1. A benchmark study on the thermal conductivity of nanofluids
- Author
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Thirumalachari Sundararajan, Gang Chen, Lim Geok Kieng, Wei Hsun Yeh, Jacopo Buongiorno, Pawel Keblinski, Aleksandr N. Turanov, Frank Dubois, Sheng-Qi Zhou, Jinwei Gao, Seung-Hyun Lee, Jacob Eapen, Anselmo Cecere, Mark Horton, Carlo Saverio Iorio, Haiping Hong, Yun Chang, Denis Funfschilling, Marco Bonetti, Stefan Van Vaerenbergh, Sung Jae Chung, Thomas J. McKrell, Chongyoup Kim, Pengxiang Song, John Philip, Yulong Ding, Patricia E. Gharagozloo, Jorge L. Alvarado, Sanjeeva Witharana, Xiao Zheng Zhao, Seok Pil Jang, Seokwon Kim, Jorge Gustavo Gutierrez, Sandra Whaley Bishnoi, Elena V. Timofeeva, Pawan Singh, Mark A. Kedzierski, Quentin Galand, Rui Ni, Sarit K. Das, Kenneth E. Goodson, Aravind Kamath, Raffaele Savino, Bruno Michel, Minking K. Chyu, Grzegorz Dzido, Dongsheng Wen, Yiran Jiang, Kai Choong Leong, Roberto Di Paola, Rebecca Christianson, Haisheng Chen, Werner Escher, In Cheol Bang, Jessica Townsend, Kyo Sik Hwang, Yuriy V. Tolmachev, Naveen Prabhat, Todd Tritcak, Chun Yang, Stephan Kabelac, Cécile Reynaud, Dimos Poulikakos, Indranil Manna, Frank Botz, Ji Hyun Kim, Liwen Jin, David C. Venerus, Hrishikesh E. Patel, Lin-Wen Hu, Andrzej B. Jarzębski, Jacopo, Buongiorno, David C., Veneru, Naveen, Prabhat, Thomas, Mckrell, Jessica, Townsend, Rebecca, Christianson, Yuriy V., Tolmachev, Pawel, Keblinski, Lin wen, Hu, Jorge L., Alvarado, In Cheol, Bang, Sandra W., Bishnoi, Marco, Bonetti, Frank, Botz, Cecere, Anselmo, Yun, Chang, Gang, Chen, Haisheng, Chen, Sung Jae, Chung, Minking K., Chyu, Sarit K., Da, Roberto Di, Paola, Yulong, Ding, Frank, Duboi, Grzegorz, Dzido, Jacob, Eapen, Werner, Escher, Denis, Funfschilling, Quentin, Galand, Jinwei, Gao, Patricia E., Gharagozloo, Kenneth E., Goodson, Jorge Gustavo, Gutierrez, Haiping, Hong, Mark, Horton, Kyo Sik, Hwang, Carlo S., Iorio, Seok Pil, Jang, Andrzej B., Jarzebski, Yiran, Jiang, Liwen, Jin, Stephan, Kabelac, Aravind, Kamath, Mark A., Kedzierski, Lim Geok, Kieng, Chongyoup, Kim, Ji Hyun, Kim, Seokwon, Kim, Seung Hyun, Lee, Kai Choong, Leong, Indranil, Manna, Bruno, Michel, Rui, Ni, Hrishikesh E., Patel, John, Philip, Dimos, Poulikako, Cecile, Reynaud, Savino, Raffaele, Pawan K., Singh, Pengxiang, Song, Thirumalachari, Sundararajan, Elena, Timofeeva, Todd, Tritcak, Aleksandr N., Turanov, Stefan Van, Vaerenbergh, Dongsheng, Wen, Sanjeeva, Witharana, Chun, Yang, Wei Hsun, Yeh, Xiao Zheng, Zhao, and Sheng Qi, Zhou
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Materials science ,Transient hot wire method ,Thermal conductivity of liquids ,Oxide ,Data analysis ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Nanoparticle ,Thermodynamics ,Optical conductivity ,Nanofluidics ,Nanotechnology ,Experimental data ,Metal ,Elongated particles ,Nanofluids ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Viscosity ,Thermal conductivity ,Nanofluid ,Metallic compounds ,heat transfer ,Benchmark study ,Classical theory ,Narrow bands ,Steady-state method ,Sample average ,Absolute values ,Nano-fluid ,Optical properties ,Optical methods ,Stable dispersions ,Dispersed p Effective medium theories ,Thermoanalysis ,Data handling ,Non-aqueous ,Aspect ratio ,Particle concentrations ,chemistry ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Particle ,nanofluid ,Experimental approaches ,Metal oxide particles - Abstract
This article reports on the International Nanofluid Property Benchmark Exercise, or INPBE, in which the thermal conductivity of identical samples of colloidally stable dispersions of nanoparticles or "nanofluids," was measured by over 30 organizations worldwide, using a variety of experimental approaches, including the transient hot wire method, steady-state methods, and optical methods. The nanofluids tested in the exercise were comprised of aqueous and nonaqueous basefluids, metal and metal oxide particles, near-spherical and elongated particles, at low and high particle concentrations. The data analysis reveals that the data from most organizations lie within a relatively narrow band (�10% or less) about the sample average with only few outliers. The thermal conductivity of the nanofluids was found to increase with particle concentration and aspect ratio, as expected from classical theory. There are (small) systematic differences in the absolute values of the nanofluid thermal conductivity among the various experimental approaches; however, such differences tend to disappear when the data are normalized to the measured thermal conductivity of the basefluid. The effective medium theory developed for dispersed particles by Maxwell in 1881 and recently generalized by Nan [J. Appl. Phys. 81, 6692 (1997)], was found to be in good agreement with the experimental data, suggesting that no anomalous enhancement of thermal conductivity was achieved in the nanofluids tested in this exercise. � 2009 American Institute of Physics.
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- 2009