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The author assesses the British Home Office's White Paper "Broadcasting in the '90s: Competition, Choice and Quality." He argues that the document signals both the continuing conflicts within the government over broadcasting policy and the difficulties of implementing agreed principles in new conditions. He cites one salutory lesson that can be drawn from British media coverage of the White Paper. He explores the influence of the Peacock Committee on the drafting of the document.

The article offers views on the British government's White Paper "Broadcasting in the 90s: Competition, Choice and Quality." It explains that the report is more nearly a response to the general tendency for national broadcasting to become more fully integrated into the force field of transnational corporations. It argues that the provisions of the paper take on a local or parochial character. It considers Jonathan Miller's view that the document is a mixture of competing claims.

The article offers information on the Society for Cinema Studies Conference that was held in Los Angeles, California in May 1991. It discusses papers presented in the conference which focused on issues relating to multiculturalism, psychoanalysis, audience studies, film and broadcasting industries, historiography, and pornography.

As the Vehicle to Vehicle or Vehicle to Infrastructure communication in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is usually based on opportunity network, the transmission delay will be high with the low vehicle density or far transmission distance. As the result, the Quality of Service requirements of safety message dissemination cannot be satisfied. The paper proposed a safety message broadcast strategy based on VANET-cellular architecture, and it does not rely too much on traffic density or additional deployment of Road Side Unit. Meanwhile, the only relay node is selected from the candidate relay node subset via the acknowledgement mechanism of short control packet. The strategy can solve the problem of competitive channel and redundant data in VANET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some economists and policy makers have suggested that market allocation of scarce operating licenses, broadcasting licenses, and airport "slots", for instance, whould lead to their efficient use. This paper demonstrates that a competitive market allocation of operating licenses, whether attained through auctioning, selling, or allowing resale of the rights, does not, in general, assure efficiency. The profit criterion that would guide the allocation of licenses in a competitive market would not necessarily lead to the uses that maximize social benefits. The paper shows that the difference between private and social incentives in the allocation process can be quite large. The theory is then applied to discussions of allocating airport takeoff and landing slots and broadcasting licenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late 1920s, British Radio became briefly and creatively entwined with a broader modernist culture. Largely through a series of spectacular programmes such as The Kaleidoscope (1928), made by the producer Lance Sieveking, the BBC started to develop an ‘art’ of sound. This episode has generally been passed over in histories of modernism and broadcasting: at best, it has been seen as a brief and whimsical piece of formal experimentation. But through examining Sieveking’s private papers, this article shows that this new art of sound was rich in meanings and symbolism, and had a wider influence than has hitherto been assumed. Sieveking drew heavily on his own life, which encompassed imprisonment and flying during the First World War, and a glittering array of social acquaintances, which connected him with the most advanced artistic thinking. This led him to find ways of representing in sound the subjective mental experiences and jumble of memories that so fascinated modernist artists in an age influenced by popular Freudianism. Sieveking’s life and writing also shows how he drew boldly from the visual language of experimental silent cinema at a critical moment in its own development. In creating a complex montage style for radio, Sieveking also anticipated some of the aesthetic devices that would be deployed in the coming era of sound on film. Sieveking and his programmes therefore illustrate a particular moment of British cultural history when the creative boundaries between different media were especially porous, with highly creative results. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents a theory of the market provision of broadcasting and uses it to address the nature of market failure in the industry. Equilibrium advertising levels may be too low or too high, depending on the nuisance cost to viewers, the substitutability of programmes, and the expected benefits to advertisers from contacting viewers. The equilibrium amount of programming may also be below or above the socially optimal level. Perhaps surprisingly, the ability to price programming may reduce social surplus, while monopoly ownership may increase it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professor Sir Alan Peacock has worked in cultural economics for over 35 years and he pioneered much of what is now the core subject matter of the field. This paper traces the development of his theoretical work on the economics of the arts, heritage and broadcasting, and shows how it interacted with his role as adviser to and chairman of several prestigious committees in the cultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a distributed fault-tolerant algorithm for one-to-all broadcasting in the one-port communication model on the arrangement graph. Exploiting the hierarchical properties of the arrangement graph to constitute different-sized broadcasting trees for different-sized subgraphs, we propose a distributed algorithm with optimal time complexity and without message redundancy for one-to-all broadcasting in the one-port communication model for the fault-free arrangement graph. According to the property that there is a family of k(n − k) node-disjoint paths between any two nodes, we develop a fast fault-tolerant procedure capable of sending a message from a node to its adjacent nodes on the (n, k)-arrangement graph with less than k(n − k) faulty edges. Combining the fault-tolerant procedure and the optimal broadcasting algorithm, a fault-tolerant broadcasting is achieved on the arrangement graph. It is shown that a message can be broadcast to all the other (n!/(n − k)!) − 1 processors in O(k lg n) steps if no faults exist on the (n, k)-arrangement graph, and in O(k2 lg n + k lg2 n)) steps if the number of faulty edges is less than k(n − k). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on broadcast databases in a mobile computing environment utilizing wireless channels has been focused on mechanisms for a mobile client to selectively pick database items in which the client is interested from a broadcast channel. The fundamental issue of identifying the appropriate database items for broadcast or refrained from being broadcast have largely been ignored. In this paper, we consider the concept of ‘air-storage’, by treating the wireless broadcast media as a layer of cache storage. Broadcasting database items over the air-storage becomes similar in spirit to the caching of database items from the database server. Similarly, determining which database items need to be broadcast or refrained from being broadcast becomes similar in nature to cache management. Existing caching mechanisms are reviewed and management issues specific to the new air-storage are raised and discussed. In view of new issues in air-storage management, we propose and investigate several mechanisms in selecting the proper database items to be placed over this new layer of air-storage under a variety of data access patterns. Finally, the effectiveness of the mechanisms is evaluated by means of simulated experiments and the results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the fairly recent phenomena of the live broadcasting of canonical theatrical and literary texts in cinema venues. It investigates how these productions are dependent on innovative technology and also utilise conventions and tropes from the earliest outside broadcasts. The paper considers ideas of place-shifting, necessitated by the productions existence in one time and two places, and considers how the performances are positioned as both ground-breaking and nostalgic. It is argued that the productions construct notions of ‘liveness’ and shape their own ‘communities of perception’, which help negotiate the theatrical and filmic blend of the productions. The paper considers how such broadcasts challenge the notion of ‘live theatre’ versus ‘film’ which has become a staple of adaptation criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several papers discussed at a conference sponsored by Channel 4 is presented. Topics discussed include differences between the broadcast environment and the early achievements of Channel 4, changing image of Channel 4, changes in the channel's ident, changing relations between Channel 4 and ethnic minorities, and others. Speakers include Angshukanta Chakroborty, Sarita Malik, Michael Tracey, and Rod Stoneman.

Information about several papers discussed at a conference sponsored by Channel 4 is presented. Topics discussed include differences between the broadcast environment and the early achievements of Channel 4, changing image of Channel 4, changing relations between Channel 4 and ethnic minorities. Speakers include John Ellis, Mandy Merck, Richard Paterson, and Phillip Drummond.

Abstract: A wide variety of video content—news programs, documentaries, sports shows, movies, and the like—is broadcast today in digital format to interactive TVs. Unlike a conventional TV, an interactive TV allows the viewer to navigate back and forth in time through the available content. Surprisingly, few studies have addressed the problems that arise when navigation along the time dimension becomes possible. The aim of this study was to develop navigation aids for interactive TVs that are theoretically grounded and empirically verified. Toward this end, we first designed two new navigation aids based on episodic indexing theory (EIT): a recency-frame and a short-reminder. Second, we built an interactive TV simulator (ITS) to test the new navigation aids in a controlled experiment. Finally, we devised several measures appropriate for evaluating navigation aids for interactive TV in addition to traditional usability measures. Subsequently, employing the interactive TV simulator and the newly devised measures, we conducted an experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of the two proposed navigation aids. We found that both navigation aids enhanced the quality of the viewer''s experience. The paper concludes with a discussion of the study''s limitations and implications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on the role of press, television, and Internet in political campaigning in Great Britain. It mentions that several political parties have used media in promoting their political agendas and discusses the role played by media in the victory of the New Labour party in the elections of 1997 and 2001. It discusses the huge amount of coverage offered by television broadcasting companies on elections and informs that from 2005 onwards, news web sites were used by parties during the elections.

This article uses concepts from the literatures of industry architecture and the product life cycle model to analyze the evolution of entrepreneurial opportunities in the US broadcasting sector. Using the literature on industry architecture, it analyzes the specific events that led to the emergence of vertical disintegration and entrepreneurial opportunities where these events impacted on an interaction between capabilities and transaction costs. Second, by analyzing the number of firms in multiple layers, it shows how the numbers of firms depend on economies of scale, the number of submarkets, and the number and size of firms in adjacent layers. The interaction between different layers suggests that more analyses of multiple layers within an industry are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) in Nigeria recently released an amendment to the 6th edition of the Broadcasting Code. Its aim is to increase local content, generate advertisement revenue and prevent anti-competitive practices in the Nigerian broadcast industry. To this end, it prevents exclusivity or monopolisation of content by broadcasting organisations, including Pay TV and Video on Demand (VOD) platforms. Drawing from European and South African experiences, this article begins by examining the provisions of the Broadcasting Code, particularly the amendment vis-à-vis the Nigerian Copyright Act and Nigeria's international obligations under treaties such as the Rome Convention and the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement). It then looks at the impact of the amended Code on the broadcast industry. The article seeks to determine whether the provisions of the amended Code can qualify as limitations and exceptions to exclusive rights allowed under the treaties and the Nigerian Copyright Act. It also examines whether, in attempting to foster competition in the Nigerian broadcast industry, the amended Code has taken away the exclusive rights granted by the Copyright Act to owners of Pay TV and VOD platforms and thereby runs contrary to Nigeria's international obligations. Where appropriate, recommendations are made for consultation among relevant stakeholders for review of the amended Code to align it with the Copyright Act and Nigeria's international obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an empirical test of the argument that the broadcast news media help create a ‘national’ public opinion and mute localized opinion rooted in sociodemographic characteristics. Using Canadian data, we provide evidence that major social cleavages are reduced as exposure to the broadcast media goes up. However, we also provide evidence that exposure to media directed toward segmented audiences exacerbates social cleavages. We conclude by speculating that public opinion may become more polarized around sociodemographic cleavages as narrowcast media become more dominant and we suggest that this has implications for the study of media effects using survey research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the comparative use of multiple media and multimedia for teaching students. It stresses that multiple media introduced the used of television and radio programs to enrich the experience of students. It notes that Open University has maintained a contract with a department of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) to produce and transmit programs for students. However, it emphasizes that the development of multimedia made both BBC and the University to think on whether video or Multimedia offer the best value for money. It points out that multimedia offers new potential for interactivity between student and teacher. It further notes that comparable methodological issues are beginning to occupy colleagues in every field of Multimedia distance teaching venture.

The article focuses on the special report by the House of Commons Select Committee on Procedure in Great Britain. The House of Commons Privileges Committee investigates the allegement of a misconduct affair, which affect the parliamentary agent involving a local government officer. Another report from the House of Commons Commission providing details of the establishment and numbers of staff in Department of House. In addition, the Select Committee the Proceedings of the House recommends to televise the Commons, passing the resolution and authorizing broadcasting for an experimental period.

The first National Conference on Educational Broadcasting, held in Washington D.C. on December 10-12, 1936, was sponsored by eighteen national organizations for the primary purpose of giving an overview of current practice in the use of radio for educational purposes. Outstanding leaders in various aspects of broadcasting were invited to discuss the problems with which they were particularly concerned. The conference was divided into two parts: general sessions at which everyone was expected to be present, and conference sections at which specific problems were discussed for the benefit of those especially interested. Among the conference sections, of which some twenty were crowded into a single morning and two afternoons, was one dealing directly with the subject, "Radio and Propaganda." What may prove to be the most widely used piece of propaganda of the entire conference was injected so inconspicuously that its significance was not recognized at the time. In the section on "Talks Programs," Thomas H. Reed, chairman of the Committee of Civic Education by Radio of the National Advisory Council on Radio in Education and the American Political Science Association, introduced by title a report, "Four Years of Network Broadcasting," which was too long to be read, but which was made available in printed form.

Recently, Syrian refugees have been garnering significant news media attention in the United States (US), which raises several questions. What does television news broadcast about refugees? Which countries' and conflicts' refugees get the most attention, and is the coverage proportional to the actual number of refugees, relative to the worldwide population of refugees or the number of refugees resettled to the US? How are refugees issues covered by television news, are refugee stories framed as human interest, humanitarian disasters, or international legal obligations of States? Does coverage of refugees change over time, in terms of country of origin or framing of refugee stories? This article answers these questions by analysing television news coverage of refugees on American nightly news broadcasts from 2006 to 2015. We use content analyses of television news broadcasts, and compare it with US refugee admissions data and data from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, as a baseline for refugee situations in the world, to see what refugee issues get covered and whether the worst crises get the most, or even any, television news coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major shortcomings in a recently published group key establishment protocol are described; this protocol enables any participant to choose and broadcast a secret key to a group of other participants. We show that any valid recipient of a broadcast can successfully impersonate the originator of that broadcast to send a new key to the original set of recipients. Also, if a broadcast key is ever compromised, then any party (insider or outsider) who learns this key can force its reuse indefinitely. These shortcomings are sufficiently serious that the protocol should not be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing regulatory codes for telephone, cable and broadcast treat 'data' services as largely beneath or outside official attention. 'Enhanced services' have been excluded from the ambit of 'basic', regulated telephony. They are exempt from access charges and almost completely free of most other forms of common-carrier regulation. Data services provided over mobile radio, cable, terrestrial broadcast and Direct Broadcasting Satellite likewise are excused from most forms of rate, content and carriage regulation. Data has long been the 'incidental' service tagged onto something else older and more important. As such, data has been the fortunate beneficiary of regulatory accident, inattention, neglect and indifference. Wires and radios alike will all soon be digital, and bandwidth is increasing rapidly in every medium. 'Data' traffic is growing far faster than analog voice or video. And on broadband digital channels 'data' encompasses everything. The data inmates are taking over the regulatory asylum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses the history of broadcasting to advance historical understanding of the relationship between Britain and apartheid South Africa, and makes a broader argument about the ways in which the British state understood and engaged the postcolonial world. It uses Trilling's idea of ‘the liberal imagination’ to explain the limited British challenges to apartheid, and the sustained close relations between the two countries. Covering the lifespan of the apartheid regime, it probes the conflicts and tensions which shaped the British presentation of apartheid on television and radio, both on the BBC and independent networks. Looking in depth at broadcasters' interactions with both states, as well as with activists, pressure groups and the public, it argues that Britain's approach to South Africa was significantly shaped by a self-image fashioned in the British Empire. This self-image enabled an empathetic engagement with South Africa, which was constructed, despite the brutality of apartheid, as familiar and reasonable. Ultimately, the article argues that the British ‘liberal imagination’ played a defining role in undermining opposition to apartheid throughout the regime's existence, creating an environment where the unreasonable and abhorrent nature of apartheid was neither fully understood nor challenged by any British government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With its substantial record of film and televisual productions, Henry V serves as a case study for reading adaptation historically. The advent of digital distribution and streaming have complicated, however, the ways in which the historical context of an adaptation may be accessed and examined. A recent adaptation, the 2012 Henry V directed by Thea Sharrock and aired as part of the BBC’s The Hollow Crown broadcast, demands a methodological expansion to account for digital placelessness. Produced within the framework of the Cultural Olympiad that coincided with both the London Olympics and the Queen’s Jubilee, the Hollow Crown Henry V provokes questions about the status of multicultural Britain in the third millennium. The film does so in ways that invoke both the dynamics of ethnic identity endemic to its country of production origin—the United Kingdom—as well as to motifs present in the visual lexicon of its wider international market— especially the United States. The casting of Paterson Joseph as the Duke of York manifests fissures in these local and international histories. That the Duke of York is played by the only actor of colour in the film burdens the role with new pressures of representation and interacts in troubling ways with the policies of multiculturalism in the United Kingdom as well as the trope of the Magical Negro in Hollywood filmmaking. Pursuing these twinned contexts facilitates a reconsideration of how a historical methodology determines its points of reference and pursues the ethical in adaptative artworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A notable development of recent times has been the exponential increase of video content available on newspaper websites. The technological convergence between press and broadcasting throws into sharp relief the historically disparate regulation of the two sectors. As long as no political consensus on regulatory convergence can be reached, the question of how to distinguish between text-based and video-based media in the online domain will remain relevant. In recent times, this question has surfaced in the context of the classification of newspaper publishers' video sites as on-demand audiovisual media services (AVMS). This article examines the contrasting positions of the UK and Austrian regulatory authorities concerning the regulation of video material on the websites of print publications. The author argues that Ofcom's approach makes it hard to predict the mixture that would bring a hybrid service within the scope of regulation. By contrast, the Austrian approach offers a pragmatic solution to a problem that is only beginning to emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters implemented its Television Code in March 1952 to protect the commercial system from congressional attempts to reform it. Angered by the Code's prohibition of the so-called astrological programs, viewers mobilized and wrote letters of protest to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1953. Taken as a whole, the letters demonstrate viewers' confusion about-but wholesale belief in-the FCC's role in regulating television, and they reveal viewers' discursive construction of this fledgling genre. Rather than analyzing the prohibition of astrological programs as a self-regulatory maneuver or as a cultural moment, this article highlights the intersection of industrial self-regulation, government regulatory power, and viewer feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broadcasting of major football events is now one of the most profitable businesses related to sports, and the number of Competition law cases related thereto has increased in recent years.European competition authorities have shaped the regulatory framework under which football broadcasting rights are negotiated, modifying the landscape of the market of media rights for top competitions.Nevertheless, recent European Court judgments seem to open the door to new market definitions, which are expected to continue changing during the coming decade, mainly due to developments in technology and consumer preferences.This new landscape will have a direct impact on the terms and conditions to be negotiated between holders of the rights (football clubs and/or federations) and broadcasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates data from the BBC Voices project, which contains a large amount of vernacular data collected by the BBC between 2004 and 2005. The project was designed primarily to collect information on vernacular speech around the UK for broadcasting purposes. As part of the project, a web-based questionnaire was created, to which tens of thousands of people supplied their way of denoting thirty-eight variables that were known to exhibit marked lexical variation. Along with their variants, those responding to the online prompts provided information on their age, gender, and—significantly for this study—their location, this being recorded by means of their postcode. In this study, we focus on the relative frequency of the top ten variants for all variables in every postcode area. By using hierarchical spectral partitioning of bipartite graphs, we are able to identify four contemporary geographical dialect areas together with their characteristic lexical variants. Even though these variants can be said to characterize their respective geographical area, they also occur in other areas, and not all people in a certain region use the characteristic variant. This supports the view that dialect regions are not clearly defined by strict borders, but are fuzzy at best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses public service broadcasting in Europe, looking at public broadcasters' role as promoters of participative processes. Computer-mediated communication and studies rooted in mediated human interactivity are used to explore participative elements provided by digital technology, and how these can be incorporated into the news websites, through an empirical study of 5 case studies in the European market. The analysis is based on the methodology of content analysis with the goal of outlining the particularities of the participative elements implemented by each broadcaster and revealing the most common participative strategies. The findings suggest that although public service broadcasters offer a wide variety of possibilities, encouraging audiences to take on more active roles, their role is still peripheral and complementary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Britain's first ever live, televised, party leaders’ debate took place on 15 April 2010, during one of the most intriguing and closely fought general election campaigns in living memory. Arguably the most important single development in the media's treatment of politics since the arrival of television during the 1959 campaign, the leaders’ debate and its aftermath provide a unique window on the political communication environment of contemporary Britain. This article focuses on the surrounding processes of mediation before, during and after the event, particularly the interactions between broadcasting, press and online media, including citizen opinion expressed and coordinated through online social network sites. A narrative reconstruction of journalists’, political parties’ and online activists’ behaviour raises the question of whether traditional understandings of the ‘news cycle’ should now be replaced by a broader concern with what I term ‘political information cycles’: assemblages of personnel, practices, genres and temporalities in which supposedly ‘new’ online media are increasingly integrated with supposedly ‘old’ broadcast and press media. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcasting Handheld) is the standard developed by DVB Project and approved by ETSI with the aim of providing the reception of DVB signals even in mobility but also data transfers and multimedia services. The introduction and development of the DVB-H system is still ongoing. In this context, this work focuses on the temporal trend of electromagnetic impact of an urban DVB-H repeater (called ‘gap-filler’) for exposure assessment purposes; it also describes a method for its measurement by means of narrow band instrumental chains. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article explains the cable guy paradox. The cable guy is coming. A person has to be at home so that the cable guy installs new cable service, but he cannot tell you exactly when he will come. He will definitely come between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. tomorrow, but you have no more information than that. But then one reasons as follows. Suppose that one chooses to bet on the morning interval. Then there will certainly be a period during which he will regard the other choice as preferable to the other timings.

Many consider the World Wide Web to be nothing more than an additional medium alongside others in which established patterns of political behavior and information flows are played out anew others contend that the special characteristics of the Web hold the potential to produce fundamentally different patterns of political behavior than those found off line. This article analyzes the occurrence of position taking and issue dialogue on campaign websites associated with a random sample of 200 races from the Us. 2002 election cycle. Though this study found some similarities between online and offline campaigning, it also identified ways in which the individual messages and overall political information environment created by candidates and available to voters through the Web in 2002 did not conform to the usual patterns found in the offline world of print and broadcast communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses broadcasting historiography and historicality of media. Historiography means the art or craft of writing history and the history of that craft. Within the craft of history the history of media is a fairly well-established subgenre. Historiography is the narrative of the presence in the world of human beings who are historical because they make history. Here the basic question is who is the subject of history and what is history about. The subject of history can be individuals; social institutions or humanity itself or in other words, world history. And it can be about those kinds of event wherein history is made. The task of historiography is to discover the story and write the narrative of the historical event, thereby disclosing its significance. This is also the task of broadcast coverage of historic events, live and as they happen. But there is a difference between writing and broadcasting. In writing, there is a time lag between the act of writing and the printing and distribution process. Whereas with radio and television the time of the event and the time of its telling coincide. Both exists in the same phenomenal real time. The management of live broadcasting is crucially concerned with the maintenance of continuous, uninterrupted coverage.

The article focuses on the changing role of programmes on television. While scholarly television history remains a minority pursuit, broadcasting television itself is increasingly displaying a slightly panicky self-cannibalism as it recycles fragments of old programmes in frequently opportunistic list television compilations. The article references one of these programmes to raise some issues about television history, about periodization and how we look at what we find in the archive. Three main area of interest arise form detailed analysis of old television. Firstly, there are some formal changes in television presentation, in particular the increased use of the closeup and the move from a realist to a melodramatic mode. Second, there is the development of the different skills, address and manners of being on television. Thirdly, there is the issue of the performance of social class on television. This is intimately bound up with the charged issue of the class meanings of television as a medium.

This article presents information on a study of how narrowcasted new media might shape audience opinions over time. An increasingly diverse and fragmented media transforms the political communication environment in a number of important ways. Until recently, the U.S. media universe was dominated by a relatively small set of profit-driven sources that broadcast homogenous messages to mass audiences. Compelled by market imperatives, these sources do all they can to avoid offending any segment of the audience and hence they target messages to a generalized, depoliticized median viewer. Such conditions can have a mainstreaming effect on the political attitudes of audience members- that is they foster political moderation and conformity, not political diversity or extremism. Today, traditional media outlets are losing audiences to a variety of new medias sources: cable television programs, the Internet Websites and chat rooms, and the subject of this study-political talk radio, which is prominent on any list of types of new media.

Studies the wants-based conception of the objectives of policy and assumed properties of competitive process of the broadcasting studies of Coase. Consideration on the impact of advertising; Development of criterion beyond wants; Development of a broader framework for the assessment of policy.

Mergers can reduce costs and alter incentives about how to position products, so that theory alone cannot predict whether mergers will increase product variety. We document the effect of mergers on variety by exploiting the natural experiment provided by the 1996 Telecommunications Act. We find that consolidation reduced station entry and increased the number of formats available relative to the number of stations. We find some evidence that increased concentration increases variety absolutely. Based on the programming overlap of jointly owned stations, we can infer that the effects operate through product crowding that is consistent with spatial preemption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earlier research on public journalism has found a paradox: the intent to perform public journalism has a more obvious effect than the reality of its practice. We sought to find a third variable, one occurring earlier in time, that predicts both the intent to do public journalism and the corresponding benefits to communities. We found it in the attitudes of the corporation heads of publicly reporting newspaper companies. Because these are past attitudes and because the population is difficult to interview, normal opinion measurement was not practical. instead, we looked at the texts of these executives' annual messages to shareholders to see if their content would differentiate between concern for profit and concern for social responsibility. It did. Coding of the text was done by! computer to eliminate reliability concerns. The resulting indicator, measuring the balance between profit and social concerns over a period from 1970 to 1996, significantly predicted which newspaper companies would become identified with the public journalism movement in the 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the influence that British Broadcasting Corp. broadcaster Lionel Fielden had on the broadcasting industry in India. Frustration with interfering imperialists and Indian critics; Instrument of modernity that Fielden brought with him to India; Designation as India's first Controller of Broadcasting; Fellow officials' animosity and suspicion towards Fielden.

The article presents an analysis of gender issues and television audiences in broadcast television in the 1950s. According to the author, the October 29, 1955 "News Chronicle" article that reported Elizabeth Allan forgetting her lines in a live commercial for icing sugar, contains not only a grudging acknowledgement of women's work at that time but also a denigration of that work. In her analysis, it shows the performer to be incompetent for forgetting her lines and that the woman audience is potentially frivolous because she might spend housekeeping money on icing sugar. She concludes that television discourses in the 1950s acknowledge the work of women at home, and outside of the home. This may have caused tensions, which she said could have only be resolved by demeaning women.

The article presents a critique of the article written by Nicholas Garnham entitled "Public Service Versus the Market," published in 1983 in "Screen." According to the author, the article sparked academic discussions of broadcasting policy in Great Britain and introduces the work of Jurgen Habermas to British communication and media studies. The dichotomy presented in the Garnham's article, the author says, highlights the broadcasting policy studies over the next decade. It gave rise, he claims, to two approaches namely, the fundamentally empirical and the fundamentally theoretical.

The author comments on the investigation by the Peacock Committee into the cost and benefit of funding the British Broadcasting Corp. (BBC). She says that the Campaign for Press and Broadcasting Freedom advises the BBC to give accurate news and detailed reports of events that affect all sections of society. The author further says that there should be regulation but not repression of broadcasting and that censorship should not be permitted to replace the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) and BBC board of governors.

The article offers information on how women are organizing in relation to the institutions of broadcast television in Great Britain. It discusses two areas of concerns in the developments in the feminist activities around the broadcast television industries such as the question of women's employment in the television industry, and the question television programs made by women and often about women issues which particularly concern women. It notes that there is a growing awareness that both areas have to be worked on together if women are not simply co-opted into the existing structures and modes of representation.

The article attempts to debunk the impartiality of television news and current affairs. It examines television's account of the Labour Government's attempts to win and preserve the voluntary obedience of trade unions to the policy of wage restraint. Moreover, this account recruited and represented the various positions made in and through the struggles between unions, Government and the Trades Union Congress leadership. It is also posed that television journalism takes its lead from political factors.

The article discusses the development of television broadcasting of sports. The author also explains that sport has been changed through the advent of television. He explains that television offers different attitudes and emotions in watching a certain sports since it offers a more comfortable surrogate. The author also explains that sport in television focuses more on individuals and useful interruptions such as replays, pauses and commentaries, thus, it fills up the spectator's need to identify with the person playing the sport.

The article focuses on television, a component of social being. The importance of focusing television in its programs and productions as an ideological struggle is an approach to look into sensitive areas such as current affairs, election coverages, news, and other topics. This approach allows a demonstration to be made of specific dominations in content analysis for television. Another version of this approach raise certain issues concerning television in the analysis by a communication model that shows visible conflict in the content, and others.