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Acetylation is one of the key post-translational protein modifications catalysed by the protein lysine acetyltransferases (KATs). KATs catalyse the transfer of acetyl groups to the epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues in histones and non-histone proteins. Because of its wide range of target proteins, KATs regulate many biological processes, and their aberrant activities may underlie several human diseases, including cancer, asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and neurological disorders. Unlike most of the histone modifying enzymes, such as lysine methyltransferases, KATs do not possess any conserved domain like SET domain of lysine methyltransferases. However, almost all the major families of KATs are found to be transcriptional coactivators or adaptor proteins, with defined catalytic domains, called canonical KATs. Over the past two decades, a few proteins have been discovered to possess intrinsic KAT activity but are not classical coactivators. We would like to categorize them as non-canonical KATs (NC-KATs). These NC-KATs include general transcription factors TAFII250, mammalian TFIIIC complex, and mitochondrial protein GCN5L1, etc. This review focuses on our understanding, as well as controversies regarding non-canonical KATs, where we compare the structural and functional similarities and dissimilarities of non-canonical KATs with the canonical KATs. This review also highlights the potential role of NC-KATs in health and diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous captioning methods only rely on semantic-level information considering the similarity of features between image regions in visual space and ignoring the linguistic context incorporated in the decoder for caption generation. In this paper, a transformer-based co-attention network is proposed which uses linguistic information to capture the pairwise visual relationships among objects and significant visual features. We infer the entity words from the visual content of objects, during the caption generation process. Also, we infer the interactive words by focusing on the relationship between entity words, based on the relational context between words generated in the course of caption decoding. We use linguistic contextual information as a guiding force to discover the relationships between objects efficiently. Further, we capture both intra-modal and inter-modal interactions using the multilevel co-attention network. Our model attains 44.1/33.6 BLEU@4, 30.8/25.1 METEOR, 61.9/55.1 ROUGE, 132.1/69.8 CIDEr, and 24.1/17.8 SPICE scores on MSCOCO and Flickr30k datasets, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dexamethasone-mediated pharmacological activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is widely used in the treatment regimen of hematological malignancies and solid cancers. However, DEX sensitivity towards patients primarily depends on the endogenous protein levels of GR. We observed that DEX treatment leads to an increase in GR protein levels despite inhibition of neo-protein synthesis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Mechanistically, DEX-stimulation concomitantly increased the JNK phosphorylation and GR protein levels, however the JNK stimulation preceds GR upregulation. Moreover, we also observed that DEX-mediated phosphorylation is partially mediated by upregulation in MEKK1 phosphorylation. Further, GR protein levels were significantly decreased in JNK inhibitor (JNKi, SP600125) treated cells whereas MG132 treatment restored GR levels indicating that DEX induced JNK activity regulated the GR protein levels through proteasomal-degradation pathway. Next, we showed that DEX led to JNK activation which physically interacts with GR and protects it from ubiquitination-mediated degradation. Furthermore, at basal level GR interacts with JNK in cytoplasm whereas upon DEX stimulation GR and pJNK both localized to nucleus and interact with each other. Next, we show that JNK-mediated GR stabilization affects its nuclear transcriptional functional activity in NSCLC cells. In line with these in vitro data, patient dataset analysis also shows that increased levels of both JNK and GR contributes towards better prognosis of NSCLC patients. Taken together, our data shows that DEX treatment may lead to positive feedback regulation of GR by activating JNK and thus highlights importance of GR-JNK crosstalk in NSCLC. • Dexamethasone stabilizes the levels of GR in NSCLC cells. • Dexamethasone concomitantly increases GR levels and phosphorylation of JNK. • Inhibition of JNK-phosphorylation mitigates GR levels. • Phosphorylated -JNK interacts with GR upon dexamethasone stimulation. • Phosphorylated JNK limits the ubiquitination of GR upon dexamethasone stimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The philosophy of minimum interventional dentistry (MID) is to integrate prevention, remineralization, and minimal intervention for the placement and replacement of restorations. All branches of dentistry play an important role in practicing MID, and their primary goal is to realize that any restoration is of less biological significance than the healthy original tissue Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the perception of MID among dental undergraduate students and interns in terms of knowledge, attitude, and practice at the College of Dentistry. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate students and interns at the College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed, which included basic demographic profiles and questions about the knowledge, attitude, and practices toward MID. The data were tabulated in MS Excel, and all statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 21. Results: A total of 163 dental students were recruited, with senior students comprising 73% and interns comprising 27%. Male students were slightly more prevalent (50.9%) than female students (49.1%). About 37.6% of participants received training about MID during educational courses, while 10.3% received it during their internship. A statistical test revealed that the prevalence of interns who were trained in performing MID was significantly higher (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The majority of the participants demonstrated proper knowledge, attitude, and practice in different aspects of MID. Interns reported a higher rate of knowledge, attitude, and practice in MID compared to undergraduate students. However, more education and hands-on training about MID concepts during the college curriculum are necessary to attain better knowledge, attitude, and practices that could be useful for more conservative clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature suggests that a first barrier towards accessing benefits of health insurance in low- and middle-income countries is lack of awareness of one's benefits. Yet, across settings and emerging schemes, limited scientific evidence is available on levels of awareness and their determinants. To fill this gap, we assessed socio-demographic and economic determinants of beneficiaries' awareness of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY), the national health insurance scheme launched in India in 2018, and their awareness of own eligibility. We relied on cross-sectional household (HH) survey data collected in six Indian states between 2019 and 2020. Representative data of HHs eligible for PM-JAY from 11 618 respondents (an adult representative from each surveyed HH) were used. We used descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression models to explore the association between awareness of PM-JAY and of one's own eligibility and socio-economic and demographic characteristics. About 62% of respondents were aware of PM-JAY, and among the aware, 78% knew that they were eligible for the scheme. Regression analysis confirmed that older respondents with a higher educational level and salaried jobs were more likely to know about PM-JAY. Awareness was lower among respondents from Meghalaya and Tamil Nadu. Respondents from Other Backward Classes, of wealthier socio-economic status or from Meghalaya or Gujarat were more likely to be aware of their eligibility status. Respondents from Chhattisgarh were less likely to know about their eligibility. Our study confirms that while more than half of the eligible population was aware of PM-JAY, considerable efforts are needed to achieve universal awareness. Socio-economic gradients confirm that the more marginalized are still less aware. We recommend implementing tailored, state-specific information dissemination approaches focusing on knowledge of specific scheme features to empower beneficiaries to demand their entitled services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our everyday life is entangled with products and services of so-called Big Tech companies, such as Amazon, Google, and Facebook. International relations (IR) scholars increasingly seek to reflect on the relationships between Big Tech, capitalism, and institutionalized politics, and they engage with the practices of algorithmic governance and platformization that shape and are shaped by Big Tech. This collective discussion advances these emerging debates by approaching Big Tech transversally, meaning that we problematize Big Tech as an object of study and raise a range of fundamental questions about its politics. The contributions demonstrate how a transversal perspective that cuts across sociomaterial, institutional, and disciplinary boundaries and framings opens up the study of the politics of Big Tech. The discussion brings to the fore perspectives on the ontologies of Big Tech, the politics of the aesthetics and credibility of Big Tech and rethinks the concepts of legitimacy and responsibility. The article thereby provides several inroads for how IR and international political sociology can leverage their analytical engagement with Big Tech and nurture imaginaries of alternative and subversive technopolitical futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) caused global pandemic and drastically affected the humankind. Mitochondrial mutations have been found to be associated with several respiratory diseases. Missense mutation and pathogenic mitochondrial variants might unveil the potential involvement of the mitochondrial genome in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pathogenesis. The present study aims to elucidate the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, mitochondrial haplogroup, and energy metabolism in disease severity. The study was performed on 58 subjects comprising COVID‐19‐positive (n = 42) and negative (n = 16) individuals. COVID‐19‐positive subjects were further categorized into severe deceased (SD), severe recovered (SR), moderate (Mo), and mild (Mi) patients, while COVID‐19‐negative subjects were healthy control (HC) for the study. High throughput next‐generation sequencing was done to investigate mtDNA mutations and haplogroups. The computational approach was applied to study the effect of mtDNA mutations on protein secondary structure. Real time polymerase chain reaction was used for mtDNA copy number determination and mitochondrial function parameters were also analyzed. We found 15 mtDNA mutations in MT‐ND5, MT‐ND4, MT‐ND2, and MT‐COI genes uniquely associated with COVID‐19 severity affecting the secondary structure of proteins in COVID‐19‐positive subjects. Haplogroup analysis suggests that mtDNA haplogroups M3d1a and W3a1b might be potentially associated with COVID‐19 pathophysiology. The mitochondrial function parameters were significantly altered in severe patients (SD and SR; p < 0.05). No significant relationship was found between mtDNA mutations and oxidative stress markers (p > 0.05). The study highlights the importance of mitochondrial reprogramming in COVID‐19 patients and may provide a feasible approach toward finding a path for therapeutic interventions to COVID‐19 disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This forum takes up the question of how to do work in Historical International Relations (IR). Especially in the past decade, scholars have debated what modes of analysis are best suited to this sort of work and how Historical IR relates to the disciplines of History and International Relations. The contributors to this forum intervene in these debates and converge on three issues facing Historical IR—questions of methods, ontology, and disciplinary boundaries. We outline the convergences and differences among the contributors on those points in this introduction, and we conclude by offering a definition of Historical IR in an effort to clarify its position within the discipline of IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed at exploring biology learning loss among high school students of Raipur district of Chhattisgarh during COVID 19 induced school closures, through biology teachers practices, issues raised, action taken and their endeavours to support learning in students. Data was collected from 30 biology teachers (25 female, 5 male) selected through non probability targeted sampling technique from 20 private and 10 Government schools. Data was analysed using inductive coding process. Findings revealed learning loss due to differences in instructional delivery pertaining to inequalities among the schools and students socio economic status. Lack of motivation in students, limited methods to teach practical aspects and parental attitude accounted for biology learning loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various endodontic interventions often lead to iatrogenic damage to the inferior alveolar nerve present in the inferior alveolar canal (IAC). The purpose of the present study was to analyze the relationships of IAC with the root apices of mandibular teeth and with the mandibular cortical plates. Materials: 116 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were examined and the shortest distance of IAC with the root apices of mandibular canines, premolars and molars, and with cortical plates was analyzed. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS. Results: The shortest mean distance between IAC and lingual cortical plate (LCP) was found in the third molar area, and between IAC and buccal cortical plate (BCP) in the second premolar area. A high incidence of 60% direct communication (DC) was present in mandibular second molars; 38% in mandibular third molars; 13% in mandibular second premolars; 12% in mandibular first molars; and 1% in mandibular first premolars. Conclusion: Anteriorly, IAC was found to be significantly present in close approximation to the roots of mandibular canines. Posteriorly, IAC was found to be in significant proximity to the distal roots of mandibular second molars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This research was done to assess the periodontal ligament cells viability using propolis, coconut water, aloe vera, and soy milk storage media. Materials and Methods: Periodontal ligament cells were taken from freshly extracted teeth and stored into four groups of storage media: Group A-propolis, Group B-coconut water, Group C-aloe vera, and Group D-soy milk. Later, the cell viability was assessed at 1, 12, and 24 hours. Results: The periodontal ligament cell viability was significantly greater in propolis, followed by coconut water, aloe vera, and soy milk. Conclusion: We found that propolis, coconut water, aloe vera, and soy milk can be used as an effective storage media. These are naturally occurring and easily available storage medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of open apex on working length (WL) determination with aid of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and electronic apex locators (EALs). Methods. Thirty-two extracted human mandibular premolars were selected, and apical 5 mm was removed. Root canals were prepared from the apical to the coronal direction of the canal using peeso reamers up to size 5 (retrograde) to simulate open apex. The samples were analyzed by CBCT, and WL was established (CWL) by a radiologist. An endodontist prepared the access cavities, and visual working length (VWL) was recorded. The samples were embedded in a freshly mixed alginate mould up to cementoenamel junction. Each root canal length was measured with two different EALs—Root ZX mini and i Root. The measurements were repeated 3 times by using a digital caliper, and the mean was recorded by the endodontist who was blinded to the results of the CWL. The recorded data was statistically analyzed using the SPSS software. Results. The results of this study showed statistically significant difference between VWL and i Root, CWL and i Root, and Root ZX mini and i Root (p < 0.05). Amongst EALs, a superior accuracy was noted for Root ZX mini than as compared to i Root. However, no statistically significant difference was seen between Root ZX mini and CWL (p > 0.05). Conclusion. The present study showed that CWL is as accurate and reliable as VWL which is the gold standard. Amongst EALs, Root ZX mini performed more accurately than i Root. Preexisting CBCT scans should be used as an advantage in determining WL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of additional canals and the occurrence of oval canals in apical third area of mandibular permanent incisors of Saudi sub-population. Methods: This study was conducted from November 2020 to May 2021 at College of Dentistry, Qassim University. For the investigation purpose of this study, 314 scans were analyzed within the age limits of 13 to 70 years. The root canal morphology, presence of oval canals, number of roots, and prevalence of various canal configurations based on age, gender and bilateral symmetry were recorded. The obtained data was statistically analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The mandibular central incisors (CI) exhibited, significant difference between Type-I, II, III and IV canal configurations and Type-I, II, III and V canal configurations (p < 0.05). For the mandibular lateral incisor (LI), significant difference was found between Type-I, II, III, IV and VII canal configurations (p < 0.05). The cumulative prevalence of oval canals in mandibular incisors was found to be 46.6%. For both mandibular CI and LI, the prevalence of Type-I canals was significantly higher in males as compared to females (p < 0.05). Conversely, significantly higher prevalence of Type-III canals was noted for females as compared to males (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the prevalence of different canal configurations on the left and the right side of the mouth. Conclusion: In this study, multiple canals were prominently recognized with Type-III mandibular incisors dominating this feature. Oval canals were predominantly found in single canal especially Type-III. This research suggests variability in canal morphology among different populations. Knowledge of these aberrant canal anatomies is useful for the clinician to achieve a favorable endodontic outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: Intentional replantation (IR) is a reliable and predictable treatment option for cases with failed non-surgical root canal treatment. The success of IR is found to be 52-95%. The current case is of 35years old female who presented with severe pain and swelling in lower right first mandibular molar with previously initiated non-surgical root canal treatment that resulted in instrument separation in mesio-buccal canal. Periapical radiograph showed rarefactions at furcation area, mesial and distal root apices. It was decided to complete the non-surgical root canal treatment followed by intentional replantation and retrograde filling with MTA. The tooth was found to be asymptomatic after two years follow up and periapical radiographs depicted complete healing. Intentional replantation with careful case selection is a successful, easy and reliable treatment option for hopeless cases. Atraumatic extraction, minimum extra-alveolar time and aseptic techniques during the procedure are the key factors for success of the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research note unveils new archival evidence from Amnesty International's first twenty-five years (1961–1986) to shed light on the realization of international human rights as Amnesty balanced "nonpolitical politics" through multifaceted government relations. The research draws from minutes and reports of eighty meetings of Amnesty's executive leadership and interviews from the 1983 to 1985 Amnesty Oral History project, all collected from the International Institute of Social History. The records show that during this time Amnesty relied on government and foundation funding to exit a severe financial crisis. Amnesty also cultivated a private diplomatic network with governments for access and advocacy and conducted side bargains with closed countries for access and reforms. In one sense, the new evidence complicates the conventional wisdom that Amnesty was only financed from small, individual donors and stayed away from private government dealings. In another sense, the new data extend existing insights about INGO strategic action by revealing Amnesty's pragmatic trade-offs when maintaining arms–length relations with governments to better appreciate the organization's early challenges and accomplishments. The note ultimately contributes to scholarship on the strategic choices of INGOs and provides new data for future research on the agency of nonstate actors in global governance navigating complex government relations. Esta nota de investigación presenta nueva evidencia documental de los primeros 25 años de Amnistía Internacional (Amnesty International), de 1961 a 1986, para arrojar luz sobre el cumplimiento de las normas internacionales de derechos humanos mientras Amnistía balanceaba la "política no política" mediante relaciones gubernamentales polifacéticas. La investigación incorpora actas e informes de 80 reuniones del liderazgo ejecutivo de Amnistía y entrevistas de 1983 a 1985 del proyecto Historia Oral de Amnistía (Amnesty Oral History), recopiladas del Instituto Internacional de Historia Social. Los documentos muestran que, en ese momento, Amnistía necesitó financiación gubernamental y de fundaciones para salir de una crisis financiera grave. Amnistía también cultivó una red diplomática privada con gobiernos a cambio de acceso y defensa, y tuvo negocios paralelos con países cerrados a cambio de acceso y reformas. En un sentido, la nueva evidencia complica la sabiduría convencional de que Amnistía solo tuvo financiamiento de donantes pequeños e individuos y se mantuvo lejos de los negocios privados con gobiernos. En contraste, los nuevos datos amplían las percepciones existentes sobre la acción estratégica de organizaciones no gubernamentales internacionales (ONGI), revelando las concesiones pragmáticas de Amnistía al mantener relaciones independientes con gobiernos, y permiten apreciar mejor los desafíos y logros iniciales de la organización. La nota, fundamentalmente, contribuye a la investigación sobre las decisiones estratégicas de las ONGI y brinda nuevos datos para futuras investigaciones sobre la autonomía de los actores no estatales que navegan relaciones gubernamentales complejas en la gobernanza global. Cet exposé de recherche dévoile de nouvelles preuves issues des 25 premières années d'archives d'Amnesty International (1961–1986) pour apporter un éclairage sur l'application des droits de l'Homme tandis qu'Amnesty équilibrait la « politique apolitique » par le biais de relations gouvernementales à plusieurs facettes. Cette recherche s'appuie sur des minutes et rapports de 80 réunions de la haute direction d'Amnesty, ainsi que sur des entretiens qui ont eu lieu entre 1983 et 1985 dans le cadre du projet Oral History (Histoire orale) d'Amnesty. Ces données ont toutes été recueillies auprès de l'Institut International d'Histoire Sociale. Les archives montrent que durant cette période, Amnesty a dû compter sur le financement de gouvernements et de fondations pour sortir d'une grave crise financière. Amnesty a également cultivé un réseau diplomatique privé avec des gouvernements pour faciliter son accès et son plaidoyer dans le pays concerné tout en menant des négociations parallèles avec les pays fermés pour y favoriser son accès et les réformes. En un sens, les nouvelles preuves compliquent les idées reçues selon lesquelles Amnesty ne serait financée que par de petits donateurs individuels et resterait à l'écart des affaires gouvernementales privées. Mais en un autre sens, ces nouvelles données enrichissent les renseignements existants sur l'action stratégique des organisations non gouvernementales internationales en révélant qu'Amnesty s'était livrée à des compromis pragmatiques en entretenant des relations avec les gouvernements tout en restant à distance. Ces renseignements nous permettent donc de mieux apprécier les premiers défis et accomplissements de l'organisation. En définitive, cet exposé contribue aux études sur les choix stratégiques des organisations non gouvernementales internationales et fournit de nouvelles données pour les recherches futures sur l'intervention des acteurs non étatiques dans la gouvernance mondiale tandis qu'ils naviguent dans des relations gouvernementales complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: myoepithelial; acral carcinoma; myoepithelioma EN myoepithelial acral carcinoma myoepithelioma 111 115 5 01/12/22 20220201 NES 220201 INTRODUCTION Cutaneous myoepithelial neoplasms whether benign or malignant are quite uncommon. Other areas showed tumor cells in a nested growth pattern embedded in a fibromyxoid stroma. Sox10-a marker for not only schwannian and melanocytic neoplasms but also myoepithelial cell tumors of soft tissue: a systematic analysis of 5134 tumors. The study found 45% of deep-seated soft tissue and bone tumors showed the presence of an I EWSR1 i gene rearrangement by FISH SP .12 sp The same study revealed an I EWSR1-POU5F1 i fusion in myoepithelial tumors with clear cell morphology. [Extracted from the article]

This study used a series of individual-level datasets from National Family Health Surveys conducted in 1998–99, 2005–06 and 2015–16 to assess the factors behind the reduction in childhood stunting and underweight in India between the years 1998–99 and 2015–16. A multivariable decomposition regression analysis was performed. Results showed that the prevalence of childhood stunting declined from 49.4% in 1998–99 to 34.9% in 2015–16. Over the same period, the prevalence of childhood underweight declined from 41.9% in 1998–99 to 33.1% in 2015–16. The reduction in the prevalence of stunting was found to be contributed largely by a reduction in the combined prevalence of stunting and underweight (60%), followed by stunted only (21%) and the combined prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting (19%). Likewise, the reduction in the prevalence of underweight was contributed by a reduction in the combined prevalence of stunting and underweight and the combined prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting. Results of the decomposition analysis showed that over the period 1998–99 to 2015–16, improvement in wealth status and maternal education led to 13% and 12% declines, respectively, in childhood stunting and to 31% and 19% declines, respectively, in childhood underweight. Furthermore, reductions in childhood stunting and underweight were due to an increased average number of antenatal care visits, lower average birth order, decreased share of children with below-average birth size, increased use of clean fuel for cooking and a reduction in the practice of open defecation. These findings suggest that further reduction in the prevalence of childhood stunting and underweight could be attained through more equitable household economic growth, investment in girl's education, greater access to improved toilet facilities, more widespread use of clean fuel for cooking, reduction in average birth order, increased antenatal care visits and greater consumption of IFA tablets by pregnant women. Policymakers need to prioritize these measures to further reduce malnutrition among Indian children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the employment opportunities trend in the library and information science profession based on job advertisements published in Employment News. Data for the analysis pertained to the years 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2019. The study reflects the impact of ICT on various aspects of vacancies advertised in libraries such as designation, required qualifications, experience, skills and competencies. It is found that there have been significant changes over the years in the required ICT related qualifications and skills. In most of the job vacancies, the recruiters are looking for candidates who have sound knowledge of information technology. It is also found that with the ICT implementation, more vacancies are published in Employment News in the field of library and information science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent public discourse and political theory center on "structural" approaches of assigning responsibility for injustice in contrast to an "interactional" perspective. The interactional approach corrects discrete harms between agents to return to a just baseline, whereas the structural approach casts a wider net implicating agents in harmful structures for systemic transformation. This theory note advances the understanding of structural responsibility in international relations by defending it against common critiques of underspecification and lack of targeted accountability. We argue that structural arguments are better understood as constituting a framework on the nature of injustice rather than a theory or descriptor of particular harms. We present a "framework, theory, action" heuristic, drawing from constructivism's evolution from a theory (like realism and liberalism) when it first appeared to a framework (like rationalism) more recently. Our framework heuristic makes available a fuller range of conceptual tools to hold unjust structures responsible, including through targeted blame and liability, and discards the need to invent new actions to discharge structural responsibility. Rather than settle on one definition of structural responsibility—what it means, where it is located, and how it is discharged—we direct scholars to the numerous ways structural responsibility may be theorized and enacted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is pioneering, nondestructive, and reproducible equipment that produces very thin sections and an accurate three dimensional reconstruction of the object with cubic voxels and isotropic resolution. To the best of our understanding, no research has so far tested the removal efficacy of XP-F and XP-FR in obturated oval canals using micro-computed tomography. Aim: This study aimed to assess and relate the efficacy of XP-F and XP-FR as a supplementary step during re-treatment in apical third area of oval canals through micro-CT analysis. Materials and methods: Root canals of forty human extracted maxillary premolars were prepared with ProTaper Universal (PTU) and obturated using F3 ProTaper single cone and AH Plus Sealer. The surface area and volume was analyzed using micro CT imaging. The canals were re-treated with ProTaper Universal retreatment files (PTUR). Post re-treatment surface area and volume were evaluated with micro CT imaging. Supplementary re-treatment was done with XP-endo Finisher (XPF) and XP-endo Finisher R (XP-FR). The roots were scanned again in the micro CT device and the remaining volumes of the filling material were quantified. Data was analyzed by means of Mann-Whitney test with a significance threshold of 5%. Results: The remaining filling material after re-treatment with PTR files in both the groups was not statistically significant for both volume and surface area (p > 0.05). For XP-F group, the elimination of filling material was 83.2% in volume and 89.4% in surface area in apical 5 mm. For XP-FR group, the elimination of filling material was 72.3% in volume and 78.7% in surface area in apical 5 mm. The percentage of filling material removed by XP-F was statistically significant as compared to the XP-FR group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In the apical 5 mm of oval shaped canals XP-F showed better re-treatment efficiency than XP-FR. However, neither of both instruments could eliminate all remaining filling material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to assess and investigate the Impact of the Physical & Mental training on the physical fitness, competitive anxiety level and self-confidence of Female Volleyball Athletes in order to prevent the chances of injury during Volleyball and to educate the proper techniques for the sports injury prevention. A total of 35 participants were included in the study after clearing functional movement screening (FMS). The participants were assessed pre and post the study to find the result and prove the hypothesis. The scales used were SCAT, TSCI, AAHPER. The participants were undergone 11 weeks interval training session. The pre and post results were analyzed on T-Test and Percentage analysis. The findings of present study show that in 35 participants 66% of the participants had shown improvement in the confidence level after the training whereas 71 % had shown improvement in the anxiety level after the training. On analyzing 6 components of motor fitness on the basis of AAHPER Motor fitness test, 77% got benefitted in the Sit Ups training, 91 % got benefitted in flexed arm hang training. 66% had shown improvement in shuttle run training. 54 % participants had shown improvement in standing long jump and 600-yard run training whereas 51 % participants had shown improving in 50-yard dash training. Conclusion: On analyzing the physical fitness through AAHPER scale, the pre post results were highly significant which proves the physical training sessions of 11 weeks were effective in the improvement of the physical fitness of female Volleyball players. The Confidence level were remarkably improved after training sessions as the T test pre post analysis was highly significant. The anxiety level of the participants was shown improvement in the percentage analysis when they were assessed pre and post training sessions through SCAT Scale. On the basis of the findings, it can be concluded that Interval Training session (Physical and Mental) are effective on the overall performance of Female Volleyball Athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banks are vital to a country's economy, helping both citizens and governments. Many fraudulent bank transactions have been discovered in recent years as a result of entrenched interests. This study explores and attempts to categorise the most typical types of insider fraud that occur in banks. This page includes a description, variables related with certain types of fraud, and obstacles in identifying frauds. It is vital to automatically detect such fraudulent occurrences before it is too late and to bring people or groups of persons into agreement. Process mining techniques are beneficial because they help in the discovery of anomalous data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: During general anaesthesia, prevention of reflex sympathetic responses following direct laryngoscopy and intubation remains an important clinical goal during airway management. Aim: To compare efficacy of nebulised lignocaine and intravenous lignocaine to suppress haemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Materials and Methods: This randomised control study was conducted, during January 2018 to June 2019, on 90 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade I and II patients in the age group of 18 to 45 years of either sex, undergoing elective surgeries under general anaesthesia. Patients were randomly allocated into three groups with the sample size of 30 each. Group A was nebulised with Normal Saline (NS) 0.075 mL/kg and 10 mL NS intravenous (iv) given and served as control. Group B was nebulised with 3 mg/kg (0.075 mL/kg) of 4% lignocaine and iv normal saline 10 mL given. Group C was nebulised with 0.075 mL/kg of normal saline and iv 2 mg/kg of 2% lignocaine diluted to 10 mL. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out in the present study. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been used to find the significance of parameters between three groups. Chi-square test was used to find the significance of parameters on categorical scale between three groups. Results: Statistical evaluation between the groups showed that the increase in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) observed at 1 minute after intubation in control group was highly significant (p<0.001) when compared to increase in group B and C. Both groups B and C were comparable in terms of SBP, DBP and MAP post-intubation. Increase in Heart Rate (HR) was statistically significant (p<0.05) between group C and group B during 7 seconds to 15 seconds post-intubation. Conclusion: It can be concluded that nebulised lignocaine can be an effective alternative to intravenous lignocaine in attenuating the cardiovascular responses to laryngoscopy and intubation. It is also a simple and safe technique to be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scene Text Visual Question Answering (VQA) needs to understand both the visual contents and the texts in an image to predict an answer for the image-related question. Existing Scene Text VQA models predict an answer by choosing a word from a fixed vocabulary or the extracted text tokens. In this paper, we have strengthened the representation power of the text tokens by using FastText embedding, appearance, bounding box and PHOC features for text tokens. Our model employs two-way co-attention by using self-attention and guided attention mechanisms to obtain the discriminative image features. We compute the text token position and combine this information with the predicted answer embedding for final answer generation. We have achieved an accuracy of 51.27% and 52.09% on the TextVQA validation set and test set. For the ST-VQA dataset, our model predicted an ANLS score of 0.698 on validation set and 0.686 on test set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using longitudinal data from the first and second waves of the Young Lives Study (YLS) in Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh), Peru and Vietnam, conducted in 2002 and 2006-07, and a repeated measures mixed model, this study examined the effect of the use of solid fuels for cooking on childhood stunting among children aged 5-76 months. The analysis showed that in all four populations, the average height-for-age z-score (HAZ score) was much lower among children living in households using solid fuels than among children in households using cleaner fuels for cooking. The average HAZ score was lower among children living in households that used solid fuels in both waves of the YLS compared with those whose households used solid fuels in only one of the two waves. A significant reduction was noted in the average HAZ score between the two waves in all countries except Ethiopia. The results of the repeated measures mixed model suggest that household use of solid fuels was significantly associated with lower HAZ scores in all populations, except Ethiopia. The findings also indicate that the reduction in the HAZ scores between waves 1 and 2 was not statistically significant by the type of cooking fuel after controlling for potential confounding factors. The study provides further evidence of a strong association between household use of solid fuels and childhood stunting in low- and middle-income countries using longitudinal data. The findings highlight the need to reduce exposure to smoke from the combustion of solid fuels, by shifting households to cleaner cooking fuels, where feasible, by providing cooking stoves with improved combustion of solid fuels and improved venting, and by designing and implementing public information campaigns to inform people about the health risks of exposure to cooking smoke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Surgical stress is the systemic response to surgical injury. Analyzing these surgical stress responses and pharmacologically modulating them can be of immense use to an anesthetist for optimal patient care. Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl premedication on the modulation of neuroendocrine stress response during laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. Methods: After obtaining approval from the institutional ethical committee [Date - 05/11/2020, Ethical Clearence Number - 133/2018], 60 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia were randomized into three study groups of 20 patients each. Group D patients were given intravenous (i.v.) dexmedetomidine 1 μg.kg−1, Group F patients fentanyl 2 μg.kg−1 and Group C patients 10 mL of normal saline. All patients received the same anesthetic drugs and surgical procedure. Patients were assessed for changes in hemodynamic parameters such as heart rate (H) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Blood samples were analyzed for glucose, serum albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum cortisol levels at various time intervals. Results: H and MAP differed among the groups after intubation, 5 min after pneumoperitoneum (POT), and 10 min after POT. The increase in these parameters from their baseline values was less in the dexmedetomidine group when compared to other groups. Among the biological markers, the increase in serum cortisol levels and decrease in albumin levels could be detected 6 h after induction while blood glucose levels rose immediately after the incision. CRP levels started significantly rising only after 24 h of induction. All these changes were much less pronounced in patients receiving dexmedetomidine premedication as compared to other groups. Conclusion: i.v. dexmedetomidine 1 μg.kg−1 is better than injection fentanyl 2 μg.kg−1, in the modulation of neuroendocrine response in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents social construction as a research framework, rather than an explanatory theory in constructivism, to outline different research strategies. Varieties of constructivism thus far conceived in international relations prefer cleavages where scholars are regarded as thin/thick, conventional/critical, or mainstream/radical. In contrast, I introduce a new landscape of social construction to show unique mechanisms for socially constructing international politics. The new landscape varies on two dimensions. The first, source of socialization, asks whether scholars treat social context as fixed in discrete, observable forms or as fluid in indiscrete, shifting arrangements. The second dimension, focus of analysis, asks whether scholars primarily study social structures, social subjects, or some interaction of the two. The dimensions make visible a multitude of research strategies with implications for the stability of social processes and the potential for causal analysis. Moreover, within this landscape, the article focuses on four processes of social construction—aggregating, assembling, internalizing, and performing—as seen inductively through examining prominent constructivist projects. Disaggregating the many processes avoids the misuse of social construction as a catchall mechanism. Finally, the article applies the select processes to the social construction of international norms to better grasp the relative payoffs of constructivist IR scholarship for research and teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The high incidence of septic transfusion reactions (STRs) led to testing being mandated by AABB from 2004. This was implemented by primary culture of single-donor apheresis platelets (APs) from 2004 and prestorage pooled platelets (PSPPs) from 2007.Study Design/methods: Platelet (PLT) aliquots were cultured at issue and transfusion reactions evaluated at our hospital. Bacterial contamination and STR rates (shown as rates per million transfusions in Results) were evaluated before and after introduction of primary culture by blood centers that used a microbial detection system (BacT/ALERT, bioMerieux) or enhanced bacterial detection system (eBDS, Haemonetics).Results: A total of 28,457 PLTs were cultured during pre-primary culture periods (44.7% APs; 55.3% at-issue pooled PLTs [AIPPs]) and 97,595 during post-primary culture periods (79.3% APs; 20.7% PSPPs). Forty-three contaminated units were identified in preculture and 34 in postculture periods (rates, 1511 vs. 348; p < 0.0001). Contamination rates of APs were significantly lower than AIPPs in the preculture (393 vs. 2415; p < 0.0001) but not postculture period compared to PSPPs (387 vs. 198; p = 0.9). STR rates (79 vs. 90; p = 0.98) were unchanged with APs but decreased considerably with pooled PLTs (826 vs. 50; p = 0.0006). Contamination (299 vs. 324; p = 0.84) and STR rates (25 vs. 116; p = 0.22) were similar for PLTs tested by BacT/ALERT and eBDS primary culture methods. A change in donor skin preparation method in 2012 was associated with decreased contamination and STR rates.Conclusion: Primary culture significantly reduced bacterial contamination and STR associated with pooled but not AP PLTs. Measures such as secondary testing near time of use or pathogen reduction are needed to further reduce STRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS COV 2) and its linked coronavirus disease has troubled the entire world community led to a serious public health concerns. Despite the various efforts to stop the spread of this disease globally, the outbreak is still on the rise because of the community spread pattern of this disease. This is believed to have originated in bats pangolins initially later it got transmitted to humans. Once it comes in the human body, this corona virus remains abundantly present in nasopharyngeal and salivary secretions of affected patients. Its spreading nature is mainly through the respiratory droplet spread / aerosol infection. Dental professionals, including Orthodontists ,Oral Surgeons, Periodontists, Endodontists and Prosthodontists are all at high risk, since they may encounter patients with suspected or confirmed SARS COV 2 infection will have to act accordingly not only to provide care but at the same time prevent nosocomial spread of infection. Thus, the aim of this article is to provide a brief detailing of the cause, sign symptoms and different routes of transmission of this infection. In addition specific recommendations for dental practice are suggested for patient screening, infection control strategies and patient management protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence on the impact of the quality of prenatal care on childhood mortality is limited in developing countries, including India. Therefore, using nationally representative data from the latest round of the National Family Health Survey (2015-16), this study examined the impact of the quality of prenatal care on neonatal and infant mortality in India using a multivariable binary logistic regression model. The effect of the essential components of prenatal care services on neonatal and infant mortality were also investigated. The results indicate that improvement in the quality of prenatal care is associated with a decrease in neonatal (OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.91-0.97) and infant (OR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.92-0.96) mortality in India. Tetanus toxoid vaccination, consumption of iron-folic acid tablets during pregnancy and having been weighed during pregnancy were statistically associated with a lower risk of neonatal and infant mortality. Educating women on pregnancy complications was also associated with a lower risk of neonatal mortality. No effect of blood pressure examination, blood test and examination of the abdomen during pregnancy were found on either of the two indicators of childhood mortality. Although the coverage of prenatal care has increased dramatically in India, the quality of prenatal care is still an area of concern. There is therefore a need to ensure high-quality prenatal care in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Awake fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation is an effective technique for the management of patients with difficult airways. Adequate sedation with effective topicalization of the airway is important to overcome discomfort and achieve intubation successfully. Aim and Objectives: Our aim was to compare the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine-midazolam with fentanyl-midazolam infusion for providing conscious sedation during fibreoptic intubation in patients with anticipated difficult airway under topical anaesthesia. Materials and Methods: Thirty adult patients of ASA physical status classification I and II with anticipated difficult airway and planned for elective awake nasal fibreoptic intubation under conscious sedation were randomly allocated into two groups. Dexmedetomidine 1 μg.kg-1 diluted in 50 ml saline was infused in Group DM over 10 min and Fentanyl 2 μg.kg-1 diluted in 50 ml saline was infused in Group FM over 10 min. Topicalization of the airway was done in all patients. All patients were assessed for sedation score, ease of endotracheal tube placement, patient comfort and cooperation, tolerance to endotracheal tube, any adverse events and recall of procedure. Results: The score of the modified OAA/S was comparable between the groups (P > 0.05). Quality of AFOI was comparable in both groups (P > 0.05). The intubation time and first EtCO2 were significantly lower in dexmedetomidine group (P <0.05). Group DM also showed better hemodynamics and less episodes of desaturation than Group FM. Conclusion: Fentanyl-midazolam and dexmedetomidine-midazolam are both effective for awake fiberoptic intubation under topical anesthesia. Dexmedetomidine allows better endurance and more stable hemodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]