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This paper presents a new perspective on Belgian civil-military relations in the decades before World War One. 'Brave little Belgium' played a central role in the war effort, but it is seldom connected to pre-war militarization in western Europe. On the contrary, Belgium has been categorized as an antimilitaristic nation. By mapping the civil-military interactions during Remembrance Day, this article aims to shed light on forgotten militarization processes in the cultural domain. The assessment of military elements in the ceremonial landscape nuances the traditional perspective of a broad civil-military gap in Belgian society. It is indeed true that an official military cult was virtually absent from the national festivities. Nonetheless, this research unveils a process of civilian militarization that was previously overlooked. From 1890 onwards militaristic associations and local authorities jointly instigated promotion of the military through parades, war commemorations, and demonstrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Using data from 815 national Dutch surveys (N=869,039), this paper tracks trends in the influence of left-right ideological orientation on political party choice from 1976 to 1992. The primary purpose of the paper is to investigate whether left-right orientation has become more important to party choice over time as suggested by the political emancipation (or ideologisation of the vote) hypothesis. The findings show that the Dutch electorat has gradually become more homogeneous in its ideological orientation. Contrary to the hypothesis left-right orientation has not become more important in mediating the influence of church membership and income position on political party choice. In addition, the influence of left-right orientation on party choice has not increased but has remained virtually constant during the 1976-1992 period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Mens & Maatschappij' is not only the oldest social science journal in the Netherlands (birth date 1925), but also one of the oldest in the world. Celebrating its fiftieth anniversary, Swanborn (1975) published the results of a content analysis of the volumes of M&M in the period 1925-1974. This article, on the occasion of its seventy-fifth anniversary, is a follow up of his research covering the next twenty-five years. The most important trends in the period 1975-1999 were: (1) a decline of the number of (very) long articles; (2) a strong shift from articles concerned with programmatic and methodological issues towards problem-oriented papers; (3) a transition from a theoretical-reflective towards an empirical-theoretical tradition; (3) a continuing increase of sociological articles at the expense of articles from the other social and behavioural sciences; (4) a shift in the problem oriented articles from social inequality as the dominant key problem towards social cohesion; (5) a strong development away from articles based on the study of literature towards articles based on survey research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, data from the 1981 Yugoslav Census and from the Yugoslav population administration for the period 1962-1989 are used to study patterns of ethnic intermarriage in former Yugoslavia. The data show that the proportion of marriages outside the own ethnic group was generally law, but that in this respect large differences among the ethnic groups existed. The proportion of mixed marriages with a Serbian partner was much higher among the Montenegrins and the Hungarians than among the Muslims, the Slovenes, or the Albanians. The findings are largely in line with the predictions of social cohesion theory that intermarriage reduces the probability of violent conflict among social groups. Loglinear parameters are presented in addition to percentages of mixed marriages. These parameters show that percentages do not always give a good indication of the social distances among the ethnic groups. The boundaries of the largest ethnic groups, the Serbians and Croats, turn out to be less closed than their rather low intermarriage rates suggest. The social distance between the Hungarians and the Serbians, on the other hand, turns out to be larger than expected on the basis of their intermarriage rate. The results of the paper show that it makes sense to include information on ethnically mixed marriages into early warning systems for ethnic conflicts in multi-ethnic societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we compare the redistributive impact of the Dutch social security system on an annual basis with the lifetime redistributive impact. The analysis confirms the theoretical notion that the lifetime impact is smaller than the annual incidence studies suggest. This especially holds for the old-age pensions and social assistance and to a lesser extent the disability state pension. We also find that the younger the cohort is the larger the difference is. However, the employee insurances do not necessarily imply a smaller redistributive impact on a lifetime basis. The results are of course affected by the discount rate used and the assumptions with respect to income growth. The discount rate generally appears to be negatively correlated with the redistributive impact, whereas the effect from income growth is less straightforward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a study of Ganzeboom (1988) is replicated. Ganzeboom tested a three dimensional model of the lifestyles in the Netherlands. Besides replication on a nationally representative sample, an effort is made to improve the study by the introduction of more indicators in line with the theory of Ganzeboom and by correcting for measurement errors. This extension of the study is done since the loadings in the model are relatively low. Both corrections of the earlier study did not change the results much, Therefore she conclusion is drawn that the assumption of the model might be wrong that all people have the same relationships between the different indicators of lifestyle. Maybe more attention should be spent on conditional relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous Dutch research suggests that occupational sex segregation has increased during the 1970's and 1980's. This is in contrast to results of research in other countries that generally show a decrease of occupational sex segregation in most of these countries. In this paper changes in the occupational sex segregation are investigatedfrom different points of view. Analyses of occupational data from the 1971 Census and the 1989 Labour Force Survey demonstrate that occupational sex segregation declined as well in The Netherlands during the last two decades. Women more often entered into male dominated and integrated occupations than into female dominated occupations. Men more often became employed in the female dominated and integrated occupations. As a result of these changes the sex typing of 27 of 188 investigated occupational titles changed, by which a new pattern of occupational sex segregation came into being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between fertility and labour market participation among females in the Netherlands. The Netherlands is characterized by low and late fertility, and low but increasing levels of female labour force participation. It is argued that this situation at least partly results from the rather poor facilities that are available for combining the joint roles of mother and worker. Longitudinal survey data from a study among Dutch young adults show that female young adults are increasingly planning to combine the two roles of mother and worker. This not only results from new cohorts entering adulthood, but also from intra-cohort changes in intentions among women already in the labour force. Furthermore, the data show that women who have jobs offering flexible working hours and good opportunities for part-time employment are more likely to charge their intentions from leaving the labour force at childbirth to continuing employment than women who do not have flexible working hours or opportunities for part-time employment. The consequences of these findings for labour market policies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution offers a series of thoughts on new directions which social and economic history in the Low Countries m ight take. The field faces im portant challenges: source digitization, automatic handwriting recognition and digital methods of analysis. Somewhat ironically, social and economic history has received renewed interest afterthe 2008 financial and economic crisis.This crisis has fuelled research into inequality and capitalism and has forced economics as a discipline to question itself. One answer to the crisis of economics is to include more economic history. This essay emphasizes the fact that social and economic history is a house with many rooms and explicitly encourages social and economic historians to be inspired by other scholars, whetherthey be other historians or social scientists. One way to go forward m ight be the inclusion of insights from behavioral economics and the history of emotions which could lead to a fuller and more realistic analysis of the decisions individual historical actors took. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how and why Venetians wrote on walls in the early modern period. From the Piazza San Marco area - the city's political and religious heart - to the peripheral quarantine island and the ducal prisons, it analyses the locations and meaning o f official and subversive writin g practices, using archival, archaeological, and visual sources. By first examining accepted forms o f w ritin g and drawing on walls and pillars, the article aims to offer a broader contextualization o f the graffiti and placards th a t attacked those in power. Social historians have shown th a t ordinary people were integral to pre-modern political dynamics. Yet Venice is still often portrayed as la Serenissima, an exceptionally serene city-state, an image constructed and projected during the late medieval and early modern period. A furthe r investigation o f subversive writings in the Venetian urban landscape can help to establish the political role o f o rdinary Venetians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]