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Starting with the concept of "middleman minorities" developed by Blalock (1967 79-84), encompassing such groups as the Chinese in Southeast Asia, Jews in Europe, and Indians in East Africa, this paper presents a model which tries to explain the development and persistence of the form. A key variable is the orientation of immigrants towards their place of residence, with sojourning at first, and later a "stranger" orientation affecting the solidarity and economic activity of the ethnic grout. These in turn arouse the hostility of the host society, which perpetuates a reluctance to assimilate completely, or "stranger" status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an ecological perspective, one aspect of the relationship of social distance and physical distance is analyzed in the three largest cities in Israel. The principal aim of the paper is to examine ethnic (country of origin) residential segregation as an indicator of social patterning within the society. Despite the different demographic, topographical and functional characteristics of the three cities, fairly similar patterns of ethnic segregation are found using the technique of Smallest Space Analysis (SSA-I) to analyze index of dissimilarity matrices. Patterns of ethnic segregation are then related to the SES of sub-quarters to determine the nature of the internal structure of the cities. It is suggested that ethnicity is an important variable in the process of social stratification in urban Israel, at least insofar as ecological relationships are concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the economic factors which partially explain the movements in this flow of labor from Europe to the U.S. in the period 1870-1914. Aggregate labor demand and supply functions are discussed and combined into a migration model. The paper offers both an examination of an important period in economic history and a further test of available aggregate demand and supply models for labor. The results suggest that aggregate demand and supply functions for labor derived from neoclassical production and consumer theory may be fruitfully applied to the analysis of the economic determinants of migration. European migration to the U.S. prior to World War I was significantly influenced by both employment opportunities in the particular European country, and the gain in real income to be achieved by migration to the U.S. Employment opportunities in the U.S., as distinct from the higher real wages, was of much less significance. Differences in the migrant stock between the European countries may also underlay variation in the level of migration to the United States.

The article presents information on various papers related to migration in Europe, published in different journals. One of the papers titled "Cart Before the Horse," presents differences between the present British Government and the Select Committee on Immigration and Race Relations on the Control of Commonwealth immigration. Another paper "Immigrant Workers and Class Structure in France," suggests that besides the race determinant, other factors such as the history of colonization, length of stay, educational level and industrial experience before migration, all seem equally important in accounting for the relative positions of the different immigrant groups in France. The paper titled "Migration of Population in East-Central Europe, 1939-1955," reports that despite initial difficulties, the process of integration is very much advanced. In spite of early fears and prophecies, in the long run the fabric of this part of Europe has not been weakened by great migrations but rather brought to greater stability. The paper deals with movements based on political decisions often independent of the interests and desires of the groups involved. Thus it was a forced political migration, although in many cases compulsion was indirect.

In the immediate post-war period, the government of the United Kingdom took steps to augment the labour force in certain undermanned industries by sponsoring the immigration of a number of displaced persons from the Continent of Europe. In this paper the author describes the background and working of some of these schemes, and indicates the reaction of British workers, and of the displaced persons themselves to this planned migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of various papers related to immigration in Europe that were published in several periodicals. One of the papers discussed is "Planned Indian Immigration: The Role of the High Commissions," by B.A. Chansarkar. This paper offers a critique of some of the existing arrangements for the movement of voucher holders out of India and into Great Britain and makes a number of specific proposals as to how these might be improved, particularly under the aegis of the particular High Commissions concerned. Another paper discussed is "A Shipboard Study of Some British Born Immigrants Returning to the United Kingdom From Australia," by Alan Richardson. The aim of this study is to explore some of the psycho-social determinants of return migration among British born married, male, skilled, manual workers and to compare those who intend to resettle permanently in Great Britain with those who were undecided about resettling there. A tentative conclusion suggested by the results is that permanent' returnees are more likely to be motivated by economic considerations. The undecided returnees, on the other hand, are more likely to be motivated by emotional considerations.

The article presents information on various research papers from Europe published in an earlier issue of the journal "International Migration Review". "Family Planning Among Different Ethnic Groups," by R.E.D. Simpson. In this extract, from his much longer report "A Medico-Social Study of a Group Practice with a High Proportion of Immigrants," the author describes the increasing use made of family planning in his practice in Bristol, England. "France's Portuguese Workers," by Marie-Claire Viguer is based on Statistics from the Ministry of Social Affairs and the National Immigration Office and on results of investigations made at Toulouse at the Sociology of Labor Center by French and Portuguese research workers.

The article discusses the brain drain problem in Europe due to the migration of the scientists. Between the reigns of Justinian and Charlemagne, evidence of migration can be found by the learned and attempts to influence it. More signs appear from the beginning of the Benedictine era when European education and erudition was centered in monasteries or Episcopal schools. However, the first original documents on official policies that promote or prevent the migration of researchers appeared after the coming of European universities. Despite political fragmentation in the country, its intellectual and cultural unity facilitated migration which was caused by economic, political, social and intellectual advantages gained by acquiring knowledge in medicine, theology, and philosophy.

This article focuses on the migration of British citizens between Great Britain and Europe, from 1924 to 1934. In each year of the span, more British nationals arrived in Great Britain from Europe than embarked for Europe. When British nationals arrive from Europe it is impossible to distinguish between those who were initially in Europe and those who merely traveled via Europe from, say, India, Australia, or New Zealand. Similarly the passengers from Great Britain to Europe include a number who do not finish their journey in Europe, but go forward to countries outside Europe. In order to determine the true migration of nationals between Europe and Great Britain, it is therefore first necessary to find out how many nationals passed through Europe each year when traveling between Great Britain and countries outside Europe. In 1921 the number of British passengers embarking from Great Britain direct to non-European countries was 268,300. Of these, 199,500 were classed as migrants and so changed their permanent residence. The other 68,800 nationals were therefore not changing their permanent residence, but had simply been visitors. Thus, of the 77,900 nationals visiting Great Britain from non-European countries in 1921, only 68,000 sailed direct to non European countries.

Since World War II there has been a substantial revival of overseas migration from Europe. Much of this is related to war displacements of population. But the publicity attending the more dramatic refugee movements has obscured the resurgence of voluntary free migration, such as those that peopled North America, Australasia, and large parts of South America from Europe in the last two centuries. The passage of eight years since the close of the war offers an opportunity to view this revived mass migration with some perspective on its volume, direction, and pattern. How large was it? Where did it come from and where did it go? It is the purpose of this article to give summary answers to these questions and to make some comparisons of the postwar movements with the great overseas migrations of the past. Until recently there was no official or international survey of European migration data for the postwar period. The data are widely scattered in country statistics with greatly varying definitions, coverage, and degrees of accuracy. Migration statistics for Europe are far less complete than census and vital statistics. The summary that follows is drawn from special compilations laboriously made from numerous sources and presented much more fully in a longer publication.

The article focuses on the problem of rural migration and role of the European Society for Rural Sociology in the problem. The author of the article informs that it is for the purpose of creating a meeting ground for those interested in the welfare of the farm population that the European Society for Rural Sociology was founded. Probably the most tangible and measurable symptom of the unsettled conditions in Europe's countryside is rural migration; it is understandable, therefore, that this was chosen as the general theme of the first congress of the European Society for Rural Sociology. The extent of rural migration is so great that it must surely be counted as one of the principal social problems of our time. In Great Britain the present number of people in rural occupations has been estimated as about four-fifths of the prewar total. The author argues that in many countries there is a definite movement of people from agriculture into town employment. The causes of this trend have been classified into "push" and "pull" factors. The "push" comes from the fall in farm labor requirements, owing mainly to mechanization. In a well researched article the author gives necessary data regarding rural migration in Europe.

Reports on the complex problem of European postwar migrations. Changes in the population structure; Political and economic influence to the physical transition of an individual or group from one society to another; Differences between the demand and supply of international manpower.

Ireland has been the victim of invasions since time immemorial. The Romans did not conquer the island but Saint Patrick did. From the 5th to the 9th centuries it was a seat of religious learning, from which missionaries went to all parts of Western Europe. A century or so later the Puritan Cromwell came with his war without quarter, in which men, women, and children were slaughtered. His infamous Settlement in 1653 meant in effect that great landed estates were given his English followers, and thus was inaugurated the absentee landlord system that plagued the island for centuries. The consequences for Ireland of this dispossession have been enormous. Except in the district of Ulster, where landholding Anglo-Saxon farmers cultivated their own farms, the system of vast landed estates was disastrous, because the absentee landlords had little interest in agriculture. In the Republic of Ireland today stiff examinations are set, in Irish, for all those planning to teach. Villages where Irish is the mother tongue of everyone are inundated, especially during the summer, with students who come to perfect their Irish before taking their examinations.