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The paper comments on an article about the epidemiological distribution of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction. It argues against the use of Bender-Gestalt measure as the statistical basis of the empirical findings in the article. It expresses concern that the rates of CNS dysfunction in Afro-Americans as generated by the study are almost certain to be used in racist polemics and legal briefs. The paper has the potential of doing further disservice to investigators in the area of racial studies, particularly in the sociobiopsychologic factors of behavioral dysfunction in children, and tends to strengthen the deeply felt and considered opinion of many Afro-Americans in the country that scientific studies on race tend to do them more harm than good and that they should be discontinued.

The article introduces the topics covered by the Spring 1970, volume 26, number 2 issue of "The Journal of Social Issues". The purpose of the issue is to gain fresh insight into the current state of some aspects of social science, rather than simply to further an understanding of the poor. Social science and psychology have, in some respects, been relevant to an understanding of the poor. Work with poor populations in both laboratory and field has brought new perspectives to the social sciences. It has exposed some of the weaknesses, inconsistencies, and lacunae in both theory and practice. The recurrent themes of the papers in this issue offer some generic lessons about the study of any multi-faceted and value-laden social problem. Each paper in the issue presents the modifications in research strategies and the new theoretical formulations which have evolved from work with poor populations. The papers cover both theoretical content, e.g., in social learning and in sociolinguistics, and questions which are basic to the logic of all scientific inquiry, e.g., generalizations beyond a specific context and the conditions under which causal inferences are feasible.

The article presents information on a scientific symposium, held at Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Budapest, Hungary, on problems connected with the productivity of labor, as of November 1, 1960. This scientific symposium, arranged by Historical and Social Sciences Section of Hungarian Academy of Sciences and by Academy's Institute of Political Economy, was held in the academy building in 1959. Hungarian economists displayed keen interest in this meeting, which was attended by 19 delegates from socialist countries. Among persons who submitted papers or took part in discussions were research workers from scientific institutes, university professors, statisticians, planning specialists, chartered accountants and engineers. They discussed 29 papers and reports which had been reproduced and distributed before hand. Over sixty speeches were given during these discussions.

The paper identifies a class of violent acts that can best be described as sanctioned massacres. The special features of sanctioned massacres are that they occur in the context of a genocidal policy, and that they are directed at groups that have not themselves threatened or engaged in hostile actions against the perpetrators of the violence. The psychological environment in which such massacres occur lacks the conditions normally perceived as providing some degree of moral justification for violence. In searching for a psychological explanation of mass violence under these conditions, it is instructive to focus on factors reducing the strength of restraining forces against violence. Three interrelated processes are discussed in detail: (a) processes of authorization, which define the situation as one in which standard moral principles do not apply and the individual is absolved of responsibility to make personal moral choices; (b) processes of routinization, which so organize the action that there is no opportunity for raising moral questions and making moral decisions; and (c) processes of dehumanization which deprive both victim and victimizer of identity and community. The paper concludes with suggestions for corrective efforts that might help to prevent sanctioned massacres by counteracting the systemic and attitudinal supports for the processes described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social problems have multiple causes, and their solutions accordingly require a multidiscipline approach, which is facilitated by the fact that technology, the natural sciences, and the social sciences are closely interrelated (a point of view that is making itself increasingly felt in educational theory). The deterioration of the inner city is an example of a typical complex social problem that will yield only before such a unified attack. Solutions to social problems have been suggested by findings from such varied fields as astrophysics, sensory psychophysics, and population studies, as well as the more theoretical social sciences, whose influence can be seen in their application to problems of urban development. Although information specialists have hardly yet developed a full-fledged body of knowledge, they can contribute much towards the solving of social problems by: (1) organizing and disseminating information to those broad-gauged individuals and groups that are working on problems that defy solution by a fragmented approach; (2) controlling the rapidly mushrooming body of pertinent technical literature; (3) developing periodical indexes for the field of social welfare; and (4) assisting in the compilation of state-of-the-art papers on social problems, basing their work on a value-oriented extracting technique derived from a model created by the National Association of Social Workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper distinguishes three principal purposes of drug use: for social control, for pleasure, and for medical and quasi-medical reasons. The argument is made that a traditional view of the future as a leisure society may lead us to focus disproportionately on forms of drug use that have a pleasure or "mind expansion" motive. While acknowledging the likelihood of more drug use of these kinds, the authors offer a number of reasons why the greatest increase in drug use and the social problems it causes may, in a 20 or 30 year perspective, be in the area of medical prescription and self- doctoring for anxieties and behavioral abnormalities. The overlap of this area with the use of drugs for social control is identified as posing formidable ethical problems. The paper concludes with a speculative description of all the roles of mind-affecting drugs in the U.S. culture in the year 2000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents authors personal thoughts on the pursuit of sociological problems. The author intends to retrace his steps along one path of his intellectual career--the path that links two books, titled, "Social Change in the Industrial Revolution," and "Theory of Collective Behavior," and a number of recent articles and papers on sociological theory and psychological theory. The main emphasis in the article was on the need for a determinate synthesis of the several classes of variables that are essential for the explanation of collective behavior such as cultural, social, psychological, ecological and other variables. In attempting to sort out the major influences on his choice of sociological problems, he resorts to a device that he find congenial and helpful: to arrange these influences in a series extending from very general, predisposing influences which have steered his intellectual interests to the very specific, immediate influences that have determined a particular strategy of analysis in working on a sociological problem.

This paper presents a limited number of concepts that comprise social action theory. By establishing greater precision in defining the basic concepts as goals, values, norms, means, and social conditions, a reformulation of the "unit-act" is set forth. The interrelationships among these concepts for the manifestation of social volition are discussed in keeping with the voluntaristic orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a response to the comments made by scholar Tervor Lummis on the paper "Charles Booth and Labor Colonies in 1889-1905." Lummis directly or indirectly raises some general points, discussion of which was limited by lack of space in the original article. His position is unclear, especially on the relationship between scholar Charles Booth's views and those of his contemporaries. He seems to accept, if only by implication, that Edwardian legislation was molded by distinctive moral assumptions; that a major influence behind it was the discussion of policy by those whose social investigations had given them the status of acknowledged experts; and that in their views a preoccupation with the effects of environment on character can be seen. He appears at times to suggest that Booth, in spite of the deference paid to him and the constant reference to his work, was isolated from contemporary opinion by his greater objectivity. Nevertheless, Lummis does discuss Booth's influence, which he sees almost entirely in traditional terms: it ended the confusion between moral and social problems and supplied new economic criteria for the determination of policy.

Presents an introduction to several articles published in the January 1969 issue of the "Journal of Social Issues."

This section provides an overview of several reports on the social work presented during the conference of the British Sociological Association in 1957. In her paper, The Development of Professional Social Work and its Place in the Welfare State, Una Cormack began by tracing the history of social work. She argued that social work as we know it was a response to problems posed by the industrial revolution. By the end of the last century the principles, and some of the skills and attitudes typical of modern social work were already widely accepted. But at the turn of the century a rift appeared between social work and social reform. As a result, many social services developed without any effective participation by social workers, and for many years social work was handicapped by its alienation from the main streams of thought and action. Some discussed social work in terms of social functions and professional roles, others in terms of occupational categories and the services within which social workers are employed, and others in terms of the skills and attitudes held to typify the professional social worker. Much of the discussion that followed was concerned with problems of status within the social services.

The article discusses issues concerning witnesses and testimonies in congressional hearings in the U.S., a social problem in need of social research. Congressional hearings focused general interest on the witness. A large variety of situations arose in each of which the testifying person appeared in a different light. Some social psychologists felt that it would perhaps be advisable to examine carefully the problems involved in the area of witness behavior, to take stock of what has already been done, and to outline a program of research for the future. In their preliminary thinking they became aware of the fact that similar problems concerning witness performance also exist in connection with court trials.

This paper argues that there are no insuperable obstacles to making quantitative science-aided comparisons of the welfare effects of economic policies on different people. This contradicts the belief commonly held by economists that in principle meaningful interpersonal utility comparisons cannot be made.
The paper is intended as a contribution to the theory of governmental decision-making with respect to social redistribution problems. Examples of such problems include a) taxation and welfare transfers, i.e., who among the citizens should retain which portions of the national product; and b) population policy, i.e., how many people should be allowed to become claimants to the national wealth. The paper is not intended to cast any light whatsoever on positive consumer choice theory or the psychological study of decision-making. The approach described here is generally consistent with the recent discussion of 'social indicators'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author comments on the topics featured in the September 1973 issue of "Journal of Social Issues." The topics provide valuable information about a new area of concern for the behavioral sciences, the study of attitudes toward, use of, and effects of the use of pornography. The purpose of this comment is not to critique the researches in this volume but to look at some additional issues which are or should be raised by these papers, in particular the interrelated and not necessarily conceptually equivalent questions such as, pornography in the context of individual and societal sexual trends, the importance of content, and pornography and women's and men's roles.

This paper summarizes an intensive field study of two ad hoc antipornography organizations, the campaigns they conducted, and their leaders and active participants. Data were gathered by extensive observation and document search, unstructured interviews with campaign-knowledgeable respondents, and by structured interviews with 85 leaders (Conporns), 51 opponents (Proporns), and 40 Controls. Comparative analyses of the two antipornography campaigns supported the hypothesis that the campaigns were norm-oriented social movements which could be described by Smelser's valueadded stages of collective behavior. Conporns were found to be status discontents defending with a symbolic crusade the dominance and prestige of a lifestyle to which they were committed, Conporns were found, again as hypothesized, to differ from Proporns in selected demographic and social-psychological characteristics. Research problems which occurred during the course of the field study are discussed, and suggestions made for further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data reported in this paper come from a national probability sample survey designed to provide an empirical description of the national experience with explicit sexual materials, the public's attitudes toward these types of material, and social-psychological correlates of both experience and attitudes. An overwhelming majority of adults report having been exposed at some time in their life to very explicit sexual materials that are often labeled pornography. Nevertheless, considerable variation in experience does exist. Differential exposure is related to the content of depictions, mode of depiction, and characteristics of the viewer. The data do not support a concept of a "contemporary community standard" relating to the representation of sexual matters: There does not exist anything approaching consensus in attitudes regarding the availability of sexual materials; attitudes toward availability vary greatly according to the circumstances of availability; and attitudes vary considerably among groups formed on the basis of demographic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hirschi and Stark (1969) reported very little relationship between religious involvement and adolescent delinquency. They concluded that religion is therefore "irrelevant to delinquency." The present paper offers an alternative interpretation of their findings and tests one of its implications. It is hypothesized that Hirschi and Stark's findings apply only to offenses against persons and property, and that a clear relationship between religion and delinquency should be found for "victimless' crimes. Data from high-school students in the Pacific Northwest replicate Hirschi and Stark's findings but also reveal a moderately strong relationship between religion and the use of marijuana and alcohol. Suggestions are made for further tests of the alternative interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author of this article presents a rebuttal to comments on his paper entitled, "How Scientific Are the Social Sciences?" He particularly refers to the brief observations on social engineering at the end of the paper. The commentator's pessimistic view of the present situation refers to the situation in Canada and the U.S. where, for somewhat different reasons, there is an institutional inertia that is not to the same extent present in some other countries.

This article discusses the problem of work and retirement and the economic dependency of old age. The reader of a paper on the economic aspects of ageing might expect to find one of two things. The first would be an examination of the problem from the viewpoint of the economy as a whole. Such a study would be concerned with the impact of changes in the size and age structure of the working population upon the volume of production, or with the economic implications of various methods of financing pension schemes. Another approach, however, is to examine the sources and levels of income available to the aged in the population. Such a study is concerned with forces determining the share of the national income available to the aged, and the way in which that share is distributed between different groups of old people. In any society where the allocation of resources to individuals is determined by their contribution to the productive process through work, or the ownership of property, difficulties arise for those who find their ability to work interrupted or reduced. This is no new problem. The economic dependency of old age has always been a social problem.

Social action is now receiving much emphasis in programs of community development. Hence, a sociological analysis of the process is both necessary and timely. In this paper a design for such an analysis is presented. It involves three aspects of the action process: (1) initiation, (2) legitimation, and (3) execution of the proposed action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with developing a means of studying social action, rather than attending only to structure. A county self-survey of health conditions is used as a test case. Certain assumptions and questions are specified and the flow of action is abstracted. On this basis, a model is developed. Five analytical components are seen: (1) convergence of interest, (2) establishment of an initiating set, (3) legitimation and sponsorship, (4) establishment of an executing set and mobilization of community resources, (5) fulfillment of a "charter." Each component is presented and discussed in some detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is one chapter from a larger study called "Success and Failure of Adult Probationers in Wisconsin." The problem is to compare the behavior of rural-farm probationers, rural-nonfarm probationers, and urban-nonfarm probationers with respect to certain traits in their history. These traits were age of conviction, factors in the family background, factors associated with the circumstances and conditions of the crime and of the trial, crime for which convicted, length of sentence, and period on probation. Rural- farm and urban-nonfarm differ most strikingly in their behavior on probation. The critical ratio of the standard error of difference to the actual difference between their mean violation rates was 6.8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes four functions in terms of which social indicators can be judged successful or unsuccessful: description, explanation, valuation, and utilization. These criteria are applied to the findings of a current nation-wide study on the attitudes of American men toward violence. Two indexes-the level of force that men consider justifiable for social control and the level of force that they consider justifiable for social change-are shown to be essentially uncorrelated and to present very different descriptive patterns. Most men consider injury or property damage to be unnecessary for social change, but are prepared to justify substantial force for social control. The explanation of these attitudes is sought in terms of background and demographic characteristics, and in terms of such psychological characteristics as values, group identification, semantics, and perception of social issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the effects of parental role model on criminality. Among the many factors in the home which are known to be related to crime are the parents' attitudes toward their children, their methods of discipline and their attitudes toward society. Criminologists have emphasized the importance of the paternal role model in the making of criminals, thus, the paper will provide a more detailed investigation of the ways in which paternal role models affect criminality. The researchers involved in the study have chosen lower and middle class boys from Cambridge and Somerville, Massachusetts as participants in the project. The results and the methodologies used in the study are explained.

The article discusses the role played by Henry George in offering to the public the appeal for social reform set out in ''Progress and Poverty." After the momentous task of writing the book had been finished, the discouraging one remained of finding some house to publish it. George submitted the manuscript to D. Appleton & Co., which had brought out the works of Herbert Spencer. With "Progress and Poverty" off his desk, George found time hanging heavily. The one circumstance added to the other induced him to start a four page "weekly journal of politics and opinion" called The State. Occasional contributions were made by some of his friends, but in the main George provided the copy. The new paper had been launched on April 5th, before the letter arrived from the Appleton Company rejecting to print the book. After this rejection, Tom George, the author's brother took over the job of finding a publisher. Leaving his home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the author's brother made the rounds in New York, acting under advisement of Professor William Swinton. Harper's turned it down unequivocally as being too revolutionary.

In recent years numerous discussion of urban communities have given great weight to themes of disorganization and disorder. This paper critically examines several important conceptual, procedural, and substantive issues inherent in most treatments of community disorganization. To illustrate such fundamental problems as ‘overgeneralization’ and dominant group bias five specific topics—migration, disasters, slums, ghettos, and collective violence—were selected for intensive analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of ‘generalized symbolic media of social interaction’ was introduced by Parsons five years ago in his two articles on the concepts of power and influence. I believe that it represents a theoretical development of the first importance, which has received much less attention—particularly in my own field of social anthropology—than it deserves. The purpose of the present paper is to review and criticize the concept itself and to point out its relevance to certain problems in social anthropology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents some directions for research in sociolinguistics. The term sociolinguistics is frequently confused with the activity of anthropologists engaged in traditional ethnographic work; with the new linguistics of transformational grammars; or with work in psycholinguistics. However, sociolinguistic study attends to those reflections of social structure which are revealed in language, particularly in speech usages and is concerned neither with motivation nor with conscious behavior. Sociolinguistic can help in solving sociological problems, but there are obvious problems in adapting linguistic techniques to sociological problems. Sociologists have much to gain and nothing to lose by attempting resolution of these problems. Thus far sociologists simply have not exploited the great potential of a substantively rich, methodologically rigorous, and theoretically suggestive body of work. At the very least, the trained linguist can facilitate research by giving new dimensions to those of more traditional variety. There are many ways in which the technical apparatuses of linguistics can be brought to bear on sociological problems, just as there are areas of research design and data handling in which sociologists may have something to offer linguists.

This paper questions a widespread belief that the trend away from career choices of science and engineering in the early 1960's is attributable to increased student concern with social problems, causing increased hostility to science and technology, and increased desire to study in social science and humanistic disciplines. Evidence from trend surveys suggest that the actual beneficiaries of the "flight from science" and engineering were the professional and managerial fields. Consideration is given to an alternative hypothesis that increasing economic opportunities outside science was one cause. This hypothesis assumes that many economically motivated students have chosen science because they lacked better economic opportunities outside science. Support for this assumption is found in an analysis of survey data on college men in the class of 1961 (N=21687). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the limitations of holding to a strict fact-value dichotomy, given some of structural difficulties students of social problems encounter. Authors also attempted to extend and clarify the above analysis via a critical discussion of two papers concerned with the value problem in the sociology of deviance-by the well-known American sociologists, Howard S. Becker and Alvin Gouldner. In this article, authors are involved not only with theoretical implications and omissions of this debate but also more generally with its implications for social theory at large. Authors have argued throughout that the social structure will determine that what is truth for one group will not be truth for another. Authors further suggest that there is a clear rationale for close examination of the extent to which deviant values are inextricably linked with social structure, and that, with this as a major concern, one can elucidate one's conception of the way in which men define the world and the way the world actually is.

This article focuses on ideology and sociology in Soviet Union as of March 1970. The author is concerned not only to show how Marxism has been so adapted to the needs of Soviet Union's elites, but also to examine the impact in that country of western sociology. Not only have there been significant changes in the Soviet elite's use of Marxism but, in company with the development of sociology in western societies, the role of Marxism as a radical critique of industrial society has been replaced by a pragmatic empirical approach to social problems. In both societies, this change is related to the specialization of sociology, to its separation from philosophy and to the shift in emphasis which takes place when a subject becomes professionalized and moves from a speculative to a scientific discipline. After the October Revolution, the study of sociology in Soviet Union was strongly dependent on Marxist philosophy. Marxist sociology was synonymous with historical or economic materialism. But economic materialism is open to different interpretations. It has both a positivistic, empirical component, and a dogmatic one: the first emphasizes the priority of matter over mind and actual social relations, the second is didactic showing the course and predicting the direction of social change. In the U.S.S.R. both these tendencies have been adopted.

The paper contains editorial notes on articles about social issues in volume 27, issue 3, of the periodical. It states that readers wishing to discuss or comment upon any of the articles in the current issue or other issues may submit their reactions or criticisms to the editor. Criticisms or observations of general interest will be published in a "Comments and Rejoinders" section. The "Selected Articles Issue" will receive approximately 25 percent of the yearly page total of the periodical and will be devoted to individual articles consistent with journal policy. The major function of the Selected Articles Issue is to publish empirical studies relevant to contemporary social problems, extrapolations from basic research to important social problems, theories about social problems with a firm foundation in social science, and, to a smaller extent, essays concerning the role of the behavioral scientist in nonacademic contemporary society.

This article examines how radio programs and motion pictures are conceived as communications. Two basically important questions arise, referring to the person who is communicating, and the subject that is being communicated. But these issues do not completely cover the complex psycho-social problems of films and radio. There are at least three characteristics of the communicative situation created by the mass media which make it unique: 1) size, diversity, and psychological complexity of the audience; 2) dynamic, creative, and selective character of the audience reaction; and, 3) the uniquely evocative character of the stimulus values.

The article presents a list of publications received by the "Journal of Marriage and the Family." It includes "Social Problems: Dissensus and Deviation in an Industrial Society," by Russell R. Dynes and Alfred C. Clarke, "The Principal Nurse and Today's Family," by Doris Hasler and "Advances in Psychoanalysis," edited by Harold Kelman.

The article talks about the political legacy and ideologies of former U.S. vice president Henry A. Wallace. Wallace is better known for undertaking many social welfare measures. He also promoted plans for sixty million jobs at home. During course of his political career, Wallace was criticized for opposing the Cold War. Many earlier admirers abandoned him as he plunged into opposition against the U.S. president Harry S. Truman's foreign policy. The article discusses various works that analyzed the political career and liberal policies of Henry A. Wallace.

The purpose of this paper is to give a systematic account of the significance that antagonism among opinions of individuals has on the theory of social choice. We define an "intensity" of antagonism among individuals and an index of "possibility" of constructing social welfare functions, and show that when there is less antagonism in a society, then there is more "possibility" of constructing social welfare functions. Since antagonism is an opposite concept to similarity, this relation can be viewed as a formal realization of Arrow's assertion [1, Ch. 7] that sets preference similarity as the basis of social welfare judgement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which aims to determine the way to translate the accumulated research on poverty-stricken communities into effective action programs. The study was conducted in a small rural slum called Jonesville in North America where material deprivation, poverty and unstable social conditions are existing. The results suggest that the translating process of the poor sociocultural characteristics into positive action programs represents a general process applicable to rural and urban settings.

The article attempts to present a conceptual framework to be used in the study and analysis of the relationship between families and societies. The author states that social scientists and policy makers respond to the unanticipated social problems brought by economic growth and industrialization, and require empirical data based on family sociological research in order to provide humanistic social action policies. Social indicators, approaches to familial systems, and linkages between family and society are discussed.

The article presents a list of periodicals received by the Social Science Documentation Center of UNESCO, published in the February 1, 1974 issue of "International Social Science Journal." The first volume of "Affari Sociali Internazionali," is edited by Antonio Lombardo and is published quarterly by Franco Angeli Editore. The main interest of this journal is to bring to open Italy's social problems like internal and external emigration, seen from its historic aspect and from the viewpoint of an international perspective. "African Research and Documentation," is edited by Marion Johnson. It is the Journal of the African Studies Association of the United Kingdom and the Standing Commission on Library Materials on Africa. The first volume of "Asia Research Bulletin," is edited by John Drysdale and is published monthly by the Asia Research Ltd. The Bulletin offers systematic coverage of all important political, economic and social developments in East and South-East Asia." The first volume of "Women's Studies," is edited by Wendy Martin. It is a semi-annual publication providing a forum for studies on women in the fields of sociology, law, political sciences, economics, arts and sciences. It also publishes poetry, short fiction, film and book reviews.

The article discusses the non-academic aspects of peace research in solving peace problems. It relates that the effectivity of a peace research relies on its abillity to go beyond the academic constraints and work towards expansion through deprofessionalization. Moreover, it discusses several approaches in evaluating peace actions strategies relative to peace research, which include involvement in the action group, explicit identification of the goals, prioritization of the goals, and establishment of a broad research design.

A classification of motivations involved in family interaction problems give rise to a typology of pair problems. Treatment, specifiable for each problem type, may be maximized by appropriate structuring and control of the counseling session. Case record data are discussed as they relate to the utility of the conceptual scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents various documents and publications of United Nations and its specialised agencies on issues like population, health, food and housing. The 1966 edition of the book "Yearbook" contained a lengthy series of chronological statistics for general mortality, infant mortality, late foetal mortality and perinatal mortality. The book "Planning and Evaluation of Health Education Services," focuses on objective of health education planning and principles applicable to the evolution of the various aspects of health education. "Urban Air Pollution, With Particular Reference to Motor Vehicles," focuses on effects of air pollution on health and environment. Also analysis relationship of air pollution with other aspects of environmental pollution. The book "Draft Declaration on Social Development," draft declaration on social development to be examined by the Economic and Social Council.

The article discusses the nature and definition of poverty as it continues to be a social problem of the world. The study of poverty has always been of interest to experts of social science as it tends to change in form and definition relative to time and social situation. Experts have identified two type of poverty in their continuous study, the case poverty and the insular poverty. The former is prevalent on prosperous towns caused by factors such as mental deficiency, ill health or alcoholism that which prevent a member or the head of the family in acquiring benefit from the general prosperity. The latter on the other hand is an attribution of the existing natural environment, in the case of an area that has always been stricken by poverty it mostly follows that inhabitants are poor.

The people of the South are making a more intelligent effort to find answers to their social questions than have been possible heretofore. Both federal and state, including some nonagricultural, institutions are making important contributions to an understanding of these questions. Steps to be taken include: 1. Helping the rural people in particular and the public generally to understand their social problems. 2. Southern institutions must lead the way to rural social progress in the region. Research is the most serious business of these institutions. For research to be the most effective instrument for rural progress it must not be made a side line to teaching or other functions. Teachers who undertake research must have sufficient relief from teaching loads to do it aggressively. 3. The research specialist must bring to his task a cultivated, scientific mind, a mastery of scientific method, and a social philosophy. 4. The rural sociologist must maintain something more than a speaking acquaintance, an effective working relationship, with the physical and biological sciences, must help organize the forces of Science, help develop a Science of Man in which man is the master of a favorable ecological balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been assumed that community integration and social control play important roles in the prevention of juvenile delinquency. The basic hypothesis taken in support of the assumption is that, in disorganized neighborhoods, individual adults will feel less responsibility for guiding other people's children into the paths of good behavior, and will ignore deviant acts when they see them being committed, unless they themselves are directly involved. To test whether this hypothetical picture represents what actually occurs, two areas where compared, chosen to be as similar as possible with respect to socio-economic status of residents, but still highly different in delinquency rates. The results of the comparison and their implication on juvenile delinquency research are detailed in this paper.

The article profiles the editor of the journal "The Standard" Henry George. Henry George was not only the painstaking editor of "The Standard" but also the leader of a movement for social reform. Shortly after the presidential election in 1888, William Saunders, now a member of Parliament, came to America on business. He took Henry George back with him to England for a short holiday. George spoke before assemblages of ministers of various denominations, before the Knights of Labor, the Council of the Financial Reform Association and at several other important meetings. George did not accentuate the differences between Georgism and Marxism at the debate but spent most of the time assigned to him, in explaining his own social philosophy and economic ideas. George followed much the same tactics at the National Liberal Club in the debate he held with Legislator Samuel Smith, who defended established interests and attacked the Georgist program of land reform as immoral. But partial surcease from work came for a time when George with his family, and a group of English, Scottish, Irish and American friends, went to Paris to attend the land reform conference called together by Michael Flurscheim, an ironmaster of Baden.

The article discusses the social sources of criminology. The author states that as a synthetic discipline utilizing the knowledge of separate branches of study, the content of criminology has been shaped to a large degree by the nature of relationships between those disciplines that provide food for criminological thought. Some of those relationships and their effects are the subject of the first part of this article. As a practical discipline oriented to applied results, the content of criminology has also changed with changes in the broader society and its mode of response to criminals, as mediated by occupational groups whose members are charged with the prevention, processing and control of crime. Relationships between the society and its agents on the one hand and social scientists on the other, can be seen in changes that have occurred in specific areas of crime studies. Some of those changes are reviewed in the second part of the article. The author points out in the U.S. the study of crime has been intimately linked with the growth of sociology. As the field was conceived in its early years in this country, sociology was to be in large part a science of social problems, devoted to the study of all those forces bringing misery to industrial man. Study of such problems occupied the center of sociological concerns.

Centennial Tribute [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the theory of sociology given by sociologist Talcott Parsons. The fate of the functional requisites in Parsonian sociology can be regarded as happy or sad according to one's theoretical predilections. It has been shown that in many respects the development and changes that have taken place in and around the concept have reflected the development and changes in Parson's theory of society. The caveat on theory-building expressed in the book "The Structure of Social Action," has held good over the years as of March 1970. This is especially the case with respect to the universal imperatives. They are not subject to change for they are not empirical realities; they are, however, real in their consequences for social systems and for the structure of social organization in terms of all human societies. Parsons has made and elaborated the important distinction between social and personality systems in such a fashion that old notions of the individual versus the society have been seen to be inadequate. This is particularly relevant here as it paves the way to an understanding of individual and social requisites of human society, though Parsons himself has not taken full advantage of the possibilities in this context.