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Materials that lead to devices with tunable responses to the morphology are a potential opportunity. Tellurium, a growing material class possessing higher electronic conductivity, has recently been seen to exhibit the same in transition-metal-based complexes when combined toward wider energy applications. However, it has rarely been engineered and implemented for morphology-dependent low-dimensional (LD) structures for catalytic reactions. Herein, for the first time, we provide a novel approach for designing dimension variable nano nickel tellurate (NTO), such as nanorods (NRs), through pH assisted anisotropic transformation from the zero-dimensional amorphous counterpart. The resulting NRs have an average width of 5–30 nm and lengths in micrometers. Mechanistic studies show that the morphology of the final product is determined by the pH value used. In line with structural phase analysis, average core-level spectroscopic and local spectro-microscopic determinations confirm the formation of Ni2+- and Te4+/Te6+-based NTO NRs via electronic structure investigation and covalency. Our study not only provides a fresh approach to achieve varied NTO NRs but also offers insights into the growth reaction mechanisms of anisotropic transformation. The proposed facile design scheme can be optimized to synthesize any nanotellurates with morphological purity to promote the catalytic reactions through low-dimensional activity. As an example, these samples were tested for the oxygen evolution reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study compared rapid and slow intrathecal fentanyl injection followed by a slow injection of bupivacaine to estimate the duration of postoperative analgesia in lower-segment caesarean sections (LSCS). Methods: The study was performed on 60 parturient aged 18-35 years undergoing LSCS and was divided equally into two groups. Group A (Normal Sequential) received slow sequential intrathecal injections of fentanyl and hyperbaric bupivacaine and Group B (Rapid Sequential) received a rapid intrathecal injection of fentanyl followed by a slow injection of hyperbaric bupivacaine. We compared the duration of postoperative analgesia, time of onset of sensory and motor block attained, the highest level of sensory block attained, duration of motor block, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores, spinal anaesthesia-related complications and haemodynamic parameters between both the groups. Results: The duration of postoperative analgesia was longer (P < 0.001) in group B (3.22 ± 0.66 hrs) as compared to group A (2.53 ± 0.41 hrs.) The onset of sensory block was faster (P < 0.001) in group B (1.01 ± 0.29 min) as compared to group A (1.32 ± 0.08 min). More patients in group B achieved higher levels of sensory blockade as compared to group A (5 patients in group A and 12 patients ofgroup B achieved a sensory block up to the T2 dermatome). VAS scores and the requirement of rescue analgesia were significantly lower (10 in group B and 19 in group A). Conclusion: Rapid sequential intrathecal injection of fentanyl and hyperbaric bupivacaine provided better anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia than the normal group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials with unique structures and exotic magnetic phenomena are always intriguing; however, the direct correlation of structural and magnetic ordering up to a few nanometers remains critical. We report structural and magnetic properties of sol–gel grown Co1−xNixTeO4 (x = 0, 0.5 and 1) nanoparticles. An increase in the calcination temperature leads to the enhancement of the particle size and structural ordering. This is accompanied by changes in the magnetic interactions as well. Calcination at lower temperatures retains the short-range non-crystalline structure and superparamagnetic behavior, while calcination at higher temperatures results in long-range ordering in both the crystal and magnetic structures. Superparamagnetic to antiferromagnetic ordering observed from temperature- and field-dependent magnetization is attributed to the changes in structural ordering. This study presents a new family of nanomaterials displaying stable magnetic order up to ∼6 nm, where the magnetic properties can be uniquely controlled by changing the structural ordering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using heterogeneous photocatalysts for harvesting sunlight and converting it for water remediation and splitting are promising to mitigate the possible crisis of environment and energy. Among various composites, the MoS2‐based heterostructures and Ni‐based systems exhibit unique electronic, optical properties and redox capabilities, enabling their roles as photocatalysts. Herein, the impacts of chemical environments on the Ni electronic structures within the MoS2‐Ag‐Ni ternary systems are studied via X‐ray photoemission electron spectroscopy (X‐PEEM). Ni nanoparticles with two different sizes of 70 and 200 nm were loaded to MoS2 flakes with silver buffers as bridges. Heterostructures with a nominal mol percentage of (MoS2)77Ag3.7Ni19.3 were synthesized through an ultrasound‐assisted wet method. The oxidation states and various interfacial interactions of Ni with MoS2 in MoS2‐Ag‐Ni ternary composite are spectromicroscopically determined, combining the X‐ray absorption spectroscopy near Ni L‐edges and the imaging capability of the X‐PEEM. Results showed that Ni mainly retrains its chemical states of metal and native oxidizations without observable electronic features subjected to bonding with the sulfur from the MoS2 flakes. The charge migration channel set up by the Ag buffer thus contributes to electron–hole migrations that facilitate the photocatalytic performance of the ternary system eventually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • X-PEEM and Raman mapping are used to probe interfaces in Ni-Ag-MoS 2 heterostructure. • Higher H 2 yield of Ni-Ag-MoS 2 evidence successful bonding of Ni, Ag and MoS 2. • Downshift due to charge injection and upshift due to strain is noted in phonons. • Ag intercalated MoS 2 , its non-uniform growth, and intimate contact with MoS 2 is noted. • Electronic coupling and strain can tune the electromechanical properties of MoS 2. Despite the boom in catalytic response via constructing interfaces, understanding interfaces' interaction in heterostructures is still a paradox. In this work, the interaction of Ni with MoS 2 in Ni-Ag-MoS 2 heterostructure are unveiled through synchrotron X-PEEM and what's more, the missing interaction mechanism at the Ag-MoS 2 interface is probed via Raman mapping. The observed competition between the downshift of the E 2g 1 and A 1g modes due to charge carrier injection and the upshift of the E 2g 1 and A 1g modes due to compressive strain during reverse laser power experiment is assigned to the non-uniform growth of Ag nanoparticles, their intimate contact with MoS 2 , and Ag intercalated layered MoS 2. The substantial improvement of the H 2 yield of the Ni-Ag-MoS 2 (∼55 μmol h−1 g−1) over the pristine MoS 2 and the binary Ag-MoS 2 evidence successful bonding of Ni, Ag and MoS 2. This study highlights the importance of considering both electronic coupling and strain to optically tune electromechanical properties of MoS 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-metallic inclusions play a decisive role in the steel's performance. Therefore, their determination and control over their formation are crucial to engineer ultra-high-strength steel. Currently, bare experimental approaches are limited in the identification of non-metallic inclusions within microstructural phases of complex steel matrices. Herein, we performed a density functional theory study on the characteristics of different nitride inclusions as observed in spectro-microscopy studies. As per the simulations, TiN inclusions preferentially formed in the austenite matrix, while the ferrite matrix generally hosts BN inclusions. Furthermore, although the presence of both BN and TiN inclusions in the Fe3C matrix is possible, their formation is impeded because of the strong inclusion–carbon interactions. The observed regularity in the formation of nitride inclusions in different phases of steel was also confirmed by the comparison of simulated and experimental K-edge XAS spectrum of nitride inclusions. Our work shed the light on the formation of nitride inclusions in different steel matrices and facilitates their further experimental identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermomechanical deformation is one of the most efficient and facile routes to tailor microstructure in structural materials for mechanical property enhancement. Herein, the Ce‐modified SAF2507 super duplex stainless steel (Ce‐SAF2507) is deformed at different levels from 30% to 90% at a cryogenic temperature (–196 °C) to achieve superior mechanical performances. Cryogenic rolling increase fiber texture and induce ultra‐fine grain refinement which brings grains to ≈10 nm in the selected steel. The high‐density dislocations and deformation twins in the cryogenically rolled Ce‐SAF2507 lead to the nucleation and growth of martensite. Increases in the martensite volume fraction and nanoscale grain refinement occur at higher deformation levels. Cryogenically rolled deformation results in the overall increase in the Ce‐SAF2507 hardness. A higher hardness increment of austenite–martensite dual‐phase compared to that of ferrite is attributed to the austenite–martensite's higher work hardening ability. Furthermore, the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength increase with the deformation level, but the elongation decrease. Observed microstructural evolutions induced by cryogenic rolling enunciate the superiority of the present method over conventional ones to promote steel' mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Liver is the site of many diseases, many become symptomatic while few are diagnosed only on autopsy. The cause of chronic liver disease varies in different geographic areas and influenced by socioeconomic status, diet, life style and regional diseases. Method: This retrospective study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital in the department of pathology over a period of one year. A total of 40 cases of liver specimens, received as part of liver, constituted the material for the study. All were autopsy cases and the organs were received in 10% formalin. Routine grossing and staining with H&E stain were performed. Slides were analysed and the findings were noted in percentages. Results: A total of 40 specimens were studied. Age ranges from new born to 70 years, with 92.5 % male cases. 32.5% of cases were autolysed. 25% were showing chronic venous congestion followed by fatty change (22.5%), hepatitis (12.5%). 2.5% each of cirrhosis, steatohepatitis and normal liver. Conclusion: 1. Autopsy has an important role in identifying the cause of death. 2. To overcome the autolysis of the specimen, the medical practitioner performing the autopsies should be trained about how to carry post mortem and to preserve the viscera for histopathological examination so that cause of death could be noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correlation between size, bonding of Si and O at the surface/interface of Si nanocrystals and frequency of Si phonons in Si-SiO 2 nanocomposites is established using Raman mapping and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Corroboration of these results with absorption spectroscopy shows that lowering of direct transition of light electron conduction band to heavy hole valence band ∼2.8 and 2.95 eV is a result of the interplay between effect of electron confinement (increases band gap) and oxidation bonding environment at the surface/interface (decreases band gap) of a nanocrystal in Si-SiO 2 nanocomposites. These studies have generated deeper insight into the fundamental understanding of the nanocomposite, which can allow easy optical microscopy monitoring of Si-SiO 2 based device fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plexiform Fibrohistiocytic Tumour (PFHT) is an intermediate malignant tumour of soft tissue. It is a rarely metastasising dermal subcutaneous neoplasm. It affects children and young adults. The age range of presentation is from birth to age 77 years. The tumour is most commonly located on the upper extremities, whereas the involvement of the frontal region is rare. The differential diagnosis includes benign fibrous histiocytoma, fibromatosis, giant cell tumour and neurofibroma. Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumour is a slow-growing mass and which is considered a low grade malignant tumour. Treatment is simple excision. It can exhibit aggressive behaviour and rate of local recurrence is 12-38%. A 45-year-old female was presented with a solid mass on the frontal region of the head which was diagnosed as a plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumour with underlying frontal bone invasion on histopathological examination of an excised mass in the Pathology Department. Plexiform Fibrohistiocytic Tumour (PFHT) is a mesenchymal neoplasm that shows a multinodular growth pattern and which is composed of fibroblasts, histiocyte-like cells and multinucleated osteoclast like giant cells. Clinically, it is usually a slow-growing mass with frequent local recurrence and rare regional lymphatic and systemic metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India household work has always been considered as below someone's dignity. It has always been the 'duty' of the woman: wife, mother, daughter or sister to do the household tasks and expect no pay. No wonder regarding that the domestic worker is so deliberately underpaid. Cooking, cleaning, caring for children, these are all skilled jobs but they fall under the unorganised sector, with no law to protect rights, no health cover and no pension. It means that in case of a dispute with the employer, the worker cannot go to a labour court, as she is not technically recognised as a 'worker'. All laws since Independence are formulated for the organised sector. Workers range from fulltime to part-time workers, skilled and unskilled workers. The issues such as no formal contracts ensuring an employer-employee relationship, lack of organisation, poor bargaining power, no legislative protection, and inadequate welfare measures with no provision for weekly holidays, maternity leave and health benefits need to be addressed. The present study addresses the issues and tries to find the status of the domestic help workers in Punjab area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a Raven Roosting Optimization Algorithm (RRO) is followed to light on the load balancing for task scheduling problems solution in cloud environment. Heterogeneity of birds, insects enroll in roosting. In raven Roosting, Roosts are information centers or can say servers and scrounge feature of common ravens inspired to solve problems. This technique is good enough to handle number of overloaded tasks transfer on Virtual Machines (VMs) by determining the availability of VMs capacity. Raven Roosting Optimization (RRO) random allocation of VMs to Cloudlets results huge change in makespan with respect to VM to which allocated. There is the possibility that simulation results shows better makespan, average response time, average waiting time, number of tasks migrated through Raven Roosting Optimization Algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raman spectroscopy/mapping is used to investigate the variation of Si phonon wavenumbers, i.e., lower wavenumber (LW ~ 495-510 cm−1) and higher wavenumber (HW ~ 515-519 cm−1) phonons, observed in Si-SiO2 multilayer nanocomposite (NCp) grown using pulsed laser deposition. Sensitivity of Raman spectroscopy as a local probe to surface/interface is effectively used to show that LW and HW phonons originate at surface (Si-SiO2 interface) and core of Si nanocrystals, respectively. The consistent picture of this understanding is developed using Raman spectroscopy monitored laser heating/annealing and cooling experiment at the site of the desired wavenumber, chosen with the help of Raman mapping. Raman spectra calculations for Si41 cluster with oxygen and hydrogen termination show strong mode at 512 cm−1 for oxygen terminated cluster corresponding to the vibration of surface Si atoms. This supports our attribution of LW phonons to be originating at the Si-SiO2 surface/interface. These results along with XPS show that nature of interface (oxygen bonding) in turn depends on the size of nanocrystals and LW phonons originate at the surface of smaller Si nanocrystals. The understanding developed can conclude the ongoing debate on large variation in Si phonon wavenumbers of Si-SiO2 NCps in the literature. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specially designed laser heating experiment along with Raman mapping on Si-SiO2 nanocomposites elucidates the contribution of core and surface/interface in the intermediate frequency range (511-514 cm-1) Si phonons. The contribution of core to surface/interface increases with the size of Si nanocrystal, which itself increases on laser irradiation. Further, it is found that resonance Raman is crucial to the observance of surface/interface phonons and wavelength dependent Raman mapping can be corroborated with band edges observed in absorption spectra. This understanding can be gainfully used to manipulate and characterize Si-SiO2 nanocomposite, simultaneously for photovoltaic device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explores the relationship between perceived organizational justice, job satisfaction and organizational commitment, using a field sample. The results indicate that distributive justice is significantly related to job satisfaction while procedural justice is not. Also, both distributive justice and procedural justice are found to be significantly related to organizational commitment. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D materials have attracted tremendous research interest since the isolation of graphene. Their remarkable optical, electronic, and mechanical properties show that they hold great potential across a range of technological applications. As a result, there is a growing demand for low‐cost, low‐energy, and high‐resolution lithography methods that will enable the integration of 2D materials into complex integrated circuitry, biomedical devices, and in the generation of quantum‐confined nanostructures. Recent advances in scanning probe nanolithography (SPL) techniques for the lithography of 2D materials such as graphene, black phosphorus, molybdenum disulfide, and tungsten diselenide are discussed, including the various physiochemical aspects of subtractive and additive lithography of these materials. Examples of 2D‐material‐based devices fabricated by SPL and their properties are also described. The comparative advantages of the individual SPL techniques are discussed along with the future outlook of SPL for 2D materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing demand for lithography methods to enable the fabrication of diagnostic devices for the biomedical and agri-food sectors. In this regard, scanning probe lithography methods have emerged as a possible approach for this purpose, as they are not only convenient, robust and accessible, but also enable the deposition of "soft" materials such as complex organic molecules and biomolecules. In this report, the use of polymer pen lithography for the fabrication of DNA oligonucleotide arrays is described, together with the application of the arrays for the sensitive and selective detection of Ganoderma boninense, a fungal pathogen of the oil palm. When used in a sandwich assay format with DNA-conjugated gold nanoparticles, this system is able to generate a visually observable result in the presence of the target DNA. This assay is able to detect as little as 30 ng of Ganoderma-derived DNA without any pre-amplification and without the need for specialist laboratory equipment or training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensembles of silicon nanoparticles (Si-nps) embedded in SiO2 matrix were grown by alternate ablation of Si and SiO2 targets using KrF excimer laser based pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The sizes of Si-nps (mean size ranging from 1-5 nm) were controlled by varying the ablation time of silicon target. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) along with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and Raman spectroscopy were used to confirm the growth of silicon nanoparticles, its size variation with growth time and the crystalline quality of the grown nanoparticles. TEM analysis showed that mean size and size distribution of Si-nps increased with increase in the ablation time of Si target. Intense peaks ~521 cm-1 in Raman analysis showed reasonably good crystalline quality of grown Si-nps. We observed asymmetric broadening of phonon line shapes which also redshift with decreasing size of Si-nps. Photoluminescence (PL) from these samples, obtained at room temperature, was broad band and consisted of three bands in UV and visible range. The intensity of PL band in UV spectral range (peak ~3.2 eV) was strong compared to visible range bands (peaks ~2.95 eV and ~2.55 eV). We observed a small red-shift (~0.07 eV) of peak position of UV range PL with the decrease in the mean sizes of Si-nps, while there was no appreciable size dependent shift of PL peak positions for other bands in the visible range. The width of UV PL band was also found to increase with decrease of Si-nps mean sizes. Based on the above observations of size dependent redshift of UV range PL band together with the PL lifetimes and PL excitation spectroscopy, the origin of UV PL band is attributed to the direct band transition at the Г point of Si band structure. Visible range bands were ascribed as defect related transitions. The weak intensities of PL bands ~2.95 eV and ~2.55 eV suggested that Si nanoparticles grown by PLD were efficiently capped or passivated by SiO2 with low density of surface/interface related defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visible light-active nickel-based plasmonic photocatalysts provide a cost-effective alternative to noble metals. However, their rarity, fragility, and limited understanding pose challenges. This work presents a microwave-assisted organic synthesis of a Ni-NiO@Ni 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 core-shell@sheet plasmonic photocatalyst. By employing time and power dependent synthesis, this catalyst exhibits flexible Ni 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 nanosheets enveloping the Ni-NiO structure, surpassing the pristine Ni@NiO/NiCO 3 core-shell counterpart. Chemical reaction mechanisms suggest that irradiation of pristine Ni-NiO/NiCO 3 nano structures leads to breakage of amorphous NiCO 3 to Ni 2+ and CO 3 2- , which further, in the presence of water solvent, interacts with OH - ions leading to the formation of Ni(CO 3 )·Ni(OH) 2 . With enhanced light absorption and photocatalytic properties, the resulting core-shell@sheet photocatalyst demonstrates double the hydrogen evolution reaction yield (40 μmol g -1 h -1 ) compared to the pristine catalyst (20 μmol g -1 h -1 ). The enhanced H 2 yield is attributed to the flexible sheets, cross-dimensional photocatalyst structure, increased surface area for surface reactions, and higher H 2 activity of Ni 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 . This research showcases the potential of microwave-assisted synthesis in developing flexible nanosheets with superior solar water splitting performance., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Nanomaterials with unique structures and exotic magnetic phenomena are always intriguing; however, the direct correlation of structural and magnetic ordering up to a few nanometers remains critical. We report structural and magnetic properties of sol-gel grown Co 1- x Ni x TeO 4 ( x = 0, 0.5 and 1) nanoparticles. An increase in the calcination temperature leads to the enhancement of the particle size and structural ordering. This is accompanied by changes in the magnetic interactions as well. Calcination at lower temperatures retains the short-range non-crystalline structure and superparamagnetic behavior, while calcination at higher temperatures results in long-range ordering in both the crystal and magnetic structures. Superparamagnetic to antiferromagnetic ordering observed from temperature- and field-dependent magnetization is attributed to the changes in structural ordering. This study presents a new family of nanomaterials displaying stable magnetic order up to ∼6 nm, where the magnetic properties can be uniquely controlled by changing the structural ordering.

The crystallization in glasses is a paradoxical phenomenon and scarcely investigated. This work explores the non-isothermal crystallization of a multicomponent alumino-borosilicate glass via in situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, atomic pair distribution function, and Raman spectroscopy. Results depict the crystallization sequence as Ca 3 Al 2 O 6 and CaSiO 4 followed by LiAlO 2 with the final compound formation of Ca 3 B 2 O 6 . These precipitations occur in a narrow temperature range and overlap, resulting in a single exothermic peak in the differential scanning calorimetry thermogram. The concurrent nucleation of Ca 3 Al 2 O 6 and CaSiO 4 is intermediated by their corresponding hydrates, which have dominantly short-range order. Moreover, the crystallization of LiAlO 2 and Ca 3 B 2 O 6 is strongly linked with the changes of structural units during the incubation stage in non-isothermal heating. These findings clarify the crystallization of multicomponent glass, which have been inferred from ex situ reports but never evidenced via in situ studies.

Ni@NiO/NiCO 3 core-shell nanostructures have been investigated for surface plasmon driven photocatalytic solar H 2 generation without any co-catalyst. Huge variation in the photocatalytic activity has been observed in the pristine vs. post-vacuum annealed samples with the maximum H 2 yield (∼110 μmol g -1 h -1 ) for the vacuum annealed sample (N70-100/2 h) compared to ∼92 μmol g -1 h -1 for the pristine (N70) photocatalyst. Thorough structural (X-ray diffraction) and spectroscopic (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy coupled electron energy loss spectroscopy) investigations reveal the core Ni nanoparticle decorated with the shell, a composite of crystalline NiO and amorphous NiCO 3 . Significant visible light absorption at ∼475 nm in the UV-vis region along with the absence of a peak/edge corresponding to NiO suggest the role of surface plasmons in the observed catalytic activity. As per the proposed mechanism, amorphous NiCO 3 in the shell has been suggested to serve as the dielectric medium/interface, which enhances the surface plasmon resonance and boosts the HER activity., Competing Interests: There are no conflict of interests to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

P25 comprising of mixed anatase and rutile phases is known to be highly photocatalytically active compared to the individual phases. Using a facile wet chemical method, we demonstrate a ternary nanocomposite consisting of Ni and Ag nanoparticles, decorated on the surface of XTiO 2 (X: P25, rutile (R)) as an efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst. Contrary to the current perspective, RTiO 2 -based Ni-Ag-RTiO 2 shows the highest activity with the H 2 evolution rate of ∼86 μmol g -1 W -1 h -1 @535 nm. Together with quantitative assessment of active Ni, Ag and XTiO 2 in these ternary systems using high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy coupled energy dispersive spectroscopy mapping evidences the metal to semiconductor contact via Ag. The robust photocatalytic activity is attributed to the improved visible light absorption, as noted by the observed band edge of ∼2.67 eV corroborating well with the occurrence of Ti 3+ in Ti 2p XPS. The effective charge separation due to intimate contact between Ni and RTiO 2 via Ag is further evidenced by the plasmon loss peak in Ag 3d XPS. Moreover, density functional theory calculations revealed enhanced adsorption of H 2 on Ti 8 O 16 clusters when both Ag and Ni are simultaneously present, owing to the hybridization of the metal atoms with d orbitals of Ti and p orbitals of O leading to enhanced bonding characteristics, as substantiated by the density of states. Additionally, the variation in the electronegativity in Bader charge analysis indicates the possibility of hydrogen evolution at the Ni sites, in agreement with the experimental observations., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Uncontrolled seizure or epilepsy is intricately related with an increase risk of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. The failure to achieve seizure control with the first or second drug trial of an anticonvulsant medication given at the appropriate daily dosage is termed as pharmacoresistance, despite the fact that these drugs possess different modes of action. It is one of the devastating neurological disorders act as major culprit of mortality in developed as well as developing countries with towering prevalence. Indeed, the presence of several anti-epileptic drug including carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproate, gabapentin etc. But no promising therapeutic remedies available to manage pharmacoresistance in the present clinical scenario. Hence, utility of alternative strategies in management of resistance epilepsy is increased which further possible by continuing developing of promising therapeutic interventions to manage this insidious condition adequately. Strategies include add on therapy with adenosine, verapamil etc or ketogenic diet, vagus nerve stimulation, focal cooling or standard drugs in combinations have shown some promising results. In this review we will shed light on the current pharmacological and non pharmacological mediator with their potential pleiotropic action on pharmacoresistant epilepsy.