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The performing arts are currently in a critical situation worldwide. Various reports warn that the lack of audience. If we focus on dance, and especially folk dances, the situation is worse. In various countries and continents, folk dances are slowly disappearing. In Spain, we find evidence of the downward trend in terms of the number of attendees to performances of Spanish dance -an art form that is highly valued throughout the world. In a generation marked by technological advancements, the only way for classic performing arts to reach young audiences - or digital natives – is to speak the same language they use with new technologies. This paper presents a study in collaboration with the Spanish National Dance Company, carried out with 877 students (aged from 9 to 12) from 12 different schools in the community of Madrid, Spain. We designed a two-phase experiment. In the first phase, we separated the students into 3 groups: students who played a videogame called “Dancing a Treasure,” those who received a workshop from professional dancers, and a control group. In the second phase that took place two weeks later, the participants attended to a real show of Spanish dance, and we studied how the previous educational approaches affected to the students increase of interest after the show. The experiment demonstrated that the videogame was, at least, as effective in increment interest about dance in younger generations as a workshop taught by expert dance professionals. Thus, in terms of scalability, the videogame is a better option because it can be applied with the same results to larger groups with no additional cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feminisation of energy poverty in the city of Madrid is currently impossible to measure through statistics for those women who are not the main breadwinners. However, a crescent body of knowledge about qualitative research applied to the study of energy poverty has disclosed several aspects related to vulnerability to energy poverty and its impacts. The paper shows the results of a qualitative characterisation of 16 women from Madrid based on interviews conducted during the winters of 2019 and 2020, before and after the COVID-19 lockdown. Four different ways in which gender roles shape experiences of energy poverty are revealed. First, the assumption of responsibility for the home well-being is intrinsically linked to women's identity. Second, how patterns and habits of energy consumption are influenced because of gender. In the third place, how emotions are not only a consequence of suffering from energy poverty but can also help to hide it. Lastly, segregation of capabilities by gender roles from the early age contributes to condition knowledge of household energy management. The importance of reformulating gender inequality dynamics by focusing on personal experience and being able to extract conclusions joining quantitative studies shall be included in future studies. • Qualitative research applied to the study of energy poverty has disclosed several aspects related to its impacts. • The assumption of responsibility for the home well-being is intrinsically linked to women's identity • Patterns and habits of energy consumption are influenced because of gender. • Emotions are not only a consequence of suffering from energy poverty but can also help to hide it. • Segregation of capabilities by gender roles since the early ages has an impact on knowledge of household energy management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newsgames has constructed narratives based on real-world issues containing journalistic principles. Since the first experiment of Kabool Kaboom in 2001, game developers have released a number of newsgames based on current events. The main purpose of newsgames is to represent current important issues with a different approach in terms of designs and language. A question has arisen regarding the aim and the effectiveness: Do newsgames can convey the mainstream journalistic approach? Through reviewing Bogost, Bogost, Ferrari, and Schweizer's (2010) concept on newsgames, this paper presents a theoretical concept of analyzing the game contents compared to mainstream journalism. The main objective of this essay is to determine if it is feasible to use these newsgames to tell a narrative while idealizing the fundamentals of journalism and doing so in a meaningful manner, such as by increasing public awareness of a significant event or subj ect. Six different newsgames were analyzed in relation to empathy, representation, and the most important of all objectivity- Kabool Kaboom (produced by Gonzalo Frasca, 2001), Madrid (newsgaming.com, 2004), September 12th (Powerful Robot Games, 2003), The Refugee Challenge (The Guardian, 2014), Against All Odds (United Nations Refugee Agency, UNHCR, 2005) and The Migrant Trail (Software Studio Gigantic Mechanic and filmmaker Macro Williams, 2013). This study adds new findings to the literature review of previous articles adjoining the effectiveness of the newsgames compared to the conventional journalistic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perception of transfers in urban transit trips plays a key role when choosing an appropriate design of a public transport network for a given city, as there are lines structures that involve significantly more connections than others, e.g. hub-and-spoke or feeder-trunk. Besides additional walking and waiting, a transfer involves the interruption of a trip, whose value, called pure transfer penalty (PTP), has not received the same attention from a behavioral viewpoint. In this paper we contribute to find whether there is an equivalency with as general validity as walking and waiting regarding in-vehicle time. We do this by reviewing available evidence – all in relatively large cities - and by estimating the PTP in the very small Spanish city of Vitoria adapting a generic methodology that has been applied only to a metropolitan area (Madrid). Although Vitoria is much smaller in size, with fewer shares of multimodal trips, harder climate and shorter trip distances, results reveal that PTP is perceived as an increase of 18.4 Equivalent-In-Vehicle-Minutes (EIVM) when it does not rain or snow, very close to the values obtained in Madrid (15.2–17.7) and other reported meta-analysis (17.6). This figure drops when bad weather happens, which yields a weighted annual average of 13.9 EIVM. We propose 13–18 as a reasonable equivalence range for planning purposes. • The Pure Transfer Penalty (PTP) – the value of trip disruption – has received comparatively less attention than waiting and walking, although it is a key parameter for transit design. • The literature shows evidence of PTP values that have been obtained in relatively large cities. • The small Spanish city of Vitoria is studied obtaining a weighted average of 14 Equivalent in Vehicle Minutes (EIVM) considering weather conditions. • A range between 13 and 18 EIVM for the PTP is proposed for planning purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the mechanical properties of Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust), Platanus × hybrida Brot. (London plane), Ulmus pumila L. (Siberian elm), and Populus alba L. (white poplar), estimated using ultrasound wave equipment (USLab y Sylvatest Duo) and impact wave equipment (Microsecond Timer) on standing trees, felled logs and on specimens obtained from different parts of the trees. Bending strength, axial compression strength and tension parallel to grain were determined for each specimen, in order to subsequently correlate the strength and stiffness with the acoustic properties determined in the standing tree. For the relationship between the static modulus of elasticity of the specimens and the dynamic modulus of elasticity determined in standing trees using the USLab, coefficients of determination were found to be between 0.30–0.92, between 0.52 and 0.80 using the Sylvatest Duo and between 0.60 and 0.94 with the Microsecond Timer. It would be necessary to determine whether the removal of bark for the correct coupling of the ultrasonic sensors would provide an entry route for pests or diseases that could affect the health of the tree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of betting shops in Spanish cities is causing a heated social debate in response to the undesirable impacts that businesses of this kind can have. As a result, associations and social movements have emerged to try to stem their expansion and, at the same time, regulations have been introduced to prevent the uncontrolled opening of this type of premises. The limitations set out in the legislation include minimum distances between betting shops and schools. In order to understand the spatial dimension of this phenomenon and to find out the extent to which these businesses comply with the regulations in force, in this paper, we study the distribution of betting shops in the city of Madrid and their proximity to each other and to schools. The results reveal certain areas of the city with a high density of betting shops and with schools with high exposure to these businesses. Likewise, results show the significant number of businesses that would have to close (81%; n = 416) if the current moratorium on betting shops that opened their doors before the current legislation came into force did not exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last three decades, the most populated Spanish cities have experienced significant spatial, social, and economic changes. The new urban economies have played an essential role in the acceleration of such transformations, entailing a range of both positive and negative impacts at the spatial, social, economic, and environmental levels. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of how the advancement of the globalization and deindustrialization processes has encouraged social polarization in the cities of Madrid, Barcelona, and Valencia, as well as a significant increase in intra-urban socioeconomic residential segregation. The article concludes by arguing that the increase in levels of social inequality and residential segregation reflects the trend towards polarized urban models, which reproduce in urban space the differences observed in the social structure. • Large Spanish cities have experienced significant changes due to globalization and deindustrialization processes. • The advancement of structural processes has led the emergence of a polarized occupational that tends towards greater wage inequality. • Social inequality has become a structural phenomenon in Spanish global cities • Residential segregation has increased due to the gentrification and touristification of urban centres and the suburbanization of poverty. • This dynamic indicates the emergence of polarized urban spaces, which reproduce in the territory the differences observed in the social structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expanding presence of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in urban and suburban regions could potentially lead to increased instances of human aggression towards this species. We studied 10 deceased red foxes that were submitted by law enforcement agencies in the metropolitan area of Madrid in 2014–2022 because of suspected abuse. Forensic autopsies were performed to establish the cause and manner of death. In 4 of the 10 cases, the cause of death was deemed unnatural, involving blunt-force trauma (n = 2), asphyxia resulting from hanging (n = 1), and firearm injury (n = 1). Among the remaining cases, most had succumbed to natural causes (n = 4), often marked by severe emaciation and a high burden of parasites, primarily Sarcoptes scabiei. In 2 cases, death was undetermined given the poor preservation of the carcass. The growing prevalence of wildlife species in urban areas, particularly red foxes, may require forensic veterinary investigation of deaths potentially related to abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban overheating and its ongoing exacerbation due to global warming and urban development lead to increased exposure to urban heat and increased thermal discomfort and heat stress. To quantify thermal stress, specific indices have been proposed that depend on air temperature, mean radiant temperature (MRT), wind speed, and relative humidity. While temperature and humidity vary on scales of hundreds of meters, MRT and wind speed are strongly affected by individual buildings and trees and vary on the meter scale. Therefore, most numerical thermal comfort studies apply microscale models to limited spatial domains (commonly representing urban neighborhoods with building blocks) with resolutions on the order of 1 m and a few hours of simulation. This prevents the analysis of the impact of city-scale adaptation and/or mitigation strategies on thermal stress and comfort. To solve this problem, we develop a methodology to estimate thermal stress indicators and their subgrid variability in mesoscale models – here applied to the multilayer urban canopy parameterization BEP-BEM within the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The new scheme (consisting of three main steps) can readily assess intra-neighborhood-scale heat stress distributions across whole cities and for timescales of minutes to years. The first key component of the approach is the estimation of MRT in several locations within streets for different street orientations. Second, mean wind speed and its subgrid variability are downscaled as a function of the local urban morphology based on relations derived from a set of microscale LES and RANS simulations across a wide range of realistic and idealized urban morphologies. Lastly, we compute the distributions of two thermal stress indices for each grid square, combining all the subgrid values of MRT, wind speed, air temperature, and absolute humidity. From these distributions, we quantify the high and low tails of the heat stress distribution in each grid square across the city, representing the thermal diversity experienced in street canyons. In this contribution, we present the core methodology as well as simulation results for Madrid (Spain), which illustrate strong differences between heat stress indices and common heat metrics like air or surface temperature both across the city and over the diurnal cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) significantly impact air quality and atmospheric chemistry, influencing ozone formation and secondary organic aerosol production. Despite their importance, the uncertainties associated with representing VOCs in atmospheric emission inventories are considerable. This work presents a spatiotemporal assessment and evaluation of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) emissions and concentrations in Spain by combining bottom-up emissions, air quality modelling techniques, and ground-based observations. The emissions produced by High-Elective Resolution Modelling Emission System (HERMESv3) were used as input to the Multiscale Online Nonhydrostatic AtmospheRe CHemistry (MONARCH) chemical transport model to simulate surface concentrations across Spain. Comparing modelled and observed levels revealed uncertainty in the anthropogenic emissions, which were further explored through sensitivity tests. The largest levels of observed benzene and xylene were found in industrial sites near coke ovens, refineries, and car manufacturing facilities, where the modelling results show large underestimations. Official emissions reported for these facilities were replaced by alternative estimates, resulting in varied improvements in the model's performance across different stations. However, uncertainties associated with industrial emission processes persist, emphasising the need for further refinement. For toluene, consistent overestimations in background stations were mainly related to uncertainties in the spatial disaggregation of emissions from industrial-use solvent activities, mainly wood paint applications. Observed benzene levels in Barcelona's urban traffic areas were 5 times larger than the ones observed in Madrid. MONARCH failed to reproduce the observed gradient between the two cities due to uncertainties arising from estimating emissions from motorcycles and mopeds, as well as from different measurement methods and the model's capacity to accurately simulate meteorological conditions. Our results are constrained by the spatial and temporal coverage of available BTX observations, posing a key challenge in evaluating the spatial distribution of modelled levels and associated emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the educational stage, academic achievement depends on various social, family, and personal factors. Among the latter, executive skills in everyday life play a significant role in dealing with the academic demands of adolescents. Therefore, the aim of this study is to ascertain the effects of executive symptomatology in everyday functioning on academic achievement in adolescents. Method: The study involved 910 students aged between 13 and 15 years (M = 14.09, SD = 0.68) from both public and private schools in the Community of Madrid. The DEX, BDEFS-CA, and BRIEF-SR questionnaires were utilised to assess executive difficulties, while grades in language, mathematics, and natural sciences were used as a measure of academic achievement. Results: The data revealed statistically significant differences in working memory, emotional control, materials organisation, and task completion. In relation to language and natural sciences subjects. In the case of mathematics, emotional control and task completion were significant variables. Conclusion: Our results indicate that certain executive skills that are manifested in everyday life activities can contribute, albeit in a variable way, to academic achievement in the subjects studied. This aspect is relevant insofar as it allows us to develop preventive interventions based on the executive training of these everyday skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Xenoestrogens are synthetic or naturally occurring chemicals capable of altering the endocrine system of humans and animals owing to their molecular similarity to endogenous hormones. There is limited data regarding their effects on women´s health. Chronic exposure to xenoestrogens can promote the development of estrogen-related diseases. Objectives: To examine xenoestrogen concentration (TEXB-α) differences between women with leiomyomas or endometriosis and control women, and to study the relationship between the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of these patients and their xenoestrogen levels. Methods: Prospective case-control study. We selected 221 women who underwent surgery at Quironsalud Madrid University Hospital between 2017 and 2021. The cases included 117 patients: 74 women who underwent surgery for uterine leiomyomas, 21 with endometriosis, and 22 with both pathologies. The control group comprised 104 healthy women who underwent surgical procedures for other reasons. TEXB-α was determined in the omental fat of all patients. Using a questionnaire and reviewing the patients' medical records, we collected sociodemographic data and other relevant variables. Results: A significant majority of study participants (68.8%) had detectable levels of xenoestrogens. We found no association between TEXB-α levels in omental fat and the presence of myomas or endometriosis. In the case group, women living or working in Madrid Community exhibited, on average, 3.12 Eeq pM/g higher levels of TEXB-α compared to those working in other areas (p = 0.030). Women who referred to the use of estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives had, on average, 3.02 Eeq pM/g higher levels of TEXB-α than those who had never used them (p = 0.022). Conclusions: This study found no association between omental xenoestrogen levels and leiomyomas or endometriosis. However, their presence in most participants and their association with highly polluted areas emphasizes the importance of limiting environmental exposure to these substances. We also identified an association between hormonal contraceptive use and xenoestrogen concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the history of peripheral nerve (PN) injuries and successive advances in their management by notable pioneers, an interesting topic that I chose for my Doctoral Thesis in 1990 in Madrid. Mentioning all their names and contributions is an obligatory tribute, and I offer my sincere apologies for inevitably leaving a few out. For half a century I have witnessed microsurgery advances, and also experienced frequent failures in my practice with the use of new techniques; a testimony that we are very far from achieving the 'Holy Grail' of complete PN recovery for these injuries. Our experience is often like a pendulum, from nihilism to optimism and vice versa. Many factors influence the results of PN repair. Fortunately, microsurgery has been a breakthrough but, too often, emergency surgery is carried out by surgeons without enough tools and experience, both very important factors in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops the concept of collective unpredictability as a socio-geographic gathering and sensibility for redescribing territories of urban habitation. It describes in detail the databases, privacy protocols, call centres, inventory and queue flow management systems, spatial surveys, food supply chains, transport operations, credit and voucher economies, and financial accounting systems designed by community organizations during the COVID-19 pandemic across six neighbourhoods in Madrid. It demonstrates how these various systems of attention, logistical geographies and ecologies of habitation threw into question the ceteris paribus assumptions underpinning the geographical epistemologies of biopolitical models. The emphasis on collective unpredictabilities aims not to confront expert factuals against community counterfactuals, but to insist on the urban liveliness of otherwisefactuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme heat events are more frequent and more intense globally due to climate change. The urban environment is an additional factor enhancing the effects of heat. Adults above 65 years old are especially at risk due to their poorer health, physiology and socio-economic situation. Yet, there is limited knowledge about their experiences of summer heat, their actual heat exposure and how they negotiate their thermal comfort through different adaptation practices. In conventional research on heat exposure and thermal comfort, very little attention is given to individual behaviour and subjective experiences. To understand how older adults feel the heat in the city we study their thermoception, which we conceptualise as an embodied knowledge about bodily sensations, thermal environments and adjustments to heat. This article stems from interdisciplinary research conducted in Warsaw and Madrid in the summers of 2021–2022. We combine and juxtapose data from ethnographic research and from physical measurements of temperature gathered in people's homes, to show on a microscale how we can study and understand the diversity in individual heat exposure more holistically. We demonstrate that to understand the consequences of heat for vulnerable populations it is crucial to study thermoception, the subjective experiences of heat, in addition to analysing their thermal environments. With the use of a unique methodology, this article shows how similar weather conditions are experienced differently by people from the same cities, depending on the materiality of their dwellings, availability of cooling devices, as well as everyday habits and their individual bodies. We discuss the social, material and temporal adjustments participants made to deal with heat, to showcase their agency in affecting their individual heat exposure. The article emphasises the role of social sciences and qualitative methods in research on individual heat exposure and argues for the co-production of knowledge on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation in the beer market focuses on research into the different ingredients that make up this popular and sought-after beverage. Some of these innovations have focused on the use of autochthonous ingredients, which bring added value to products, reduce production costs and environmental impact, and provide beers with special organoleptic characteristics. This study focuses on the use of autochthonous ingredients from the Community of Madrid and the design of four recipes that are suited to these ingredients and consumer demand. In terms of the ingredients used, the micromalting of barley grown in the CM was carried out, while hops (Cascade variety for bittering hops and wild hops Rayo verde Tajuña and Torreta Tajuña for aroma) and yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae G 520 and G 354) were selected from previous studies, which were also sourced from the CM. For the barley malt, parameters such as protein content were determined, which was at the maximum limit but did not affect the final quality of the beers. The content of α- and β-acids in the hops was also determined, being higher in the Cascade variety. Different physicochemical analyses (GC, aromatic compounds, bitterness, colour, SO2, polyphenols, and antioxidant capacity) were carried out to determine the quality of the beers obtained from the four recipes designed, as well as tastings by a panel of experts and consumers. Finally, two recipes were rated the best by a panel of experts and consumers, where the cereal, hop, and fruit flavours stood out for their aromatic profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to analyse the role of the assessment of students with special educational needs from the perspective of professionals in Madrid (Spain), who work in multi-professional teams (psychologists, social workers, support teachers and others) and are responsible for its realisation, which, in principle, should be a support to move toward inclusive education. An interpretative phenomenological study was carried out, which gathered the opinions of 177 professionals of these multi-professional teams through 21 focus groups. The transcriptions were subjected to the thematic analysis method. The results show that the model and practices implemented in this region, regarding the usual assessment of these students, are generally seen as a barrier that needs to be addressed, since they facilitate the development of discriminating practices and decisions that reinforce and maintain an educational system of 'multiple ways', which is opposed to the right to inclusive education. These results are discussed, as well as the role that the assessment model should play in order to comply with this right. The study shows that the analysed evaluation is working as a barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the negative reviews that some users of social services in New York and Madrid posted on Google. The aim is to relate the impoliteness strategies that the users of these centres reported to have received or that they issued themselves with the cultural values of the groups they belong to. To achieve this, twenty American and Spanish centres were analysed, obtaining more than two hundred negative comments that, qualitatively and quantitatively analysed, were related to impoliteness strategies. These impoliteness strategies were linked to the four social characteristics already presented in a previous study. Also, the chi-square formula was applied to the data. Thus, this study has shown that the use that speakers make of impoliteness strategies is related to the cultural values of the group they belong to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Conservar Património is the property of Associacao Profissional de Conservadores-Restauradores de Portugal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the current context of increased attention to the Muslim minority and the religiously framed conflicts of some segments of Islam, this paper aims to contribute with empirical evidence on Muslim "problematicity" in Madrid, exploring their main barriers to social integration by analyzing the data from semi-structured interviews with Muslim leaders. Although the Muslim minority is officially recognized by the Spanish State, the legal provisions are not fully implemented. The lack of implementation hinders the Muslims' proper social integration in Madrid and reveals the first category of problems identified, of operational character, which - with the proper implementation of the agreement - could be easily solved. Furthermore, the second type of problems emerges and refers to the increased concern on Muslim youth. The ongoing tensions between the majority and Muslim minorities, altogether with the tensions between Muslim parents and Muslim youth pose significant challenges to the latter and to the Spanish society as a whole, in long term, especially with the rise of the radicalization of Muslim youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The so-called Patera of Santisteban del Puerto constitutes one of the most singular archaeological findings in the Iberian Peninsula (Museo Arqueológico Nacional in Madrid, inv. 1917/39/1). The artifact displays an eclectic iconography that dates back to the second century BC: its central clypeus shows a motif of Iberian roots (a wolf devouring a human head surrounded by snakes) encircled by purely Hellenistic motifs: putti in different hunting scenes and a group of centaurs and centauresses carrying musical instruments in a nocturnal banquet. Four of the nine hybrid figures play musical instruments: one centauress blows the tibia (tibicina), another one thrums the cymbals and a third one is holding a tympanum, while a centaur strums the lyre with a plectrum. This paper focuses on the reception of Hellenistic musical iconography and its adaptation by the Iberian peoples settled in Jaén, where the patera was found. Possibly copied from a foreign model, the reutilisation of the Hellenistic repertoire evidences certain connections between Eastern and Western sets of beliefs and practices, as well as a clear appropriation of the plastic language. Canids, monsters and "medusas" were usually found in Iberian iconography, especially associated with the funerary world. These monsters would have incarnated evil, which had to be defeated by a warrior in a heroic fight. Hence, this battle would have emphasized the warrior's strength and courage, qualities that would have allowed him to reach eternity as a hero. In this patera, the Iberian wolf in the center should be understood as a gate to the underworld, where the deceased is welcomed by hunting scenes, which would have referred to the regeneration of nature, and by a nocturnal banquet, full of music and eternal happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The XXth century gateway cities in Europe, such as Madrid, have followed and in-depth population readjustment, due to the arrival of immigrants from all over the world. This readjustment has left traces in the public spaces of the city; and the media have noted this phenomenon as well. This paper aims at analysing the superdiversity present in Lavapiés, through two different and complementary methodologies: the analyses of the Linguistic Landscape and of press corpora. The analysis of the landscape of the territory will be conducted through a corpus of images or Linguistic Cartography that includes samples of multilingualism present in the area. The press corpora contain news stories, interviews and articles on immigration. These analyses will provide a better picture of the area, in terms of diversity. This paper is part of the Post-conference Special Issue on Language and Migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban Art (UA) is a contemporary art form which was developed in cities. While UA growth in certain cities has been faster, the progression of UA in most cities has faced opposition. This paper explores the current context of the progression of UA in Madrid. Furthermore, the research gives reason to UA's capability as a tourism tool in Madrid, and identifies the stakeholders related to UA who should benefit. It is carried out using qualitative methodology through an exploratory approach and is completed with the use of more primary sources data. Observations, short questionnaires and interviews are the main instruments used in gathering the primary sources data, while document analysis is used to process additional secondary sources data. The results show that Madrid is full of different types of UA, and UA can be further developed as a tourism tool in the city. The urban artists are creating their own UA pieces both legally and illegally while facing obstacles, even though impediments have reduced. However, the investigation concludes that Madrid's UA can be further developed through strong support from local policy makers by giving the direct benefits of this development to local UA stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of eHumanista is the property of Professor Antonio Cortijo-Ocana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While scenario-building has proven useful in situations marked by considerable uncertainty in the context of land use and transport policymaking, additional research is needed to develop adaptive and dynamic scenario-building schemes. To address this gap, the present paper conceptualises an adaptive scenario-building approach that would facilitate adaptive policy responses by using exploratory scenarios as intermediate tipping points. An empirical research design is also conducted following a participatory approach, with a case study of the Henares Corridor in the Metropolitan Area of Madrid, Spain. Three exploratory scenarios are assessed as experimental tipping points for the basic policy pathways initially adopted by regional and local governments. The use of such tipping points suggested different adaptive policy responses: (i) preserving policy responses when exploratory scenarios are strongly aligned with the basic pathways; and (ii) transforming policy responses when significant deviations are perceived between the exploratory scenarios and the basic pathways. The paper also discusses the real-life application potential of this adaptive scenario-building approach, further research steps, and future horizons for scenario-building. • It is proposed a conceptual framework for an adaptive scenario-building approach. • Exploratory scenarios are used as intermediate tipping points. • A proof-of-concepts is conducted in the Henares corridor (Spain). • Different adaptive policy responses are defined and discussed for the case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women constitute a particularly vulnerable subgroup of people living homeless, with their own set of circumstances and life histories that are different from men in the same situation. In this paper, we present the results of a longitudinal study on the situation, needs, characteristics, and process of change among women in a homeless situation in Madrid (Spain). This study involved 136 homeless women who were spending the night at shelters, drop-in centers, on the street, or in public spaces. Data was collected through structured interviews conducted every 6 months for a total of 3 years. Throughout that period of time approximately half of the interviewed leaves the most extreme situation of homelessness. One in four interviewees gained access to independent accommodation, although in most cases this did not mean that they were no longer in a position of residential exclusion. The logistic regression analyses performed suggested that the variables with the closest correlation to improved accommodation were: receiving stable government economic benefits, obtaining income from work, not having Spanish nationality, not having a disability and having suffered fewer stressful life events at baseline, as well as a better perceived state of health. However, with regard to access to independent accommodation, the most closely-related variables were receiving stable government economic benefits and obtaining an income from work. Public Policy Relevance Statement: This longitudinal study showed that approximately half of the women living homeless interviewed in Madrid leaves the most extreme situation of homelessness during a 3-year follow-up period. The most significant factors in improving accommodation were receiving government benefits or income from work, having suffered fewer stressful life events, not having a disability and having better perceived health. The variables with the closest correlation to access to independent accommodation were receiving government benefits or obtaining a job. Data obtained can be useful for policy makers design programs to support women living homeless in the processes aimed at improving their situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2nd Computational Methods for the Immune System function Workshop has been held in Madrid in conjunction with the IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM 2018) in Madrid, Spain, from December 3 to 6, 2018. The workshop has been obtained 100% more submissions in respect to the first edition, highlighting a growing interest for the treated topics. The best papers (9) have been selected for extension in this special issue, with themes about immune system and disease simulation, computer-aided design of novel candidate vaccines, methods for the analysis of immune system involved diseases based on statistical methods, meta-heuristics and game theory, and modelling strategies for improving the simulation of the immune system dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is part of the palette of solutions to water shortage, water security, water quality decline, falling water tables, and endangered groundwater-dependent ecosystems. It can be the most economic, most benign, most resilient, and most socially acceptable solution, but frequently has not been implemented due to lack of awareness, inadequate knowledge of aquifers, immature perception of risk, and incomplete policies for integrated water management, including linking MAR with demand management. MAR can achieve much towards solving the myriad local water problems that have collectively been termed "the global water crisis". This special issue strives to elucidate the effectiveness, benefits, constraints, limitations, and applicability of MAR, together with its scientific advances, to a wide variety of situations that have global relevance. This special issue was initiated by the International Association of Hydrogeologists Commission on Managing Aquifer Recharge to capture and extend from selected papers at the 10th International Symposium on Managed Aquifer Recharge (ISMAR10) held in Madrid, Spain, 20–24 May 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the management of the urban water cycle can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to climate change mitigation in cities. Stormwater in urban areas has traditionally been collected and conveyed to sewage treatment plants, a practice that has continued with the need to manage increased superficial flow. This paper presents the Low Impact Development (LID) measures to improve water management in the new urban development of Valdebebas in Madrid, and the associated benefits. Stormwater was considered a sub cycle; by shortening the water cycle the local use of rainwater was achieved while reducing energy costs and greenhouse gas emissions for off-site treatment. The article analyses the urban water cycle from a preventive approach. It considers how urban design features such as topography and pavement selection were used to convey surface water from impermeable areas to permeable ones (vegetated or permeable pavements) and the infiltration of water into engineered soil, reducing the need for off-site conveyance infrastructure, and the amount of water discharged into municipal treatment installations. Moreover, the captured water increases soil water content available for plants and trees which play an important role in absorbing CO 2 . Water exceeding soil capacity is collected in the subsurface Sustainable Drainage system (SuDS), including infiltration boxes where water is temporarily stored before moving through the soil toward ground water reserves. This paper describes the approaches and criteria used to design a large scale SuDS infrastructure in the district of Valdebebas, in northeastern Madrid (Spain), and analyses its performance, followed by a comparison with the predictions under three climate change scenarios, which consider not only the variation in peak flows and runoff, but also the reduction in GHG emissions. Additionally, it presents a sensitivity analysis for the main variables in the design of SuDS, and a multicriteria analysis, to compare the different drainage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an approach that combines data-driven and physical modelling for predicting the runoff occurrence and volume at catchment scale. With that aim, we first estimated the runoff volume from recorded storms aided by the Green-Ampt infiltration model. Then, we used machine learning algorithms, namely LightGBM (LGBM) and Deep Neural Network (DNN), to predict the outputs of the physical model fed on a set of atmospheric variables (relative humidity, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and wind velocity) collected before or immediately after the beginning of the storm. Results for a small urban catchment in Madrid show DNN performed better in predicting the runoff occurrence and volume. Moreover, enriching the input primary atmospheric variables with auxiliary variables (e.g., storm intensity data recorded during the first hour, or rain volume and intensity estimates obtained from auxiliary regression methods) largely increased the model performance. We show in this manuscript data-driven algorithms shaped by physical criteria can be successfully generated by allowing the data-driven algorithm learn from the output of physical models. It represents a novel approach for physics-informed data-driven algorithms shifting from common practices in hydrological modelling through machine learning. • Data-driven and physical modelling are merged to predict runoff. • Data-driven algorithm fed on weather variables before the storm starts. • Light GBM and Deep Neural Networks were coupled with Green-Ampt model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary urban sprawl and urban functional centrality at the regional scale have made the classical urban-rural dichotomy no longer valid. Instead, urban development generates a range of peri-urban transitional areas in which urban and rural uses are mixed in a fragmented land mosaic. The main objective of this paper is to detect opportunitites for the revitalisation of peri-urban agriculture based on an analysis and comparison of its evolution in two different regional contexts in Spain. The peri-urban space is delimited according to density, topography and perceptual criteria. Aerial images and cartographic bases are used to identify land quality and land use changes in the areas, concluding that peri-urban agriculture has suffered both urban occupation and internal changes in crops and agricultural uses, experiencing a process of decline. Innovative initiatives performed in these spaces are also explored as opportunities for revitalisation from a multifunctional approach, linking urban population to peri-urban agriculture, organic farming or landscape management. This analysis serves as a prerequisite to develop new policies for the planning of peri-urban agriculture at local and regional scales, based on a deep understanding of the territory and its evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that Spanish futurizing morphology is frequently used not to express futurity, but instead to formulate a hypothesis, i.e. express epistemic modality. Although this is possible with both synthetic or periphrastic future marking, the synthetic future tense is more likely to express an epistemic reading than the periphrastic future. This paper explores the relationship between futurizing morphology and sentence type on the basis of a quantitative analysis of about n = 2,700 tokens of synthetic and periphrastic 'future' constructions in spoken conversations from Madrid, Buenos Aires and Santiago de Chile. On the basis of a bottom-up classification of these tokens regarding their potential to express modal meanings, we demonstrate that polar and partial futurizing interrogatives are more likely to display modal meanings and associated rhetorical effects than futurizing declaratives. This effect is even stronger for synthetic future constructions, due to a conventionalization of specific form-function pairings. Finally, we also document substantial dialectal variation in the use of futurizing morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of emission abatement measures to effectively reduce high ground-level ozone (O3) concentrations in urban areas is very complex. In addition to the strongly non-linear chemistry of this secondary pollutant, precursors can be released by a variety of sources in different regions, and locally produced O3 is mixed with that transported from the regional or continental scales. All of these processes depend also on the specific meteorological conditions and topography of the study area. Consequently, high-resolution comprehensive modeling tools are needed to understand the drivers of photochemical pollution and to assess the potential of local strategies to reduce adverse impacts from high tropospheric O3 levels. In this study, we apply the Integrated Source Apportionment Method (ISAM) implemented in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ v5.3.2) model to investigate the origin of summertime O3 in the Madrid region (Spain). Consistent with previous studies, our results confirm that O3 levels are dominated by non-local contributions, representing around 70 % of mean values across the region. Nonetheless, precursors emitted by local sources, mainly road traffic, play a more important role during O3 peaks, with contributions as high as 25 ppb. The potential impact of local measures is higher under unfavorable meteorological conditions associated with regional accumulation patterns. These findings suggest that this modeling system may be used in the future to simulate the potential outcomes of specific emission abatement measures to prevent high- O3 episodes in the Madrid metropolitan area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bike-sharing systems (BSS) are gaining popularity in cities worldwide, as a part of a generalized strategy to mitigate the problems derived from motorized transportation (congestion, pollution, noise, etc.). These systems have proved to have positive effects on cities, moreover, many of them have reached a performance peak and require improvements to attract/retain users and compete against emerging soft mobility alternatives. Whilst there are broad studies evaluating BSS demand and design, less attention has been paid to user satisfaction and the complexities underlying the relationships between the system attributes importance. This study proposes a novel combination of two methodologies for satisfaction assessment that allows decision-makers to identify the most influential system attributes on user satisfaction. The combined methods are the direct, explicit, Importance Performance Analysis (IPA), and the nonlinear, implicit Three-Factor Theory (3FT), which combined generate a three-dimensional scheme that facilitates the comprehension of the results. The combination was applied to a dataset of Madrid´s BSS to identify the attributes that perform poorly, and then assess their implicit influence on satisfaction to establish improvement priorities. The results suggest that station occupancy and bicycle availability and totem functioning are key service attributes to enhance satisfaction. Also, the combination of the two methodologies makes it possible to differentiate that maintenance is a priority for subscribers and network extension for occasional users. The pedelec system is a key attribute that might help overcome Madrid´s unfavorable cycling environment. This user-centric evaluation is a valuable tool that guides precise measure implementation, service operation, future design, and planning oriented to increase ridership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a total of 34 Spanish minority varieties were studied during four seasons from 2020 to 2023, and their behavior was characterized according to their main phenological stages (bud break, bloom, veraison, and maturity) and complete cycle. We focused on the varieties prospected in the central Spanish plateau and conserved in the "El Encín" grapevine collection, aiming to identify the potential for adaptation of these varieties and for them to be considered by winegrowers as an alternative to current climate change conditions. The growing degree days required for the expression of the phenological stage, and the duration of each stage, were compiled. Characteristics of oenological interest were also monitored, such as °Brix, pH, and titratable acidity in must at the time of harvest. This study was carried out in years with atypical snowfall and cold spells (winter 2021), as well as with heat waves (summer 2022), with average temperatures 3–5 °C higher than normal and absolute maximum temperatures over 40 °C. Both cases also exceeded records of historical series (1957–2019). Veraison has been identified as the stage most susceptible to damage from high temperatures, in addition to the maturation and duration of the complete cycle. The varieties were classified into five groups according to the duration of each phenological stage (very early, early, medium, late, and very late). Some varieties with late or very late maturation and with must characteristics of 20–23 °Brix, 3–5 g/L of titratable acidity, and pH 3.5–4.5, as well as others, retained stability in their phenological periodicity and must quality. The results suggest that special attention should be given to thoroughly evaluating these varieties, and that the strategies contemplated should be considered as a feasible cultivation alternative in viticulture to mitigate the effects of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eskalera Karakola (EKKA) is a feminist self-organized social center in Madrid, Spain. The project has been compiling their own archive of audiovisual materials. There are mostly two kinds of material in its shelves: first, about one hundred VHS and DVD copies of short films and feature films, and second, close to seventy miniDVs documenting meetings, demonstrations, workshops, actions, roundtables and also interviews with activists. The recordings are mostly about feminism and lesbianism themes but also about migrant activism, neighborhood movements in Lavapiés, and some international events. At this moment, some of the activists involved in the Eskalera Karakola have created a group, to decide what to do with this material. This article wants to participate in and document the debates, reflections, and discussions around this archiving process, analyzing every step of the way and all the challenges and opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its introduction in the human population, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved into multi-ple clades, but the events in its intrahost diversification are not well understood. Here, we compare three-dimensional (3D) self-organized neural haplotype maps (SOMs) of SARS-CoV-2 from thirty individual nasopharyngeal diagnostic samples obtained within a 19-day interval in Madrid (Spain), at the time of transition between clades 19 and 20. SOMs have been trained with the haplotype repertoire present in the mutant spectra of the nsp12- and spike (S)-coding regions. Each SOM consisted of a dominant neuron (displaying the maximum frequency), surrounded by a low-frequency neuron cloud. The sequence of the master (dominant) neuron was either identical to that of the reference Wuhan-Hu-1 genome or differed from it at one nucleotide position. Six different deviant haplotype sequences were identified among the master neurons. Some of the substitutions in the neural clouds affected critical sites of the nsp12-nsp8-nsp7 polymerase complex and resulted in altered kinetics of RNA synthesis in an in vitro primer extension assay. Thus, the analysis has identified mutations that are relevant to modification of viral RNA synthesis, present in the mutant clouds of SARS-CoV-2 quasispecies. These mutations most likely occurred during intrahost diversification in several COVID-19 patients, during an initial stage of the pandemic, and within a brief time period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variety of types that appear in kidney stones makes it necessary to describe them to try to understand their formation. The crystalline phases recognized in stones are classified according to their chemical composition. For this reason, a study using X-ray microdiffraction, Raman spectroscopy, SEM/EDX analysis, and cathodoluminescence (CL) is recommended, to identify their composition. In the present study, this was carried out on kidney stones collected from surgeries in hospitals from Spain. The samples were collected in two representative urban centers: one from a large city, Madrid; the other with a mostly rural population, in order to contrast the possible compositions of the kidney stones. In large cities, struvite appears more frequently, although calcium oxalates are very common in both areas. An attempt was made to provide a guide to the most frequent phases, accompanied by four analysis methods that make their identification possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In large cities, the decay of deprived neighborhoods externalizes the consequences of present-day urban social inequality. Residents of these areas often show discomfort with living in a poor environment. Adopting Hirschman's classic Exit, Voice and Loyalty model, this study analyzes the reactions of residents to dissatisfaction in San Diego, a deprived neighborhood in Madrid. A qualitative methodology was applied to analyze the discourses of residents by conducting fourteen focus groups with diverse profiles according to gender, age, socio-labor situation, and geographical origin. The results reflect that, in a deprived neighborhood, there are limits to reactions, so that exit (moving out) is only partially manifested, and voice (social mobilization) is only temporarily activated, conditioned by the situation and organizational capacity. Loyalty, on the contrary, appears as an option that improves coexistence, but it remains attached to long-term residents and hardly welcomes newcomers, especially immigrants. The explanatory capacity of Hirschman's model is here expanded by exploring the use of resistance as a complementary response. This strategy, as a political reaction, complements voice and reinforces agency by seeking concrete improvements in the daily life of the residents. These qualitative research results provide important insight into neighbors' reactions in deprived areas, where exit and voice, as main options, are limited, and resistance becomes a significant potential for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Healthcare professionals traditional education reflects constraints to face the complex needs of people with chronic diseases in primary care settings. Since more innovative and practical solutions are required, Virtual Community of Practices (vCoP) seem to better respond to learning updates, improving professional and organizational knowledge. However, little is known about the value created in vCoPs as social learning environments. The objective of this project was to explore the value creation process of a gamified vCoP ("e-mpodera vCoP") aimed at improving the knowledge and attitudes of primary healthcare professionals (PCPs) (nurses and general practitioners) to the empowerment of people with chronic conditions. Methods: A framework analysis assessed the value creation process using a mixed methods approach. The framework provided awareness about knowledge and usefulness in a learning community through five cycles: (1) immediate value, (2) potential value, (3) applied value, (4) realized value, and (5) reframing value. Quantitative data included vCoP analytics such as logins, contributions, points, badges, and performance metrics. Qualitative data consisted of PCPs' forum contributions from Madrid, Catalonia, and Canary Islands over 14 months. Results: A total of 185 PCPs had access to the e-mpodera vCoPs. The vCoP showed the dynamic participation of 146 PCPs, along 63 content activities posted, including a total of 3,571 contributions (including text, images, links to webpages, and other files). Regarding the value creation process, the e-mpodera vCoP seems to encompass a broad spectrum of value cycles, with indicators mostly related to cycle 1 (immediate value – activities and interactions) and cycle 2 (potential value – knowledge capital); and to a lesser extent for cycle 3 (applied value – changes in practice) and for cycle 4 (realized value – performance improvement). The presence of indicators related to cycle 5 (reframing value), was minimal, due to few individual redefinitions of success. Conclusion: To reach a wider range of value possibilities, a combination of learning objectives, competence framework, challenged-based gamified platform, and pathway model of skill development seems crucial. However, additional research is required to gain clearer insights into organizational values, professionals' lifelong educational needs in healthcare, and the long-term sustainability of performance improvement. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02757781. Registered on 02/05/2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, an intelligent hybrid model is proposed to identify hazardous or inattentive driving manoeuvres on roads, with the final goal being to increase and ensure travellers' safety and comfort. The estimation is based on the effects that road geometry may have on vehicle accelerations, displacements and dynamics. The outputs of the intelligent systems proposed are how the type of driving can be characterized as normal, careless or distracted. The intelligent system consists of an LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) neural network in a first step that distinguishes between normal and abnormal driving behaviour and then a second module that classifies abnormal forms of driving as aggressive or inattentive, with the latter implemented with another LSTM, a CNN (convolutional neural network) or the Hotelling transform. They are applied to some of the characteristics of vehicle dynamics to estimate the driving behaviour. Smartphone inertial sensors such as GPS, accelerometers and gyroscopes are used to measure these vehicle characteristics and to identify driving events in manoeuvres. Specifically, the critical acceleration due to the influence of the road geometry can be measured with inertial sensors, and then, this road acceleration with the lateral acceleration allows us to estimate the driver's perceived acceleration. This perceived acceleration affects the driving style and, consequently, the estimation of the appropriate speed to travel on that road. There is use of both a traditional two-lane and a motorway route located in the Madrid region of Spain. Driving behaviour is determined by considering how changes in road geometry may affect one's driving style and, consequently, the estimation of the proper speed. The results obtained with some of the proposed configurations of the intelligent hybrid system reach an accuracy of 97.21% in detecting dangerous driving or driving with a certain risk. This could allow generating real-time alerts for potentially dangerous or inattentive manoeuvres, leading to safer and more appropriate driving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Afro-LatinX drag artist Gad Yola was born in Lima in 1995, migrated to Spain in 2006, and began performing in Madrid in 2017, a year marked by the rise of Spanish nationalism. This interview acquaints us with Gad Yola's artistic vision and practices. It orients us toward the growing presence of "Brown art" in the Peninsula, taking a deeper look at the work of artists who declare themselves "migrants" or "Migrantas" and examining the use of LatinX's X in Spain. Gad Yola's career includes performances such as "El drag es marrón" ("Drag Is Brown"), the exhibition "Hypernariz" ("Hypernose"), and the music videos "No exotice" ("Don't Exoticize"), "Aguanta Migranta" ("Hang in There, Mx. Migrant"), "Travesti del Perú" ("Trans from Peru"), and "Problemática" ("Troublemaker"). The analysis of these works focuses on the use of pop-reggaeton-cumbia rhythms, the politicization of Gad Yola's fashion, and her references to colonial history and Spanish, Peruvian, and US pop culture. LatinX's transatlantic "X" emerges on social media and webs across these geographies, accompanying Gad Yola's oeuvre and the work of other artists from the Spanish capital with whom she has collaborated, including Chenta Tsai Tseng, Samantha Hudson, and the drag families Casa Drag Latina and House of Gad. From Madrid's bars, squat houses, and museums, Gad Yola reclaims, invigorates, and re-conceptualizes such referents like Peruvian artist and philosopher Giuseppe Campuzano, while also coming up with characters like "Gad Bunny" and "Gadyoncé," thus embodying a Global South LatinXness. Gad Yola's queer, anti-racist art evokes a Global Iberian LatinX that bridges these terms and expands them, reconfiguring the cultural scene in Spain and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by W. E. B. Du Bois's notion of double consciousness, Yeison F. García López assumes multiple identities: Afro-Colombian and Afro-Spanish. This multiplicity allows García López to assert a politically active citizenship, articulated through his migrant journey, his Afro-descendant and Colombian heritage, and his connection with Madrid society. This conversation delves into how García López's body of work as a poet, theorist, activist, and cultural agent contributes to an emerging Spanish, global, and transatlantic LatinX Latinity (LatinXness) from the Spanish capital. Overall, García López's efforts shine a spotlight on Spain's present-day plurality, highlighting the contributions of Africans and Afro-descendant people. He establishes connections among migrant communities of Latin American, Afro-descendant, and Asian origin as well as migrants from Eastern Europe descent, and Roma people and subverts Eurocentrism, colonialism, and white supremacy. García López's publications and cultural initiatives serve as a platform to amplify the voices of Madrid's migrant and racialized people, promoting culture as a form of resistance, healing, and empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 2010s, more than 10,000 people were still living in informal settlements in Madrid while clearance and rehousing policies had been implemented since the 1960s. This persistence is due to the fact that the policies have always been selective, combining instruments for filtering the populations accepted for rehousing and evicting those considered unsuitable. This article shows that informal settlements have been made governable by (re)creating and (re)shaping zones of informality which ensure a role of reserve of undesirability through displacement, confinement and informalization of informal settlements dwellers: to make rehousing and social policies viable in the city centre, regional policies have relied on spaces of confinement at the margins of the city which have ensured the role of hosting, channelling and controlling the most marginal population built as a 'surplus'. The article combines a historical political sociology perspective using archives and statistical analysis to explain the institutionalization of the policies and their socio-spatial effects on the long term. A multi-situated ethnography is also used to investigate the governance of informal settlements policies and their socio-spatial effects in the 2010s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the objects in the barniz de Pasto collection at the Museo de América, Madrid. The barniz de Pasto technique will be described, as well as the historical documentary sources that have previously discussed this varnish. The article will also mention the historical reasons why Spain is the European country in which the greatest number of objects decorated with varnish have been found, in both religious and private collections. The main body of the article discusses all the barniz de Pasto objects held in the Museum collection, focuses on the history of their arrival at the Museum, and investigates their possible origin, with the help of ample photographs. The final section examines the Museum's three most recent acquisitions, completed in the second half of 2022, in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local scale is increasingly taking the lead in the food system transition to sustainability with a focus on city-region based food provision. Short food supply chains (SFSCs) are key in this approach. This paper has an explorative rationale to better understand the role of the local and regional policies fostering SFSCs. This paper focuses on SFSCs; specifically, on barriers, and measures to deal with these barriers, from the local government's point of view. It considers why municipal measures to support SFSCs could be enhanced from the city-region food-systems (CRFS) approach, particularly, this study elaborates on the CRFS approach as a framework to tackle barriers and leverage potential solutions for municipalities to foster SFSCs. A mapping of SFSC public local initiatives in the Region of Madrid along with 35 semi-structured interviews to council members were conducted. Municipalities face, among others, issues related to the limited production, budget, and demand constraints. Regional legislation or improving the access to information about measures to support SFSCs, along with higher inter-municipal and cross-scale collaboration, are some actions that imply a territorial approach. The results give insights of how the CRFS approach has a great potential to address the necessities and barriers of municipal food policies. • Local authorities of the RofM can play an important role in fostering SFSCs. • Production issues, legislation and lack of resources are their main barriers. • Inter-municipal and cross-scale collaboration are key to foster sustainable LFS. • Urban and rural towns share common objectives, but they differ in their approach. • City-region food-system approach can help to overcome municipalities' challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]