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This paper examines a key passage in the Palestinian Talmud (the Yerushalmi), on mGit 4.8, that presents a salient discussion about the halakhic meaning of gentile ownership of lands in the land of Israel. Two theoretical moves are evident within the amoraic effort to define it. The first is an innovative turn, achieved through a creative reading of Leviticus 25, that interprets Jubilee law as a model by which gentile possession of the Land is portrayed as a lamentable yet temporary form of partial ownership, similar to enslaved Jews in gentile hands, until returning to Jewish control.The second is a conceptual deliberation on select legal categories of ownership, most notably the concept of ususfructus , which may be seen in light of their centrality in Roman property law, especially given the key role that such designations hold in Roman construction of hierarchies and space. I suggest viewing the rabbinic use of these categories as a subversive strategy, either as an adaptation to the Roman definition of Italic land or in opposition to Roman perceptions of provincial lands, that is, in dialogue with the very Roman notions of space and control over subordinate populations that the rabbis themselves were confronting in the land of Israel.This sugya thus provides a unique view of how these Palestinian rabbis perceived the Roman presence in their land and their mindset as a conquered community and, in a broader sense, a valuable source for better understanding provincial perspectives under the Roman Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an intellectual history of the idea that the later Roman empire and, subsequently, the whole of Byzantium were less 'free' in comparison to the Roman Republic. Anxiety over diminished freedom recurred throughout Roman history, but only a few specific expressions of it were enshrined in modern thought as the basis on which to divide history into periods. The theorists of the Enlightenment, moreover, invented an unfree Byzantium for their own political purposes and not by examining the facts about its political culture. The second part of the paper proposes that the Byzantines valorized a model of positive freedom as legal-institutional protection against arbitrary oppressive power, including against both barbarian domination and domestic abuses. In contrast to modern thought, which tends to see the imperial position as the chief threat to liberty, the Byzantines viewed it as its bulwark. Yet they too had remedies for oppressive emperors, suggesting that the otherwise well-attested invocations of freedom were not a mere rhetorical trope for them but an actionable cultural norm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this paper is on the Middle Euphrates: Dura-Europos as its best-known urban settlement; a series of villages known mostly from two papyrological dossiers situated along the river; and the military stations on the Euphrates. The paper asks questions about the impact (or lack of it) of the culture of Palmyra on the region's communities. It is argued that Dura-Europos remains our best case study for social and religious life in a Near Eastern small town under the Roman empire, and that the only evidence that actually makes the town look potentially 'untypical' is the idiosyncratic source material related to its Palmyrene inhabitants. The paper also questions the traditional periodization of Dura's history and puts forward the hypothesis that at two points during the so-called 'Parthian phase' Palmyrenes took advantage of a power vacuum along the Middle Euphrates and became the dominant military factor in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mouseion is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper considers the ruin as a special genre of representation involving special objects. The paper examines the temporality of the ruin, the mediality of the ruin – especially the relation between image and word – and the historical positioning of the idea of the ruin in relation to antiquity and the modern era. The author analyzes aspects of the basic visual and phenomenological “grammar” of the ruin and comments on some of the implications for our understanding of the representation of history and historical change. The ruin's “deep sense of voicefullness” (as Ruskin calls it) is conveyed precisely through the silence of the material remains (and hence also their quality as images). The ruin, the paper argues, is as much an ancient idea as it is a product of modernity, but it allows us, paradoxically, both to understand times other than our own and to maintain historical difference and to keep a distance from the past. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper isolates movement as a topic for analysis in Roman imperial history. Movement is regarded under three aspects: translation (of texts, practices, ideas), migration (of officials, merchants, students, etc.), and communication (i.e. the movement of written documents). Interrelationships among the three aspects of movement are identified and discussed, as are the shared impact of translation, migration, and communication on issues of cultural and social identity and political negotiation and control. The article argues that movement changes the role of the state as well as relations between individual and states, augments the use of writing in society, transforms identities, and gives impulse to internal and external regulations. The implications of movement are understood as both pragmatic and formal, altering relations to space and time and influencing ways of organizing and thinking. The author surveys current work in the field and identifies potential areas for future research. The paper draws heavily on both literary and documentary sources and discusses material from the late republic through late antiquity, paying particular attention to continuities and discontinuities between early and later periods of the Roman empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies Livy's account in Book 45 of the aftermath of Aemilius Paullus' conquest of Macedon employing two interpretative methods, both common in recent studies of historians. The first is "metahistory," in other words interpreting events within a historical narrative as commenting covertly on the genre of history and on the work as an example of that genre. The second is seeing how internal audiences provide a guide for the reader's interpretation. These, though theoretically independent, are in practice often related, with internal audiences being used as a trigger for wider reflections on the text and the genre. Four linked passages from Livy 45 are discussed in detail. One (Aemilius' tour of Greece) invites a systematic metahistorical reading without the use of an internal audience, partly to endorse Livy's own manner of "secondary" history, partly to promote a moral reading of the text. The other three employ internal audiences to similar effect: first, Aemilius' meeting with the defeated Perseus, and the lesson which he draws about the mutability of fortune; second, the spectacular games he organizes at Amphipolis; and third, his eventual triumph in Rome, along with the speech that Servilius gives in its support. The understanding of the genre of history that Livy promotes through these passages is, however, astonishingly narrow and didactic, ignoring even central aspects of his own work which do not conform to that understanding. The paper concludes by considering why Livy would wish to present himself and his genre as single-mindedly moralistic when neither he nor it actually was. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to dispel several myths prevalent in the scholarship on Roman sexuality: that a freed slave was still obligated to serve his former master's sexual demands (I.A.), that the cinaedus cannot be the same as the modern male homosexual because the cinaedus was thought capable of performing cunnilinctus (I.B.), that exoleti were male prostitutes (I.C.), that the Romans were implacably hostile to lesbianism and that they “constructed” the lesbian as a phallic monstrosity (II.). It also draws attention to some neglected, unfamiliar, or misinterpreted evidence--anomalous on the current understanding of Roman sexuality, where women, boys, and lower-class men are supposed to have equal standing as potential passive sexual partners for adult men--for adult men whose sexual partners are exclusively male, and either active or passive: exoleti as active partners (I.C.), a puer delicatus who is prized for a masculine appearance rather than a feminine one (I.D.), and the Warren Cup, which glorifies a world of exclusively male-male sexuality (I.E.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arrival of the Angevin dynasty on the throne of the kingdom of Sicily in 1266 introduced the use of French along with the kind of culture preferred at courts in France. The Angevin monarchs seem to have been particularly fond of history, especially ancient history, with Charles I even taking a copy of the historical compilation, the Faits des Romains, with him to Italy. This paper will follow the different historical texts that were produced and/or circulated in the Regno in French and discuss who promoted them and why. It will argue that the passage from ancient history in French to more local history in the Neapolitan vernacular marks a turning point in the ambitions of the Angevins as they abandoned thoughts of Empire, while developing some sense of a national identity in their southern Italian kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the courage and cowardice of Roman soldiers in the period from the late first century bc to the fourth century ad, set within a broader chronological context of service in standing armies. The specific sources for Roman warfare are evaluated together with features of service in the Roman armies. Discussion of courage is based on Roman concepts of virtus and disciplina, and examines religious and ritual observance, standing formations, regional cultural traditions, diet, medical support, training and skills development, military equipment, and service rewards. Cowardice and its consequences are investigated in the contexts of surrender, desertion, and enslavement, with particular reference to the literary sources and archaeological evidence for the defeat of Varus’ army in Germany (ad 9). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

What are the key determinants of financial development and growth? A large literature debates the relative importance of countries' legal and political environment. In this paper, I present evidence from ancient Rome, where an early form of shareholder company, the societas publicanorum, developed. I show that the societas publicanorum flourished in a legally underdeveloped but politically supportive environment (Roman Republic) and disappeared when Roman law reached its height of legal sophistication but the political environment grew less supportive (Roman Empire). In the Roman case, legal development appears to have mattered little as long as the law as practiced was flexible and adapted to economic needs. The “law as practiced,” in turn, reflected prevalent political interests. After discussing parallels in more recent history, I provide a brief overview of the literature on law and finance and on politics and finance. The historical evidence suggests that legal systems may be less of a technological constraint for growth than previously thought—at least “at the origin.” (JEL D72, K10, N23, N43) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Epitome of Roman History, attributed to Lucius Annaeus Florus, was a key text in the universities of early modern England. This paper seeks to trace the procedures and purposes of early-modern readers as they used Florus as part of their classical and historical studies. Two manuscript notebooks form the basis of the piece: one dates from the late-sixteenth century, kept by Samuel Foxe, son of the martyrologist; the other is that of Simonds D'Ewes, dating from around 1620. Both contain lengthy, but significantly selective, notes on Florus. Comparing these notes with the editions available at the time, the paper explores the mutability of texts within the reading process, and looks at what is revealed of the readers' intentions through their parallel and active note-taking. The paper explores the act of reading as part of the educational system in the Elizabethan and Jacobean period, using contextualizing evidence about tutors' instructions to their students to locate the two notebooks within a framework of ideas about the academic concept of history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the reasons for the exceptional prosperity of the Roman province of North Africa (± modern Tunisia) from the 2nd to the 4th century — a time when the rest of the Roman Empire was already in decline — will be discussed. Aspects such as export products thanks to a thriving agriculture played a role, made possible by a good climate and the peace and stability in the province. Progressive enfranchisement of the indigenous population and their gradual integration with the Roman settlers also had a positive influence, leading to a vigorous local patriotism and investment in the form of many building projects. In the light of this prosperity it is puzzling why in modern times North Africa, the most Romanised of all the Roman provinces at the time, shows no trace of any Roman influence on its culture and language. Apart from the physical remains of building structures, it is as if the Romans had never been there. The Vandal conquest in the 5th century played a role in the decline but they were not as destructive as their name denotes. It was the next wave of invaders in the 6th century, the Byzantine army of the emperor Justinian, who caused the most physical damage by using Roman buildings as a quarry to rebuild defensive town walls demolished by the Vandals. However, the main reason for the demise of Roman influence in North Africa is to my mind the exodus of the wealthy Romanised élite who fled the country after the Vandal invasion and again after the Arab conquest in the late 7th century, leaving a vastly outnumbered nucleus of Roman settlers' descendants who could not, isolated as they were in Africa, maintain Roman values and culture. Furthermore, when Christianity, which became inextricably connected with the Roman state after being declared the official religion, was replaced by Islam, the last civic structures vanished together with the culture of the Romans and their language, Latin. North Africa would later flourish again, but not in a Roman way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper it is argued that Jörg Rüpke's proposal to date the creation of the Roman triumph to the late 4th century BC cannot be accepted. First, it is demonstrated that some of R.'s reinterpretations of the triumphal phenomenology are debatable, others improbable or inconceivable, one (the most essential) impossible. Next, a few historical implications of the new theory are shown to evoke serious questions and objections. Finally, the four major historical arguments or premises on which the theory is founded are shown to be at variance with the available evidence. Consequently, there is no reason to reject the well-founded and practically unanimously accepted idea that the triumph was introduced in the "Etruscan period" of Rome (late 6th century BC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces a deep rift in the historiography of cameralism, demonstrating how historians have systematically separated cameralist writings from the context of the Holy Roman Empire’s fiscal chambers. Scholarship on the subject has been largely defined by an artificial separation between “cameralists of the book” and “cameralists of the bureau.” I argue that it is time to interrogate this distinction, which is itself a legacy of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two kinds of sources are available to the historian to reconstruct the first centuries of the history of Mithradates' antidote: biographical information on Mithradates' interests in medicine, and a series of recipes. In this paper I argue that we cannot reconstruct the original recipe of Mithridatium from our existing sources. Instead, I examine how the Romans remodelled the history of the King's death and used the royal name to create a "Roman" drug. This drug enjoyed a huge popularity in the first centuries of the Roman Empire. An Emperor, Marcus Aurelius, consumed it as well as members of the upper class; and many highly literate physicians recommended it notwithstanding the medical sect they were belonging to. With all its expensive ingredients, and its claim to work as a panacea, Mithridatium responded to a real demand in a Roman Empire at its commercial and political apogee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to build on Hind's hypothesis (1989) that the Roman invasion of AD 43 took place in Sussex, by examining the implications for the conquest campaign. It is suggested that the usual tactics of the Roman army and the size of the invading army are not consistent with the standard invasion campaign theory, in particular the events leading up to the so-called battle of the Medway. Other aspects of the evidence available to us are also inconsistent with the standard theory but can be explained in terms of a Sussex landing. The result is to offer further support for Hind's hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is a study on Ancient Rome and Dacia covering three major aspects: economy, social life and religion. The economic aspect comprises the following: agriculture, crafts, and trade. The social life: family life and social structure. In the case of Rome, the study particularly underlined minting, whilst for the Dacians, the study described the most important citadels from Orăştie Mountains. An important part of paper is religios life, who is directly correlated with the social life, both for Ancient Rome and Dacia. Naturally, towards the end of the work presented Dacian romanisation and especially the contribution of Dacians and Romans to Romanian Christianity. On a practical level, the work tries to answer two essential questions: where do we come from and where do we head to? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper and its accompanying artwork examines the history of our perception of nature based on the example of elephants ( Elephas maximus , Loxodonta africana , Loxodonta cyclotis ). With the fall of the Roman Empire up until the late Middle Ages, elephants virtually disappeared from Western Europe. Since there was no real knowledge of how these animals actually looked, illustrators had to rely on oral, pictorial and written transmissions to morphologically reconstruct an elephant, thus, reinventing the image of an actual existing creature. This led, in most cases, to illustrations in which the most characteristic features of elephants – such as trunk and tusks – are still visible, but that otherwise completely deviate from the real appearance and physique of these animals. In this process, zoological knowledge about elephants was overwritten by its cultural significance. Based on a collection of these images I have reconstructed the evolution of the ‘ Elephas anthropogenus ’, the man made elephant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is an attempt to reconsider in the light of the extant sources including the latest archaeological findings in India, Red Sea coast and Egypt, some of the long sustained assumptions about the Indian role in the classical eastern Mediterranean transmarine commerce. Perusing the political economy of the early Mediterranean exchange relations with the southern West Coast, the paper seeks to argue that the expression, ‘Indo-Roman trade’ popularized by Indian historiography is a misnomer, for what had happened was literally Roman trade with the East having India little or no role in it. Some Tamils might have accompanied the traders in the Arab or Mediterranean ships, probably as merchant middlemen, suppliers of trade goods and providers of other services on board. Even if we assume that Tamil chiefs had some role in shipping merchandises at least up to the Red Sea coast, the question of various capability pre-requisites for arranging agents, managers, and intermediaries for the rest of jobs including stay till the next Monsoon Wind, would remain, because such capabilities were unlikely in a chiefdom level polity. Further, the classical Mediterranean trade by nature was too systematized, extensively networked, document based, and monetized to have been compatible to contemporary Tamil chiefdoms of redistributive economy, reciprocity and politics of plunder. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including the Kalends of January festival in the Greek East during and after the Christianization of the Greek East, its history during the Imperial Age, and the development of some Roman festivals of Constantinople during the Christian centuries.

The paper investigates the 18th-century drawings of the tomb of the Arruntii in Rome by Pier Leone Ghezzi and Giovanni Battista Piranesi, soon after it was uncovered in 1733 near Porta Maggiore. Close attention is paid to contemporary archaeological reporting and the status of the drawings. Another concern is the low status of columbaria, and the removal of finds from context in the 18th century, as well as the circumstances of the use of columbaria in early imperial Rome. The tomb itself was destroyed early in the 19th century. Some 30 inscriptions have been reported in CIL, and they are investigated and related to the role of the Arruntii in the commemoration of their slaves and freedmen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on literature related to Caesars. It is stated that the descendants of the Caesars ended with Nero. In his "Tacitus" Ronald Syme stated that the last six biographies of Suetonius' Caesars which are thought to form the final two of eight books, were not a part of the author's original design. In two later papers, Syme modified his theory, with no less reservation or characteristic brevity. In both theories, he stated that what now stands as the beginning of Galba may have originally been at the end of the account of Nero.

This paper discusses the burial of Herodes Atticus as a well-attested case of élite identification through mortuary practices. It gives a close reading of Philostratus' account of Herodes' end in c. 179 (VS 2.1.15) alongside the evidence of architecture, inscriptions, sculpture, and topography at Marathon, Cephisia and Athens. The intended burial of Herodes and the actual burials of his family on the Attic estates expressed wealth and territorial control, while his preference for Marathon fused personal history with civic history. The Athenian intervention in Herodes' private funeral, which led to his magnificent interment at the Panathenaic Stadium, served as a public reception for a leading citizen and benefactor. Herodes' tomb should be identified with a long foundation on the stadium's east hill that might have formed an eccentric altar-tomb, while an elegant klinê sarcophagus found nearby might have been his coffin. His epitaph was a traditional distich that stressed through language and poetic allusion his deep ties to Marathon and Rhamnous, his euergetism and his celebrity. Also found here was an altar dedicated to Herodes 'the Marathonian hero' with archaizing features (IG II² 6791). The first and last lines of the text were erased in a deliberate effort to remove his name and probably the name of a relative. A cemetery of ordinary graves developed around Herodes' burial site, but by the 250s these had been disturbed, along with the altar and the sarcophagus. This new synthesis of textual and material sources for the burial of Herodes contributes to a richer understanding of status and antiquarianism in Greek urban society under the Empire. It also examines how the public memory of elites was composite and mutable, shifting through separate phases of activity - funeral, hero-cult, defacement, biography - to generate different images of the dead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Confronted with the need for scholarly criteria in properly defining the ad hoc papal institution existent under Pope Gregory VII (1073–85), this paper seeks to clarify the title, office, and jurisdiction of the eleventh-century reforming legate. Discussing the Roman origins of this office through to the twelfth century – taking into account the political, ecclesiastical and legal constraints of the period – questions are raised concerning the extent and nature of legatine authority (especially as the reformers understood it). Contemporary criteria are unclear, but modern scholars can infer some regularities from Gregory VII''s Register and other contemporary sources as to how this office operated in the last quarter of the eleventh century, and ultimately, to understand more clearly how reform was being implemented in the provinces. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The transformation of Rome during the Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages has been investigated by archaeologists and historians. Social and political changes are the main aspects which led to a progressive modification of the urban framework; abandonment, spoliation and transformation of buildings are quite diffused as documented by the archaeological literature. The consequence of these practices is a higher vulnerability of the buildings which, from the seismological point of view, played a main role in increasing the effects of seismic shaking. A number of earthquakes have struck Rome during the period of investigation (fifth to ninth century A.D.), known from historical sources: 443, 484-508, 618, 801, 847; in some cases (443, 484-508, 801) damage has been documented. In contrast, the archaeological sources characterise collapse layers and evidence of destruction at different sites with changing and not always conclusive chronological constraints. Consequently, collapse and destruction have been alternatively attributed to the above-mentioned earthquakes. Through a geoarchaeological and stratigraphic analysis of potentially coseismic collapse units, we want (1) to describe the archaeoseismic evidence derived from recent excavations and from the available literature (e.g. Piazza Madonna di Loreto, Piazza Venezia, Palazzo Valentini Crypta Balbi, Colosseo, Basilica Hilariana, Basilica di Santa Petronilla, Santa Maria Antiqua,…); (2) to discuss the chronological problems and the uncertainty of attribution of the collapse units to known historical earthquakes; (3) to discuss the earthquake damage exaggeration due to erroneous attribution of seismic origin to the evidence of destruction derived from archaeological data. Finally, we will infer the role that earthquakes may have had on the development of the urban landscape in the fifth to ninth century A.D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work presented in this article is part of a wide-ranging and ambitious project, started few years ago, to study the role of astronomy in Roman urban layout. In particular, the main aim is to check whether Roman cities present astronomical patterns in their orientations. The project emerged from ideas on how to properly orientate the main streets of a Roman town, as attested in a number of ancient texts and later discussions led by contemporary scholars. We present here the final conclusions of a particular study developed in the Iberian Peninsula (Roman Hispania), where the urbanism that we tend to characterize as properly Roman flourished during both the Republic and the Empire. The sample analysed includes 81 measurements of Roman urban entities spread throughout the Iberian Peninsula and is the largest dataset obtained in a specific region so far. Our results present suggestive orientation patterns that seem to point towards an astronomical intentionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mouseion is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Roman people, destined to acquire wealth by conquest, and by the spoil of provinces; the Carthaginians, intent on the returns of merchandise, and the produce of commercial settlements, must have filled the streets of their several capitals with men of a different disposition and aspect. The Roman laid hold of his sword when he wished to be great, and the state found her armies prepared in the dwellings of her people. The Carthaginian retired to his counter on a similar project; and, when the state was alarmed, or had resolved on a war, lent of his profits to purchase an army abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization across the Roman Empire created a demand for building materials on an unprecedented scale. Quarrying was largely conducted by municipalities, institutions, or landed aristocrats, who owned or inherited the valuable land from which stone was extracted. By using principles of economics as a guide, and with greater coordination between theory and written and archaeological sources, this article examines the decision-making processes involved in opening a quarry. Theories of economic rationality, resource economics, and statistical methods are helpful for understanding the prices for marble recorded in Diocletian's Edict, Roman jurists' writings about exploitation on private land, and newly discovered quarries in the region of Aphrodisias, Turkey. Here it is argued that the exchange of local building stone took place in a competitive market where landowners actively tried to improve their financial situation, but did so at considerable risk. At Aphrodisias, examples of failed attempts exist alongside long-running and successful enterprises. Entrepreneurs there did not extract a homogeneous set of resources, but chose to target marbles with inconsistent physical properties at increasing distances from the city in response to greater demand and rising prices. Roman jurists, primarily interested in protecting property value, made landowners calculate whether potential profits earned from sales outweighed the degradation of land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Antonine Plague of 165 A.D. through 180 A.D. in Roman Egypt, referencing climatological evidence and Roman historiography. An overview of the role that climate changes played in civil unrest and demographic changes in Egypt is provided.

The article talks about the village of Nessana in the Negev region of southern Israel in sixth century discussing the activities of soldiers there under the Roman Empire. Topics discussed include the survival of the papyri manuscripts of the region, the mention of Theodosians in the region in manuscripts, and the evidences of camels being used by the soldiers in the village.

The article discusses the response of the pagan elite of Rome to the laws that restricted the traditional practices of Christians. Topics covered include the details of inscription regarding Rome's ancient priesthood called Salians and the efforts of Roman emperors to restore the ancient buildings and continue practicing ancestral rites. Also mentioned are the laws featured in the 16th book of the Theodosian Code that was released in Rome.

The articles discusses art historians and roman architecture. Topics discussed include Roman empire, Roman monuments and Roman sculpture. Other topics such as Temple of Fortuna Equestris, Temples of Jupiter Stator and Juno Regina are also discussed. Further, art history, The Round Temple on the Tiber and construction of Roman temples are also discussed. Other temples such as Temple B in the Area Sacra di Largo Argentina are mentioned. Republican Rome and materials used in Roman architecture are also discussed.

In the beginning, Rome was ruled by kings. Their expulsion heralded the foundation of the Republic, a political system strong enough to withstand both internal and external threats to the state. Among these internal threats was the possibility of an elite man trying to set himself up as a king. Modern scholarship agrees that there were three such attempts to recreate a monarchy in the early Republic: Spurius Cassius in 485, Spurius Maelius in 439 and Marcus Manlius Capitolinus in 385/4. The affectatores regni purposefully courted the plebs in order to gain supreme power. But Roman virtue was too strong; all three men were caught, tried (either publicly or privately) and executed. Their possessions were seized and consecrated to the gods; their families shunned their memory. These attempts to establish tyranny revealed both the fragility and the power of the Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Elderly inhabitants' memories can be a valuable source of information about the intangible aspects of cultural heritage of interest to tourists. Using the theory of social representations, this research project focuses on the urban area of the former 17th Municipality of Rome (located on the right riverbank of the Tiber River and including the neighborhoods of Prati and Borgo close to the Vatican City). All three older people's centers of the municipality have participated on a voluntary basis. The total of 64 persons provided demographic information, took tests assessing cognitive skills and memory, attended focus groups and participated in in-depth interviews in order to produce a documentary for tourists. As a result, the four most significant social representations of the cultural heritage of the former 17th Municipality of Rome have been identified and described in relation to the predominant emotions evoked. The final product consists of a documentary that includes selected interviews with the elderly inhabitants, insights from an archeologist and art historian, as well as local administration and authorities, in order to enrich tourist experience. Practical implications of the research project are discussed in relation to urban tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers information on the paradox regarding the use of eunuchs in the society of the Roman Empire. Topics discussed include the legal status of eunuchs in within Roman society, the prohibition of castration of male human beings by Roman legislators, and the domestic use of eunuchs in Roman society before their employment in imperial service.

An abstract to a conference paper by Carla Keyvanian is presented which discusses a confraternity in 14th- and 15th-century Rome, hospital buildings run by them and their influence over Rome's social life in that period.

Copyright of Late Antique Archaeology is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this essay is to give an account of John Chrysostom's views on the public appear-ance of female Roman aristocrats in the marketplace, and to ask what it tells us about the func-tioning of pastoral power. The focus is on John Chrysostom's 28th homily On Hebrews. The study argues that Chrysostom's rhetoric is aimed at pastoralizing the domestic somatoscape and manipulating the patria potestas. The pastoralization of the household ramified various patriar-chal operations in Christian households, and a potent programme of asceticization of the agoric space accompanies it. The asceticization of the agoric took place by means of a tripart campaign of metaphorization: firstly, metaphorical dedoulologization, accompanied by decosmeticization, and also psychic virginization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Rome's metal-based economy in Britain between 350 and 600 and offers a list of iron production sites in Britain from 400 to 800. The role that Rome's late 4th century depression played in the deskilling of Britain's population is discussed. The relationship between the Roman's abandonment of smelting sites in Britain and the scavenging and recycling of scrap metals is also discussed. The article relies heavily archeological evidence, including excavations, of metalwork sites in Britain.

The article discusses the possibility that climate change affected the rise and fall of the Roman Empire, using both historical and scientific evidence. It is said that the earth's climate was stable during the rise of the Empire, with the Nile River flooding in an optimal manner for Egypt's agriculture. Also noted are the possible effects of cooling around 260, warmer weather and a severe drought during the fourth century, and cooling following a possible volcanic eruption around 536. The authors note a probable link between temperature and precipitation patterns.

For centuries, many European cities and towns managed to accommodate growth and change while sustaining the historic character that, in modern times, has brought them recognition as cultural resources of high artistic value. All living organisms, too, must negotiate the competing claims of constancy and change through processes of adaptation that have long been the subject of scientific investigation. Recent developments in urban theory advocate the conscious application of similarly adaptive strategies for maintaining balance between necessary change and the conservation of historic character in the built environment. Rome, with its millennia of construction, alteration, demolition, and rebuilding, offers the clearest example of how different kinds of change-both adaptive and catastrophic-impact the city over time. After a half-century or more of architecture and urbanism that departed from traditional practice and privileged contrast with preexisting conditions over formal continuity, historic centers have come under a new threat. The idea of adaptation offers an alternative that redefines urban conservation practices in the interest of sustaining historic character over the long term, while permitting necessary growth and change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's insights on the absence of cosmogonies in the culture of Romans. The author states that most of the sources during the ancient period of Rome were scarcely on theogenies, cosmogonies, or anthropogonies, since Romans have forgotten these stories. The author mentions that the Romans think that stories on cosmogonies is not important. Moreover, the author adds that Romans did have stories on the beginnings of gods and humans, wherein their imagination was disposed on the circumstances of men and gods in the axis of diachrony.

This article claims that the territorial structure of government results from a tension between scale and community. The benefits of scale arise from the nature of public goods, and include economic exchange, political power and protection against external shocks. Communities are double-edged in that they are characterized by parochial altruism. Altruism and social solidarity facilitate government within communities, but parochial attachments constrain government among communities. Scale and community, as theorized here, provide a setting for strategic choice. Both are in flux as patterns of human interaction change, and government itself shapes those patterns. Evidence is drawn from the five largest polities in the history of western Europe: the Roman Empire, the Frankish Empire, Napoleonic France, the Third Reich and the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1942 Richard Krautheimer (1897-1994) published two seminal articles, "Introduction to an 'Iconography of Mediaeval Architecture" and "The Carolingian Revival of Early Christian Architecture." This essay seeks to consider, within a broad historiographic context, the impact of these two articles, their ready assimilation in the field of medieval architectural studies, their later codification in Krautheimer's Rome: Profile of a City, 312-1308 (1980), and the manner in which they have shaped the field. A critical examination of these two articles together suggests that significant tensions operate between the conceptual formulation of the method and the realities of its application. Moreover, situating Krautheimer's work within its intellectual context reveals the influence of Warburg's approach, his symbiotic exchange with Panofsky, and, most significantly, clear traces of the imprint of his mentor, Paul Frankl. Krautheimer's theses, it is proposed, structure the development of the Western architectural tradition, situating the Carolingian revival as a conduit from classical architecture to the Renaissance and beyond. His project to order the development of architecture led to a compromising of the method for the structural concerns of the greater narrative. The later history of the ideas offered in 1942 locked the monuments of twelfth-century Rome into a singular reading-a result completely at odds with the attractive fluidity of his method. It also has limited our scope of inquiry to a specific set of monuments, and thus it is with a return to the fluidity of his method that we can expand the parameters of the study of medieval Rome beyond those monuments of papal purview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a possible use of evidence from burial sites to consider the question of gender identity, gender differences, and cultural identity related to gender in ancient Rome in the provinces. Specifically the author uses as example evidence from Roman Britain but the author contends that additional research on the issue is needed. Previous scholarship is surveyed with emphasis on outstanding questions related to gender roles. Changes in gender roles associated with marked cultural changes in the Roman provinces such as Romanization and changes in religious practice over time are highlighted.

A wide, unpaved, north-south Roman road was established in the Panayia Field at Ancient Corinth in the last years of the 1st century B.C. Over the next six centuries, numerous civic and private construction activities altered its spatial organization, function as a transportation artery, and use for water and waste management. Changes included the installation and maintenance of sidewalks, curbs, drains, terracotta pipelines, and porches at doorways. The terracotta pipelines are presented here typologically in chronological sequence. The road elucidates early-colony land division at Corinth, urbanization into the 4th century A.D., and subsequent deurbanization in the 6th century, when maintenance of the road ended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Column of the Virgin erected by Pope Paul V (r. 1605-1621) in the Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, Italy in 1614. The project is seen as part of a continuation of the urban development projects of Paul's predecessor, Sixtus V, intended to Christianize the remaining pagan monuments of Rome. The relocation of the column from the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine under the direction of architect Carlo Maderno is discussed, as is the statue of the Virgin Mary placed on top of it, and other design details. The column's significance in the history of public architecture and Marian iconography is also discussed.