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Archives are not straightforward repositories of history. Instead, they authorize which stories are remembered. In this article we apply the insights of cultural geographers and other influential scholars of archives to analyze the political dimensions of archiving activist histories. A small group of antiprison activists produced a personal archive during the 1990s and 2000s documenting brutality behind bars and efforts to dismantle solitary confinement in California prisons. After being deemed too dangerous to be opened to the public by university archivists, and without a permanent home, the papers were at risk of being lost to history. By presenting our work building this archive, we analyze the limitations of institutional libraries and the vital role played by individuals and independent institutions willing to preserve dangerous papers, and we show how preserving histories of state violence and opposition can become a deeply personal and risky endeavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to fill the gap in California pest management by evaluating coverage and spatial uniformity of spray rig designs used in California strawberry production. Coverage can be improved up to 30% if the important design parameters are identified, which would reduce pests. Field evaluations were conducted in beds with 4 canopy lines in Santa Maria, CA on 162 cm beds and in Oxnard, CA on 172 cm beds as well as in beds with 2 canopy lines in Watsonville, CA on 122 cm beds and 132 cm beds. Water-sensitive paper cards placed adaxial and abaxial, both horizontally and vertically on plant canopies located near the middle and edge of the bed were used as the evaluation criteria. Data were analyzed by regression. Results from spray evaluations (n = 21) included recording the nozzle used, manifold height, number of nozzles per bed, volume sprayed, nozzle pressure, and tractor speed, as well as determining the percent coverage from 1,568 water-sensitive spray cards. Increasing nozzle pressure can potentially increase coverage by 9.18%. Positioning the nozzle closer to the canopy level can also significantly increase coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In October, 2004, the University of California Libraries entered into a two-year contract with JSTOR (Journal Storage) to establish from its journal runs across all UC campuses a paper repository of approximately fourteen million pages (350+ titles). This "dim archive"- accessible to only UC and JSTOR-would benefit JSTOR by making available a reliable and complete print back file, and UC through cost and space savings from no longer having to maintain several copies of low-use volumes. Since January, 2005, the task of establishing system wide support and collaboration, planning and realizing the actual operation itself, and developing strict but realistic guidelines for finding the best UC copy and then validating it (page by page) has been enormous. This article traces the progress of the project thus far, now approximately three-quarters complete, from the original motivations of UCL (University of California Libraries) and JSTOR, to the preparations by the facility housing the repository (the Southern Regional Library Facility), to the planning and re-planning of the project designer/manager. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the sacred text-production work of a Nyingma Buddhist group based in Berkeley, California. It unpacks their selective engagement with the tools afforded to them by digitisation and new media. Digitisation projects – appearing in growing numbers – offer a powerful resource for the re-assembly of Tibetan Buddhist textual collections scattered in the political upheaval of recent decades. Yet the meeting place between the digital and the sacred is sometimes contested in this context where sacred text is an embodiment of the Buddha's speech. This paper argues that the choice to print ink-and-paper texts is more than a simple rehearsal of tradition and in fact demands alternative forms of engagement with the potential offered by media tools. It explores how the moral invectives contained within sacred Tibetan texts become reshaped through the prisms of contemporary media and the American sponsorship landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papers of Zygmunt Haupt, Polish emigre writer and painter, are now fully processed and open to researches in the Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a meeting with theme ‘‘Making Sound Waves'' of the National Hearing Conservation Association (NHCA) that was held in San Diego, California. Topics discussed include improve the success of Hearing Loss Prevention Programmes for preventing the progression of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in the form of hearing protection devices (HPDs) such as ear plugs, and predicting noise exposures across workers in the mining industry.

Stanford University Libraries has recently acquired and made available to researchers the personal and professional papers of Russian poet Andrei Voznesenskii (Andrey Voznesensky). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Paper trash from Los Angeles (LA) City Hall and two LA office buildings that may soon be on its way to China. The paper is being analyzed for its export value, and, sometime this summer, China Paper Partners of San Francisco, an affiliate of the Conservatree Paper Co., plans to begin shipping the paper trash to the People's Republic of China, where it will be sorted and recycled. Instead of going into already overburdened landfills on this side of the Pacific, as much as 1,000 tons of paper trash per day may make the voyage to China, where paper material is in great demand.

In two studies, students at California State University, Northridge wrote papers that were checked for plagiarism using plagiarism-detection software. In the first study, half of the students in two classes were randomly selected and told by the professor that their term papers would be scanned for plagiarism using the software. Students in the remainder of each class were not informed that the software would be used. The researcher predicted that students who were explicitly warned about the use of the software would plagiarize less than students who were not, but the warning had no effect. In a second study, students wrote two papers in a series. Their knowledge about plagiarism-detection software was inversely correlated with plagiarism rates on the first paper, but no correlation was found between knowledge and plagiarism on the second paper. Instead, participants were discovered to draw repeatedly from the same sources of plagiarized material across papers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers information on papers presented at the 58th annual meeting of the Association for Asian Studies (AAS), held in San Francisco, California, from April 6 to 9, 2006. The papers discussed in a panel on Southeastern Coastal China in the 12th-15th Centuries: Local Society at the Crossroads of Culture and Commerce include one by Matoshi Oka of Hiroshima University and another by Yasuhiro Yokkaichi of Kyushu University. The Society for Ming Studies sponsored a panel on Local Visions of the Ming in the Lae Qing.

The San Francisco Coalition on Homelessness' newspaper, the Street Sheet, is one of the nation's longest-running homeless newspapers. The Coalition's unique "business model" has served as an example for other "street newspapers" worldwide. In this model, homeless persons are entrusted to sell the newspaper on the street, keeping most of the profits for themselves. Using ethnographic data and document analysis, this essay frames the newspaper's vending interactions as performances of a contested "authentic" homeless identity that both transforms the stigma of homelessness into a "selling point" and reinforces the stigma associated with homelessness, ultimately positioning the stigma of homelessness as a souvenir of the Other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2004, California became the first state to require that employers provide paid family leave (PFL) to their employees. This paper examines the effect of California's PFL law on time spent caregiving to parents and to grandchildren by older adults aged 50–79. To identify the effect of the law, the paper uses the 1998–2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study and a difference-in-differences approach comparing outcomes in California to other states before and after the implementation of the law. Results suggest that the law induced a switch in caregiving behavior with older adults spending less time caring for grandchildren and more time helping parents. Focusing on women, results further suggest that PFL affected older adults both through their own leave-taking and through reallocations of their caregiving time in response to leave-taking by new parents. The findings motivate thinking more broadly when calculating the costs and benefits of PFL policies; to the extent that California's PFL law enabled older adults to provide more care for their parents they otherwise would not have received, such an outcome represents an indirect benefit of the policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1887 William Randolph Hearst took over the San Francisco Examiner and made it a New Journalism paper, imitating the techniques of earlier New Journalism publishers in major British and US cities. Because of the competition they faced from Hearst, the other publishers of daily newspapers in San Francisco-Michael de Young and Claus Spreckles-implemented New Journalism techniques in their papers. By the end of the century, San Francisco had become the first US city of its size in which all of the daily newspapers practiced New Journalism. At that time, eight other US cities had populations similar in size to that of San Francisco, and in all of them there were at least two differing journalistic styles practiced by the daily newspapers. However, through the early decades of the twentieth century, four of those cities joined San Francisco in having all of their daily newspapers practice New Journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the importance of occasion as a source of error variance in (a) estimates of the dependability (generalizability) of science assessment scores and (b) the interchangeability of science test formats. Two science tests were developed to measure 8th-grade students' knowledge of concepts related to electricity and electric circuits: A hands-on assessment that provided students with equipment to manipulate and an analogous pencil-and-paper version. Students were administered both tests on 2 occasions, approximately 1 month apart. Results of the univariate generalizability results showed that explicitly recognizing occasion as a facet of error variance altered the interpretation about the substantial sources of error in the measurement and gave lower estimates of the dependability of science scores. Including occasion as an explicit source of variance in the multivariate generalizability analyses influenced the interpretation of the observed correlation between hands-on and pencil-and-paper scores but had little influence on the estimated disattenuated correlation between assessment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the two full-year project that combined research and choreography focusing on dance history by the 2006-2007 dance production class of East Oakland School of the Arts (EOSA) in California. The research project, which shifted focus on how dance can express historical issue, require students a research paper on the subject chosen, final choreographic work related to the issue, and reflection paper that focuses on the issue. It notes that the project jolted students out of their ordinary hip-hop or salsa comfort zones and to come up with new dance styles and movement. It also offers the experience of a teacher on the two-year dance history project which help choreographers find their own creative voices through the use of dance as a way to communicate and express meaning.

Stanford University Libraries has recently acquired and made available to researchers the personal and professional papers of Russian poet Yevgeny Yevtushenko. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Focuses on proposed legislation in California that aims to manage hazardous electronic waste. Details of the bill that would impose a fee on sales of new computers and televisions to help finance their future collection and recycling; Indication that the law will initiate warning labels and establish a public education campaign; Information about the amount of lead in television and computers; Mention of electronics recycling laws in countries such as Japan; Efforts of manufacturers to reduce the toxic material and pollution.

In California, wastewater systems have adapted to water conservation and drought for decades. Yet, few studies have investigated how past design assumptions influence potential mitigation and adaptation actions. This paper evaluates adaptation pathways for wastewater management in California and addresses two questions. First, are wastewater facilities experiencing challenges from mismatches in design flow values and current rates of influent flow? Second, what, if any, adaptation actions are underway or planned? To answer these questions, we compiled historical literature and conducted surveys and interviews with wastewater system managers. Approximately half of respondents indicated that they are experiencing challenges associated with changing water use rates. Aging systems have implemented many types of mitigation and adaptation actions, including operational changes, chemical additions, and facility rebuilds. California's wastewater industry is largely pursuing an incremental adaptation pathway to manage drought and climate change. The paper demonstrates an engaged approach to research on climate change adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, scholars have taken increased interest in the existential dimensions of human im/mobility largely to trace how growing numbers of persons across the globe are pressed to navigate increasingly restrictive mobility regimes. The focus on restrictive contexts has, however, deterred researchers from considering experiences of well-being in precarious conditions. This paper shows how a place-based approach to the study of im/mobility can address this gap by directing scholarly attention to supportive places that promote the well-being of various groups facing limited social conditions. Drawing upon phenomenological healthcare studies, I theorize existential well-being as a dialectic of dwelling-mobility, and study how an increasingly visible supportive place on college campuses in California—namely, the Undocumented Student Resource Center (USRC)—impacts the existential experiences of undocumented students involved in its operations. I theorize 'place' from a sociocultural psychological perspective, viewing USRCs as dynamic, psycho-social-material realities produced by USRC staff and students involved in distinct meaning-making practices. I then discuss research conducted with an USRC in Northern California to show how its distinct socio-material design and psychosocial practices contributed to the development of existential well-being in undocumented students. I conclude that a place-based approach to the study of existential im/mobility can shed light on well-being experiences that are not dependent on the eradication of restrictive mobility regimes and (as such) can contribute to social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade and a half, the Supreme Court has decided a number of cases affecting juvenile sentencing and curtailing serious punishments for juveniles. These cases culminated in the Court declaring unconstitutional the sentencing of juvenile offenders to life without the possibility of parole. For those juveniles previously sentenced to life without the possibility of parole, these decisions mandated that states provide these offenders with meaningful opportunities for release. This paper assesses the implementation of the state of California's legislative response to the Court's rulings. Specifically, we examine the extent to which youthful offender parole boards in California consider the developmental factors noted by the Supreme Court in their decisions. Our results show that the aspects of the criminal offense and the "hallmark features of youth" were found not to influence parole decisions. In contrast, several aspects of the prisoner's growth and maturation in prison were related to parole release. Thus, it appears that the parole boards are operating as instructed by the Supreme Court. Implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water reuse with Advanced Water Treatment (AWT) is increasingly appealing for urban areas seeking water supply reliability. In cities facing water scarcity, how can large-scale reuse support reliability and how do reuse operations affect water quality, energy use, and water conservation? This paper presents a systems analysis of metropolitan-scale water reuse and its effects on water supply and quality. For the case study of Los Angeles County, California, USA, hydroeconomic modeling is used to evaluate reuse as a contributor to water supply given urban water conservation, drought-induced water scarcity, and costs and benefits for supply and demand. Results indicate that AWT can be a viable source of supply especially when coupled with conservation. Across modeled scenarios, reuse provides as much as 30% of regional supplies. New water reuse with AWT becomes viable when imported water availability is 50% or less of historic values. Existing indirect potable reuse operations in the county remain important. Systemwide energy intensity of operations increases with greater reuse in the absence of water conservation. Modeled influent flow rates to wastewater treatment plants resemble historical values, but extreme flow events could pose risks. The paper offers a holistic framework to evaluate water reuse as a component of urban water management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the highlights of the 52nd annual meeting of the Association for Asian Studies (AAS) held in San Diego, California, from March 9 to 12, 2000. Papers relating to the Ming period that were presented during the meeting included one on politics and intellectual networking in the late Ming capitals. Joanna Handlin Smith chaired a panel discussion on status, power and identity in 16th-century China, while Paul S. Ropp chaired a panel discussion on male discourses on female suicide in the late Imperial China.

California has experienced one of the most intense and prolonged droughts in its history in the last decade, prompting the state government to undertake a series of policy responses. This paper compares the impact of the 2015 urban water-use reduction mandate with respect to pre-policy voluntary conservation efforts and post-policy water consumption trends by examining utility-level water demand dynamics of the Metropolitan Water District in Southern California. The findings overall indicate that despite voluntary measures resulting in a gradual decline in urban water-use, the introduction of the regulatory stick achieved swift reduction targets that remained even after removal of the mandatory policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being some of the harshest environments to design for and inhabit, deserts are considered some of the most malleable in our imagination. Countless military bases, proving grounds, gunneries, and practice fields that simulate other locales prove that in military imagination, deserts are nondescript proxy spaces waiting to be filled with the character of whatever location they are to imitate. The developers' imagination is not far behind. Through a historical case study of California City, an ambitiously planned but only partially built desert development project, and unpacking of the terms "desert" and "wasteland," this essay examines the colonial gaze towards the desert that often shapes our perceptions of this unique environment and exposes the fallacies in our thinking that lead us to imagine deserts as a blank slate waiting to be transformed. The paper also highlights the dangers of overconfidence in technology to create techno-utopias and the need to acknowledge the reality of the desert's harsh environment in any planning or development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether U.S./Mexico border residence in California is related to the prevalence of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder (AUD) among Whites and Hispanics. Household survey data were obtained from 1,209 adults (59.7% female) 18 to 39 years of age resident in four counties in California: Imperial on the U.S./Mexico border; and Kern, Tulare, and Madera in California's Central Valley. Households were selected using a list assisted sample, with data collected on the phone or online. Results show that AUD rates were not different between border and non-border location and between Whites and Hispanics. AUD was negatively associated with higher income ($20,000 to $60,000: AOR=.38; 95%CI=.17–.86; p<.01—more than $60,000: AOR=.27; 95%CI:.09–.81; p<.01) and poor risk perception (AOR=.86; 95%CI=.78–.94; p<.01). AUD was positively associated with continued volume of drinking (AOR = 1.05; 95%CI = 1.01–1.09; p<.01), drinking in Mexico (AOR = 4.28; 95%CI = 1.61–11.36; p<.01), marijuana use (AOR = 4.11; 95%CI = 1.73–9.77; p<.01), and impulsivity (AOR = 1.55; 95%CI = 1.23–1.94). Efforts to prevent AUD in the population in California, and especially among those who live close to the border with Mexico, should take into consideration factors such as impulsivity, marijuana use, border crossing to drink in Mexico, all of which increased risk of AUD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by debates about California's net migration loss, we employ valued exponential-family random graph models to analyze the inter-county migration flow network in the United States. We introduce a protocol that visualizes the complex effects of potential underlying mechanisms and perform in silico knockout experiments to quantify their contribution to the California Exodus. We find that racial dynamics contribute to the California Exodus, urbanization ameliorates it, and political climate and housing costs have little impact. Moreover, the severity of the California Exodus depends on how one measures it, and California is not the state with the most substantial population loss. This paper demonstrates how generative statistical models can provide mechanistic insights beyond simple hypothesis-testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the perspectives of college students toward food insecurity and basic needs campus resources. We draw from interviews with 49 students at one university in California's Inland Empire conducted in 2019. We found that regardless of personal experience with food insecurity, participants were generally reluctant to access resources or disclose their experiences with the campus community. We propose that this food insecurity stigma operates individually, interactionally, and structurally. We also discuss it as a by-product of neoliberal discourses about students "abusing" the system and needing to pull themselves up by the bootstraps. A response from university stakeholders has been to normalize food insecurity and visibilize resource use. While an important strategy to counteract the impact of food insecurity, we argue that normalization has limits in regard to addressing the root causes of food insecurity. Finally, we also illustrate ways that students themselves resist food insecurity stigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large literature documents that there are significant academic and non-academic differences between the youngest and oldest students in a school cohort. This paper investigates if being the youngest in a cohort has any impact on an individual's propensity to commit crime by utilizing a data set that contains over 4 million arrest records spanning a 20-year period in California. While I find no persistent effect on the probability of arrest, the youngest students in a cohort have a higher risk of arrest for certain offenses at age 14, corresponding to the age when they would transition to high school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early decades of the twentieth century, the Pacific West Coast of the USA gradually turned into a hotbed of Indian anti-colonial activity. California, in particular, became a point of convergence for Bengali radicals/intellectuals and Punjabi migrant workers. The Ghadar would gradually emerge in 1913 out of the interactions between these two elements. My paper is animated by the understanding that zooming in on Indian anti-colonial activity can be a very productive way of situating California in a transnational historical framework. In my paper, I focus on the interface between the Ghadar movement and the IWW in California. Existing studies have focused on superficial similarities between the two radical movements as a way of explaining their mutual compatibility. Departing from such approaches, I will try to show that similar understandings of time, force, and rupture rendered the Ghadar and IWW compatible at a very fundamental level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For western Mt. Tamalpais, we incorrectly reported the Dmax value of Kfu3 as 114 Ma and correct it to 96 Ma. Initially, we used a conservative method of calculating maximum depositional age, but we here offer a set of less conservative values. Labels on the Supplementary File data table are corrected from 2-sigma to 1-sigma. A few additional errors, some resulting from those noted above, are corrected. We note that we do not share the alternative views offered in the Comment document about some debatable issues of Franciscan geology. The major conclusions of our paper remain unaltered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines populous perspectives of the government's responsibility to intervene in situations of possible parental neglect of children in England, Finland, Norway, and California (USA), and ask if institutional context, defined as child protection system and children´s wellbeing situation, are formative for people's perspectives on government responsibility for children in vulnerable situations and how they view children´s future. With representative samples of populations responses to a survey vignette using ordered logistic regression, findings indicate that the institutional context shed some light on differences on state responsibility. However, similarly to welfare state research, there are differences and contradictions in important dimensions that require further investigation, especially on citizens perceptions of neglect and on intrusive interventions. Citizens with a comparatively higher education are evidently much more supportive of state responsibility for children and child protection interventions than other citizens. This finding is similar to those of other studies of state responsibility. Overall, there is a high level of support in populations for the provision of public services to children and families in vulnerable situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores Latino male community college students' perceptions of their course-related interactions with faculty at a Hispanic Serving Institution in California. Using a Critical Race Theory in Education framework, we qualitatively examine the ways in which race and racism shape students' descriptions of these interactions and the extent to which students attribute negative interactions to racial discrimination and/or oppression. Longitudinal, semi-structured interview data (N = 24) presented underscore the need for structurally diverse faculty in community colleges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme precipitation from climate change may strain many existing stormwater systems. While studies have evaluated such effects on stormwater infrastructure, other sources of uncertainty not yet explored should also be considered. This paper presents an analysis of adaptation costs for new stormwater infrastructure to mitigate increases in design storm precipitation depth with climate change, including how economic and managerial uncertainty related to life cycle unit costs and knowledge of existing infrastructure affect costs. For case study areas in California, we quantify adaptation costs for new green infrastructure capacity by evaluating future design storms. Results indicate that design storm depths increase by an average of 28%, but lack of knowledge of the condition of existing infrastructure and life cycle unit costs result in wide cost ranges. The findings illustrate how climate change planning for stormwater should also consider economic and managerial uncertainty when estimating long-term adaptation costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Truck weight data is needed for a wide range of applications including but not limited to pavement design, weight enforcement, traffic monitoring, and freight transportation planning. Unfortunately, the low spatial resolution of weight sensors along the transportation network can limit these and other potential applications. The main contribution of this paper is a methodology to estimate gross vehicle weight (GVW) distributions at traffic count sites, which collect traffic volumes but currently do not have the ability to directly measure vehicle weight. This paper presents a method for estimating GVW distributions of five-axle tractor-trailers ("3-S2") at traffic count sites by fuzing weight data from weigh-in-motion (WIM) sites with position data from global positioning system (GPS) equipped trucks. Truck travel patterns derived from a truck GPS database were used to determine the degree to which a WIM and traffic count site are spatially related. A GVW distribution was then estimated by combining Gaussian mixture models (GMM) estimated at WIM sites defined to be spatially related to the traffic count site. A leave-one-out cross validation framework allowed for comparisons of estimated and measured GVW distributions at each WIM site. Coincidence ratios and two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) tests were used as comparison metrics for a case study of 112 WIM sites in California. The proposed methodology provided better goodness-of-fit between observed and estimated GVW distributions compared to a baseline approach which defined the spatial relation between sites using great circle distances (GCD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prospect for electric vehicles as a climate change solution hinges on their ability to reduce gasoline consumption. But this depends on how many miles electric vehicles are driven and on how many miles would have otherwise been driven in gasoline-powered vehicles. Using newly-available U.S. nationally representative data, this paper finds that electric vehicles are driven considerably fewer miles per year on average than gasoline-powered vehicles. The difference is highly statistically significant and holds for both all-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles, for both single- and multiple-vehicle households, and both inside and outside California. The paper discusses potential explanations and policy implications. Overall, the evidence suggests that today's electric vehicles imply smaller environmental benefits than previously believed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For persons serving life-without-parole (LWOP) sentences in California, a commutation usually offers them the sole glimpse of hope for release from prison. While governors were reluctant to consider any sentence reductions from 1975 to 2016, commutations—including those for LWOP—have become a more frequent occurrence since. Yet, little is still known about how governors have justified reducing a sentence that initially offered no prospect of release from prison. Given the apparent change in practice, themes emerging from the content of 177 gubernatorial commutation summaries granted to persons serving LWOP sentences between 2017 and 2021 are analyzed in this paper. Through open coding, rehabilitative indicators (programming and institutional conduct) emerged as necessary preconditions for a commutation, while retributive factors (a reassessment of the nature of the crime and the prerogative to adjust excessive prison sentences or to correct sentencing errors) complemented sentence reductions. The findings expose the ethical issues that arise from an LWOP sentence and the subsequent commutation. More specifically, they shed light on the commitment offenses underlying commuted LWOP sentences and raise questions regarding the penal objectives that are supposed to be accomplished with permanent imprisonment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An acute difficulty in wine-ratings-related research, and in calculating consensus among judges, is that each rating is one observation drawn from a latent probability distribution that is wine- and judge-specific. One observation is almost no data at all. Minimizing a weighted sum of cross entropies has been proposed as a method of estimating the shape of the latent distribution using one observation. That method was tested on 30 blind triplicate wine ratings. This article replicates that test, presents results of tests at hypothetical boundary conditions, and then presents test results for a set of 30 blind triplicate ratings published by Cicchetti [(2014, August). Blind tasting of South African wines: A tale of two methodologies (AAWE Working Paper No. 164, 15 pages)] and a set of 1599 blind triplicate ratings from the California State Fair. The test results show that the minimum cross entropy solution is substantially more accurate than the analysis of a single rating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Pierre de Coubertin's revival of the modern Olympic games, the state of California has hosted the Olympics three times and is currently preparing for the games in Los Angeles in 2028. This paper attempts to add to the history of California's Olympic legacy by examining the period prior to 1896 and demonstrating that the Olympic idea had been firmly rooted in California long before the revival of the modern Olympic games and the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics. Themes alluding to the Olympic idea had been exploited in California as early as the mid-nineteenth century, i.e. the time of the US annexation. In 1893 the Olympic Club in San Francisco organized the Ancient Greco-Roman Games with a statewide impact. The association of those spectacles with ancient Greek art or games attests to Californians' awareness of ancient athletics and to the significant role of the San Francisco events in a historical perspective. As the years passed the knowledge about sports with Olympic associations increased among Californians, and the 1893 Ancient Greco-Roman Games in San Francisco can be successfully considered the largest pseudo-Olympic sports event before the 1896 Summer Olympics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The misuse use of prescription stimulants (MPS) among college students is a pressing public health concern. Past research suggests there is variation in MPS frequency by race/ethnicity. According to the Theory of Triadic Influence, a health behavior can increase in frequency based on experiences and characteristics of the behavior. Thus, our aim was to examine the association between experiences and characteristics of MPS with MPS frequency, by race/ethnicity. A probability sample of students attending two California universities completed a paper-based, psychometrically validated, instrument. Students who reported engaging in MPS in their lifetime were also asked questions about frequency, cost per pill, administration routes, sources, and experience with the drug. We used regression analyses to address our research questions, and conducted analyses by racial/ethnic group (i.e. for students identifying as Asian, Latinx, and White). MPS frequency did not vary by race/ethnicity. The influence of characteristics of misuse on frequency varied by race/ethnicity. Additionally, frequency of experiencing the desired outcome was significantly associated with increased MPS frequency across all three racial/ethnic groups. Characteristics of misuse are important to consider when screening for misuse and potential dependence. Particular attention should be given to these characteristics by race/ethnicity. Implications for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to show how Californian libraries deliver value, by taking a preliminary value framework previously developed from a study of academic literature, and applying it to the public library landscape in California. A "bricolage" approach was used to develop an evidence-based framework of value and subsequently to gather data about Californians' use of and attitudes about public libraries. The framework was developed through an extended literature review and applied across data gathered through a survey of residents, interviews with library stakeholders, a review of statistics on library usage, and a review of the outcomes of grant-funded programs in California public libraries. The most significant outcome of our project is a unique value proposition for California's public libraries. These libraries deliver value for individuals, families, groups, communities, and society as a whole. They provide opportunities and support for learning and knowledge development, health and wellbeing, community development, and economic development. Value is delivered through a unique combination of resources, people, and space. California's public libraries are largely offering services that are valued by the public; however, public awareness of the range and nature of services offered remains lower than desired. Practitioners can use the evidence-based framework and the unique value proposition to better understand the aspects of their library services that offer most value to their communities, and to make more persuasive cases for library support. This paper is the first to use an evidence-based framework of value in assessing the impact of California's public libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how poor health outcomes in the HIV/AIDS and opioid epidemics in the United States are undergirded by iatrogenesis. Data are drawn from two projects in Southern California: one among men who have sex with men (MSM) engaging with pre-exposure prophylaxis to HIV (PrEP) and the other in a public hospital system encountering patients with chronic pain and opioid use disorder (OUD). Ethnographic evidence demonstrates how efforts to minimize risk via PrEP and opioid prescription regulation paradoxically generate new forms of risk. Biomedical risk management paradigms engaged across the paper's two ethnographic field sites hinge on the production and governance of deserving patienthood, which is defined by providers and experienced by patients through moral judgments about risk underlying both increased surveillance and abandonment. This paper argues that the logic of deservingness disconnects clinical evaluations of risk from patients' lived, intersectional experiences of race, class, gender, and sexuality. This paper's analysis thus re-locates patients in the context of broader historical and sociopolitical trajectories to highlight how notions of clinical risk designed to protect patients can in fact imperil them. Misalignment between official, clinical constructions of risk and the embodied experience of risk borne by patients produces iatrogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomedicine controls seizures for many children with epilepsy – but not all. In such cases, parents struggle in the wake of various structural, cultural, and corporeal ruptures. Continued use of ineffective medications can lead, iatrogenically, to frightening and serious symptoms and debilitations whose effects, along with those of uncontrolled seizures, ripple outward in challenging ways. Using data from 25 Californian (US) parents who favored providing cannabis to their ill children to meet the iatrogenic burdens of biomedical epilepsy treatments in 2015, well before cannabis's present destigmatization, this paper explores parental refiguration of the effects of clinical iatrogenesis as inevitable – and as productive of evidence necessary to finding better options. In attending to the generative dimensions of iatrogenesis, this paper strives to help clarify the dilemma for parents who critique biomedicine's isolating, materialist, and sometimes apparently haphazard approach to their children, but depend on biomedical and associated systems for their family's well-being nonetheless. Along the way, this paper underscores raced and gendered dimensions of their experiences. Rather than rejecting biomedicine, most hung on tightly, blaming the uncontrolled seizures and their aftermath on a lag in 'the science' and pointing to the cultural idea that every child is unique in explaining their own children's non-responsiveness to treatment thus far. Likewise, they worked to determine effective cannabis regimens with scientised rigour. However, in the end – and in keeping with a culture of (male) Whiteness – stigmatisation, fatigue from chronic care provision, faith in science, and a need for a biomedically-mediated form of social belonging underwrote a majority desire for cannabis's incorporation into the official biomedical pharmacopeia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workplace safety is an important determinant of workers' welfare. Empirical evidence shows the workplace injury rate decreases during recessions. This paper uses detailed administrative Workers' Compensation claims from California to study the relationship between unemployment and workplace injuries at a more disaggregated level. We find that between 2001 and 2012, a 1% increase in the unemployment rate is associated with a 0.2% decrease in the claim rate. In addition, when the unemployment rate increases, the claim rate experiences a significant drop for the subgroups: (i) cuts or struck, (ii) upper/lower extremities or head injuries, (iii) specific injuries, (iv) male workers, (v) young workers, and (vi) insured companies. While the pro-cyclical relationship is strongly persistent across many of the subgroups, the varying magnitudes yield interesting policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on critical literacy as a theoretical framework, this paper explores how a children's book writing assignment designed to center the experiences of underrepresented communities in children's literature contributed to shifts in awareness among predominantly White teacher candidates. The study occurred at a large urban university in California and included 77 participants who all participated in a required Literacy Methods course in a teacher preparation program. Teacher candidate surveys and critical content analysis of candidate-authored books revealed that candidates: (1) selected topics to write about because they had a personal connection to the issue or because of its relevance to their students; (2) created books that evidenced their ability to apply traditional literacy concepts through a critical lens, (3) evidenced a deepened understanding of representation and diversity in children's literature. Findings highlight the importance of critical literacy experiences in teacher preparation as a way to develop teacher candidates' critical lens. Implications include the importance of integrating critical literacy with traditional literacy content – it is not something "extra;" the need for a critical perspective to be an integral part of Teacher Performance Expectations and standards; and the need for ongoing professional development for both teachers and teacher educators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on a conference of the Peace Education Special Interest Group of American Educational Research Association (AERA) held at San Diego, California in April 2009. The conference which two paper sessions, two roundtable discussions and a business meeting began with an interactive symposium which focused on alternative approaches to peace building from gender perspective. At the conference, one of the roundtable session presented various perspectives on peace education.

In this paper, I investigate what effect school capital investments have on housing values and household location choice in the context of the Tiebout model. This research identifies an exogenous variation in school capital investments by exploiting the lottery allocation of entitlement to an interest-free construction bond among districts in California. Although the lottery is exogenous, additional non-lottery allocation complicates identification. This paper develops an empirical model based on sample selection methods in order to create a counterfactual state in which additional non-lottery allocation would not have existed. I find that receiving the interest-free construction bond increases school capital expenditure and housing values at the district level. I view the increase in housing values as the capitalization of school capital investments. I find little evidence for the effect of the interest-free construction bond on household sorting and student's academic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article surveys the holdings gathered on social and cultural movements at the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace in the U.S. The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace was founded at Stanford University by Herbert Hoover in 1919 to collect materials documenting the causes and consequences of World War I. The Hoover Institution is available without charge to all individuals regardless of citizenship, residence, academic affiliation, or lack thereof. Socialist activities during World War I are illuminated by the microfilm collection (10 reels) assembled by Frank L. Grubbs, Jr., as research material for his book "The Struggle for Labor Loyalty." Grubbs' topic was the competition between the pro-war American Alliance for Labor and Democracy and the anti-war People's Council of America, both founded in 1917. The Archives' holdings on the Communist Party, U.S., are far more extensive, and, without question, the single richest source is the Jay Lovestone Papers (330 linear feet). Lovestone a founding member of the party in 1919, played a central role in its internal factional wars of the 1920s, became its general secretary in 1927, and was expelled together with a core of followers in 1929 at the insistence of Communist International headquarters in Moscow.

Discourse regarding public health problems disproportionately affecting marginalized communities may shape and sustain health inequities. Analyses of news media and public health communications in the wake of infectious disease outbreaks provides opportunities to examine how discourse produces dominant public perceptions about the drivers of health emergencies and who is responsible for protecting community health. Guided by Bacchi's "What is the Problem Represented to Be?" analytic approach, this paper critically examines the discursive construction of problems and solutions in news media (n = 35) and public health communication (n = 18 press releases, n = 1 governmental report) regarding an unprecedented hepatitis A outbreak in San Diego, California, USA (2016–2018) that disproportionately affected people experiencing homelessness. We organize our findings around three elements of problem and solution representation with respect to the outbreak: 1. The inequitable attribution of risk and deservingness; 2. assumptions divorced from socio-structural factors and perspectives of marginalized populations; and 3. political theatre as a means of blame-shifting and (in)action. Overall, our findings suggest that even when structural-level issues were acknowledged within news media and public health communication as undergirding the 'problem' of the hepatitis A outbreak, outbreak discourse focused on individual-level responsibility for both the causes of and solutions to it (e.g. vaccines, criminalization of homelessness), and on shifting blame between government actors. These findings have implications for understanding the role that news media and public health agencies play in shaping public perception of the causes, consequences and solutions to infectious disease outbreaks that disproportionately affect marginalized populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1997, thirty-nine members of a religious cult from California, US, committed mass suicide to gain abnormal powers exchanging their present body form. This is popularly known as Heaven's Gate. In 2021, in India, two young women were killed by their learned parents to get abnormal powers by giving-up their present body form. The paper connects such incidences and answers questions like why we feel that our present form of life is worth quitting? Ten eminent personalities from different fields were interviewed. Their responses are presented in a "belief-emotion-behavior," a novel format, analyzing the relationship between the three. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]