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Nano-modification is one of the effective methods to improve insulation characteristic of dielectric materials. In this paper, SiO2-modified oil-impregnated paper (OIP) is prepared to study space charge accumulation and trap level characteristic, and a bipolar charge transport model adding double trap level is established to simulate space charge accumulation. Space charge density and distribution range of SiO2-modified OIP are less than those of pure OIP, and 2.4 wt% and 3.8 wt% SiO2-modified OIP have space charge suppression. Moreover, surface charge decay rate and amplitude of SiO2-modified OIP are less than non-modified OIP, and those of 2.4 wt% SiO2-modified OIP are least. The trap level distribution is calculated according to the ISPD results, indicating that SiO2-modification decreases the shallow trap density, and increases the deep trap density and the trap level. The effect of SiO2-modification on deep trap level is larger than that on the shallow trap. The simulation results indicate that the charge transport model can simulate and explain the mechanism of space charge accumulation in SiO2-modified OIP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper devises a neural-network-based data-driven (NN-DD) algorithm to address the trajectory tracking control (TC) of discrete non-affine MIMO systems with unknown models and repetitive operation patterns. Data-driven control no longer relies on the precise model of the controlled system, thereby breaking free from the limitations of model-based control strategies. Inspired by this, the primary objective of the algorithm is to ensure that the tracking error of the system is uniformly ultimately bounded through a data-driven approach. The algorithm is comprised of a DD modeling approach based on an enhanced stochastic configuration network (ESCN), and a control input solving approach based on radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs). The numerical simulations indicate that the proposed algorithm achieves a decrease in the modeling error to 3.29 e - 7 and the tracking error to 1 e - 8 after just 20 iterations. In addition, the numerical simulations also demonstrate that the modeling algorithm based on an ESCN reduces the modeling errors by 48.11 % and 99.95 % respectively compared to the modeling algorithms using only stochastic configuration networks (SCNs) or extreme learning machines (ELMs). Regarding tracking errors, the proposed RBFNN-based controller reduces the tracking error by 100 % compared to the backpropagation NN (BPNN)-based controller. Furthermore, the robustness of the algorithm against time-varying interference is tested via the unmanned vehicle simulations. This paper covers several contributions: 1) The proposed algorithm is entirely DD and can directly establish the relationship between inputs and outputs. 2) The designed ESCN fully integrates the advantages of SCNs and ELMs, in contrast to simply combining basic algorithms. 3) The RBFNN-based controller is independent of the actual system structure and exhibits excellent generalization capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enhance the stability of the tilt transition process, a new configuration of Quad-Tiltrotor UAV was presented in this paper. Firstly, numerical simulation was used to calculate and analyze the aerodynamic interaction between the front rotor/fuselage/rear rotor during the transition state mode. The calculation model of the isolated rotor, front-rear rotor, front rotor-fuselage, and front rotor-rear rotor-fuselage combination states are established. Besides, the effects of pitch, roll, and yaw moment on the fuselage at different tilt angles are analyzed. It is concluded that the front rotor is the leading factor in the aerodynamic interference of the whole UAV in the different combination states. The research results can provide a reference for the optimization design of the overall layout, structure, and flight control strategy of the cross-shaped quad-tiltrotor UAV, and can also provide solutions for the logistics application of urban air traffic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explosively formed projectile (EFP) has the advantages of high flight speed, high burst height, insensitivity to initial velocity, etc. To study the forming performance of multiple explosively formed projectile (MEFP) and to analyze the factors influencing the forming results. A directional pentagonal prism MEFP with five liners is proposed in this paper. Experiments were conducted to validate the performance of this MEFP. The experimental results show that the generated EFPs have high flight speeds. However, the EFP hit position on the target plate was offset, causing multiple positional penetrations. To analyze the causes of the phenomenon, a numerical simulation model of directional MEFP is established and the forming process of MEFP is numerically simulated. The simulation results indicate that the EFP fracture occurs during the forming process due to the asymmetric detonation wave, and its tail cannot be fully closed. Combined with the numerical simulation and experimental results, the forming performance of the liners used in the MEFP has been further developed. Further analysis was carried out on the effect of liner thickness and height on forming performance. It can be seen that as the thickness of the liners increases, the length of the head of EFP increase, the incidence of EFP tail fracture decreased, the aspect ratio increases and the EFP velocity decrease. As the height of the MEFP increases, the velocity of the EFP increases, the head ratio increases, the shape of the detonation wave tends to be symmetrical, and the tendency of the EFP to appear as an unclosed tail decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactive computer simulations are commonly used as pedagogical tools to support students' statistical reasoning. This paper examines whether and how these simulations enable their intended effects. We begin by contrasting two theoretical frameworks—dual processes and grounded cognition—in the context of people's conceptions about statistical sampling, setting the stage for the potential benefits of simulations in learning such conceptions. Then, we continue with reviewing the educational literature on statistical sampling simulations. Our review tentatively suggests benefits of the simulations for building statistical habits of mind. However, challenges seem to persist when more specific concepts and skills are investigated. With and without simulations, students have difficulty forming an aggregate view of data, interpreting sampling distributions, showing a process-based understanding of the law of large numbers, making statistical inferences, and context-independent reasoning. We propose that grounded cognition offers a framework for understanding these findings, highlighting the bidirectional relationship between perception and conception, perceptual design features, and guided perceptual routines for supporting students' meaning making from simulations. Finally, we propose testable instructional strategies for using simulations in statistics education. Significance: Interactive computer simulations are popularly used to teach statistical sampling and inference. A substantial body of classroom-based design research has emerged over the last two decades on this topic, paralleling the interest of cognitive psychologists in statistical reasoning. This review bridges the gap by synthesizing diverse literature, from laboratory-based cognitive research to classroom-based design research, to investigate people's reasoning about statistical sampling with interactive computer simulations. We organize the commonly occurring findings from these studies under a grounded cognition framework. Using this framework, we also identify instructional design strategies that future empirical researchers can test and statistics and data science practitioners can adopt. First, we highlight the importance of repeated exposure to simulations in a way that fosters creating perception–action routines aligned with mathematical principles. Second, we argue that intuitive representations ground students' meaning making from simulations, and idealized representations help generalize learning. Third, we recommend that visual routines be guided during activities with simulations. Fourth, we note the separate affordances of simulations and verbal materials. Lastly, we propose that statistical processes depicted in the simulations should be reified as foundations for more advanced concepts and practices. Overall, the paper contributes to the learning theories and instructional design in the context of simulation-based learning in statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper shows the development of a strategy for the calculation of the air brake forces of European freight trains. The model is built to upgrade the existing Politecnico di Torino longitudinal train dynamics (LTD) code LTDPoliTo, which was originally unable to account for air brake forces. The proposed model uses an empirical exponential function to calculate the air brake forces during the simulation, while the maximum normal force on the brake friction elements is calculated according to the indication of the vehicle braked weight percentage. Hence, the model does not require to simulate in detail the fluid dynamics in the brake pipe nor to precisely know the main parameters of the braking system mounted on each vehicle. The model parameters are tuned to minimize the difference between the braking distance computed by the LTDPoliTo code and the value prescribed by the UIC 544-1 leaflet in emergency braking operations. Simulations are run for different configurations of freight train compositions including a variable number of Shimmns wagons trailed by an E402B locomotive at the head of the train, as suggested in a reference literature paper. The results of the proposed method are in good agreement with the target braking distances calculated according to the international rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During drilling operations, naturally, fractured formations are prone to show serious mud losses, which hinder drilling and increase nonproductive time and costs. The influencing factors of dynamic fluid loss are important for optimizing drilling parameters, reducing drilling fluid loss, and protecting oil and gas reservoirs. In this study, we simulated the dynamic filtration loss of drilling fluid during drilling under formation conditions using commercial software CMG (Computer Modelling Group). The effects of filtration time, filtrate viscosity, pressure difference, internal filter cake permeability, and external filter cake permeability on filtration loss were investigated. The simulation results showed that the permeability of the external mud cake is an important factor to control the fluid loss, and the pressure consumed by the external mud cake with low permeability can account for more than 90% of the total pressure difference. When the permeability of the external mud cake is high, the permeability of the internal mud cake also has a significant influence on the dynamic fluid loss. Under formation conditions, the dynamic fluid loss of radial fluid loss is still proportional to the filtration time and pressure difference, and inversely proportional to the filtrate viscosity of drilling fluid. Under the simulated conditions, the pressure will quickly transfer to the boundary, and the formation pressure at the same position in the formation will gradually increase, while the increase is relatively small with a constant filtration rate. The results of this paper can be used to the real site for drilling optimization. This numerical analysis method can be easily applied to filtrate loss analysis, formation damage area calculation, and other radial flow-related study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear vibration isolators can offer a high static stiffness alongside a low dynamic stiffness and so they have better isolation performance than conventional linear devices. In this paper, the models of the one-degree-of-freedom (DOF) and two-DOF bottom-springs grounded (BG) nonlinear vibration isolators with quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) characteristic are analyzed. In order to further improve the isolation performance of the 2-DOF BG nonlinear QZS vibration isolator, the H-infinity optimal control problem based on output feedback is studied. The nonlinear element of the vibration isolator is linearized by Taylor series expansion and ignoring the higher order term and then the whole nonlinear system is decomposed into linear part and nonlinear part. The output feedback H-infinity optimal controller designed for the linear part is proved to be the H-infinity optimal controller of the original nonlinear system. The controller has constraints, and the constraint equation contains input-related terms. The solution methods recorded in the existing literature are invalid for this situation. Therefore, a new linear matrix inequality for solution is given in this paper. To test the performance of the controller, numerical simulation is studied under the typical harmonic excitation. The results show that the designed controller for the 2-DOF BG nonlinear QZS vibration isolator has a good vibration isolation effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radial ribs are important supporting parts of umbrella antenna, and its shape is a crucial factor affecting the overall reflector accuracy. Considering the difficulty of in-orbit shape sensing, a fiber-optic shape sensing (FOSS) method for the radial rib is presented in this paper, then on the basis of FOSS a shape active control method for the radial rib driven by Macro-Fiber Composite actuators is proposed. Firstly, combining the deformation characteristics of the radial rib structure, an improved Ko displacement algorithm is proposed for its shape sensing using distributed fiber-optic. Then, establish the shape active control model with the Influence-Coefficient-Matrix method, and propose a closed-loop shape active control method with FOSS as feedback for the radial rib. In this paper, the optimization problem of solving control voltage is established by using the Least-Square method, and Root-Mean-Square error is taken as the convergence condition. Finally, numerical simulation and experiment show that the relative error of the shape sensing with fiber-optic is less than 5%, and the shape accuracy of radial rib after control is improved by more than 90% to reach submillimeter level, which verifies the effectiveness of the radial rib shape active control method based on FOSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experience replay (ER) used in (deep) reinforcement learning is considered to be applicable only to off-policy algorithms. However, there have been some cases in which ER has been applied for on-policy algorithms, suggesting that off-policyness might be a sufficient condition for applying ER. This paper reconsiders more strict "experience replayable conditions" (ERC) and proposes the way of modifying the existing algorithms to satisfy ERC. In light of this, it is postulated that the instability of policy improvements represents a pivotal factor in ERC. The instability factors are revealed from the viewpoint of metric learning as i) repulsive forces from negative samples and ii) replays of inappropriate experiences. Accordingly, the corresponding stabilization tricks are derived. As a result, it is confirmed through numerical simulations that the proposed stabilization tricks make ER applicable to an advantage actor-critic, an on-policy algorithm. Moreover, its learning performance is comparable to that of a soft actor-critic, a state-of-the-art off-policy algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Room impulse responses (RIRs) are used in several applications, such as augmented reality and virtual reality. These applications require a large number of RIRs to be convolved with audio, under strict latency constraints. In this paper, we consider the compression of RIRs, in conjunction with fast time-domain convolution. We consider three different methods of RIR approximation for the purpose of RIR compression and compare them to state-of-the-art compression. The methods are evaluated using several standard objective quality measures, both channel-based and signal-based. We also propose a novel low-rank-based algorithm for fast time-domain convolution and show how the convolution can be carried out without the need to decompress the RIR. Numerical simulations are performed using RIRs of different lengths, recorded in three different rooms. It is shown that compression using low-rank approximation is a very compelling option to the state-of-the-art Opus compression, as it performs as well or better than on all but one considered measure, with the added benefit of being amenable to fast time-domain convolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper addresses the Graeco-Latin square design (GLSD) under neutrosophic statistics. In this work, we propose a novel approach for analyzing Graeco-Latin square designs using uncertain observations. Method: This approach involves the determination of a neutrosophic ANOVA and the determination of the neutrosophic hypotheses and decision rule. Results: The performance of the proposed design is evaluated using the numerical examples and simulation study. Conclusion: Based on the results observed, it can be concluded that the GLSD under neutrosophic statistics performs better than the GLSD under classical statistics in the presence of uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents and investigates a modified version of the Weibull distribution that incorporates four parameters and can effectively represent a hazard rate function with a shape resembling a bathtub. Its significance in the fields of lifetime and reliability stems from its ability to model both increasing and decreasing failure rates. The proposed distribution encompasses several well-known models such as the Weibull, extreme value, exponentiated Weibull, generalized Rayleigh, and modified Weibull distributions. The paper derives key mathematical statistics of the proposed distribution, including the quantile function, moments, moment-generating function, and order statistics density. Various mathematical properties of the proposed model are established, and the unknown parameters of the distribution are estimated using different estimation techniques. Furthermore, the effectiveness of these estimators is assessed through numerical simulation studies. Finally, the paper applies the new model and compares it with various existing distributions by analyzing two real-life time data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper the high-frequency induction welding process is studied numerically. The mathematical model comprises a harmonic vector potential formulation of the Maxwell equations and a quasi-static, convection dominated heat equation coupled through the Joule heat term and nonlinear constitutive relations. Its main novelties are a new analytic approach which permits to compute a spatially varying feed velocity depending on the angle of the Vee-opening and additional spring-back effects. Moreover, a numerical stabilization approach for the finite element discretization allows to consider realistic weld-line speeds and thus a fairly comprehensive three-dimensional simulation of the tube welding process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructivist learning theories consider deep understanding of the content to be the result of engagement in relevant learning activities with appropriate scaffolding that provides the learner with timely and substantive feedback. However, any group of students has a variety of levels of knowledge and cognitive development, which makes providing appropriate individual-level scaffolding and feedback challenging in the classroom. Computer simulations can help meet this challenge by providing technology-enhanced embedded scaffolding and feedback via specific simulation design. The use of computer simulations does not, however, guarantee development of deep science understanding. Careful research-driven design of the simulation and the accompanying teaching structure both play critical roles in achieving the desired learning outcomes. In this paper, we discuss the capabilities of computer simulations and the issues that can impact the learning outcomes when combining technology-enhanced scaffolding and feedback with external teaching structures. We conclude with suggestions of promising research avenues on simulation design and their use in the classroom to help students achieve deep science understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the shift of coal seam mining to the deep, the in-situ stress of coal and rock mass increases gradually. High ground stress can limit the generation of rock cracks caused by blasting, and blasting usually shows different crushing states than low stress conditions. In order to study the blasting expansion rule of rock mass with cavity under high ground stress and the rock mass fracture state under different side stress coefficients. In this paper, the effective range of blasting and the stress distribution under blasting load are analyzed theoretically. The RHT (Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma) model is used to numerically simulate the blasting process of rock mass with cavity under different ground stress, and the influence of ground stress and lateral pressure coefficient on the crack growth of rock mass is studied. The results show that when there is no ground stress, the damage cracks in rock mass are more concentrated in the horizontal direction and the fracture development tends to the direction where the holes are located, which confirms the guiding effect and stress concentration effect of the holes in rock mass, which helps to promote the crack penetration between the hole and the hole. The length difference of horizontal and vertical damage cracks in rock mass increases with the increase of horizontal and vertical stress difference. Under the same lateral stress coefficient, the larger the horizontal and vertical stress difference is, the stronger the inhibition effect on crack formation is. For blasting of rock mass with high ground stress, the crack formation length between gun holes decreases with the increase of stress level, and the crack extends preferentially in the direction of higher stress. Therefore, the placement of gun holes along the direction of greater stress and the shortening of hole spacing are conducive to the penetration of cracks between gun holes and empty holes. The research can provide reference for rock breaking behavior of deep rock mass blasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma processes are commonly used for modelling the accumulative deterioration of systems, in many fields. However, given a series of observations, it is not always easy to affirm that the choice of a gamma process modelling is a good choice. In particular, it would be of great interest to have a statistical test, i.e. a goodness-of-fit test, to answer this question. In this paper, a practical procedure combining three statistical tests is firstly proposed, whose aim is to reject the gamma process modelling as soon as the observations are clearly in contradiction with the basic properties of a homogeneous gamma process, observed with periodic inspections: stationarity, independence and gamma distribution for the increments. The procedure is then extended to non-homogeneous gamma process and aperiodic inspection times. The efficiency of the approach is investigated through numerical simulations, and on real data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the proximity engineering project of the Baishiyi tunnel group passing under the Chongqing West Station track group. Considering the train load and the spatial relationship of the tunnel and track groups, the settlement patterns, horizontal displacement, and differential settlement of the tunnel–strata–tracks system during the excavation process are studied through theoretical calculations and numerical simulation methods. The results indicate that the tunnel vault, strata, and track settlement deformation patterns are similar. Throughout the tunnel construction process, the tracks underwent uplift, settlement, and eventually stabilized. The settlement trough formed by the excavation of the three tunnels below the track group has an impact range of 25–145 m. Between 35 and 75 m, the differential settlement of the double track gradually increases with excavation. As the tunnel face reaches 75 m, the track differential settlement gradually converges and tends to stabilize. To minimize the impact of underpass tunnel construction on track groups, it is recommended to use a combination of full-section hole grouting and surface reinforcement grouting for ground reinforcement. Additionally, optimizing the construction parameters, including the step length and primary support closure time, and strengthening the locking anchor can further reduce the impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to use the finite element method and computer simulation to prove the effectiveness in assessing the fire resistance of building construction elements, specifically on the example of the fire resistance of fire doors. For that purpose, data from the building where fire doors with defined characteristics were installed were used. For simulation purposes, numerical modelling with thermal and structural analysis will be used. In this way, the parameters of the temperature distribution on the fire door and the contact material due to fire will be obtained, as well as the distribution of strain and stresses, which will indicate the fire resistance of the used structure. Computer simulation with numerical modelling offers a number of advantages both in the speed of providing results of a larger number of variants of the simulation model and in the accuracy of the results obtained once the model is calibrated. Also, the mentioned type of predicting the effect of fire can be applied to other elements of the structure of the construction object, which can significantly influence the decision-making that will prevent the negative consequences of the occurrence of a possible fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several real-life problems that involve a time delay are modeled using fractional time-delay systems. However, most studies related to these systems assume that the delay is already known, which is not the case in practical scenarios where the delay is often uncertain or unknown. To address this issue, this paper proposes an algebraic and robust method to estimate the input delay for a class of fractional time-delay systems in a noisy environment, by applying a cross-convolution approach. Besides, a filtering methodology is incorporated with the proposed approach to enhance its efficacy. In addition, this paper presents novel theories on convolution in the field of fractional calculus. Finally, the performance of the proposed approach is demonstrated by numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the case of multicollinearity, biased estimators are always introduced to correct the least squares estimator. In this paper, we propose a new biased estimator for the restricted linear model. The properties of the new estimator and its superiority over the restricted least squares estimator in terms of the mean square error and Pitman closeness criterion are theoretically analysed. Furthermore, we optimize and verify the feasibility of the new estimator using a numerical simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents general theoretical studies on asymptotic convergence rate (ACR) for finite dimensional optimization. Given the continuous problem function and discrete time stochastic optimization process, the ACR is the optimal constant for control of the asymptotic behaviour of the expected approximation errors. Under general assumptions, condition ACR < 1 implies the linear behaviour of the expected time of hitting the ε - optimal sublevel set with ε → 0 + and determines the upper bound for the convergence rate of the trajectories of the process. This paper provides general characterization of ACR and, in particular, shows that some algorithms cannot converge linearly fast for any nontrivial continuous optimization problem. The relation between asymptotic convergence rate in the objective space and asymptotic convergence rate in the search space is provided. Examples and numerical simulations with use of a (1+1) self-adaptive evolution strategy and other algorithms are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nick Bostrom's "simulation argument" purports to show that if it is possible to create and run a vast number of computer simulations indistinguishable from the reality we are living in, then it is highly probable that we are already living in a computer simulation. However, the simulation argument requires a modification to escape the undermining implications of the scepticism it implies, as argued by Birch. The present paper shows that, even if the modified simulation argument is valid, still it is unsound since it relies on the indistinguishability assumption that even in principle cannot be tested. To account for the unsoundness of the simulation argument, the present paper draws on John Woods' theory of fiction, to expose structural similarities between general fiction and the simulation argument. Though the simulation argument is unsound, it seems persuasive, because the argument immerses the reader in a fictive world with the help of tacit assumptions, leveraging just enough common sense to remain compelling while covering over an untestable premise. Simultaneously with the critique of Bostrom's argument, Chalmers' argument for the matrix hypothesis is assessed on similar criteria. In either case, both arguments rely on an accumulation of assumptions, both implicit and explicit, hiding the premises that are untestable in principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scale of propagation of hydraulic fractures in deep shale is closely related to the effect of stimulation. In general, the most common means of revealing hydraulic fracture propagation rules are laboratory hydraulic fracture physical simulation experiments and numerical simulation. However, the former is difficult to meet the real shale reservoir environment, and the latter research focuses mostly on fracturing technology and the interaction mechanism between hydraulic fractures and natural fractures, both of which do not consider the influence of temperature effect on hydraulic fracture propagation. In this paper, the hydraulic fracturing process is divided into two stages (thermal shock and hydraulic fracture propagation). Based on the cohesive zone method, a coupled simulation method for sequential fracturing of deep shale is proposed. The effects of different temperatures, thermal shock rates, and times on the scale of thermal fractures are analyzed. As well as the effects of horizontal stress difference and pumping displacement on the propagation rule of hydraulic fractures. The results show that the temperature difference and the thermal shock times determine the size and density of thermal fractures in the surrounding rock of the borehole, and the number of thermal fractures increases by 96.5% with the increase of temperature difference. Thermal fractures dominate the initiation direction and propagation path of hydraulic fractures. The main hydraulic fracture width can be increased by 150% and the length can be increased by 46.3% by increasing the displacement; the secondary fracture length can be increased by 148.7% by increasing the thermal shock times. This study can provide some inspiration for the development of deep shale by improving the complexity of hydraulic fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Shortages of mechanical ventilation have become a constant problem in Emergency Departments (EDs), thereby affecting the timely deployment of medical interventions that counteract the severe health complications experienced during respiratory disease seasons. It is then necessary to count on agile and robust methodological approaches predicting the expected demand loads to EDs while supporting the timely allocation of ventilators. In this paper, we propose an integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Discrete-event Simulation (DES) to design effective interventions ensuring the high availability of ventilators for patients needing these devices. Methods: First, we applied Random Forest (RF) to estimate the mechanical ventilation probability of respiratory-affected patients entering the emergency wards. Second, we introduced the RF predictions into a DES model to diagnose the response of EDs in terms of mechanical ventilator availability. Lately, we pretested two different interventions suggested by decision-makers to address the scarcity of this resource. A case study in a European hospital group was used to validate the proposed methodology. Results: The number of patients in the training cohort was 734, while the test group comprised 315. The sensitivity of the AI model was 93.08% (95% confidence interval, [88.46 − 96.26%]), whilst the specificity was 85.45% [77.45 − 91.45%]. On the other hand, the positive and negative predictive values were 91.62% (86.75 − 95.13%) and 87.85% (80.12 − 93.36%). Also, the Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve plot was 95.00% (89.25 − 100%). Finally, the median waiting time for mechanical ventilation was decreased by 17.48% after implementing a new resource capacity strategy. Conclusions: Combining AI and DES helps healthcare decision-makers to elucidate interventions shortening the waiting times for mechanical ventilators in EDs during respiratory disease epidemics and pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As cities have grown, conductor rail power supplies have been widely used in the field of urban rail transit. In order to improve the running performance of trains and reduce the occurrence of accidents, it is necessary to understand the vibration of shoegear-rail system under different initial contact forces and explore the dynamic performance of shoegear-rail system. Therefore, according to the structure of shoegear-rail system, a coupling model of shoegear-rail system is established in this paper. On the basis of the model, the numerical simulation of the shoegear-rail system under different initial contact forces is carried out, and finally the vibration data of the shoegear-rail system under different initial contact forces are obtained. The results show that with the increase of initial contact force in the range of 70–160 N, the vibration amplitude of the electric shoegear and the fluctuation amplitude of the contact force increase, but the maximum absolute shear force value of the conductor rail decreases. It indicates that the lower initial contact force, the better the performance of shoegear-rail system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The derivation of pseudorandom number generation (PRNG) from the Josephson junction (JJ) stimulated by the Wien bridge oscillator (JJSWBO) and its microcontroller validation is given in this paper. Via the numerical investigations of the JJSWBO, the encyclopedic dynamical maps in different coordinate spaces constituting the system's parameters explicitly elaborate the global behaviour of the system presenting the greatest Lyapunov exponents (GLE). Chaotic behaviours were captured for GLE greater than zero and periodic behaviours for GLE less than zero. Further, bifurcation characteristics expose monostable and bistable periodic oscillations, bistable periodic doubling route to bistable chaos, interceptions of bistable regular behaviours and bistable chaotic presentations, coexisting attractors, monostable chaotic dynamics and intermittency phenomenon. The microcontroller validation (MCV) of the JJSWBO is presented to validate the numerical simulation results. From the chaotic equations describing JJSWBO, a PRNG with a linear feedback shift register (LFSR) as a post-processing unit is designed. The randomness of the generated binary data from the proposed JJSWBO-based PRNG is successfully tested by using the NIST 800-22 test suite. This result helps to confirm the suitability of the JJSWBO for encryption schemes and other chaos-based applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic characteristics of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) demand reliable and secure communication over wireless media. However, there are significant contradictions in autonomous vehicular systems related to security and privacy. Furthermore, VANETs require seamless data transmission to exchange time-critical data about accidents and traffic. Therefore, VANETs require secure seamless data transmission mechanisms to provide secure reliable communication without communication interruption to exchange time-critical data between vehicles. This paper proposes an Enhanced Location-Aided Ant colony Routing (ELAACR) for VANETs to achieve seamless secure data transmission. The proposed ELAACR is a two-fold scheme in which Phase 1 implements Location-Aided Key Management (LAKM) and Phase 2 implements Ant Colony Routing (ACR). An ACR combined with an LAKM pattern for offering secure and reliable communication. The LAKM scheme works based on the group signature concept to construct a secure network, and an ACR is used to find an efficient secure shortest path for seamless data transmission. The proposed work is simulated in Network Simulator (NS 2.35). By using an efficient and secure shortest path with secure seamless data transmission, the proposed ELAACR achieves an average throughput (T) of 640 Kbps, packet loss rate (PLR) of 0.018%, packet delivery ratio (PDR) of 98.5%, overhead (OH) of 0.157%, and 0.16 s end-to-end delay (EED) compared to Enhanced Hybrid Ant Colony Optimization Routing Protocol (EHACORP) and Fuzzy Based Ant Colony Optimization (F-ANT). The simulation results show that the proposed ELAACR registers better performance in all aspects compared to the existing EHACORP and F-ANT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The freezing damage of rock tunnels in cold region involves ice-water phase change and complicated interaction of Thermo–Hydro–Mechanical (THM) field. Taking the fractured rock mass of cold region tunnels as research subject, the THM coupling model of cold region tunnels was established, which is based on the seepage mechanics, heat transfer theory, damage mechanics and equivalent continuum theory. This model could reflect the anisotropic properties of deformation, water migration and heat transfer caused by the initial fracture of rock mass. The construction and operation processes of a rock tunnel in cold region were simulated, and results were compared with the measured value and predecessor's achievements. It shows that proposed model could reflect the anisotropic property of surrounding rock and the simulated deformation and stress are not symmetrical. Compared with the literature, the calculated results in this paper are closer to the measured values. The insulating layer has a significant effect on the stress of the supporting structures. The maximum tension stress of the lining is 4.5 times as that without insulating layer, and the lining will be destroyed for the overlarge tension stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, thin-walled aluminum alloy parts were fabricated using electromagnetic incremental forming with an elastic cushion. The effect of the thickness of the elastic cushion and the discharge voltage on the skin-forming quality is analyzed using numerical simulation. When the discharge voltage is 6 kV, the springback of the sheet decreases with increasing cushion thickness. However, when the cushion thickness increases to 15 mm, the sheet surface produces a 0.78-mm bulge. When, however, a 10-mm-thick cushion is used, the springback of the sheet decreases with increasing discharge voltage. On the other hand, when the discharge voltage is 8 kV, the surface of the plate produces a 1.14-mm bulge, which makes the surface not smooth. Therefore, the optimal process parameters in this paper are a 7-kV discharge voltage and a 10-mm cushion thickness. Moreover, the springback of the sheet metal can be greatly reduced after discharging six times at different positions. Based on the optimum process parameters, which are determined by the numerical simulation, experimental testing is performed. The experimental results are consistent with the simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new flexible and microscale roll gap control technology to obtain a stronger strip flatness control ability. According to the principle of microscale roll gap control technology, an electromagnetic control rolling mill with the function of roll profile control and large diameter ratio rolling is designed and built. To analyze the flatness control ability, a comprehensive finite element model (FEM) is established, and an indentation experiment and a rolling experiment are carried out. The simulation results show that under different rolling forces and tensions, the average quadratic crown control ability is more than 40 μm, and the average quartic crown control ability is more than − 3 μm. The control ability increment of the quadratic crown is greater than that of the quartic crown. In the indentation experiment, a stable roll profile can be achieved by PID control after reaching the target roll profile. Increasing the regulation amount can change the strip crown from positive to negative. Even under high rolling force conditions, microscale roll gap control technology can also realize a strip crown adjustment of 19.5 to 0.5 μm. Moreover, this technology can adjust the strip shape from edge waves to non-waves and middle waves in the rolling experiment. In this paper, the feasibility of using this technology to adjust the roll gap shape has been verified, and we demonstrate that the roll gap control goal of uniform transverse size distribution can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-stage hot forging is widely used to produce complex forged products in inFdustry. Flash after the forging should always be minimized for the material saving, and it is important to determine the preform shape minimizing the flash. The process parameters in multi-stage hot forging such as the billet temperature and the stroke have also an influence on the product quality as well as the flash, but they are still determined by a trial-and-error method. In this paper, multi-objective design optimization in three-dimensional multi-stage hot forging is numerically performed so as to minimize both the flash and the distribution of equivalent strain. The preform shape and the process parameters such as the billet temperature, the die temperature and the stroke are optimized. The three-dimensional numerical simulation is computationally so expensive that sequential approximate optimization that response surface is repeatedly constructed and optimized is adopted to identify the pareto-frontier between the flash and the distribution of equivalent strain. It is found from the numerical result that 60% reduction of flash can be achieved, compared to the conventional preform shape. In addition, the total forging energy considering the multi-stage hot forging is reduced. It is confirmed through the numerical result that the proposed approach is valid to determine the optimal preform shape and process parameters in multi-stage hot forging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to better analyze and control the micro milling process of micro ball-end milling cutter, a method combining finite element method (FEM) and regression analysis is proposed to simulate and analyze the micro cutting process of cutting edge micro-element at different axial height positions to achieve micro milling force prediction. Combining cutting edge curve equations and actual measurements establish an accurate micro ball-end milling cutter model, and discrete along the axial direction of the cutter to obtain multiple sets of cutting edge micro-element of equal thickness. In this study, a workpiece micro-element model corresponding to the axial height position of the cutting edge micro-element is established based on the actual cycloidal motion trajectory during the micro milling of the cutting edge. Finite element simulation of single-edge bevel cutting of cutting micro-elements is implemented. Based on the micro cutting force data obtained from the micro cutting simulation, regression analysis is used to obtain the cutting edge micro-element unit cutting force related to axial height and cutter rotation angle for a certain amount of feed per tooth, and then the integral summation is used to achieve the micro milling force prediction. A comparative analysis of the full slot micro milling experiments shows that the predicted micro milling forces are in good agreement with the measured values, which directly verifies the correctness and reliability of the cutting edge micro-element cutting numerical simulation and micro milling force prediction method in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a coil optimization method of the ultra-deep azimuthal electromagnetic (EM) resistivity Logging While Drilling (LWD) to obtain the best parameters of the tool for formation boundary detection by theory. First, a rapid numerical simulation algorithm, i.e. the Fast Hankel Transform (FHT) method, is developed to simulate the logging responses of the layered formation. A system of double inclined coils is selected based on the response characteristics and the depth of detection (DOD) from four common coils. Simulation results demonstrated that the optimal coils are perfectly suitable for anisotropic formation. Then, the crucial parameters of the frequency and spacing of the selected coils with a DOD of 30 m are determined using the Picasso diagram. In addition, the influences of the electrical parameter of the drilling collar and resistivity anisotropy of the formation on the response are investigated. The results show that the conductivity of the drilling collar, the thickness and the resistivity anisotropy of the formation all affect the DOD. Finally, formation models with different layers are created to verify the performance and signal intensity. The results demonstrate that the optimized coils not only have a large DOD but also possess a high signal intensity, further confirming the advantages of the preferred coils. Compared with the conventional physical experiment tests, the method of coil optimization proposed in this paper is more economical and efficient. The findings of this study can help better understand the detection characteristics of the different coils, which can provide theoretical support for designing and developing a tool with the best boundary capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a musculoskeletal system, the musculoskeletal potential method utilizes the potential property generated by the internal force between muscles; posture control can be achieved by the step input of muscular tension balancing at the desired posture. The remarkable aspect of this method is that neither sensory feedback nor complicated real-time calculation is required at all. However, previous studies addressed only point-to-point control as motion control. In other words, with the focus on the convergence to the desired posture, path tracking has not been discussed. Extending the previous studies, this paper proposes a path tracking control based on a sensorless feedforward approach. The proposed method first finds the optimal set of muscular forces that can form the potential field to the desired potential shape realizing the desired path; next, inputting the obtained muscular forces into the system achieves path tracking. For verification, this paper demonstrates a case study of a musculoskeletal system with two joints and six muscles. In this case study, a constrained nonlinear programming method is used to find the optimal muscular force, and the path trackability is verified by numerical simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine-leg voltage source inverters (VSIs) are highly effective topologies for high-power industrial applications. In this paper, a novel space vector with pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) approach for a nine-leg VSI fed three-star induction machines (TSIMs) is proposed. In fact, for nine-leg VSI fed TSIM, large stator harmonic currents are observed in the case of a 30° electrical shift between stator stars. The main objective of this paper is to minimize the circulation of these harmonics on (x-y) and (z–w) planes by developing a new SVPWM strategy for the nine-leg VSI. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy in terms of reducing the stator harmonic currents and electromagnetic torque ripple on the topology is, firstly, verified by computer simulations at different levels of the modulation index. The obtained results show that a compromise between the proposed technique and the proper choice of the modulation index provides high performance of the topology. On the other hand, an experimental test on a laboratory prototype of the nine-leg VSI fed TSIM shifted by 30° is carried out using a Virtex 5 LX50T FPGA. The experimental results prove the accuracy of the numerical results and therefore the efficacy of the proposed technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capillary-driven flow is an essential portion of liquid behavior under microgravity. Capillary-driven flows in eccentric annuli under microgravity are deeply analyzed in this paper. A second-order differential equation for the climbing height of liquid is derived. It can be solved with the Runge–Kutta method with appropriate initial conditions. The influences of the dynamic angle, the friction force on the annulus wall and the liquid meniscus in the reservoir on liquid behaviors are all considered in this paper. Moreover, effects of eccentricity on flow resistance and flow speed are discussed. This study has been verified by numerical simulation with the volume of fluid method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CitcomCu is a numerical simulation software for mantle convection in the field of geodynamics, which can simulate thermo-chemical convection in a three-dimensional domain. Due to the increasing demand for high-precision simulations and larger application scales, larger-scale computing systems are needed to solve this problem. However, the parallel efficiency of CitcomCu on large-scale heterogeneous parallel computing systems is difficult to improve, especially it cannot adapt to the current mainstream heterogeneous high-performance computing architecture with CPUs and accelerators. In this paper, we propose an geodynamics numerical simulation parallel computing framework using heterogeneous computing architecture based on the Tianhe new-generation high-performance computer. Firstly, the data partitioning mode of CitcomCu was optimized based on the large-scale heterogeneous computing architecture to reduce the overall communication overhead. Secondly, the iterative solution algorithm of CitcomCu was improved to speed up the solution process. Finally, the NEON instruction set based on SIMD is used for the sparse matrix operations in the solution process to improve parallel efficiency. Based on our parallel computing framework, the optimized CitcomCu was deployed and tested on the Tianhe new-generation high-performance computer. Experimental data showed that the performance of the optimized program was 3.3975 times higher than that of the unoptimized program on a single node. Compared with 50,000 computational cores, the parallel efficiency of the unoptimized program on one million computational cores was 36.75%, while the parallel efficiency of the optimized program was improved by 16.22% and reached 42.71%. In addition, the optimized program can be executed on 40 million computational cores, with a parallel efficiency of 36.54%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the slowdown of improvement in conventional von Neumann systems, increasing attention is paid to novel paradigms such as Ising machines. They have very different approach to solving combinatorial optimization problems. Ising machines have shown great potential in solving binary optimization problems like MaxCut. In this paper, we present an analysis of these systems in boolean satisfiability (SAT) problems. We demonstrate that, in the case of 3-SAT, a basic architecture fails to produce meaningful acceleration, largely due to the relentless progress made in conventional SAT solvers. Nevertheless, careful analysis attributes part of the failure to the lack of two important components: cubic interactions and efficient randomization heuristics. To overcome these limitations, we add proper architectural support for cubic interaction on a state-of-the-art Ising machine. More importantly, we propose a novel semantic-aware annealing schedule that makes the search-space navigation much more efficient than existing annealing heuristics. Using numerical simulations, we show that such an "Augmented" Ising Machine for SAT is projected to outperform state-of-the-art software-based, GPU-based and conventional hardware SAT solvers by orders of magnitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a delayed predator-prey model with discontinuous harvesting and Beddington–DeAngelis functional response. Using the theory of differential inclusion theory, the existence of positive solutions in the sense of Filippov is discussed. Under reasonable assumptions and periodic disturbances, the existence of positive periodic solutions of the model is studied based on the theory of Mawhin's coincidence degree. Finally, through numerical simulation, the correctness and feasibility of the conclusions are verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Bayesian inference, we are usually interested in the numerical approximation of integrals that are posterior expectations or marginal likelihoods (a.k.a., Bayesian evidence). In this paper, we focus on the computation of the posterior expectation of a function f (x) . We consider a target-aware scenario where f (x) is known in advance and can be exploited in order to improve the estimation of the posterior expectation. In this scenario, this task can be reduced to perform several independent marginal likelihood estimation tasks. The idea of using a path of tempered posterior distributions has been widely applied in the literature for the computation of marginal likelihoods. Thermodynamic integration, path sampling and annealing importance sampling are well-known examples of algorithms belonging to this family of methods. In this work, we introduce a generalized thermodynamic integration (GTI) scheme which is able to perform a target-aware Bayesian inference, i.e., GTI can approximate the posterior expectation of a given function. Several scenarios of application of GTI are discussed and different numerical simulations are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a semidiscretization method, we derive in this paper a discrete slow-fast predator-prey system with ratio-dependent functional response. First of all, a detailed study for the local stability of fixed points of the system is obtained by invoking an important lemma. In addition, by utilizing the center manifold theorem and the bifurcation theory some sufficient conditions are obtained for the transcritical bifurcation and Neimark-Sacker bifurcation of this system to occur. Finally, with the use of Matlab software, numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the corresponding theoretical results and reveal some new dynamics of the system. Our results clearly demonstrate that the system is very sensitive to its fast time scale parameter variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an inexact primal–dual method with correction step for a saddle point problem by introducing the notations of inexact extended proximal operators with symmetric positive definite matrix D. Relaxing requirement on primal–dual step sizes, we prove the convergence of the proposed method. We also establish the O(1/N) convergence rate of our method in the ergodic sense. Moreover, we apply our method to solve TV- L 1 image deblurring problems. Numerical simulation results illustrate the efficiency of our method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of various types of damage, small cracks, some large voids and the size of the sample in the rock will make the experimental results show great discreteness. In this paper, based on the results of laboratory experiments, a numerical model of large flawed rock samples is established by using particle flow software PFC2D, and the mechanical response of rocks with different length-diameter ratios and different flaw positions in uniaxial compression experiments is discussed. The results show that the specimen size has a significant effect on the crack characteristics, mechanical characteristics and energy characteristics of rock mass. From the perspective of energy and crack characteristics, the total number of cracks after the failure of the defective rock sample is slightly lower than that of the intact rock sample, resulting in a slightly lower peak strain energy during the rock failure process. From the mechanical properties of rock samples, the Poisson's ratio of intact rock samples is slightly smaller than that of defective rock samples. The strength of the defective sample is weakened relative to the complete rock sample, and the relationship formula between the weakening range and the aspect ratio is obtained through analysis. Moreover, different defect locations lead to different crack processes and crack modes, resulting in different uniaxial compressive strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new measurement method based on a single probe scanning to measure the roundness error of the artifact. The presented method simplifies the mathematical processing. There is no need for complex forward and inverse Fourier transforms. The probe is installed on a micro-stage platform, and a voice coil motor drives the micro-stage platform. In this paper, a precise mathematical model of the proposed measurement method is carried out and a detailed introduction process. Computer simulation analysis proves the feasibility and repeatability of the method. The related factors affecting the accuracy of the measurement system are analyzed, and the corresponding suppression methods are proposed. Finally, a comparative experiment verifies that this method dramatically improves the measurement accuracy compared to direct measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper handles with the Hadamard and the Caputo-Hadamard fractional derivative and stability of related systems without and with delay. Firstly, the derivative inequalities are obtained, which is indispensable in applying the theorems derived in this paper. Then, for systems without delay, we get the stability results by using the Lyapunov direct method and for systems with delay, we explore two useful inequalities to verify the stability. Examples are presented with numerical simulations to illustrate the effectiveness of our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers output-based adaptive event-triggered control of saturated system with the dynamic anti-windup compensator. An adaptive event-triggered condition with a time-varying threshold function is proposed, under which the system has better performance in saving communication resources. A dynamic anti-windup compensator is employed to overcome the potential performance degradation caused by input saturation. For the prescribed dynamic anti-windup compensator, an optimization problem is proposed for enlarging the domain of attraction. Moreover, if dynamic anti-windup compensator is not given in advance, co-design of the dynamic anti-windup compensator and adaptive event-triggered condition is developed. In addition, the Zeno behavior is excluded by calculating the minimum triggering time interval. Finally, the theoretical result is verified by numerical simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital communication systems usually suffer from two factors: inter-symbol interference and impulsive noise. To improve the performance of communication receivers, this paper proposes a good solution to a linear blind equalizer. Firstly, a new lower-order statistic with a lower influence of impulsive noise is constructed based on a nonlinear function. Secondly, an unconstrained optimization problem is formulated by minimizing the mean square error related to the new lower-order statistic, and a new equalization algorithm is derived to effectively compensate for the inter-symbol interference. Thirdly, to further enhance the robustness of the proposed algorithm, the iterative formula of the proposed algorithm is handled by normalizing samples. Finally, numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves better performance under Gaussian and impulsive noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fast finite-time output bipartite tracking of networked heterogeneous robotic systems with matrix-weighted digraphs, parametric uncertainties and external disturbances is studied in this article. Besides, solving the fast finite-time bipartite tracking problem in this paper implies that the system states are forced to reach the employed nonsingular finite-time sliding surface in a predefined time, which thus called fast finite-time control. To address the aforementioned issues, a fast finite time hierarchical control algorithm utilizing estimator methodologies are proposed. The Lyapunov stability theory is used to derive some sufficient requirements for performing output bipartite tracking in a fast finite time manner. To verify that the theoretical results are valid, numerical simulation examples are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the propagation loss in waveguides on directly bonded InP/Si substrates, using numerical simulations to understand the effect of voids within the waveguide structure. Using COMSOL Multiphysics, we developed a model to simulate light propagation, focusing on how void characteristics such as diameter and angle influence the propagation loss. Our findings reveal a correlation between void dimensions and the increased threshold current density in separate confinement heterostructure multiple quantum well laser diodes, thereby providing insights into optimizing waveguide design for enhanced laser performance on InP/Si substrates. This research underscores the critical role of substrate bonding quality in minimizing internal losses and improving device efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]