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Sustainable urban development (planning) relies on up-to-date spatial and other information. Much of this data comes from government organizations, agencies and institutions which are obliged to make it open by the EU Open Data Directive (2019/1024) and Implementing Regulation (2023/138). The City of Zagreb has established spatial data infrastructure (SDI) to support the provision of spatial open government data. This paper analyses which government data relevant to urban planning is available in Zagreb SDI, in which form it can be assessed and to what extent is this data in line with the list of adopted high-value data in Europe. The results indicate that a number of spatial data exist, but data accessibility limits its re-use potential – data mostly available as view only.

The possibility of using unmanned aircraft (UA) for the need of geodetic surveying was investigated in such a way that a test field consisting of 30 ground control points (GCP) and checkpoints (CP) was established. The test field was first measured by the classical method of geodetic surveying, the polar method using a total station. After that, all points were again measured by the GNSS RTK method. The GNSS RTK method was used to determine the coordinates of points in the official Croatian coordinate system HTRS96/TM, additionally, the polar method increased the positional "strength” of points in all directions, i.e., improved the relative accuracy between all points. Using UA with different image sensor characteristics, the test field was measured by an aerial photogrammetry method at different flight heights for the purpose of obtaining digital orthophoto. The absolute orientation of the model was performed using the external orientation data of each digital image based on GNSS and IMU unmanned aircraft sensors as well as using GCP. Accuracy analysis of aerial photogrammetry was performed by considering the survey data collected by classical methods accurate and comparing them with the coordinates obtained by aerial photogrammetry method from digital orthophoto.

The new concept of Open Spatial Data Infrastructures (Open SDIs) has emerged from an increased interest in open data initiatives together with national and international directives, such as the EU Open Data Directive (Directive (EU) 2019/1024), and the large investment of European public authorities in developing SDIs for sharing spatial data within public authorities. Open SDIs have the potential to boost reaching SDIs’ general aims and goals of facilitating the exchange and sharing of spatial data to support planning and decision-making by including public participation and increased openness in all aspects of SDIs, including Open SDI Education. The open SPatial data Infrastructure eDucation nEtwoRk (SPIDER) project aims to address Open SDI Education by particular emphasis on studying Active Learning and Teaching (ALT) methods for SDI education. This article provides a theoretical basis of ALT for SDI methodologies. We show in which way ALT practices were already implemented in SDI education at the Partner universities before the COVID-19 pandemic. We also describe how the pandemic functioned as a catalyst for implementing ALT practices to an online environment, and how students evaluated these practices. The outcomes of our research can serve as an inspiration for SDI education in other countries.

Development of unmanned aerial vehicles and automated processing (structure-from-motion technique) of photogrammetric measurements led to a large number of different spatial datasets, obtained by using various sensors. In order to use them in various land management tasks, they need to be further processed and/or adjusted. Land Consolidation is the agrarian and technical operation that aims to group and collect the segmented and fragmented holdings into one or more rounded holdings to achieve a more rational agricultural production. As the procedure of LC is a comprehensive, long-lasting and expensive operation, it needs careful and responsible planning. These plans should take into consideration the ratio between consolidation costs and benefits from improved conditions for agricultural producers. To ascertain that, it is necessary to determine areas suitable for consolidation and express their qualitative features in a quantitative manner. This database needs to include a cadastral dataset, physical planning documentation, land use, dry stone wall structures, digital terrain model, pedological and other spatial or non-spatial datasets. That makes possible to determine various indicators and measures to be used in a multi-criteria analysis to make a decision on size, coverage, comprehensiveness, costs and benefits as well as other characteristics of selected land consolidation procedure. Although the use of multispectral and hyperspectral sensors allows relatively simple and reliable classification of natural and artificial surfaces, the paper discusses application use of a UAV point cloud object-based classification of the most widespread UAV sensor - imaging sensor in the visible spectrum range. The comparison of classified data obtained by surveying at different height was done at the case study of UNESCO’s World Heritage Site Stari Grad Plain in Croatia.

A multipurpose land administration system (MLAS) should integrate various types of data that are stored in many official registers as public sector information. All information of the public sector, if available, is the potential which can contribute to social and economic development. The right of access to public sector information in recent years is guaranteed by regulations in many countries. Although the regulations differ, their objectives are common. Informing the population is an important task for the development of democracy, fighting corruption and increasing the accountability of the governing structures. The availability and redundancy of data can be determined by comparing the key registers’ data. Results of comparisons are used in the development and implementation of a prototype of an MLAS warehouse and implementation of a portal for access to (meta) data. In order to establish a prototype warehouse, open source technologies were analysed in terms of their applicability to the development of an appropriate data model of a warehouse. Based on the strengths and weaknesses, we opted for the approach to modelling and establishment of a repository for various types of data. Typical data are migrated to storage. Each migrated dataset is described in a standardized manner with metadata. In that way, discoverability and searchability is facilitated, which results in significantly improved ability to use the warehouse of an MLAS. Metadata/data infrastructure is established as a set of publicly available services suitable for research of improvements of usage of public sector information. Two portals with the ability to view/download data have been implemented. These provide access to the metadata with the ability to search/view/download data. This allows further research on the possibilities of using the data for various purposes such as real estate mass valuation and land consolidation.

The Kostanjek landslide is the largest landslide in the Republic of Croatia, located in the western residential area of the City of Zagreb. The landslide was activated in 1963 and the main cause of sliding was excavation of the marl at the foot of slope. Investigation of Kostanjek landslide is one of the objectives of the Japanese-Croatian five-year (2009-2014) scientific joint-research project “Risk Identification and Land-Use Planning for Disaster Mitigation of Landslides and Floods in Croatia”. As a part of scientific project, a real-time monitoring system was designed during the period from 2010 to 2011 and established in the period from 2011 to 2013. The monitoring system consists of multiple sensor networks including 15 GNSS sensors for displacements monitoring. By GNSS sensors displacements of only 15 points can be monitored. From UAV surveys, movements of the landslide as well as changes in the surface topography can be detected, which enables us to obtain more detailed information on landslide dynamics, necessary for studying landslide activity. In this paper, results of three periodic UAV surveys of landslide performed within a period of two months are shown. Since within this period, no significant displacements on landslide had occurred, we examined the achieved accuracy of UAV surveys. Survey was done using senseFly eBee RTK with integrated GNSS RTK receiver. Since, in many cases there are sites where ground control points (GCP) cannot be placed and measured easily or safely, in this paper we analyzed the achieved accuracy of survey with and without the use of GCPs.

In Croatia, as in other post-socialist countries, agricultural land is extremely fragmented. This significantly raises the costs of and impedes agricultural production. The land fragmentation manifests as a big number of relatively small cadastral parcels of each individual land owner. Additionally, the parcels are often very irregular in shape, which hinders an effective application of modern agricultural machinery. Land consolidation procedure, i.e., regrouping and merging partitioned agricultural land into bigger and more regular parcels, and simultaneously arranging road and canal networks, enables a significant improvement in the conditions of agricultural production. An analysis of Croatian official land administration data was made in order to determine land fragmentation and other agricultural indicators. The basis for conducting land consolidation is the legal framework. Multi annual and annual plans are to specify priority areas for conducting consolidation. These plans should take into consideration the ratio between consolidation costs and benefits from improved conditions for agricultural producers. To ascertain that, it is necessary to determine areas suitable for consolidation and express their qualitative features in a quantitative manner. In this way it is possible to create a system for deciding on priority areas, based on a multi-criteria analysis of spatial data. Most of the necessary data on land and space can be found in the Land Administration System (LAS). However, some of the data was not available as an official, country-wide, data, and other sources of data were used. The base spatial unit for which assessment has been carried out for the whole territory of Republic of Croatia was cadastral municipality. The final result is a complete list of all cadastral municipalities, ranked accordingly to the suitability for agricultural land consolidation. The process of spatial unit’s suitability ranking revealed some shortcoming of the existing Land Administration System, which will be further researched and considered within the Croatian Science Foundation Project named: Development of the Multipurpose Land Administration System, goal of which is improvement of efficiency and usability of LAS.

In the last several years, with mass appearance of the unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), we have been witnessing a new revolution in geodetic profession. The potential of UAS in different areas of geodesy is very big and probably the phrase “only sky is the limit” fits perfectly. However sometimes the UAS are misused for illegal purposes which puts a negative light to their usage. Many countries started to regulate the usage of UAS. Even on the EU level there is ongoing process regarding UAS regulation. The question is how much it limits their usage and where the appropriate balance is. In this paper we give an overview of the existing regulation and a possible answer to the posted question.

A more extensive use of land administration data began with the development of multipurpose cadastral systems. However, establishing of multipurpose cadastral systems has proven to be a task more demanding than expected, so hardly any country has one that is really efficient. Only with a start of a more extensive introduction of IT technologies have the prerequisites for developing of multipurpose land administration system really been fulfilled. Still, the differences resulting from basic concepts (e.g. deed vs. title registration, fixed vs. general boundaries, institutional and jurisdictional differences) require on a per country approach to be applied when multipurpose land administration systems are to be implemented. LADM can be used as a facilitator for the development of a standardized concept for a multipurpose land administration system, however it first needs to be adjusted to local conditions. The inclusion of all the involved stakeholders directly into an integrated LAS would not result in an efficient system. The analysis of parts of LAS indicates that the most appropriate solution is a distributed MLAS based on the interoperability of its parts. The analysis focuses on components (registers) to be included in order to satisfy as many users as possible.

Today’s land administration systems (LAS) efficiently fulfil their primary purpose, the support for land administration processes. Besides that, land administration systems should also facilitate land management as an important instrument for the implementation of land policy contributing to comprehensive land governance. Unfortunately, this is often not the case, or at least not in an efficient manner. A multipurpose land administration system efficiently supports land management processes. Within the paper we describe the steps leading towards the transformation of a LAS into a MLAS. For the purpose of transformation we propose to improve the two basic aspects of a LAS, its efficiency and its usability, and argue that it should facilitate the transformation. Within the efficiency aspect we focus on increasing the outsourcability of processes and in the usability on finding new usages in the domain of land management. We argue that the project should include two basic components (the conceptual and the technical one) and that it should be executed in three phases (first the definition of concepts, second the physical modelling and pilot and third the testing of outputs and refinement of findings).

Effective spatial resources management is one of the main features of healthy economic growth of a region. Although traditionally divided among several administrative bodies, the technological progress enables the integration of all space-related attributes, creating spatial information support that can service all more complex social communities. The paper considers the possibilities of the mass valuation application in the procedures of land management in the Republic of Croatia, views all legal frameworks and gives an overview of information of land administration, and especially cadastre, on which every mass valuation system is based. Through the overview of the existing state of information and the descriptions of abandoned mass valuation systems, the paper explains the problems of rural and urban land valuation. It explains the choice of Multi Criteria Decision Analysis helped by Rule-based Expert System methodology with the purpose of developing functional, practical, consistent and adaptable mass valuation system on a national level, applicable on the area of the Republic of Croatia and states with similar LAS.

The paper discusses the importance of effective and efficient decision support system in urban planning, based on the principles of geomarketing. Geomarketing, as an integration of geographical intelligence and marketing, is used to include and valuate various aspects of spatial resources. The core base of geomarketing system in spatial planning is land administration data, which is stored and maintained by many different administrative bodies. Development in the field of the spatial technologies is making possible integration of all land administration and other available data, and with that an establishment of the decision support system, which could make urban planning more sustainable, economically approved and ecologically controlled. Decision support system with those data included can be used also to enable the planning of raising the real estate value by the procedures of land readjustment. Raising the transparency level by mass valuation in the planning process makes possible to facilitate and accelerate the subsequent procedure of spatial plans implementation.

3D Cadastre is very interesting topic in the geodetic and cadastral scientific inter-national community, but there are a few countries that can boast with a fully established and completed 3D cadastre. Establishment of 3D cadastre is a long and tedious process, just as a traditional 2D cadastre was not created overnight. This paper will describe the current method of registration of property and separate parts of real property (apartments and office spaces) in the Croatian cadastre and land book as the basis for the establishment of 3D cadastre. Certain preconditions for the formation of 3D Cadastre in Croatia have already been met (e.g. separate part of real property ownership is possible to register in the cadastre and land book). This paper proposes two new registration solutions in Croatian Land Administration System (Unified Feature Identifier and registration of apartment volume).

An assessment of real estate value is a prediction of its value based on experience, and taking into consideration its spatial, physical, legal and economic factors. Location has great influence on value because the real estate is being significantly determined by its spatial properties. In the urban areas, correlation between the value of real estate and its location is very complex and it depends on many subjective and objective factors. Mass valuation is a procedure which, based on objective factors, using statistical methods assesses the value of a big number of real estate. Modern, Computer-Assisted, real estate valuation systems worldwide are based on the existing spatial data, a combination of land administration and topographic data, along with the market factors. Efficient functioning of a real estate cadastre, as the basic infrastructural system, facilitates significantly the planning and accomplishment of economic and other activities linked to real estate. This paper examines the possibilities of mass real estate valuation, based on 3D Vector Terrain Model, created from the digital cadastral map (DCM) of the cadastral municipality of Centre, provided by the City of Zagreb Office for Cadastre and Geodetic Works and topographical data. As in cadastre, basic unit of realised real estate valuation system is real property, which can generally be seen as land, buildings, and whatever is attached or affixed to the land. In the lack of true 3D cadastral data models and data, procedures for real estate valuation were based on model which consists of 3D physical objects made from 2D cadastral data (land parcels and buildings) and topographical data – elevation. Data were modelled, stored and analysed using the combination of PL/SQL procedures and Oracle 11g SDBMS built-in spatial functions. This paper concentrates on further development of visibility analysis calculation of real estate, which requires more detailed 3D physical model. The idea behind modelling the influence of this factor on real estate valuation is the assumption that a real estate with a bigger visibility polygon, i.e. a better view, has a bigger market value than the same real estate with a smaller visibility polygon. On the part of the model, each part of 3D property unit were manually modelled into smaller parts according to a plan of separate parts – 3D condominiums, which are smallest parts of 3D property units in the model. Thus those, procedure of automatic valuation of spatial characteristics of each condominium were possible, instead of valuation of the whole building object. This factor was calculated as visibility polygon, two-dimensional geometric shape – cross section of continuous visibility border in all directions from one point (centre of 3D condominium), considering only the cross section of horizontal vision and obstacles. Data derived from the system can be used for better understanding and explanation of real estate value spatial distribution, and as a basis for the expert system based on multi criteria decision making.

Efficient space resources management is, together with human resources, a key factor for viable economic growth of a region. GIS technology is making possible an integration of all available spatially-referenced data, and consequently an establishment of information system that can support complex societies, making spatial planning sustainable, economically profitable and ecologically controlled. This is very important in urban areas, where space interventions are more frequent and affect space quality for a large number of people. This paper gives an overview of the GIS developed by the Chair of Spatial Information Management at Faculty of Geodesy for the Zagreb City Office for Strategic Planning and Development. In the first phase of the project, a GIS with all available Zagreb Spatial Plans at various scales was created. During the project the problems connected with data redundancy and mismatched boundaries of data defined at different scales were indicated. During the second phase of the project statistical data from the population census was appended. Data derived from the system can be used for better understanding of spatial distribution and explanation of statistical data, and as a basis for an expert system based on multi criteria decision making, which is essential for creation of a strategic and optimal development plan

Croatia has been faced with a challenge to renew property register and prepare the maps which are consistent with the real situation. Unharmonized registers are blocking the investments and development of the real estate market. Renewal of registries following a INSPIRE directive and implementation rules would lead to harmonisation of datasets, creation of associated metadata and improved data interoperability, giving the opportunity of starting a mass land valuation system. This system could be started without a big investment in acquisition of data, because all the required data would be reused from existing datasets. This paper considers modelling of physical characteristics of land parcels and their influence on the value. It summarizes the current status of projects and services needed for land valuation factors acquisition.

Republic of Croatia with land area of 56 594 square km and surface area of territorial sea an interior sea waters of 31 067 square km has one of the most indented coasts in the world. Croatian coast extends for 5835 km (69% on islands), and has a 1185 islands and isles. The legislation was renewed in year 2003 in order to provide proper sustainable development, help environmental protection and protect coastal areas from illegal construction. According to new legislation, State Geodetic Administration is obliged to define border of protected coastal areas (this area includes all islands and spread along 1000 m from coastline and 300 m in sea). They have started a project together with Ministry of Enviromental protection, Physical Planning and Construction. The project resulted with a GIS system, realized using ArcGis software. Another important area in coastal zone is a maritime domain, which is in legislation defined as area enclosed by coastline and a constructed 6-meter line in horizontal direction from the coastline. In maritime domain ownership or any other property right can’ t be acquired, although concessions for commercial activities can be given. GIS of protected coastal areas and regulations on maritime domain are only first step in making a tool for better coastal zone management. GIS with ability to make efficient and visually understandable analysis will greatly improve management and planning in mentioned areas, both for units of regional self-government and other interested stakeholders.

Land has always played a crucial role in life of human community. Difference in position, fertility or natural resources make some locations and land parcels more desirable than the others. System of land valuation provides control of real estate market and can also be used for both transaction and ownership taxation. Taxation of land has many benefits. Properly calculated tax rate helps efficient use of land. Best land locations must be available to users who can make the best use of land and maximize its benefits. According to current law, transaction taxes on market of real estate in Croatia are calculated from market value. However, market value is calculated from the value of transaction, not from valuation. Some kind of land valuation system in Croatia would be a great tool for better planning and decision making on land use. Land valuation is a process of assigning values to land locations. In order to perform a land valuation, many objective and subjective valuation factors must be considered and modelled. Especially for agricultural areas the physical factors are of crucial importance and have the strongest influence in their market value. In order to test some premises regarding land valuation, a DTM for whole territory of Croatia was loaded into a spatial database and some physical factors were calculated offline and stored together with it. With that, prototype system with basic functionality was developed. Already in this phase its functioning can significantly improve current procedures in land taxation, with a possibility of further extension.

Srednja razina mora je temeljni podatak koji povezuje kopneni i morski dio prostorne infrastrukture. Mareograf u Luci Split jedan je od 5 mareografa na osnovu čijih je dugogodišnjih mjerenja visine razine mora određena geodetska nula. Mareografska opažanja na tim mareografima provedena su za puni vremenski interval mjerenja mora od 18, 6 godina, a srednja razina mora određena je za vremensku epohu 1971, 5. Na osnovu mjerenja razine mora u razdoblju od 18, 6 godina određen je visinski referentni sustav Republike Hrvatske, odnosno Hrvatski visinski referentni sustav za epohu 1971, 5 - skraćeno HVRS71. Iako je propisana obveza Državne geodetske uprave Republike Hrvatske da do 1. siječnja 2010. godine uvede u službenu uporabu novi visinski datum (HVD71) te novi visinski referentni sustav (HVRS71), u Republici Hrvatskoj je još uvijek u uporabi stari visinski referentni sustav, odnosno HVRS1875. Uz geodetsku nulu, određena je i hidrografska nula čiji je osnovni cilj definiranja sigurnost plovidbe na moru. Porast razine mora ime trenutnu vrijednost 1, 8 mm na godinu, u zadnjih 100 godina ili 3, 1 mm na godinu, u zadnjih 7 godina. Prisutna je tendencija rasta razine mora uzrokovana globalnim klimatskim promjenama. Porast razine mora će u budućnosti utjecati i na određivanje srednje razine mora, odnosno na definiciju geodetske i hidrografske nule. U ovom radu će se komentirati povijesni razvoj vertikalnih datuma, definiciju geodetske i hidrografske nule, utjecaj klimatskih promjena na srednju razinu mora i mogući utjecaj na sadašnju definiciju novog visinskog referentnog sustava, odnosno HVRS71.