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Camel invokes fascinating chapter of Indian desert history and is integral component of its ecosystem. Camel population has reached a crisis point after three decades of decline (75%) causing major concern to the policy makers. >28% of Indian camel is not yet characterized. It is imperative to describe country's camel germplasm and its existing diversity for designing conservation plan. One such population is Sindhi, distributed along border with Pakistan. Twenty five microsatellite markers being valuable tool for estimating genetic diversity were selected to elucidate genetic variability and relationship of Sindhi with two registered camel breeds of India- Marwari and Kharai. The standard metrics of genomic diversity detected moderate variability in all the three populations. A total of 303 alleles with a mean of 8.116 ± 0.587 alleles per locus were found in total of 143 animals. Sindhi population had intermediate allelic diversity with 8.522 ± 1.063 alleles per locus. Corresponding values in Marwari and Kharai were 8.783 ± 0.962 and 7.043 ± 1.030, respectively. Genetic variability within the breeds was moderate as evidenced by the mean observed heterozygosity of 0.556 ± 0.025. Sindhi camel population harbors higher genetic variability (Ho = 0.594) as compared to the two registered camel breeds (Marwari, 0.543 and Kharai, 0.531). Mean expected heterozygosity under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was higher than the observed values across the three camel groups, indicating deviations from assumptions of this model. In fact, average positive F value of 0.084 to 0.206 reflected heterozygote deficiency in these populations. These Indian camel populations have not experienced serious demographic bottlenecks in the recent past. Differences among populations were medium and accounted for 7.3% of total genetic variability. Distinctness of three camel populations was supported by all the approaches utilized to study genetic relationships such as genetic distances, phylogenetic relationship, correspondence analysis, clustering method based on Bayesian approach and individual assignment. Sindhi camel population was clearly separated from two registered breeds of Indian camel. Results conclude Sindhi to be a separate genepool. Moderate genetic diversity provides an optimistic viewpoint for the survival of severely declining indigenous camel populations with appropriate planning strategies for conserving the existing genetic variation and to avoid any escalation of inbreeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Crossbreds of low-producing indigenous cattle and high-producing exotic dairy bulls (Holstein Friesian and Jersey) have contributed in ensuring that India continues to be the world's top milk-producing country. However, subfertility observed in crossbred male progenies has been a major obstacle in exploitation of heterosis due to crossbreeding. There is sufficient scientific evidence in support of genetic and epigenetic regulation of key physiological processes including spermatogenesis. Bovine Vasa Homology (Bvh) is considered a molecular marker for the study of gametogenesis. Significant negative correlation between DNA methylation and gene expression has been reported in cattle-yaks hybrids and their parents. The present study analyzed promoter methylation status and expression profile of Bvh gene in spermatozoa from exotic Holstein Friesian cattle, indigenous Sahiwal cattle and their crossbreds with varying semen motility parameters. The degree of methylation of the Bvh promoter region was significantly higher in poor motility crossbred bulls (13.3%) as compared to good motility crossbreds (5.3%), Sahiwal (3%) and Holstein Friesian bulls (1%) (P < 0.05). Gene expression analysis revealed significantly higher mRNA abundance of Bvh in purebreds (Holstein Friesian and Sahiwal) as compared to crossbred counterparts (P < 0.001). Inverse correlation observed in this study between promoter methylation and gene expression of Bvh gene in spermatozoa from crossbred bulls with poor motility phenotype as compared to purebred parents provides an important insight into understanding the graded fertility of crossbred bulls. Highlights • Promoter methylation and expression profile of Bvh gene were evaluated in spermatozoa of purebred and crossbred cattle. • The degree of methylation was significantly higher in poor motility crossbreds as compared to good motility bulls (P<0.05). • Gene expression of Bvh was significantly higher in purebreds as compared to crossbred counterparts (P<0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Equimolar reactions of copper(I) halides with PPh 3 and pyridine-2-carbaldehyde-N-substituted thiosemicarbazone (C 5 H 4 N)HC2 N3N2(H)-C1(S)N1HR has yielded complexes, [CuX 2 (κS1-H 2 L1-R)(PPh 3)] 1–5 (X = halogen, R = Me, Et) with pyridine protonated thio-ligand. Similar reactions of copper(I) halides with benzaldehyde-N1-substituted thiosemicarbazones (C 6 H 5)HC2 N3-N2(H)-C1(S)-N1HR and Ph 3 P halogen bridged dinuclear complexes, [Cu 2 (μ-X) 2 (κS1-HL2-R) 2 (Ph 3 P) 2 ] 6–10 (X = halogen, R = Me, Et) or sulfur-bridged dinucelar complexes [Cu 2 (μ-S-HL2-Ph) 2 (κS1-HL2-Ph) 2 X 2 ] 11–13 with no Ph 3 P coordination. The substitutions at N1, C2 and order of reactants with change in solvent appear to have yielded three types of products. Abstract Equimolar reaction of copper(I) iodide with PPh 3 in acetonitrile formed compound of empirical composition, {CuI(Ph 3 P)} and its further reaction in chloroform with pyridine-2-carbaldehyde-N-methyl thiosemicarbazone {(C 5 H 4 N)HC2 N3-N2-(H)-C1(S)N1HR; R = Me; HL1-Me} formed crystals of complex, [CuICl(Ph 3 P)(κS1-H 2 L1-Me] 1a , tetramer [Cu 4 I 4 (Ph 3 P) 4 ] 1b and free HL1-Me 1c , separated from the same reaction vessel. The formation of product 1a involved abstraction of chlorine from chloroform and has pyridine-N-protonated thio-ligand. Copper(I) bromide/chloride with Ph 3 P and HL1-Me or HL1-Et also formed pyridyl protonated, [CuBr 2 (Ph 3 P)(κS1-H 2 L1-Me)] 2 , [CuCl 2 (Ph 3 P)(κS1-H 2 L1-Me)] 3 , [CuBr 2 (Ph 3 P)(κS1-H 2 L1-Et)] 4 and [CuCl 2 (Ph 3 P)(κS1-H 2 L1-Et)] 5. The products similar to 1b and 1c were also identified in these reactions. In these four coordinated complexes the pyridine protonated thio-ligands are coordinating through sulfur only. Copper(I) halides with benzaldehyde-N1-substituted thiosemicarbazones {(C 6 H 5)HC2 N3-N2(H)-C1(S)-N1HR ; R = Me, Et; HL2-Me; HL2-Et} and Ph 3 P have yielded halogen bridged dinuclear complexes, [Cu 2 (μ-X) 2 (κS1-HL2-R) 2 (Ph 3 P) 2 ] (X, R: I, Me, 6 ; Br, Me, 7 ; I, Et, 8 ; Br, Et, 9 ; Cl, Et, 10). For R = phenyl at N1 atom, copper(I) halides with two m moles of HL2-Ph have formed sulfur–bridged dinucelar complexes, namely, [Cu 2 (μ-S-HL2-Ph) 2 (κS1-HL2-Ph) 2 X 2 ] (X = I, 11 , Br, 12 , Cl, 13). Complexes have been characterized using analytical data, IR, proton NMR and single crystal X-ray crystallography (1–5, 7, 9, 11 and 12). The coordination environment of the Cu in complex 1a contains both Cl and I, but both sites are disordered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • PFLO beads exhibited efficient adsorption for Co(II) ions (344.82 mg/g at 318 K). • Co(II) adsorption was well fitted by Langmuir and second-order kinetic models. • RSM was used to examine the adsorption process of PFLO beads for Co(II) adsorption. • The PFLO beads retain 74% reusability for Co(II) adsorption after five cycles. Contamination of water through heavy metal ions has received great attention and wide-ranging consequences for human health and living beings. Polymer@metal oxide composites are good candidates for detoxification of water contaminants. Herein, we report pectin@Fe 3 O 4 -La 2 O 3 (PFLO) beads for the selective adsorption of aqueous Co(II) ions. The synthesized PFLO beads are eco-friendly, low-cost, easy to handle, simple, and have good adsorption selectivity. The Co(II) adsorption was well fitted by Langmuir and Pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Response surface modeling (RSM) was used to examine the adsorption process of PFLO beads for Co(II) adsorption. Different characterization techniques were used to explain the fabrication and adsorption mechanism i.e., XPS, XRD, FTIR, BET, FESEM, EDAX, and TGA. The monolayer adsorption capacity of synthesized PFLO beads at 318 K was found to be 344.82 mg/g. The thermodynamic studies demonstrate the adsorption process is spontaneous, workable, and endothermic. Teabag's experiment shows the commercial application of the adsorbent. The PFLO beads nanocomposite maintains 74% reusability for Co(II) adsorption even after five cycles. The developed PFLO nanocomposites can be used as potential adsorbents for effective, reproducible and selective adsorption of aqueous Co(II). This paper will be beneficial for researchers working towards further improving water purification technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Normalization of gene expression data using appropriate reference genes is critical to diminish any technical bias in an experiment involving quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report offering a systematic assessment of 14 potential reference genes (RPLP0, ACTB, RPS28, YWHAZ, SDHA, PPIA, RPS9, RPS15, UXT, GAPDH, B2M, BACH1, HMBS, and PPIB) for the identification of the most stable normalizers for qPCR of target genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of bovines for vector-borne haemoparasitic diseases such as anaplasmosis, babesiosis, theileriosis, and trypanosomiasis. A total of 38 blood samples were collected from healthy as well as diseased cattle and buffaloes representing different haemoparasitic diseases. RNA isolated from the PBMCs was subjected to qPCR for the 14 prospective internal control genes. The comprehensive ranking of the genes was accomplished by the RefFinder tool that integrates the results of three algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper) and the comparative C T method. RPS15, B2M , and GAPDH were ranked to be the most stable genes, whereas, PPIA and HMBS emerged to be the least suitable genes. Validation of the selected reference genes by the qPCR analysis of two immunity genes, ISG15 and GPX7 was congruent with the observations of this study. We recommend that a panel of three reference genes including RPS15, B2M , and GAPDH could prove useful in delineating the transcriptional landscape of PBMCs for vector-borne haemoparasitic diseases in bovines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel protein tyrosine phosphatase like phytase (PTPLP), designated as PhyLf from probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus fermentum NKN51 was identified, cloned, expressed and characterized. The recombinant PhyLf showed specific activity of 174.5 U/mg. PhyLf exhibited strict specificity towards phytate and optimum temperature at 60 °C, pH 5.0 and ionic strength of 100 mM. K m and K cat of PhyLf for phytate were 0.773 mM and 84.31 s −1 , respectively. PhyLf exhibited high resistance against oxidative inactivation. PhyLf shares no homology, sans the active site with reported PTLPs, warranting classification as a new subclass. Dephytinization of durum wheat and finger millet under in vitro gastrointestinal conditions using PhyLf enhanced the bioaccessibility of mineral ions. Probiotic origin, phytate specificity, resistance to oxidative environment and gastric milieu coupled with ability to release micronutrients are unique properties of PhyLf which present a strong case for its use in ameliorating nutritional value of cereals and animal feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black Bengal goats are an interesting genetic material to underpin the genetic mechanism of reproduction due to high prolificacy and sexual precocity. In the present study, novel SNPs in BMPR1B, BMP15 and GDF9 genes were genotyped to evaluate their association with the reproductive traits. PCR-RFLP and Tetra primer ARMS-PCR based protocols were developed for genotyping the six novel SNPs viz. T(-242)C in BMPR1B , G735A and C808G in BMP15 and C818T, A959C and G1189A in GDF9 . Linear mixed model for association of these SNPs with litter size and linear fix model for other traits were employed. The effect of season and parity was highly significant ( p ≤ 0.01) on litter size which varied with change in locus combination. However, there was no significant effect of genotype and year of birth on the litter size. Similarly, age at first heat, age at first service and age at first kidding were not affected by the year of birth as well as the genotype. Season of kidding did not affect the age at first heat and age at first service. However, significant ( p ≤ 0.05) association was observed between the season of kidding and the age at first kidding. The regression of age at sexual maturity on the age at first service and regression of age at first service on the age at first kidding was highly significant ( P ≤ 0.01). Further studies involving more number of breeds as well as animals may be fruitful for exploring the association of novel SNPs with caprine reproductive traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the substituents at the N 1 /C 2 atoms of the thiosemicarbazones R 1 R 2 C 2 = N 3 -N 2 H-C 1 (=S)-N 1 HR 3 on the type of gold(I) complexes is investigated. Direct reaction of gold(I) chloride with benzaldehyde-N-methyl thiosemicarbazones (HL 1 : R 1 = Ph, R 2 = H, R 3 = Me) in a 1:2 M ratio in acetonitrile has yielded an ionic complex, [Au(κ 1 -S-HL 1 ) 2 ]Cl ( 1 ). Similarly, the reaction of benzaldehyde-N-ethyl thiosemicarbazone (HL 2 : R 1 = Ph, R 2 = H, R 3 = Et) has formed another ionic complex, [Au(κ 1 -S-HL 2 ) 2 ]Cl ( 2 ). The complexes have been characterized using analytical data, spectroscopy (IR, 1 H, 13 C NMR, UV–Vis), fluorescence, ESI-mass and X-ray crystallography. Complexes 1 and 2 represent the first examples obtained from the direct reactions of gold(I) chloride with a thio-ligand without the presence of PPh 3 or the use of any intermediate substrate, as has normally been used. Complex 1 , with a methyl substituent at N 1 , has two independent molecules in the crystal lattice, while complex 2 , with an N-ethyl substituent, has only one type of molecule in the crystal lattice. ESI-mass studies reveal the formation of the species: [Au I Cl+H] + ( A ), [Au I Cl 2 (HL 1 )+2H] + ( B ), [Au I (HL 1 ) 2 ] + ( C ) (complex 1 ) and [Au I (HL 2 ) 2 -4H] + ( D ) (complex 2 ). Interestingly both complexes have shown intense fluorescence bands in the wide region 340–540 nm, corresponding to the excitation wavelength of 308 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductive traits are extremely important to the goat industry because moderate increase in litter size can lead to large profit. Traditional selection for improving litter size is difficult due to sex-limited nature and low heritability of the trait (5–10%). In addition, the lack of knowledge on the number of the genes controlling this trait and the possible gene interactions are the other limitations for this trait. Molecular genetics can overcome these limitations offering new opportunities for the improvement of reproductive traits, as it supplies tools to analyze genetic variability directly at the DNA level with the possibility of detecting the individual genes influencing the reproductive capability. For the last decade, molecular genetics has led to the discovery of individual genes or candidate genes with substantial effects on the reproductive trait viz. BMPR1B , GDF9 , BMP15 , FSHβ , FSHR , POU1F1 , PRLR , KiSS-1 , GPR54 , GH , INH , CART , GnRH , GnRHR , LHβ , BMP4 , KITLG , MT2 , CYP21 and AA-NAT . Despite the progress made in goat fecundity studies, it's hard to satisfy the actual application because the reproductive traits are complex quantitative traits involving multiple genes, loci and interactions. So it is important to analyze the combined effect of multiple genes or loci on reproductive traits. Little progress has been made on understanding interaction between genes, gene and environment, and genetic effect analysis. Thus the need of the hour is to identify more functional genes, clarify molecular mechanism of action and regulatory network and to resort to more holistic approaches like genomic selection which can tremendously accelerate the goat improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security is the main aspect for any application. The main aim is to protect the system from the illegitimate users. The online library system is considered for study and two way authentication techniques are applied on it. Two way authentication techniques are used to protect the data by using both the text and graphical passwords. Graphical password scheme is used named as persuasive cued click points (PCCP). On both the text as well as graphical password, Improved Advanced Encryption Standard (IAES) algorithm is applied to provide better security. It means system provides two step authentications with the encryption technique. In IAES, one random generated key called as SALT is added with AES key. By adding the Salt key with AES the number of combinations of attack will increase. Even if the database is compromised then also attacker cannot gain the actual text password and click points of the graphical password. Three (3) click points are provided for the user, after clicking on first area the image get expanded for the next click and so on till the third click points. Dictionary attack is removed totally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical limiting behavior of three ferrocenyl substituted calixarenes (FSCs) where ferrocenyl group is attached via ethynyl( a ), meta-( b ) and para-( c ) ethynyl phenyl spacers studied with nanosecond pulses at 532 nm is in the order c > a > b . While, with femtosecond laser pulses at 800 nm strength of nonlinearity is in the order c > b > a . Largest nonlinear refraction ( n 2 = 9.5 × 10 −16 cm 2 /W) is estimated for the FSC c . Nonlinear absorption in these FSCs is attributed to three-photon absorption. Optical limiting behavior with nanosecond laser pulses is mainly due to thermal nonlinearity and reverse saturable absorption, whereas, with femtosecond laser pulses mainly intrinsic electronic nonlinearity contributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-β (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily, of which BMP4 is the most important due to its crucial role in follicular growth and differentiation, cumulus expansion and ovulation. Reproduction is a crucial trait in goat breeding and based on the important role of BMP4 gene in reproduction it was considered as a possible candidate gene for the prolificacy of goats. The objective of the present study was to detect polymorphism in intronic, exonic and 3′ un-translated regions of BMP4 gene in Indian goats. Nine different goat breeds (Barbari, Beetal, Black Bengal, Malabari, Jakhrana (Twinning>40%), Osmanabadi, Sangamneri (Twinning 20–30%), Sirohi and Ganjam (Twinning<10%)) differing in prolificacy and geographic distribution were employed for polymorphism scanning. Cattle sequence (AC_000167.1) was used to design primers for the amplification of a targeted region followed by direct DNA sequencing to identify the genetic variations. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were not detected in exon 3, the intronic region and the 3′ flanking region. A SNP (G1534A) was identified in exon 2. It was a non-synonymous mutation resulting in an arginine to lysine change in a corresponding protein sequence. G to A transition at the 1534 locus revealed two genotypes GG and GA in the nine investigated goat breeds. The GG genotype was predominant with a genotype frequency of 0.98. The GA genotype was present in the Black Bengal as well as Jakhrana breed with a genotype frequency of 0.02. A microsatellite was identified in the 3′ flanking region, only 20 nucleotides downstream from the termination site of the coding region, as a short sequence with more than nineteen continuous and repeated CA dinucleotides. Since the gene is highly evolutionarily conserved, identification of a non-synonymous SNP (G1534A) in the coding region gains further importance. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a mutation in the coding region of the caprine BMP4 gene. But whether the reproduction trait of goat is associated with the BMP4 polymorphism, needs to be further defined by association studies in more populations so as to delineate an effect on it. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to explore the genetic basis of caprine prolificacy and to screen indigenous goats for prolificacy associated markers of sheep in BMPR1B, GDF9 and BMP15 genes. To detect the associated mutations and identify novel allelic variants in the candidate genes, representative samples were collected from the breeding tract of indigenous goat breeds varying in prolificacy and geographic distribution. DNA was extracted and PCR amplification was done using primers designed or available in literature for the coding DNA sequence of candidate genes. Direct sequencing was done to identify the genetic variations. Mutations in the candidate genes associated with fecundity in sheep were not detected in Indian goats. Three non-synonymous SNPs (C818T, A959C and G1189A) were identified in exon 2 of GDF9 gene out of which mutation A959C has been associated with prolificacy in exotic goats. Two novel SNPs (G735A and C808G) were observed in exon 2 of BMP15 gene. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The chemistry of copper(I) halides (CuX) with furan-2-carbaldehyde-N1-substituted thiosemicarbazones {(C4H3O)HC2N3N2H–C1(S)N1HR, Hftsc-N1HR} in presence of triphenyl phopshine is described. For methyl and ethyl substituents (R) at N1 atom, and with X = I, Br, Cl, the halogen-bridged dimers, namely, [Cu2(μ-X)2(η1-S-Hftsc-N1HR)2(PPh3)2] (R, X: Me, I, 1, Br 2, Cl 3; Et, I 4, Br 5, Cl 6) have been obtained.However, the presence of phenyl substituent at N1 has favored a three coordinate complex, [CuI(η1-S-Hftsc-N1HPh)2] 7, and with copper(I) bromide/and chloride, it has formed sulfur-bridged dimers, [Cu2X2(η1-Hftsc-N1HPh)2(μ-S-Hftsc N1HPh)2] (X = Br 8, Cl 9). In the latter three complexes (7–9), the Ph3P ligand did not take part in coordination. All these complexes have been characterized with the help of elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography (1–3, 5, 7 and 9). The bonding and nuclearity of complexes has been found to vary with the substituents at N1 atom. The intermolecular interactions have formed one dimensional (1, 9) and two dimensional (2, 3 and 5) networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: This study compared the performance of the immunochromatographic strip (ICS) to the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test and Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) at a primary health care setting. Methods: The study group was comprised of 150 females randomly drawn from a population of pregnant women attending their first antenatal visit or follow-up visits at West Maternity Hospital in Eldoret Kenya, but without a previous syphilis test during that pregnancy. On-site VDRL, ICS and TPHA tests were performed and immediate treatment provided where appropriate. The performance of the three tests was compared. Results: The sero-prevalence of syphilis as determined by the VDRL test was 3%. There was no significant difference between the ICS and the VDRL test (P > 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of the ICS test were 80% and 98.6% respectively, while the negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV) were both 100%. On the other hand, the sensitivity and specificity of the VDRL test were 66.7% and 99.3%, while the NPV and PPV were 80% and 98.6% respectively. The Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay was used as a reference test and had sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV of 100%. Conclusion: The diagnostic accuracy of the ICS compared favorably with the VDRL gold standard. The use of the ICS in Kenya can improve the diagnosis of syphilis in health facilities both with and without laboratories and allow community health care workers to make a rapid diagnosis of the disease, and consequently make immediate therapeutic decisions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The nuclearity, bonding and H-bonded networks of copper(I) halide complexes with thiophene-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazones {(C4H3S)HC2 ＝N3–N(H)–C1(＝S) N1HR} are influenced by R substituents at N1 atom. Thiophene-2-carbaldehyde-N1-methyl thiosemicarbazone (HttscMe) or thiophene-2-carbaldehyde-N1-ethyl thiosemicarbazone (HttscEt) have yielded halogen-bridged dinuclear complexes, [Cu2(μ-X)2(η1-S-Htsc)2(Ph3P)2] (Htsc, X: HttscMe, I, 1; Br, 2; Cl, 3; HttscEt, I, 4; Br, 5; Cl, 6), while thiophene-2-carbaldehyde-N1-phenyl thiosemicarbazone (HttscPh) has yielded mononuclear complexes, [CuX(η1-S-HttscPh)2] (X, I, 7a; Br 8; Cl, 9) and a sulfur bridged dinuclear complex, [Cu2(μ-S-HttscPh)2(η1-S-HttscPh)2I2] 7b co-existing with 7a in the same unit cell. These results are in contrast to S-bridged dimers [Cu2(μ-S-Httsc)2(η1-Br)2(Ph3P)2]·2H2O and [Cu2(μ-S-Httsc)2(η1-Cl)2(Ph3P)2]·2CH3CN obtained for R=H and X=Cl, Br (Httsc=thiophene-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone) as reported earlier. The intermolecular CHPh⋯π interaction in 1–3 (2.797Å, 1; 3.264Å, 2; 3.257Å, 3) have formed linear polymers, whereas the CHPh⋯X and N3⋯HCH interactions in 4–6 (2.791, 2.69Å, 5; 2.776, 2.745Å, 6, respectively) have led to the formation of H-bonded 2D polymer. The PhN1H⋯π, interactions (2.547Å, 8, 2.599Å, 9) have formed H-bonded dimers only. The Cu⋯Cu separations are 3.221–3.404Å (1–6). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The reactions of silver(I) halides (Cl or Br) with thiophene-2-carbaldehyde N1-methyl thiosemicarbazone (HttscMe) in the presence of Ph3P (1:1:1 molar ratio) yield halogen-bridged dimers, [Ag2(μ-X)2(η1-S-HttsMe)2(PPh3)2] (X=Cl, 1; Br, 2). The use of 2,2′-bipyridine in lieu of Ph3P in the reaction of silver(I) chloride with HttscMe yields the sulfur-bridged dimer, [Ag2(μ-S-HttscMe)2(η1-HttsMe)2]·2CHCl3 3. The substituents have altered the nature of bridge between the two silver atoms. The Ag···Ag separation (3.4867(5)Å) in complex 3 is less than that in the halogen-bridged dimers (3.734(4)Å1; 3.746(5)Å2). Unlike PPh3 the co-ligand 2,2′-bipyridine did not coordinate to the silver center, but was necessary for crystallization in the reaction with the thio-ligand. NMR spectroscopy revealed that the complexes remained unchanged in the solution state (CDCl3). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• First use of gold nanoparticle for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. • FA-b-PEG modified gold nanoparticle loaded with Sorafenib tosylate used as the drug delivery system. • Targeted delivery for vascular endothelial growth factor. • Biocompatible formulation displayed prevention of neovascularisation of the retinal blood vessels. Preparing a controlled release dosage form for specific locations within the body is one of the most challenging tasks in the present times. Moreover, green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is attaining greater significance because of their high biocompatibility and negligible toxicity. Gold nanoparticles, among them, are considered to be one of the best modes of drug delivery system for the treatment of various diseases. The excellent properties of gold nanoparticles make them a potential carrier for carrying and releasing drugs at the specified location in a controlled manner. In this research, gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) has been prepared by green synthesis for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. These AuNPs has been further modified with FA-b-PEG copolymer for the targeted delivery of the drug Sorafenib tosylate. The selected drug works on VEGF receptors in the region of retinal neovascularisation. The optimized dosage form prepared from gold chloride and ginger extract has been characterized. Histopathological studies as well as fundus photography has been used for the in-vivo characterisation of the prepared dosage form and it has been found that it can be quite an effective treatment for retinal neovascularisation in patients of diabetic retinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Land use practices near river ecotones increase terrestrial inputs in rivers. • Macroinvertebrates population metrics have been used in river monitoring. • We used macroinvertebrate population metrics and lipid profiles to monitor landuse. • Fatty acids, alcohols and sterols profiles discerned difference in land use changes. • Riverine management should incorporate macroinvetrate metrices and lipid analysis. Land use practices near river ecotones result in numerous inputs of terrestrial materials into the river ecosystem. While macroinvertebrates population metrics is widely used in monitoring water quality changes, including those induced by humans, the use of lipid profiles in these organisms to monitor influence of land use practices is rather ignored. The aim of this study was to determine lipid profile in macroinvertebrates as potential indicator of human influence in Sagana River Basin, a high altitude tropical highland stream in Kenya. Sites were selected based on differences in land use activities delineated: forest with minimal land use activities, while cropland and saw milling areas had varying degrees of land use activities, with urban areas designated as sites with most human impacts. The macroinvertebrate metrics such as occurrence, abundance, diversity, percentage of oligochaetes and chironomids (%OC), as well as the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (%EPT) index differed relative to land use changes. Variation in the Fatty Acids (FAs), alcohols and sterols in benthic macroinvertebrates was related to the land use activities along the stream. Evidently, streams traversing the urban areas had higher concentrations of Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA), while streams traversing croplands had the highest neutral lipid fatty acids (NLFA). The dominance of monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) in forest, shortchain FAs (SCFAs) and polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) in croplands and longchain FAs (LCFAs) near urban areas clear indicate different sources of these materials, mainly from terrestrial sources. Individual fatty acids, alcohols and sterols profiles discerned difference in land use changes. The concentrations of SCFAs, MUFAs, LCFAs, TeoH, 27Δ5.22, 28Δ5,24, 28Δ5,22, 29Δ5,22 and 29Δ5,22 in the benthic macroinvertebrates samples were positively associated with OC%, EPT, total abundance and eH'. Meanwhile the concentration of phytol, AqOH, 27Δ5 and SCOH were associated with Simpson index. The current findings support the combination of macroinvertebrates species composition, abundance, diversity and lipids profiles to detect land use activities at the riverine scale. While implementing catchment-based river management and conservation activities should incorporate lipid analysis as a management tool. There is need for continuous monitoring of long term trends in land use activities on the changes in lipid content of the macroinvertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mitochondrial DNA based genetic diversity was explored in the Indian dromedary and Bactrian camel populations. • The haplotype and nucleotide diversity in the Indian dromedaries was higher than the indices reported worldwide. • There was lack of genetic structuring in the Indian dromedaries based on geographical distribution. • Signals of population expansion were evident in the dromedary camels of India. • C. ferus , C. bactrianus and C. dromedarius revealed existence of separate mitochondrial lineages. Camels represent an important genetic resource of the desert ecosystems of India, with the dromedary and Bactrian camels inhabiting the hot and cold deserts, respectively. This study is the first attempt to investigate mitochondrial DNA based genetic diversity in the Indian camel populations and explores their relationship in the context of global genetic diversity of all the three large camel species (Camelus ferus, Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedaries). A mitochondrial DNA fragment encompassing part of cytochrome b gene, tRNAThr, tRNAPro and the beginning of the control region was amplified and analyzed in 72 dromedary and 8 Bactrian camels of India. Sequence analysis revealed that the haplotype and nucleotide diversity (Hd: 0.937 and π: 0.00431) in the Indian dromedaries was higher than the indices reported so far for the dromedary or Bactrian camels across the globe. The corresponding values in the Indian Bactrian camels were 1.000 and 0.00393, respectively. Signals of population expansion were evident in the dromedaries of India on the basis of mismatch analysis and Fu's Fs values. The analysis of molecular variance attributed most of the genetic variance (92.15%) between the dromedary, wild Bactrian and domestic Bactrian camels indicating separate maternal origins. The existence of three mitochondrial lineages in the old world camels (C. bactrianus : Lineage A; C. ferus : Lineage B and C. dromedarius : Lineage C) was also substantiated by the topology of the Median-Joining network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Himalaya has a rich ancient tradition for tapping hydro-energy from the hill streams and rivers through the device of gharats (watermills). The present contribution encompasses the study on the energy consumption pattern of hill communities living in buffer zone of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, a world heritage site located in Garhwal Himalayas, India, The current status of gharats, the factors responsible for the neglect of this renewable energy device, initiatives taken for upgrading for their revival have been highlighted. Field and policy level opportunities and constraints associated with promotion of such hydro-energy in the study area by upgrading of traditional watermills are analysed and suitable options for removing impediments are suggested. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Genetic variation at 25 microsatellite loci, population structure, and genetic bottleneck hypothesis were examined in Marwari goats in the arid region of Rajasthan (India). The estimates of genetic variability such as effective number of alleles and gene diversities frequently observed in microsatellite markers revealed substantial genetic variation. The average polymorphism across the studied loci and the expected gene diversity in the population were 1.295 and 0.623±0.041, respectively. The population was observed to be significantly differentiated into groups, and showed a fairly high level of inbreeding (f =0.264±0.046) and global heterozygote deficit. The bottleneck analysis indicated the introduction of unique/rare alleles by the immigrants. The study revealed that Marwari goats need appropriate genetic management for their conservation and improvement under harsh climatic conditions of the arid zone. The information generated in this study may further be utilized for studying differentiation and relationships among different Indian goat breeds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A series of donor–π–acceptor–π–donor type of ferrocenyl substituted benzothiadiazoles were designed, and synthesized by the Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling reaction. The electrochemical, photophysical, thermal, and structural properties of ferrocenyl substituted benzothiadiazoles are discussed. These properties show strong donor–acceptor interaction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] Reaction of copper(II) acetate with cyclohexanoneselenosemicarbazone (Hcysesc), 5-chloro isatinselenosemicarbazone (5-ClHIstsesc), 1-methyl isatinselenosemicarbazone (1-MeHIstsesc), 3-indole selenosemicarbazone (3-HInsesc), 3-acetylindole selenosemicarbazone (3-AcHInsesc and 2-naphthaldehyde selenosemicarbazone (2-Hnaphsesc) in 1:2 (M: L) molar ratio yielded complexes of stiochiometry, [Cu(L) 2 ] 1 – 6 (L = cysesc 1 ; 5-ClIstsesc 2 ; 1-MeIstsesc 3 ; 3-Insesc 4 ; 3-AcInsesc 5 ; 2-naphsesc 6). All the complexes are characterized by IR, Mass and ESR spectroscopy. Two well defined g values (g ‖ and g ⊥) in ESR spectrum of complexes 1 – 4 , 6 indicate axial symmetry, whereas symmetry around copper(II) metal in complex 5 is confirmed by three different g values (g 1 , 2.095; g 2 , 2.15; g 3 , 2.26), which supports rhombic distortion. The value of g ‖ obtained is greater than g ⊥, which is greater than g e, in 1 – 4 , 6 is in well agreement in d x2-y2 ground term of square planar geometry. The value of empirical factor f for complexes 1 – 4, 6 lies in the range, 102–135 cm indicating a square planar geometry with small distortion, where as in complex 5 value (f = 146 cm) is in conformity of tetrahedral geometry with larger distortion. All the compounds (selenosemicabazones and their complexes) are tested for DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, FRAP ferric reducing and CUPRAC cupric reducing antioxidant capacity assay and all the compounds have shown good antioxidant capacity in general. Best results are obtained for H1L with FRAP, 6.75 ± 0.01 μg TE/ml and CUPRAC, 9.52 ± 0.07 μg TE/ml. All the compounds are also tested for their anti-tubercular activity against M. tuberculosis H37RV strain ATCC27294. Ligands, H1L , H3L , H6L and complex 6 have shown highest anti-TB activity (MIC = 1.6 µg/ml) which is similar to the standard drugs (Isoniazid, Ethambutol). anti-TB activity of H2L and H5L (MIC = 12.5 µg/ml and 25 µg/ml) increased on complexation with copper(II) (MIC = 1.6 µg/ml, 2 ; 12.5 µg/ml, 6). Experimental results are supported by molecular modeling studies, where a considerable intermolecular interaction of these compounds with the active site of amino acid of enoyl reductase from M. tuberculosis has been observed with minimum binding energy −6.2, −7.3, −7.7, −7.4, −7.2, −8.7 Kcal/mol for H1L , H2L , H3L , H4L , H5L , and H6L and −7.2, −9.4, −8.6, −9.3, −9.9, and −10.6 Kcal/mol for copper complexes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 exhibited respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to characterize the genetic variation present in lymphoxin A gene ( LTA gene) encoding for the lymphotoxin A protein also known as tumor necrosis factor beta, a cytokine produced by lymphocytes, known to be cytotoxic for a wide range of tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo , and, which is essential for normal immunological development; in 40 animals of 5 diverse Bos indicus Indian zebu cattle breeds. These breeds survive under the harsh and tough tropical climatic conditions of various parts of the Indian subcontinent. The LTA gene in the present study was observed to contain 33 SNPs and 3 small insertion/deletion polymorphisms. Four SNPs occurred in the coding regions of the gene viz. g.1327A > G and g.1400C > T in exon 2 and g.1840C > T and g.1942C > T in exon 3, of which the SNP g.1327A > G in exon 2 resulted in a non-synonymous amino acid change G38D. This amino acid change was however predicted not be affecting the protein function in any manner. The gene contained putative transcription factor binding sites for the c-Re1 and for Pax-4 transcription factors. A putative promoter region was also predicted on the reverse DNA strand from position 894 to 644. Several repeat elements and microsatellite repeats were detected to be occurring across the 3.2 kb LTA gene sequence. The study showed the occurrence of 40 genotypes and 48 most probable haplotypes. The genotypes at the observed SNP positions in the LTA gene were in near Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. A negative Tajima's D value that was not significant statistically at P > 0.10 indicated that the neutral mutation hypothesis could not be excluded. The genetic variations observed in the LTA gene in the present study have not been reported earlier and these could possibly be used as molecular markers for further studies involving association of the gene variability with disease resistance/tolerance traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The transcriptional landscape of milk somatic cells of Murrah buffaloes with clinical mastitis was compared with the healthy controls. • A total of 1014 up-regulated and 999 down-regulated genes were observed in the diseased buffaloes (Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05). • The expression of major milk protein genes (CSN2, CSN1S1, CSN1S2, PAEP and LALBA) was higher in the healthy buffaloes. • Mastitic buffaloes had higher transcript abundance of many genes coding for anti-microbial proteins. Despite immense contribution of buffaloes as dairy species, limited studies have addressed the bubaline mastitis as compared to cattle. This was the first differential transcriptomic study investigating the alterations induced by clinical mastitis in buffalo milk relative to healthy controls. Comparative gene expression profiling of three biological replicates of each group identified 1014 up-regulated and 999 down-regulated genes in the diseased buffaloes (Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05). Activation of immune and inflammatory responses were the most enriched GO terms in the mastitic animals, with higher transcript abundance of many genes coding for anti-microbial proteins such as β-defensins, perforin, granzymes, granulysin, cathelicidins etc. Analysis of the gene regulatory interactions of the up-regulated DEGs identified many hub genes that govern the cellular and macromolecular metabolic processes (E2F4, E2F1, RBL2, FOXM1, IRF1 and MYB). This study contributes to an insightful understanding of molecular mechanisms governing immune response of buffaloes to mastitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Genetic variation at 23 microsatellite loci, population structure, and genetic bottleneck hypothesis were examined for Jamunapari goat population found in Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India. Estimates of genetic variability such as effective number of alleles and gene diversities revealed substantial genetic variation frequently displayed by microsatellite markers. Number of alleles observed across the microsatellite loci varied from 2 to 10 with an overall mean of 4.913±1.905. Average polymorphism across the studied loci and expected gene diversity in the population were 1.066±0.510 and 0.528±0.237, respectively. Population was observed to be significantly differentiated into different groups, and showed fairly high level of inbreeding (f =0.189±0.049) and global heterozygote deficit. Bottleneck analysis indicated the introduction of unique/rare alleles by immigrants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: The relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP), a surrogate marker of cardiovascular risk, and dietary nutrients is not known. We investigated the relationship between serum CRP levels and dietary nutrients in young Asian Indians residing in a major metropolitan city in north India. Methods: Dietary nutrient intake values (24-h dietary recall and monthly consumption data) and serum CRP levels were studied in 359 healthy adolescents and young adults (312 male and 47 female) (mean age, 18.0 ± 2.3 y; range, 14–25 y), after carefully excluding those with history of infections and smoking. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed with CRP [raised (>3.0 mg/L)/normal] as the outcome variable and various dietary nutrients and anthropometric variables as covariates. Results: Mean CRP level was 1.3 ± 2.3 mg/L (range, 0.02–17.5 mg/L). Raised CRP levels (>3 mg/L) were noted in 9% study subjects (8.6% males and 12.8% females). After adjustment for other covariates, saturated fat emerged as the single most important nutrient contributing to increase in serum CRP levels. The odds of having a raised CRP level in subjects consuming more than 10% energy as saturated dietary fat were twice as compared to subjects having a normal saturated fat intake [Adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) = 2.0 (0.94–4.1)]. For every one percent decrease in energy intake by saturated fat, CRP level was calculated to decrease by 0.14 mg/L. For decreasing CRP levels to <1.0 mg/L (low risk for cardiovascular disease), Asian Indian adolescents and young adults should ensure saturated fat intake <7% of caloric intake. Conclusion: We suggest that daily saturated fat intake should be limited to <7% of caloric intake in urban adolescents and young adult Asian Indians to decrease their future cardiovascular risk. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

: ObjectiveAlthough the prevalence of obesity is not high in Asian Indians, increased prevalence rates of metabolic perturbations and cardiovascular risk factors have been reported. In this study, we evaluated body mass index (BMI), anthropometric measurements, and body fat profiles of obese and non-obese subjects and correlated those values with cardiovascular risk factors.: MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved 639 subjects (170 men and 469 women) from low socioeconomic stratum residing in urban slums of New Delhi. Non-obese subjects were categorized into quartiles of percentage of body fat (%BF) and waist circumference (WC). Using logistic regression analysis, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes mellitus [DM], hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were computed with first quartile in the non-obese group as the reference category for the following five categories: %BF and WC quartiles in the non-obese group and obese group (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2).: ResultsIn the non-obese group, approximately 66% of men and 88% of women had at least one risk factor. In non-obese women, significantly high ORs and 95% CIs were found for hypertension (3.2, 1.4–7.2), DM (2.8, 1.2–6.3), and hypertriglyceridemia (3.9, 1.9–8.3) in the upper quartiles of %BF, and significantly high OR (95% CIs) was observed for hypertriglyceridemia (3.9, 1.4–10.8) in non-obese men. Among non-obese men, significantly high OR (95% CIs) was found for hypertriglyceridemia (3.2, 1.0–10.3); among non-obese women, significantly high ORs (95% CIs) were observed for hypertension (2.5, 1.1–5.8) and hypertriglyceridemia (2.5, 1.2–5.2) in the normal range of WC (70–80 cm).: ConclusionThe study showed that Asian Indians have excess cardiovascular risk at BMI and WC values considered “normal.” These data suggested that definitions of “normal” ranges of BMI and WC need to be revised for Asian Indians. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: To investigate the relationships of sub-clinical inflammation and regional and generalized obesity and lipids in adolescent and young adult Asian Indians in north India. Methods: We determined serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker for sub-clinical inflammation, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (W-HR), four skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac), percentage of body fat (% BF) and lipid profile in 377 healthy adolescents and young adults (331 males and 46 females, age range: 14–25 years). Results: Overweight subjects (BMI>85th percentile), and subjects with high values (>85th percentile) of WC and triceps skinfold thickness had significantly higher median CRP levels (P=0.04, P=0.001 and P=0.007, respectively) as compared with subjects with lower values of the variables. Elevated levels of CRP (>2.1 mg/l) were observed in 21.8% of the overweight subjects and 24.5% of the subjects with high (>85th percentile) % BF. After adjusting for age and gender, the odds ratios (95% CI) for elevated levels of CRP were 2.3 (1.1–4.7, P=0.02) for overweight subjects, 2.6 (1.2–5.4, P=0.01) for subjects with high % BF, and 3.7 (1.7–7.9, P=0.001) for subjects with high triceps skinfold thickness. Levels of CRP correlated significantly with % BF (r=0.13, P=0.009), W-HR (r=0.11, P=0.02), biceps skinfolds (r=0.13, P=0.01) and triceps skinfolds (r=0.13, P=0.01) for males only. Conclusions: The observations of substantial prevalence of elevated CRP levels in adolescents and young adults having increased generalized and abdominal adiposity may be important for the development of metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis in Asian Indian adults. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• This is the first study that compares gene expression profiles of cattle and buffalo milk somatic cells. • Enrichment of immune response related GO terms was observed in buffaloes. • Higher expression of genes for some host defense peptides was evident in buffaloes. • Genes for PI3K-Akt pathway showed higher expression in cattle milk. India is the world's largest milk producing country because of massive contribution made by cattle and buffaloes. In the present investigation, comprehensive comparative profiling of transcriptomic landscape of milk somatic cells of Sahiwal cattle and Murrah buffaloes was carried out. Genes with highest transcript abundance in both species were enriched for biological processes such as lactation, immune response, cellular oxidant detoxification and response to hormones. Analysis of differential expression identified 377 significantly up-regulated and 847 significantly down-regulated genes with fold change >1.5 in Murrah buffaloes as compared to Sahiwal cattle (p adj <0.05). Marked enrichment of innate and adaptive immune response related GO terms and higher expression of genes for various host defense peptides such as lysozyme, defensin β and granzymes were evident in buffaloes. Genes related to ECM-receptor interaction, complement and coagulation cascades, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and keratinization pathway showed more abundant expression in cattle. Network analysis of the up-regulated genes delineated highly connected genes representing immunity and haematopoietic cell lineage (CBL, CD28, CD247, PECAM1 and ITGA4). For the down-regulated dataset, genes with highest interactions were KRT18, FGFR1, GPR183, ITGB3 and DKK3. Our results lend support to more robust immune mechanisms in buffaloes, possibly explaining lower susceptibility to mammary infections as compared to cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]