49 results on '"Campbell, Al"'
Search Results
2. Evaluating Against a Multi-Dimensional Economic Goal: A Sustainable and Prosperous Socialism
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Campbell, Al
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- 2021
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3. What's next for Cuba? And this issue's contents
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Campbell, Al
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- 2020
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4. Insanity Is Doing the Same Thing …
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Campbell, Al
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- 2019
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5. Moving Forward In Hard Times, and In This Issue.
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Campbell, Al
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WATER supply , *ELECTRICITY - Published
- 2023
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6. The Pre-1980 Roots of Neoliberal Financial Deregulation
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Campbell, Al and Bakir, Erdogan
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- 2012
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7. RESPONSES TO THE CAPITALIST CRISIS: REFORMIST AND REVOLUTIONARY DEMANDS IN THE US "GREAT RECESSION"
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Campbell, Al
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- 2011
8. Neoliberalism, the Rate of Profit and the Rate of Accumulation
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BAKIR, ERDOGAN and CAMPBELL, AL
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- 2010
9. Planning in Cuba Today
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Campbell, Al
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- 2004
10. Democratic Coordination: Towards a Working Socialism for the New Century
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Laibman, David, Campbell, Al, and Kotz, David M.
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- 2002
11. Democratic Planned Socialism: Feasible Economic Procedures
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Campbell, Al, Cottrell, Allin, Cockshott, Paul, and Devine, Pat
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- 2002
12. Socialist Calculation and Environmental Valuation: Money, Markets and Ecology
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O'Neill, John, Campbell, Al, Hahnel, Robin, and Albert, Michael
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- 2002
13. CORRESPONDENCE
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Phillips, Colyn L., Greenfield, Jack, Browne, David M., Griffin, Gwen, Dobson, David B., Quinn, Joe, Colby, John, Koeppel, Peyton, Campbell, Al, Zook, Lola M., Wise, Daniel E., Reed, Kenneth R., Anderson, Laurie, Siegel, Jonathan W., Winsberg, Freya, and Mannion, Doreen A.
- Published
- 1986
14. The Kaleckian Profit and Profit Rate and Post-WWII U.S. Business Cycles.
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Bakir, Erdogan and Campbell, Al
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BUSINESS cycles ,UNITED States economy ,CORPORATE governance ,NEOLIBERALISM - Abstract
This article studies the Kaleckian profit and profit rate in U.S. business cycles. Kalecki emphasized the critical role played by investment in the determination of profit. The alternative mechanisms that he operationalized in his discussion of profit generation usually played an insignificant role then. However, since Kalecki developed his framework for profit and its determinants, the U.S. economy has gone through some significant transformations, specifically with the neoliberal turn beginning in the early 1980s. We consider some of these changes under the new corporate governance system and shareholder-value ideology, and discuss the role they play in relation to Kaleckian profit generation. We also discuss the components of the profit, as distinct from its determinants, to discuss how the allocation of the profit within the capitalist class influences Kaleckian profit generation. Finally, we compute the determinants and the components of the Kaleckian profit rate in the post-WWII U.S. business cycles to empirically observe the influence of the neoliberal turn on the Kaleckian profit generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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15. America Beyond Capitalism
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Campbell, Al
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America Beyond Capitalism (Nonfiction work) -- Book reviews ,Books -- Book reviews ,Science and technology ,Sociology and social work - Published
- 2008
16. Expectations for the Millennium: American Socialist Visions of the Future
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Campbell, Al
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Expectations for the Millennium: American Socialist Visions of the Future (Book) -- Book reviews ,Books -- Book reviews ,Science and technology ,Sociology and social work - Published
- 2006
17. Socioeconomic Democracy: An Advanced Socioeconomic System
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Campbell, Al
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Socioeconomic Democracy: An Advanced Socioeconomic System (Book) -- Book reviews ,Books -- Book reviews ,Science and technology ,Sociology and social work - Published
- 2004
18. Cuba: realities and debates
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Campbell, Al
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Socialism and Democracy, vol. 15, no. 1 (Periodical) -- Periodical reviews ,Periodicals -- Periodical reviews ,Science and technology ,Sociology and social work - Published
- 2003
19. THIS ISSUE.
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Campbell, Al
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CAPITALISM , *HUMANISM , *ECONOMISTS ,CUBAN politics & government - Published
- 2017
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20. Updating Cuba's Economic Model: Socialism, Human Development, Markets and Capitalism.
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Campbell, Al
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ECONOMIC reform , *SOCIALISM , *CAPITALISM , *DEBATE - Abstract
The article focuses on the aspects of the relation of Cuba's economic reforms to the project of building socialism. It focuses on the economic effects of various norms with debated issue in Cuba. It mentions that the supporters of Cuba's started building socialism fear, and updating process in capitalism.
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- 2016
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21. Cuban Studies 43.
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Campbell, Al
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PERIODICAL reviews - Abstract
The article reviews the 43rd edition of the journal "Cuban Studies" edited by Alejandro de la Fuente.
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- 2015
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22. Magical models: testing design ideas with Libris Design's modeling program can save hours of labor and many building planning dollars.
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Campbell AL
- Published
- 2003
23. Discoid Lateral Meniscus.
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Campbell AL, Pace JL, and Mandelbaum BR
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Purpose of Review: Discoid lateral meniscus (DLM) is a well-known meniscus variant, and comprises excess and thickened meniscal tissue, altered collagen ultrastructure, and peripheral instability. This article presents a comprehensive review on current knowledge of DLM, focusing on pathology in parallel with surgical techniques and outcomes., Recent Findings: A paradigm shift in surgical management of DLM is taking place as knee surgeons are seeing more patients with long-term sequelae of partial lateral meniscectomy, the standard treatment for DLM for many years. Surgical treatment has evolved alongside the understanding of DLM pathology. A new classification system has been proposed and optimal surgical techniques described in recent years. This article highlights up-to-date evidence and techniques in management of both acute DLM tears and joint restoration following subtotal meniscectomy for DLM. Surgical management of DLM must be tailored to individual pathology, which is variable within the diagnosis of DLM. We present an algorithm for management of DLM and discuss future directions for the understanding and treatment of this debilitating condition., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)
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- 2023
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24. Mitochondrial genome of Geomydoecus aurei, a pocket-gopher louse.
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Spradling TA, Place AC, Campbell AL, and Demastes JW
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- Animals, Base Sequence, Open Reading Frames genetics, RNA, Ribosomal genetics, RNA, Transfer genetics, Sequence Alignment, Genome, Mitochondrial, Gophers genetics
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Parasitic lice demonstrate an unusual array of mitochondrial genome architectures and gene arrangements. We characterized the mitochondrial genome of Geomydoecus aurei, a chewing louse (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) found on pocket gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae) using reads from both Illumina and Oxford Nanopore sequencing coupled with PCR, cloning, and Sanger sequencing to verify structure and arrangement for each chromosome. The genome consisted of 12 circular mitochondrial chromosomes ranging in size from 1,318 to 2,088 nucleotides (nt). Total genome size was 19,015 nt. All 37 genes typical of metazoans (2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 13 protein-coding genes) were present. An average of 26% of each chromosome was composed of non-gene sequences. Within the non-gene region of each chromosome, there was a 79-nt nucleotide sequence that was identical among chromosomes and a conserved sequence with secondary structure that was always followed by a poly-T region. We hypothesize that these regions may be important in the initiation of transcription and DNA replication, respectively. The G. aurei genome shares 8 derived gene clusters with other chewing lice of mammals, but in G. aurei, genes on several chromosomes are not contiguous., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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- 2021
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25. Effect of Patient Height and Sex on the Patellar Tendon and Anterior Cruciate Ligament.
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Campbell AL, Caldwell JE, Yalamanchili D, Sepanek L, Youssefzadeh K, Uquillas CA, and Limpisvasti O
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Background: Graft-tunnel mismatch is an avoidable complication in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Patient height and sex may be predictors of patellar tendon length (PTL) and intra-articular ACL length (IAL). Understanding these relationships may assist in reducing graft-tunnel mismatch during ACL reconstruction with bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) autograft., Purpose: To determine the association of patient height and sex with PTL and IAL., Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3., Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were obtained on the healthy knees of 100 male and 100 female patients. Patients with prior surgery, open physes, significant degenerative changes, ACL rupture, or extensor mechanism injury were excluded. Three independent readers measured PTL, IAL, and Caton-Deschamps Index (CDI) on MRI. Bivariate and linear regression analysis was performed to detect the association of anthropometric data with anatomic parameters measured on MRI studies., Results: The mean age and body mass index were not significantly different between the male and female patients; however, male patients were significantly taller than female patients (1.75 vs 1.72 m, respectively; P < .001). There was a substantial agreement between the 3 readers for all parameters (κ > 0.75). Overall, female patients had significantly longer PTL (47.38 vs 43.92 mm), higher CDI (1.146 vs 1.071), and shorter IAL (33.05 vs 34.39 mm) ( P < .001 for all). Results of the linear regression analysis demonstrated that both height and female sex were predictive of longer PTL. Further, height was independently predictive of IAL but sex was not., Conclusion: PTL was correlated more with patient sex than height. IAL was also correlated with patient sex. Longer BTB grafts are expected to be harvested in female patients compared with male patients of the same height despite shorter IAL. These associations should be considered during BTB ACL reconstruction to minimize graft-tunnel mismatch., Competing Interests: One or more of the authors has declared the following potential conflict of interest or source of funding: A.L.C. has received education payments from Arthrex and Micromed and grants from Arthrex. D.Y. has received hospitality payments from Medical Device Business Services. C.A.U. has received consulting fees and nonconsulting fees from Arthrex; hospitality payments from Arthrex; and education payments from Smith & Nephew. O.L. has received consulting fees from Arthrex and Linvatec; nonconsulting fees from Arthrex; education payments from Arthrex; and royalties from Linvatec. AOSSM checks author disclosures against the Open Payments Database (OPD). AOSSM has not conducted an independent investigation on the OPD and disclaims any liability or responsibility relating thereto., (© The Author(s) 2021.)
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- 2021
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26. Daily Quality-of-life Impact of Scars: An Interview-based Foundational Study of Patient-reported Themes.
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Hsieh JC, Maisel-Campbell AL, Joshi CJ, Zielinski E, and Galiano RD
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Background: Scars negatively impact mental health. Prior patient interview studies on cutaneous scars have elicited opinions pertaining to psychosocial effects, appearance, and symptoms. There remains a need for patient-reported opinions in broader contexts, including career and sexual well-being, to better understand patients' experiences with their cutaneous scars., Methods: In this qualitative study, patients with cutaneous scars participated in semi-structured interviews. Transcripts were analyzed using a constant comparative approach using the data software QDAMiner, to generate a thematic framework encompassing patients' experience with cutaneous scars., Results: In total, 37 patients aged 25-79 years (mean 45, SD 17.9) were interviewed. Patients presented with keloid (2/37, 5%), hypertrophic (5/37, 14%), atrophic (4/37, 11%), and linear surgical (18/37, 49%) scars. Opinions fell under 8 overarching themes. Patients spoke commonly about psychological and social well-being (references to the frequency of thinking about a scar and talking about scars with others were mentioned 56 times by 26 patients and 103 times by 29 patients, respectively, for example). Discussions of sexual well-being and career were elicited but rarer (references to feeling uncomfortable when naked and negative impacts on professional networking were mentioned 17 times by 7 patients and 5 times by 3 patients, respectively, for example)., Conclusions: The relationship between determinants of patients' opinions of their scars and their impact on quality-of-life is complex. These results expand upon the existing knowledge of the effects scars have on quality-of-life and can contribute to the development and validation of future scar outcome measures., Competing Interests: Disclosure: All the authors have no financial interest in relation to the content of this article., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The American Society of Plastic Surgeons.)
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- 2021
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27. Influence of Spirituality on Depression-Induced Inflammation and Executive Functioning in a Community Sample of African Americans.
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Herren OM, Burris SE, Levy SA, Kirk K, Banks KS, Jones VL, Beard B, Mwendwa DT, Callender CO, and Campbell AL
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- Adult, Aged, Biomarkers blood, Cognition, Depression prevention & control, Depression psychology, Female, Humans, Inflammation prevention & control, Inflammation psychology, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Black or African American psychology, Depression blood, Executive Function physiology, Inflammation blood, Inflammation Mediators blood, Spirituality
- Abstract
African Americans (AAs) are disproportionately affected by cerebrovascular pathology and more likely to suffer from premature cognitive decline. Depression is a risk factor for poorer cognitive functioning, and research is needed to identify factors that serve to mitigate its negative effects. Studies have demonstrated positive influences of spirituality within the AA community. Determining whether spirituality attenuates the effects of depressive symptoms on cognitive functioning and the pathophysiological mechanisms that explain these relationships in AAs is paramount. This study examines the influence of daily spiritual experiences on the relationship between depressive symptoms and cognitive functioning, and how inflammatory markers may partially explain these associations. A sample of 212 (mean age= 45.6) participants completed the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Trail Making Test A and B (TMT) and Stroop Color and Word Test (Stroop). Blood samples were collected to measure inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-1a, TNF-a). Linear regression analyses were used to evaluate associations. Higher BDI-II scores were associated with poorer psychomotor speed and visual scanning, measured by TMT A (B=1.49, P=.01). IL-6 explained a significant amount of variance in this relationship (B=.24, CI 95% [.00, .64]). IL-6 also significantly mediated the relationship between depressive symptoms and psychomotor speed and mental flexibility, measured by TMT B performance (B=.03, CI 95% [.003, .095]). Frequent spiritual experiences among AAs may ameliorate the negative influence of depressive symptoms on cognitive functioning., Competing Interests: Competing Interests: None declared.
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- 2019
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28. High speed non-mechanical two-dimensional KTN beam deflector enabled by space charge and temperature gradient deflection.
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Chao JH, Zhu W, Chen CJ, Campbell AL, Henry MG, Yin S, and Hoffman RC
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In this paper, a high-speed non-mechanical two-dimensional KTN beam deflector is reported. The scanning mechanism is based on the combination of space charge controlled beam deflection and temperature gradient enabled beam deflection in a nanodisordered KTN crystal. Both theoretical analyses and experimental investigations are provided, which agree relatively well with each other. This work provides an effective way for realizing multi-dimensional high-speed non-mechanical beam deflection, which can be very useful for a variety of applications, including high-speed 3D laser printing, high resolution high speed scanning imaging, and free space reconfigurable laser communications.
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- 2017
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29. Ocean acidification changes the male fitness landscape.
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Campbell AL, Levitan DR, Hosken DJ, and Lewis C
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- Animals, Male, Oceans and Seas, Climate Change, Paracentrotus metabolism, Spermatozoa metabolism
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Sperm competition is extremely common in many ecologically important marine taxa. Ocean acidification (OA) is driving rapid changes to the marine environments in which freely spawned sperm operate, yet the consequences of OA on sperm performance are poorly understood in the context of sperm competition. Here, we investigated the impacts of OA (+1000 μatm pCO2) on sperm competitiveness for the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Males with faster sperm had greater competitive fertilisation success in both seawater conditions. Similarly, males with more motile sperm had greater sperm competitiveness, but only under current pCO2 levels. Under OA the strength of this association was significantly reduced and there were male sperm performance rank changes under OA, such that the best males in current conditions are not necessarily best under OA. Therefore OA will likely change the male fitness landscape, providing a mechanism by which environmental change alters the genetic landscape of marine species.
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- 2016
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30. IL-17A mediates inflammatory and tissue remodelling events in early human tendinopathy.
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Millar NL, Akbar M, Campbell AL, Reilly JH, Kerr SC, McLean M, Frleta-Gilchrist M, Fazzi UG, Leach WJ, Rooney BP, Crowe LA, Murrell GA, and McInnes IB
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Apoptosis, Cytokines genetics, Cytokines metabolism, Female, Humans, Leukocytes metabolism, Male, Middle Aged, Proteomics, Rotator Cuff Injuries genetics, Rotator Cuff Injuries metabolism, Rotator Cuff Injuries surgery, Tendinopathy genetics, Tendinopathy metabolism, Tendinopathy surgery, Tenocytes cytology, Tenocytes metabolism, Up-Regulation, Young Adult, Interleukin-17 genetics, Interleukin-17 metabolism, Rotator Cuff Injuries pathology, Tendinopathy pathology
- Abstract
Increasingly, inflammatory mediators are considered crucial to the onset and perpetuation of tendinopathy. We sought evidence of interleukin 17A (IL-17A) expression in early human tendinopathy and thereafter, explored mechanisms whereby IL-17A mediated inflammation and tissue remodeling in human tenocytes. Torn supraspinatus tendon (established pathology) and matched intact subscapularis tendon (representing 'early pathology') along with control biopsies were collected from patients undergoing shoulder surgery. Markers of inflammation and IL-17A were quantified by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Human tendon cells were derived from hamstring tendon obtained during ACL reconstruction. In vitro effects of IL-17A upon tenocytes were measured using RT-PCR, multiplex cytokine assays, apoptotic proteomic profiling, immunohistochemistry and annexin V FACS staining. Increased expression of IL-17A was detected in 'early tendinopathy' compared to both matched samples and non-matched control samples (p < 0.01) by RT-PCR and immunostaining. Double immunofluoresence staining revealed IL-17A expression in leukocyte subsets including mast cells, macrophages and T cells. IL-17A treated tenocytes exhibited increased production of proinflammatory cytokines (p < 0.001), altered matrix regulation (p < 0.01) with increased Collagen type III and increased expression of several apoptosis related factors. We propose IL-17A as an inflammatory mediator within the early tendinopathy processes thus providing novel therapeutic approaches in the management of tendon disorders.
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- 2016
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31. MicroRNA29a regulates IL-33-mediated tissue remodelling in tendon disease.
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Millar NL, Gilchrist DS, Akbar M, Reilly JH, Kerr SC, Campbell AL, Murrell GAC, Liew FY, Kurowska-Stolarska M, and McInnes IB
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- Animals, Collagen Type I genetics, Collagen Type I metabolism, Collagen Type III genetics, Collagen Type III metabolism, Fibroblasts drug effects, Fibroblasts pathology, Gene Expression Regulation, Genes, Reporter, Humans, Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein, Interleukin-1beta pharmacology, Interleukin-33 metabolism, Luciferases genetics, Luciferases metabolism, Mice, MicroRNAs antagonists & inhibitors, MicroRNAs metabolism, Primary Cell Culture, RNA, Small Interfering genetics, RNA, Small Interfering metabolism, Receptors, Cell Surface genetics, Receptors, Cell Surface metabolism, Signal Transduction, Tendinopathy metabolism, Tendinopathy pathology, Tendons drug effects, Tendons pathology, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha pharmacology, Fibroblasts metabolism, Interleukin-33 genetics, MicroRNAs genetics, Tendinopathy genetics, Tendons metabolism
- Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) has the potential for cross-regulation and functional integration of discrete biological processes during complex physiological events. Utilizing the common human condition tendinopathy as a model system to explore the cross-regulation of immediate inflammation and matrix synthesis by miRNA we observed that elevated IL-33 expression is a characteristic of early tendinopathy. Using in vitro tenocyte cultures and in vivo models of tendon damage, we demonstrate that such IL-33 expression plays a pivotal role in the transition from type 1 to type 3 collagen (Col3) synthesis and thus early tendon remodelling. Both IL-33 effector function, via its decoy receptor sST2, and Col3 synthesis are regulated by miRNA29a. Downregulation of miRNA29a in human tenocytes is sufficient to induce an increase in Col3 expression. These data provide a molecular mechanism of miRNA-mediated integration of the early pathophysiologic events that facilitate tissue remodelling in human tendon after injury.
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- 2015
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32. The Combined Influence of Psychological Factors on Biomarkers of Renal Functioning in African Americans.
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Gholson GK, Mwendwa DT, Wright RS, Callender CO, and Campbell AL
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- Adult, Albuminuria ethnology, Albuminuria psychology, Biomarkers metabolism, Blood Pressure, Body Mass Index, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ethnology, Risk Factors, Black or African American psychology, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic metabolism, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic psychology
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Objective: African Americans are disproportionately affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recent research has documented that psychological-factors have a significant influence on the progression and treatment of CKD. However, extant evidence exists that has examined the link between psychological factors and renal function in African Americans. The purpose of the study was to determine if psychological factors were associated with several biomarkers of renal functioning in this group., Participants: 129 African American participants, with a mean age of 44.4 years (SD = 12.25)., Design and Setting: Data were analyzed from a cross-sectional study entitled Stress and Psychoneuroimmunological Factors in Renal Health and Disease. MAIN PREDICTOR MEASURES: Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Cook Medley Scale, and Perceived Stress Scale-10., Main Outcome Measures: Systolic blood pressure, as well as blood and urine samples, were collected and served as biomarkers of renal functioning., Results: Our findings indicated that psychological factors were not associated with renal functioning. Age, sex, and systolic blood pressure emerged as significant predictors of renal functioning., Conclusions: Depressive symptomatology, perceived stress, and hostility did not influence renal functioning in this sample. This unexpected finding may be attributed to the fact that this sample population was not elevated on depressive symptoms, perceived stress, or hostility. Elevated levels of these psychological factors, as well as other psychological factors associated with the CKD, may be more influential on renal functioning in African Americans.
- Published
- 2015
33. Executive function and negative eating behaviors in severely obese African Americans.
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Sims RC, Bennett NK, Mwendwa DT, Ali MK, Levy SA, Callender CO, and Campbell AL
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- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Set, Psychology, Socioeconomic Factors, Black or African American psychology, Executive Function physiology, Feeding Behavior ethnology, Obesity, Morbid ethnology, Obesity, Morbid psychology
- Abstract
Objective: African Americans are disparately impacted by severe obesity. Low socioeconomic status and psychosocial risk factors help to explain this disparity; however, few studies have examined the role of negative eating behaviors or the influence of executive function on negative eating behaviors in this population. The objective was to examine the association between executive function (ie, inhibition and set shifting) and negative eating behaviors in severely obese African Americans., Participants: Forty-seven African Americans who met criteria for severe obesity participated., Design and Setting: Data were analyzed from a cross-sectional study entitled Stress and Psychoneuroimmunological Factors in Renal Health and Disease. The mean age of participants was 45.7 years (SD = 10.8) and the mean educational attainment was 13 years (SD = 2.1)., Main Outcome Measures: Participants completed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, the Stroop Color-Word Test, and the Eating Behavior Patterns Questionnaire., Results: Correlation results suggested poorer inhibition was associated with greater self-reported emotional eating and snacking on sweets. Subsequent hierarchical regression analyses confirmed the inverse relations between inhibition, emotional eating, and snacking on sweets, after controlling for age, sex, years of education, and depression., Conclusions: Reduced inhibition may be an important risk factor for negative eating behaviors and subsequent obesity in this population. Interventions aimed at increasing inhibition and self-regulation in this at-risk group are warranted.
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- 2014
34. IL-21 receptor expression in human tendinopathy.
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Campbell AL, Smith NC, Reilly JH, Kerr SC, Leach WJ, Fazzi UG, Rooney BP, Murrell GA, and Millar NL
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cells, Cultured, Cohort Studies, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Macrophages cytology, Male, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Rotator Cuff Injuries, Tendons pathology, Young Adult, Gene Expression Regulation, Receptors, Interleukin-21 metabolism, Tendinopathy metabolism
- Abstract
The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying tendinopathy remain unclear, with much debate as to whether inflammation or degradation has the prominent role. Increasing evidence points toward an early inflammatory infiltrate and associated inflammatory cytokine production in human and animal models of tendon disease. The IL-21/IL-21R axis is a proinflammatory cytokine complex that has been associated with chronic inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. This project aimed to investigate the role and expression of the cytokine/receptor pair IL-21/IL-21R in human tendinopathy. We found significantly elevated expression of IL-21 receptor message and protein in human tendon samples but found no convincing evidence of the presence of IL-21 at message or protein level. The level of expression of IL-21R message/protein in human tenocytes was significantly upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα/IL-1β) in vitro. These findings demonstrate that IL-21R is present in early human tendinopathy mainly expressed by tenocytes and macrophages. Despite a lack of IL-21 expression, these data again suggest that early tendinopathy has an inflammatory/cytokine phenotype, which may provide novel translational targets in the treatment of tendinopathy.
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- 2014
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35. Prediction of gene network models in limb muscle precursors.
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Campbell AL, Eng D, Gross MK, and Kioussi C
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- Animals, Binding Sites genetics, Forelimb embryology, Homeodomain Proteins genetics, Homeodomain Proteins metabolism, Mice, Mice, Inbred ICR, Mice, Transgenic, Muscle, Skeletal embryology, Muscle, Skeletal metabolism, Myoblasts, Skeletal cytology, Myoblasts, Skeletal metabolism, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Transcription Factors deficiency, Transcription Factors genetics, Transcription Factors metabolism, Homeobox Protein PITX2, Gene Regulatory Networks, Models, Genetic, Muscle Development genetics
- Abstract
The ventrolateral dermomyotome gives rise to all muscles of the limbs through the delamination and migration of cells into the limb buds. These cells proliferate and form myoblasts, withdraw from the cell cycle and become terminally differentiated. The myogenic lineage colonizes pre-patterned regions to form muscle anlagen as muscle fibers are assembled. The regulatory mechanisms that control the later steps of this myogenic program are not well understood. The homeodomain transcription factor Pitx2 is expressed in the muscle lineage from the migration of precursors to adult muscle. Ablation of Pitx2 results in distortion, rather than loss, of limb muscle anlagen, suggesting that its function becomes critical during the colonization of, and/or fiber assembly in, the anlagen. Gene expression arrays were used to identify changes in gene expression in flow-sorted migratory muscle precursors, labeled by Lbx1(EGFP), which resulted from the loss of Pitx2. Target genes of Pitx2 were clustered using the "David Bioinformatics Functional Annotation Tool" to bin genes according to enrichment of gene ontology keywords. This provided a way to both narrow the target genes and identify potential gene families regulated by Pitx2. Representative target genes in the most enriched bins were analyzed for the presence and evolutionary conservation of Pitx2 consensus binding sequence, TAATCY, on the -20kb, intronic, and coding regions of the genes. Fifteen Pitx2 target genes were selected based on the above analysis and were identified as having functions involving cytoskeleton organization, tissue specification, and transcription factors. Data from these studies suggest that Pitx2 acts to regulate cell motility and expression of muscle specific genes in the muscle precursors during forelimb muscle development. This work provides a framework to develop the gene network leading to skeletal muscle development, growth and regeneration., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2012
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36. Regulation of motility of myogenic cells in filling limb muscle anlagen by Pitx2.
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Campbell AL, Shih HP, Xu J, Gross MK, and Kioussi C
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- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Cell Movement, Cell Polarity, Cell Size, Embryo, Mammalian, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Regulatory Networks, Homeodomain Proteins metabolism, Limb Buds cytology, Mice, Mice, Transgenic, Muscle, Skeletal cytology, Time-Lapse Imaging, Transcription Factors metabolism, Homeobox Protein PITX2, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Homeodomain Proteins genetics, Limb Buds metabolism, Muscle Development genetics, Muscle, Skeletal metabolism, Signal Transduction genetics, Transcription Factors genetics
- Abstract
Cells of the ventrolateral dermomyotome delaminate and migrate into the limb buds where they give rise to all muscles of the limbs. The migratory cells proliferate and form myoblasts, which withdraw from the cell cycle to become terminally differentiated myocytes. The myogenic lineage colonizes pre-patterned regions to form muscle anlagen as muscle fibers are assembled. The regulatory mechanisms that control the later steps of this myogenic program are not well understood. The homeodomain transcription factor Pitx2 is expressed specifically in the muscle lineage from the migration of precursors to adult muscle. Ablation of Pitx2 results in distortion, rather than loss, of limb muscle anlagen, suggesting that its function becomes critical during the colonization of, and/or fiber assembly in, the anlagen. Microarrays were used to identify changes in gene expression in flow-sorted migratory muscle precursors, labeled by Lbx1(EGFP/+), which resulted from the loss of Pitx2. Very few genes showed changes in expression. Many small-fold, yet significant, changes were observed in genes encoding cytoskeletal and adhesion proteins which play a role in cell motility. Myogenic cells from genetically-tagged mice were cultured and subjected to live cell-tracking analysis using time-lapse imaging. Myogenic cells lacking Pitx2 were smaller, more symmetrical, and had more actin bundling. They also migrated about half of the total distance and velocity. Decreased motility may prevent myogenic cells from filling pre-patterned regions of the limb bud in a timely manner. Altered shape may prevent proper assembly of higher-order fibers within anlagen. Pitx2 therefore appears to regulate muscle anlagen development by appropriately balancing expression of cytoskeletal and adhesion molecules.
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- 2012
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37. Compliance with RSV prophylaxis: Global physicians' perspectives.
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Anderson KS, Mullally VM, Fredrick LM, and Campbell AL
- Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant cause of morbidity in high-risk infants. Palivizumab is proven to prevent serious RSV disease, but compliance with prophylaxis (monthly doses during the RSV season) is essential to ensure protection. We invited 453 pediatricians to participate in a survey to identify their perspectives of barriers to compliance and interventions to improve compliance with palivizumab prophylaxis schedules. One hundred physicians from five continents completed the survey, identifying caregiver inconvenience, distance to clinic, cost of prophylaxis, and lack of understanding of the severity of RSV as the most common reasons for noncompliance. They recommended provision of educational materials about RSV, reminders from hospital or clinic, and administration of prophylaxis at home to increase compliance. Globally, physicians recognize several obstacles to prophylaxis compliance. This survey suggests that focused proactive interventions such as empowering caregivers with educational materials and reducing caregiver inconvenience may be instrumental to increase compliance.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Dual role of COUP-TF-interacting protein 2 in epidermal homeostasis and permeability barrier formation.
- Author
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Golonzhka O, Liang X, Messaddeq N, Bornert JM, Campbell AL, Metzger D, Chambon P, Ganguli-Indra G, Leid M, and Indra AK
- Subjects
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Cell Lineage, Cell Proliferation, Dermis metabolism, Genotype, Keratinocytes cytology, Keratinocytes metabolism, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Models, Biological, Models, Genetic, Permeability, Time Factors, DNA-Binding Proteins biosynthesis, DNA-Binding Proteins physiology, Epidermis metabolism, Repressor Proteins biosynthesis, Repressor Proteins physiology, Tumor Suppressor Proteins biosynthesis, Tumor Suppressor Proteins physiology
- Abstract
COUP-TF-interacting protein 2 (CTIP2; also known as Bcl11b) is a transcription factor that plays key roles in the development of the central nervous and immune systems. CTIP2 is also highly expressed in the developing epidermis, and at lower levels in the dermis and in adult skin. Analyses of mice harboring a germline deletion of CTIP2 revealed that the protein plays critical roles in skin during development, particularly in keratinocyte proliferation and late differentiation events, as well as in the development of the epidermal permeability barrier. At the core of all of these actions is a relatively large network of genes, described herein, that is regulated directly or indirectly by CTIP2. The analysis of conditionally null mice, in which expression of CTIP2 was ablated specifically in epidermal keratinocytes, suggests that CTIP2 functions in both cell and non-cell autonomous contexts to exert regulatory influence over multiple phases of skin development, including barrier establishment. Considered together, our results suggest that CTIP2 functions as a top-level regulator of skin morphogenesis.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Contracting for safety with patients: clinical practice and forensic implications.
- Author
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Garvey KA, Penn JV, Campbell AL, Esposito-Smythers C, and Spirito A
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Expert Testimony legislation & jurisprudence, Humans, Informed Consent legislation & jurisprudence, Liability, Legal, Malpractice legislation & jurisprudence, Mental Competency legislation & jurisprudence, Risk Assessment legislation & jurisprudence, Risk Management, Contracts legislation & jurisprudence, Physician-Patient Relations, Safety legislation & jurisprudence, Suicide legislation & jurisprudence, Suicide Prevention
- Abstract
The contract for safety is a procedure used in the management of suicidal patients and has significant patient care, risk management, and medicolegal implications. We conducted a literature review to assess empirical support for this procedure and reviewed legal cases in which this practice was employed, to examine its effect on outcome. Studies obtained from a PubMed search were reviewed and consisted mainly of opinion-based surveys of clinicians and patients and retrospective reviews. Overall, empirically based evidence to support the use of the contract for safety in any population is very limited, particularly in adolescent populations. A legal review revealed that contracting for safety is never enough to protect against legal liability and may lead to adverse consequences for the clinician and the patient. Contracts should be considered for use only in patients who are deemed capable of giving informed consent and, even in these circumstances, should be used with caution. A contract should never replace a thorough assessment of a patient's suicide risk factors. Further empirical research is needed to determine whether contracting for safety merits consideration as a future component of the suicide risk assessment.
- Published
- 2009
40. Endosymbionts of Siboglinum fiordicum and the phylogeny of bacterial endosymbionts in Siboglinidae (Annelida).
- Author
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Thornhill DJ, Wiley AA, Campbell AL, Bartol FF, Teske A, and Halanych KM
- Subjects
- Animals, Gammaproteobacteria classification, Microdissection, DNA, Ribosomal genetics, Gammaproteobacteria genetics, Phylogeny, Polychaeta microbiology, Symbiosis genetics
- Abstract
Siboglinid worms are a group of gutless marine annelids that are nutritionally dependent upon endosymbiotic bacteria. Four major groups of siboglinids are known-vestimentiferans, moniliferans, Osedax spp. and frenulates. Although endosymbionts of vestimentiferans and Osedax spp. have been previously characterized, little is currently known about endosymbiotic bacteria associated with frenulate and moniliferan siboglinids. This is particularly surprising given that frenulates are the most diverse and widely distributed group of siboglinids. Here, we molecularly characterize endosymbiotic bacteria associated with the frenulate siboglinid Siboglinum fiordicum by using 16S rDNA ribotyping in concert with laser-capture microdissection (LCM). Phylogenetic analysis indicates that at least three major clades of endosymbiotic gamma-proteobacteria associate with siboglinid annelids, with each clade corresponding to a major siboglinid group. S. fiordicum endosymbionts are a group of gamma-proteobacteria that are divergent from bacteria associated with vestimentiferan or Osedax hosts. Interestingly, symbionts of S. fiordicum, from Norway, are most closely related to symbionts of the frenulate Oligobrachia mashikoi from Japan, suggesting that symbionts of frenulates may share common evolutionary history or metabolic features.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Autoimmune Th2-mediated dacryoadenitis in MRL/MpJ mice becomes Th1-mediated in IL-4 deficient MRL/MpJ mice.
- Author
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Jabs DA, Prendergast RA, Campbell AL, Lee B, Akpek EK, Gérard HC, Hudson AP, and Whittum-Hudson JA
- Subjects
- Animals, Autoimmune Diseases pathology, B7-1 Antigen metabolism, B7-2 Antigen metabolism, Dacryocystitis pathology, Female, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Interferon-gamma genetics, Interferon-gamma metabolism, Interleukin-13 genetics, Interleukin-13 metabolism, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Inbred MRL lpr, Mice, Knockout, RNA, Messenger metabolism, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Autoimmune Diseases immunology, Dacryocystitis immunology, Gene Silencing physiology, Interleukin-4 genetics, Th1 Cells immunology, Th2 Cells immunology
- Abstract
Purpose: MRL/MpJ mice of substrains MRL/MpJ-fas(+)/fas(+) (MRL/+) and MRL/MpJ-fas(lpr)/fas(lpr) (MRL/lpr) spontaneously develop autoimmune dacryoadenitis and sialadenitis and are a model for the human disorder Sjögren syndrome. The dacryoadenitis in both substrains appears to be Th2 in nature, with little IFN-gamma and substantial IL-4 at the site of lacrimal gland inflammation., Methods: MRL/MpJ mice with a defective IL-4 gene-both MRL/+-IL-4(tm)/IL-4(tm) (MRL/+/IL-4(tm)) and MRL/lpr-IL-4(tm)/IL-4(tm) (MRL/lpr-IL-4(tm))-that resulted in a loss of IL-4 production were bred and evaluated for dacryoadenitis., Results: MRL/+/IL-4(tm) and MRL/lpr/IL-4(tm) mice developed dacryoadenitis of similar onset, appearance, and severity as found in MRL/MpJ mice with an intact IL-4 gene. Immunohistochemistry examination revealed a substantially greater number of inflammatory cells staining for IFN-gamma than for IL-13 in the dacryoadenitis of IL-4-deficient MRL/MpJ mice (MRL/+/IL-4(tm), 66% vs. 0.8%, P = 0.001; MRL/lpr/IL-4(tm), 67% vs. 1.2%, P = 0.002). Real-time PCR demonstrated greater amounts of IFN-gamma than IL-13 mRNA relative transcripts in lacrimal glands of MRL/lpr/IL-4(tm) mice (mean difference, 28.6; P = 0.035). Greater CD86 (B7-2) than CD80 (B7-1) expression was present in MRL/+/IL-4(tm) mice (11% vs. 3%, P = 0.003) and MRL/lpr/IL-4(tm) mice (10% vs. 3%, P = 0.002)., Conclusions: These results suggest that a Th2 autoimmune process can be converted to a Th1 process in the absence of IL-4.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Inflammatory mediators in autoimmune lacrimal gland disease in MRL/Mpj mice.
- Author
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Jabs DA, Gérard HC, Wei Y, Campbell AL, Hudson AP, Akpek EK, Lee B, Prendergast RA, and Whittum-Hudson JA
- Subjects
- Animals, Autoimmune Diseases pathology, Disease Models, Animal, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Lacrimal Apparatus metabolism, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Inbred MRL lpr, Nitric Oxide Synthase metabolism, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II, RNA, Messenger metabolism, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sjogren's Syndrome pathology, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha metabolism, Autoimmune Diseases metabolism, Inflammation Mediators metabolism, Nitric Oxide Synthase genetics, Sjogren's Syndrome metabolism, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha genetics
- Abstract
Purpose: MRL/MpJ-fas(+)/fas(+) (MRL/+) and MRL/MpJ-fas(lpr)/fas(lpr) (MRL/lpr) mice are congenic substrains of mice that have spontaneously developing lacrimal and salivary gland inflammation and are models for the human disorder Sjögren's syndrome. Nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha are proinflammatory and potential mediators of tissue damage. The presence of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which catalyzes the production of NO, and the presence TNF-alpha in the lacrimal glands of MRL/MpJ mice were assessed., Methods: Lacrimal glands from MRL/+ and MRL/lpr mice, at ages 1 through 9 months, were evaluated by real-time RT-PCR for iNOS and TNF-alpha mRNA and by immunohistochemistry for the presence of iNOS and of TNF-alpha. Age-matched BALB/c lacrimal glands were used as the control., Results: By quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), mRNA for iNOS was detected in the lacrimal glands in significantly greater amounts in both MRL/+ (median, normalized to 18S rRNA, 2.90; P < 0.0003) and MRL/lpr mice (median 6.84, P < 0.001) than in BALB/c mice (median 0.34). By qPCR, mRNA for TNF-alpha in the lacrimal glands was detected in significantly greater amounts in aged MRL/+ mice than in BALB/c mice (median, normalized to actin, 221.8 vs. 77.8, P = 0.011) and in MRL/lpr mice than in BALB/c mice (median 136.7 vs. 72.5, P = 0.001). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated both iNOS and TNF-alpha in scattered mononuclear cells throughout the lacrimal glands and in mononuclear cells at the junction of the focal inflammatory infiltrates and normal acinar tissue in both MRL/+ and MRL/lpr mice., Conclusions: As demonstrated by the greater presence of iNOS and TNF-alpha in the lacrimal glands of MRL/MpJ mice than in control glands, both NO and TNF-alpha are potential mediators of lacrimal gland damage in these murine models of Sjögren's syndrome.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a children's hospital.
- Author
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Campbell AL, Bryant KA, Stover B, and Marshall GS
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Community-Acquired Infections microbiology, Cross Infection microbiology, Female, Humans, Infant, Kentucky, Male, Population Surveillance, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Staphylococcal Infections microbiology, Community-Acquired Infections epidemiology, Cross Infection epidemiology, Hospitals, Pediatric, Methicillin Resistance, Staphylococcal Infections epidemiology, Staphylococcus aureus isolation & purification
- Abstract
Objective: To describe the relative contribution of and risk factors for both community-acquired and nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections., Design: Retrospective cohort study., Setting: 270-bed, tertiary-care children's hospital., Participants: All MRSA-infected children from whom MRSA was recovered between October 1, 1999, and September 30, 2001., Methods: Demographic, clinical, and risk factor data were abstracted from medical records. Categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square or Fisher's exact test and continuous variables were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test., Results: Of the 62 patients with new MRSA infection, 37 had community-acquired MRSA and 25 had nosocomial MRSA. Most community-acquired MRSA infections were of the skin and soft tissue, the middle ear, and the lower respiratory tract. Nosocomial MRSA infections occurred in the lower respiratory tract, the skin and soft tissue, and the blood. Risk factors for infection, including underlying medical illness, prior hospitalization, and prior surgery, were similar for patients with community-acquired MRSA and nosocomial MRSA. History of central venous catheterization and previous endotracheal intubation was more common in patients with nosocomial MRSA. Only 3 patients with community-acquired MRSA had no identifiable risk factor other than recent antibiotic use. Resistance for clindamycin, erythromycin, and levofloxacin was similar between strains of community-acquired MRSA and nosocomial MRSA., Conclusions: Similarities in patient risk factors and resistance patterns of isolates of both community-acquired and nosocomial MRSA suggest healthcare acquisition of most MRSA. Thus, classifying MRSA as either community acquired or nosocomial underestimates the amount of healthcare-associated MRSA.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The role of social-referential context in verbal and nonverbal symbol learning.
- Author
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Campbell AL and Namy LL
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Learning, Nonverbal Communication, Social Behavior, Social Environment, Symbolism
- Abstract
This study examined the role of social-referential context in 13- and 18-month-olds' mapping of verbal and nonverbal symbols to object categories. Infants heard either novel words or novel nonverbal sounds in either a referential or nonreferential context. In all conditions, an experimenter engaged in a social-referential interaction and the label was produced while the infant's attention was directed to the referent. In the referential condition, labels were produced by the experimenter within the context of a familiar naming routine. In the nonreferential condition, labels were emitted from a baby monitor placed near the infant. The study subsequently tested infants' mapping of the symbols to the referent objects using a forced-choice procedure. Although the results for the 18-month-olds were strongest, infants at both ages showed evidence of learning both words and sounds in the referential condition and failed to learn them in the nonreferential condition. Thus, infants successfully learned both words and sounds under the same circumstances at both ages. These findings suggest that the social-referential context, and not the symbolic form per se, determine infants' success at symbol learning.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Caveats in the neuropsychological assessment of African Americans.
- Author
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Campbell AL Jr, Ocampo C, DeShawn Rorie K, Lewis S, Combs S, Ford-Booker P, Briscoe J, Lewis-Jack O, Brown A, Wood D, Dennis G, Weir R, and Hastings A
- Subjects
- Culture, Female, Humans, Male, Reference Values, Black or African American, Neuropsychological Tests
- Abstract
This preliminary investigation examined the predictive accuracy of six neuropsychological tests in a population of non-brain-injured African Americans. False positives were unacceptably high on five of the neuropsychological tests administered. These pilot data raise important questions about the utility of neuropsychological test norms with groups dissimilar in sociocultural background to the normative population. These findings are examined in terms of the relative merits of the race-homogenous and race-comparative paradigms and underscore the importance of conducting normative studies that involve ethnic minority populations.
- Published
- 2002
46. Myelitis and ascending flaccid paralysis due to congenital toxoplasmosis.
- Author
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Campbell AL, Sullivan JE, and Marshall GS
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Muscle Hypotonia diagnosis, Myelitis diagnosis, Paralysis diagnosis, Toxoplasma isolation & purification, Muscle Hypotonia etiology, Myelitis etiology, Paralysis etiology, Toxoplasmosis, Congenital complications
- Abstract
A 4-week-old female newborn developed ascending flaccid paralysis and radiologic evidence of myelitis; the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis was confirmed by the presence of Toxoplasma gondii-specific immunoglobulins in both mother and infant, and detection of Toxoplasma sequences in the infant's cerebrospinal fluid by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Treatment with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and methylprednisolone resulted in improvement.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Similarities between the antABC-encoded anthranilate dioxygenase and the benABC-encoded benzoate dioxygenase of Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1.
- Author
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Bundy BM, Campbell AL, and Neidle EL
- Subjects
- Acinetobacter growth & development, Amino Acid Sequence, Catechols metabolism, Chromosomes, Bacterial, Mixed Function Oxygenases metabolism, Mutation, Open Reading Frames, Oxygenases metabolism, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Sorbic Acid analogs & derivatives, Sorbic Acid metabolism, ortho-Aminobenzoates metabolism, Acinetobacter enzymology, Mixed Function Oxygenases genetics, Oxygenases genetics
- Abstract
Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1 can use benzoate or anthranilate as a sole carbon source. These structurally similar compounds are independently converted to catechol, allowing further degradation to proceed via the beta-ketoadipate pathway. In this study, the first step in anthranilate catabolism was characterized. A mutant unable to grow on anthranilate, ACN26, was selected. The sequence of a wild-type DNA fragment that restored growth revealed the antABC genes, encoding 54-, 19-, and 39-kDa proteins, respectively. The deduced AntABC sequences were homologous to those of class IB multicomponent aromatic ring-dihydroxylating enzymes, including the dioxygenase that initiates benzoate catabolism. Expression of antABC in Escherichia coli, a bacterium that normally does not degrade anthranilate, enabled the conversion of anthranilate to catechol. Unlike benzoate dioxygenase (BenABC), anthranilate dioxygenase (AntABC) catalyzed catechol formation without requiring a dehydrogenase. In Acinetobacter mutants, benC substituted for antC during growth on anthranilate, suggesting relatively broad substrate specificity of the BenC reductase, which transfers electrons from NADH to the terminal oxygenase. In contrast, the benAB genes did not substitute for antAB. An antA point mutation in ACN26 prevented anthranilate degradation, and this mutation was independent of a mucK mutation in the same strain that prevented exogenous muconate degradation. Anthranilate induced expression of antA, although no associated transcriptional regulators were identified. Disruption of three open reading frames in the immediate vicinity of antABC did not prevent the use of anthranilate as a sole carbon source. The antABC genes were mapped on the ADP1 chromosome and were not linked to the two known supraoperonic gene clusters involved in aromatic compound degradation.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Directed introduction of DNA cleavage sites to produce a high-resolution genetic and physical map of the Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1 (BD413UE) chromosome.
- Author
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Gralton EM, Campbell AL, and Neidle EL
- Subjects
- Conjugation, Genetic, DNA Restriction Enzymes metabolism, Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific metabolism, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, Endodeoxyribonucleases metabolism, Genes, Bacterial, Mutation, Nucleic Acid Probes, Operon, Plasmids genetics, RNA, Ribosomal genetics, Restriction Mapping methods, Transformation, Genetic, Acinetobacter genetics, Chromosome Mapping methods, Chromosomes, Bacterial, DNA, Bacterial genetics, DNA, Circular genetics
- Abstract
The natural transformability of the soil bacterium Acinetobacter sp. ADP1 (BD413UE), formerly classified as A. calcoaceticus, has facilitated previous physiological and biochemical investigations. In the present studies, the natural transformation system was exploited to generated a physical and genetic map of this strain's 3780 +/- 191 kbp circular chromosome. Previously isolated Acinetobacter genes were modified in vitro to incorporate a recognition sequence for the restriction endonuclease NotI. Following transformation of the wild-type strain by the modified DNA, homologous recombination placed each engineered NotI cleavage site at the chromosomal location of the corresponding gene. This allowed precise gene localization and orientation of more than 40 genes relative to a physical map which was constructed with transverse alternating field electrophoresis (TAFE) and Southern hybridization methods. The positions of NotI, AscI and I-CeuI recognition sites were determined, and the latter enzyme identified the presence of seven ribosomal RNA operons. Multiple chromosomal copies of insertion sequence IS1236 were indicated by hybridization. Several of these copies were concentrated in one region of the chromosome in which a spontaneous deletion of approximately 100 kbp occurred. Moreover, contrary to previous reports, ColE1-based plasmids appeared to replicate autonomously in Acinetobacter sp. ADP1.
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Aspartate transcarbamoylase genes of Pseudomonas putida: requirement for an inactive dihydroorotase for assembly into the dodecameric holoenzyme.
- Author
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Schurr MJ, Vickrey JF, Kumar AP, Campbell AL, Cunin R, Benjamin RC, Shanley MS, and O'Donovan GA
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Sequence, Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase chemistry, Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase isolation & purification, Cloning, Molecular, Dihydroorotase genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Pseudomonas putida enzymology, Sequence Alignment, Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase genetics, Dihydroorotase physiology, Genes, Bacterial, Pseudomonas putida genetics
- Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of the genes encoding the enzyme aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) from Pseudomonas putida have been determined. Our results confirm that the P. putida ATCase is a dodecameric protein composed of two types of polypeptide chains translated coordinately from overlapping genes. The P. putida ATCase does not possess dissociable regulatory and catalytic functions but instead apparently contains the regulatory nucleotide binding site within a unique N-terminal extension of the pyrB-encoded subunit. The first gene, pyrB, is 1,005 bp long and encodes the 334-amino-acid, 36.4-kDa catalytic subunit of the enzyme. The second gene is 1,275 bp long and encodes a 424-residue polypeptide which bears significant homology to dihydroorotase (DHOase) from other organisms. Despite the homology of the overlapping gene to known DHOases, this 44.2-kDa polypeptide is not considered to be the functional product of the pyrC gene in P. putida, as DHOase activity is distinct from the ATCase complex. Moreover, the 44.2-kDa polypeptide lacks specific histidyl residues thought to be critical for DHOase enzymatic function. The pyrC-like gene (henceforth designated pyrC') does not complement Escherichia coli pyrC auxotrophs, while the cloned pyrB gene does complement pyrB auxotrophs. The proposed function for the vestigial DHOase is to maintain ATCase activity by conserving the dodecameric assembly of the native enzyme. This unique assembly of six active pyrB polypeptides coupled with six inactive pyrC' polypeptides has not been seen previously for ATCase but is reminiscent of the fused trifunctional CAD enzyme of eukaryotes.
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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