague. Most documents are written using a blanket form, which was spread between monasteries of the Canons Regular of St Augustine of the Roudnice circle in the 14th century and early 15th century. It is these documents which are edited in this paper. Only a smaller number of documents have a different wording, and these are all documents issued by convents of other orders, specifically the Cistercian, Carthusian, and Celestine Orders. Exceptionally, different wording is found in documents of the convents of the Order of the Canons Regular of St Augustine, especially in the 15th century. In the archive, we find documents issued by convents in Fulnek, Jaroměř, Kazimierz near Cracow, Kłodzko, Prague's New Town, Prostějov, Sadská, Šternberk, Rokycany, Roudnice, and Třeboň as well as other locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The goal of the paper is to familiarize Czech readers with a widely used psycholinguistic experimental method aimed at word recognition and lexical access, i.e. the lexical decision task. The paper provides solid theoretical basis for preparing own experiments using this method. Based on a review of various previous studies, the general principles of the method, the issues in its design and the typical types of stimuli are discussed. We explain what type of word as well as nonword characteristics affect results of the task and how the reactions towards used stimuli interact with each other. Regarding the experimental design, we discuss the role of feedback, duration times for stimuli presentation, intra-trial intervals, etc. Additionally, attention is paid to the most usual pitfalls and drawbacks of the method. The results of studies on the Czech material are also briefly presented and various tips for future research on Czech are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to reflect on a lexicographical work that can be regarded as exceptional (not only in the context of German-Russian lexicography), and to show how its concept could be refined for a new bilingual dictionary of word-forming elements. The Slovar' slovoobrazovatel'nyh elementov nemeckogo iazyka (SSENI, M. D. Stepanova et al., 1979) can be characterized as a specialized bilingual word-formation dictionary containing 770 entries of word-forming elements of contemporary German and listing Russian equivalents of the respective lexical items. The paper offers a short discussion of word-forming elements in the framework of monolingual and translation lexicography, from the perspective of both general and specialized (word formation) dictionaries. After this exposition, the paper focuses on the characteristics and description of the approach taken by the SSENI. It is posited that the dictionary is outstanding in many respects and that it can, even forty years after its publication, serve as an inspiration for similar dictionaries of other language pairs. Along with the analysis of the SSENI, the paper puts forward some specific suggestions for the treatment of wordforming elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negative priming (NP) effect refers to the observed increase in identification time for a current target stimulus or stimulus feature (the "probe") that has been employed as a distractor stimulus or stimulus feature on the previous trial (the "prime"), representing strong evidence that ignored information is actively processed to a high level by selective attention systems. However, theoretical accounts of NP differ in whether they attribute the effect to processes of selective inhibition or episodic memory retrieval. Here we derived neurophysiological predictions from the rival "selective inhibition" and "episodic retrieval" models of NP, and employed event-related fMRI in a color-naming Stroop task to assess neural responses to probe trials that were subject to either no priming or negative priming. Compared to no-priming probe trials, NP resulted in increased activation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, in a region which has been closely linked with episodic memory retrieval functions. NP was also accompanied by activation of the right thalamus, particularly the mediodorsal nucleus, which has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, a condition associated with diminished NP effects. Our results support the proposal that ignored stimulus information is fully encoded in memory, and that episodic retrieval, not selective inhibition, of such information affects selective attention performance on subsequent trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In synesthesia, certain stimuli ("inducers") may give rise to perceptual experience in additional modalities not normally associated with them ("concurrent"). For example, color–grapheme synesthetes automatically perceive achromatic numbers as colored (e.g., 7 is turquoise). Although synesthetes know when a given color matches the one evoked by a certain number, colors do not automatically give rise to any sort of number experience. The behavioral consequences of synesthesia have been documented using Stroop-like paradigms, usually using color judgments. Owing to the unidirectional nature of the synesthetic experience, little has been done to obtain performance measures that could indicate whether bidirectional cross-activation occurs in synesthesia. Here it is shown that colors do implicitly evoke numerical magnitudes in color–grapheme synesthetes, but not in nonsynesthetic participants. It is proposed that bidirectional coactivation of brain areas is responsible for the links between color and magnitude processing in color–grapheme synesthesia and that unidirectional models of synesthesia might have to be revised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During their first year of life, infants not only acquire probabilistic knowledge about the phonetic, prosodic, and phonotactic organization of their native language, but also begin to establish first lexical–semantic representations. The present study investigated the sensitivity to phonotactic regularities and its impact on semantic processing in 1-year-olds. We applied the method of event-related brain potentials to 12- and 19-month-old children and to an adult control group. While looking at pictures of known objects, subjects listened to spoken nonsense words that were phonotactically legal (pseudowords) or had phonotactically illegal word onsets (nonwords), or to real words that were either congruous or incongruous to the picture contents. In 19-month-olds and in adults, incongruous words and pseudowords, but not nonwords, elicited an N400 known to ref lect mechanisms of semantic integration. For congruous words, the N400 was attenuated by semantic priming. In contrast, 12-month-olds did not show an N400 difference, neither between pseudo- and nonwords nor between incongruous and congruous words. Both 1-year-old groups and adults additionally displayed a lexical priming effect for congruous words, that is, a negativity starting around 100 msec after words onset. One-year-olds, moreover, displayed a phonotactic familiarity effect, that is, a widely distributed negativity starting around 250 msec in 19-month-olds but occurring later in 12-month-olds. The results imply that both lexical priming and phonotactic familiarity already affect the processing of acoustic stimuli in children at 12 months of age. In 19-month-olds, adult-like mechanisms of semantic integration are present in response to phonotactically legal, but not to phonotactically illegal, nonsense words, indicating that children at this age treat pseudowords, but not nonwords, as potential word candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies of patients with phonological and surface alexia have demonstrated a double dissociation between the reading of pseudo words and words with atypical spelling-to-sound relationships. A corresponding double dissociation in the neuronal activation patterns for pseudo words and exception words has not, however, been consistently demonstrated in normal subjects. Motivated by the literature on acquired alexia, the present study contrasted pseudo words to exception words and explored how neuronal interactions within the reading system are inf luenced by word type. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure neuronal responses during reading in 22 healthy volunteers. The direct comparison of reading pseudo words and exception words revealed a double dissociation within the left frontal cortex. Pseudo words preferentially increased left dorsal premotor activation, whereas exception words preferentially increased left pars triangularis activation. Critically, these areas correspond to those previously associated with phonological and semantic processing, respectively. Word-type dependent interactions between brain areas were then investigated using dynamic causal modeling. This revealed that increased activation in the dorsal premotor cortex for pseudo words was associated with a selective increase in effective connectivity from the posterior fusiform gyrus. In contrast, increased activation in the pars triangularis for exception words was associated with a selective increase in effective connectivity from the anterior fusiform gyrus. The present investigation is the first to identify distinct neuronal mechanisms for semantic and phonological contributions to reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of behavioral studies have suggested that syllables might play an important role in visual word recognition in some languages. We report two event-related potential (ERP) experiments using a new paradigm showing that syllabic units modulate early ERP components. In Experiment 1, words and pseudowords were presented visually and colored so that there was a match or a mismatch between the syllable boundaries and the color boundaries. The results showed color–syllable congruency effects in the time window of the P200. Lexicality modulated the N400 amplitude, but no effects of this variable were obtained at the P200 window. In Experiment 2, high- and low-frequency words and pseudowords were presented in the congruent and incongruent conditions. The results again showed congruency effects at the P200 for low-frequency words and pseudowords, but not for high-frequency words. Lexicality and lexical frequency effects showed up at the N400 component. The results suggest a dissociation between syllabic and lexical effects with important consequences for models of visual word recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]