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Marginal abatement cost (MAC) of CO2 plays a fundamental role in formulating industry environmental policies. In this paper, we measured the MACs of energy‐related CO2 among 40 industrial sectors during 2005–2017 based on parametric directional distance function, and there were significant differences between the results. Then, industrial sectors were classified into four categories, and we found 'low carbon intensity' type (type I, II) has higher MACs of CO2 than 'high carbon intensity' type (type III, IV); under the same level of carbon intensity, industrial sectors with lower CO2 emissions have higher MACs (type I>II, type III>IV). Moreover, capital intensity, technology progress, and ownership structure have positive effects on MACs, while energy intensity and energy consumption structure are negatively correlated with MACs. The research suggests: (1) The 'double control' of carbon intensity and CO2 emissions is necessary, however, reducing carbon intensity is still the primary target, and CO2 emission should also be controlled appropriately at the present stage. (2) Industrial sectors in type IV should be chosen as key industrial sectors to be supervised. (3) China should consider industry characteristics and implement "common but differentiated" emission reduction policies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 huff and puff is a widely used enhanced oil recovery method in many oil fields, but its implementations in shale fields is scarce. This paper reports trials of CO2 huff and puff in a shale field in China. Laboratory studies revealed that CO2 effectively reduced oil viscosity, increased oil volume, and improved oil recovery under miscible conditions. For the three wells that received CO2 huff and puff treatments, one well showed satisfactory results, while the other two wells demonstrated poor economics. Discussions and recommendations are made based on field experiences. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal seam with low permeability is widely distributed in China. Injection of flue gas (N2:CO2 = 0.85:0.15) is an effective approach to improve coal seam gas drainage efficiency. This process relates complex responses among ternary gases (CH4, CO2, and N2) competitive sorption on coals, gas diffusion, gas‐water migration by means of two‐phase flow, and coal deformation. In this paper, an improved hydraulic‐mechanical model coupling above interactions is established for flue gas injection enhanced gas drainage. This model is used to simulate flue gas enhanced drainage by finite element method. The sensitivity analyses of key factors are made to recovery a better understanding on the processes controlling flue gas enhanced drainage. Results show that the flue gas enhanced drainage can indeed improve the efficiency of gas extraction and reduce the gas pressure to the required value in a shorter duration. Due to the competitive adsorption and gas sweeping effect of injected flue gas, CH4 is driven toward drainage borehole, and CH4 pressure and content near the injection borehole decrease faster than that near the drainage borehole. The peak CH4 pressure laterally moves from the injection borehole to the drainage borehole. Higher injection pressure, initial permeability, and smaller sorption affinity ratios may lead to greater CH4 production rate at early drainage stage, but smaller CH4 production rate at late stage. The factors controlling the behavior of flue gas enhanced drainage are initial permeability, injection pressure, and sorption affinity ratios in order. This work offers useful framework to investigate important technical challenges associated with enhanced mine gas drainage, as well as unconventional gas development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China accounts for 10 percent of global energy use and will continue to rely on coal for generating approximately 75 percent of its energy over coming decades. The environmental problems associated with coal burning are a concern for China as well as regionally and globally. The present paper summarizes China's energy structure and likely future energy requirements, while exploring the impact of energy use on air quality, black carbon emission, sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions, and carbon dioxide emissions. Although China has begun to take action on local environmental problems from energy, there is still much to be done. In particular, the problem of black carbon and carbon dioxide emissions needs to be addressed. The present paper proposes addressing carbon dioxide emissions through a longer-term strategy that acknowledges the need for China to continue to grow without a short-term carbon constraint but with clear pricing of the short-term and long-term cost of carbon dioxide. (Edited by Xiaoming Feng) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking advantage of the electrification strategy, Northwest China has made full use of its natural resources endowment, to develop renewable energy as the substitution of thermal power. To evaluate carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from electric power sector, an extended Kaya identity equation and the Logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition method are applied to Northwest China from 1998 to 2017. Six explaining factors are analyzed, including carbon intensity, energy mixes, generating efficiency, electrification, economy and population. The results show that driving forces of CO2 emissions from electricity system varied greatly among provinces. Generally, economic growth has mainly contributed to increase CO2 emission, while the improvement in the power‐generating efficiency has crucially decreased CO2 emission. In 2017, Promoting electrification directly increased CO2 emissions from electric system, but indirectly reduced CO2 emissions from the whole region by 5.10% through the estimation of a clean development mechanism method. Therefore, local governments are suggested continuing to promote electrification to guide future emission reduction, while enterprises and individuals need to make their own contributions to low‐carbon development. Recommendations for Resource Managers:Variations of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of all five provinces in Northwest China are analyzed.Logarithmic mean Divisia index analysis is used to study the main drivers of CO2 emission change.Improvements in the generating efficiency significantly reduced CO2 emissions.Due to electrification effects, CO2 emissions from electric power increased, but CO2 emissions from the region decreased.Economy effects were still the biggest drivers affecting CO2 emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a basin-scale model study of the behaviors of CO2 plume and the potential environmental impacts for large-scale CO2 storage in the saline aquifers of Songliao Basin, China. The model covers the whole basin, and vertically consists of most of the Cretaceous strata. In a hypothetical scenario, a total of 1.43 GT CO2 is injected into the Yaojia Formation (K2y) through 20 wells distributing at the center of the basin in 50 years (0.5-2 million tons per injection well per year). The preliminary results show the permeable Yaojia Formation (K2y) with a thickness of 100-400 m at the center of the basin can store large amounts of CO2. The overlying Nenjiang Formation (K2n) with low permeability and large thickness has the potential to ensure long-term storage security. The high solubility of CO2 of the formation water in this continental basin is a favorable condition for the storage security. The maximum extent of the CO2 plume from different injection wells ranges from about 4 km to 20 km at 1000 years. The maximum pressure build-up in the Nenjiang Formation (K2n) and the Yaojia Formation (K2y) reaches 8.6 MPa and 9.3 MPa, respectively. An entry capillary pressure of 1 MPa may be enough for the caprock to seal CO2 in the large-scale CO2 storage. The mudstone layers in the Nenjiang Formation (K2n) can play a crucial role in restraining upward brine migration.© 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  Global atmospheric CO2 concentrations have risen rapidly since the Industrial Revolution and are considered as a primary factor in climate change. The effects of elevated CO2 on herbivore insects were found to be primarily through the CO2‐induced changes occurring in their host plants, which then possibly affect the intensity and frequency of pest outbreaks on crops. This paper reviews several ongoing research models using primary pests of crops (cotton bollworm, whitefly, aphids) and their natural enemies (ladybeetles, parasitoids) in China to examine insect responses to elevated CO2. It is generally indicated that elevated CO2 prolonged the development of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, a chewing insect, by decreasing the foliar nitrogen of host plants. In contrast, the phloem‐sucking aphid and whitefly insects had species‐specific responses to elevated CO2 because of complex interactions that occur in the phloem sieve elements of plants. Some aphid species, such as cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii and wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae, were considered to represent the only feeding guild to respond positively to elevated CO2 conditions. Although whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, a major vector of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, had neutral response to elevated CO2, the plants became less vulnerable to the virus infection under elevated CO2. The predator and parasitoid response to elevated CO2 were frequently idiosyncratic. These documents from Chinese scientists suggested that elevated CO2 initially affects the crop plant and then cascades to a higher trophic level through the food chain to encompass herbivores (pests), their natural enemies, pathogens and underground nematodes, which disrupt the natural balance observed previously in agricultural ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnitude and distribution of China's terrestrial carbon sink remain uncertain due to insufficient observational constraints; satellite column‐average dry‐air mole fraction carbon dioxide (XCO2) retrievals may fill some of this gap. Here, we estimate China's carbon sink using atmospheric inversions of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO‐2) XCO2 retrievals within different platforms, including the Global Carbon Assimilation System (GCAS) v2, the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, and the OCO‐2 Model Inter‐comparison Project (MIP). We find that they consistently place the largest net biome production (NBP) in the south on an annual basis compared to the northeast and other main agricultural areas during peak growing season, coinciding well with the distribution of forests and crops, respectively. Moreover, the mean seasonal cycle amplitude of NBP in OCO‐2 inversions is obviously larger than that of biosphere model simulations and slightly greater than surface CO2 inversions. More importantly, the mean seasonal cycle of the OCO‐2 inversions is well constrained in the temperate, tropical, and subtropical monsoon climate zones, with better inter‐model consistency at a sub‐regional scale compared to in situ inversions and biosphere model simulations. In addition, the OCO‐2 inversions estimate the mean annual NBP in China for 2015–2019 to be between 0.34 (GCASv2) and 0.47 ± 0.16 PgC/yr (median ± std; OCO‐2 v10 MIP), and indicate the impacts of climate extremes (e.g., the 2019 drought) on the interannual variations of NBP. Our results suggest that assimilating OCO‐2 XCO2 retrievals is crucial for improving our understanding of China's terrestrial carbon sink regime. Plain Language Summary: The magnitude and distribution of China's terrestrial carbon sink remain underconstrained; satellite column‐average dry‐air mole fraction carbon dioxide (XCO2) retrievals from NASA's Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO‐2) could help reduce this uncertainty. This study revisited China's terrestrial carbon sink estimates based on state‐of‐the‐art OCO‐2 XCO2 inversions, including the Global Carbon Assimilation System OCO‐2 inversion, the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service OCO‐2 inversion, and those in the OCO‐2 Model Inter‐comparison Project. We found that the assimilation of OCO‐2 XCO2 retrievals offers effective constraints on the spatiotemporal patterns of the terrestrial carbon sink of China. This result suggests that the OCO‐2 XCO2 inversions allow an improved understanding of China's land carbon sink over in situ CO2 inversions and bottom‐up biosphere model simulations, including better representations in spatial distributions and seasonal cycles and more plausible interannual variations. These improvements suggest that the assimilation of OCO‐2 XCO2 retrievals offers effective constraints on the spatiotemporal patterns of the terrestrial carbon sink of China. Key Points: Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO‐2) inversions reveal the largest carbon sink in China is in the south on an annual basis, while in the northeast during peak growing seasonThe seasonal cycle appears to be well constrained in the monsoon climate zonesOCO‐2 inversions are able to capture the impacts of climate extremes on China's carbon sink interannual variability [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern era, urban freshwater bodies play a significant role in global carbon (C) budgeting, therefore, impacting climate change under rising global mean temperature. However, the trend, magnitude and drivers of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in these urban freshwater bodies of China remain uncertain. This study investigated temporal changes in GHG emissions in urban water bodies, including artificial lakes, reservoirs, aquaculture ponds and rivers, within a year in Nanjing city in the areas of the Yangtze River delta of China. In addition, meteorological and hydrochemical parameters were measured to elucidate the key drivers of GHG emissions. The results showed that the average annual flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in aquaculture ponds was estimated to be 1355.6 mg CO2 m−2 day−1 and 116.6 mg CH4 m−2 day−1, followed by that of artificial lakes were 1172.2 mg CO2 m−2 day−1 and 44.1 mg CH4 m−2 day−1, rivers reached 775.9 mg CO2 m−2 day−1 and 23.9 mg CH4 m−2 day−1 and reservoirs were 170.1 mg CO2 m−2 day−1 and 7.2 mg CH4 m−2 day−1, respectively. The results further suggest that although artificial lakes and aquaculture ponds occupied only 23% of the cumulative area under lakes and ponds in the Yangtze River delta, contribute approximately 43%, about 27.5 Gg C, of total fluxes. Furthermore, high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and low dissolved oxygen (DO) coincided with the high GHG emissions. The study suggests that DO, DOC, temperature and wind speed are the key factors impacting the potential of GHG emissions in urban freshwater ecosystems. Strategic mitigation measures in the vicinity of the urban freshwater bodies could efficiently reduce carbon emissions in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better understand the depositional constraints on the fingerprint characteristics of methane isotopes, we present a set of carbon/hydrogen isotopic data for CH4, CO2, pore water, carbonate, and total organic carbon along a 70‐m sedimentary core. The sedimentary facies (Units I, II, and III from upper to bottom) suggested depositional environments of the present estuary, shallow marine, and floodplain‐estuary. Calculations suggested that around 86% of methane was produced through the CO2 reduction pathway. In this pathway, the hydrogen in CH4 is from ambient water, while the carbon is from dissolved inorganic carbon. Correspondingly, our study showed that the values of δDCH4 displayed similar trends with those of δDH2O and Cl− concentrations along the depth profiles. The low δDCH4 below 44.5 m corresponded to low δDH2O and low salinity during the cold and low‐sea‐level period. The values of δ13CCH4 generally synchronously changed with those of δ13CCO2. The variation trends of δ13CCH4 and δ13CCO2 were the same with δ13Ccarbonate from 10 to 70 m depth but decoupled above 10 m. The values of δ13CCH4 in Units II and III were correlated with the δ13Ccarbonates, which is related to the sedimentary processes. But decoupling of low values of δ13CCH4 and δ13CCO2 from δ13Ccarbonates in Unit I may be related to preferential microbial consumption of labile compounds with light carbon isotopic compositions, such as lipids. In short, the variations of δ13CCH4 and δDCH4 were largely related to the sedimentary process, which controlled the isotopic compositions of both water and carbonate. Plain Language Summary: As an important greenhouse gas, methane (CH4) contributes more to global warming than the same mole's carbon dioxide (CO2). The methane isotopic composition is widely used to trace sources. Coastal sediments, recording the rise and stabilization of the global sea level since the Last Glacial Maximum, host enormous volumes of CH4. Of interest is whether the depositional process could impact methane isotopic signatures, adding uncertainty to the traceability. We conducted analyses including C/H isotopic data of CH4, CO2, porewater, carbonates, and total organic carbon along a 70‐m sedimentary core from Hangzhou Bay, China. Calculations suggested that about 86% of methane was produced through the CO2 reduction pathway. In this pathway, the hydrogen in CH4 is derived from ambient water, while the carbon is from CO2, which was isotopically in equilibrium with carbonate. Our results suggested that sedimentary processes are the primary abiotic factors affecting the variations of the stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of biogenic CH4 from coastal sediment. Key Points: Higher than 80% of biogenic methane along the sediment core was produced through the CO2 reduction pathwayC and H of biogenic CH4 from ambient CO2 and H2 are isotopically in equilibrium with ambient carbonate and water, respectivelyThe sedimentary process is one of the primary abiotic factors affecting the variations of δ13CCH4 and δDCH4 from coastal sediment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) are discharged into air by combustion of gasoline and energy is input in a passenger internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) system through lifecycle phases. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the lifecycle carbon emissions and primary energy input of passenger ICEVs. With the life cycle assessment method, the calculations of carbon emission intensity and energy input intensity of materials used in lifecycle phases were made. The results show that the total lifecycle gasoline consumption of a vehicle was estimated to be 33,000 kg and the lifecycle CO2 emissions reached 81,311 kg per vehicle. Lifecycle CO2 emissions in use period occupied 89.43%, mainly attributed to the combustion of petrol. The average lifecycle CO2 emission intensity of the materials used was 2.33 kg/kg. The lifecycle carbon footprint of the passenger ICEVs was 163 g/km. The total CO2 emissions of ICEVs in Beijing were largest of all cities due to the maximum owning amount. The ratio of total lifecycle CO2 emissions of ICEVs in 13 large cities studied in this work to those of nationwide ICEVs was 0.179. Thus, more new energy vehicles will be given the prioritized choice in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land carbon sink is a vital component for the achievement of China's ambitious carbon neutrality goal, but its magnitude is poorly known. Atmospheric observations and inverse models are valuable tools to constrain the China's land carbon sink. Space‐based CO2 measurements from satellites form an emerging data stream for application of such atmospheric inversions. Here, we reviewed the satellite missions that is dedicated to the monitoring of CO2, and the recent progresses on the inversion of China's land carbon sink using satellite CO2 measurements. We summarized the limitations and challenges in current space platforms, retrieval algorithms, and the inverse modeling. It is shown that there are large uncertainties of contemporary satellite‐based estimates of China's land carbon sink. We discussed future opportunities of continuous improvements in three aspects to better constrain China's land carbon sink with space‐based CO2 measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an influential greenhouse gas (GHG) and an unregulated ozone‐depleting substance. The extent to which N2O emissions from natural forest soils have been enhanced by high atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition in China during past decades is unclear; however, assessing land‐related N2O emissions for 2060 national "carbon neutrality" goal is urgent. In this study, we proposed a "gray box" conceptual model and deduced a linear relationship between soil N2O emissions and N deposition on a large scale. On this basis, we created a "process‐augmented data‐driven" approach using which we combined experimental N addition data from 38 Chinese forests with N deposition observation data to estimate regional soil N2O emissions. We found that the N2O emission budget of eastern China forest soils averaged 0.24 ± 0.07 TgN yr−1 from 1996 to 2015; of this, ∼36% (0.087 TgN yr−1) was directly induced by N deposition. Soil N2O emission rates (RN2O) fluctuated slightly after 2006, and the RN2Os of different ecoregions were significantly different (p < 0.001). Soil factors and N‐deposition‐related factors dominated the spatial variation of RN2O. Our findings provide country‐specific and ecoregion‐specific emission factors for national GHG inventories in China. Our approach bridges the gap between site‐level experiments and demand for regional N2O emissions, and is applicable for estimating N2O emissions in other countries/regions. Meanwhile, more N addition experiments are needed to comprehensively understand N cycling processes and extend the predictive capability of the approach. Plain Language Summary: Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas that is around 300 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. As many countries and regions are aiming to achieve zero net carbon emission ("carbon neutrality") by the mid‐21st century, we need to evaluate the emissions of nitrous oxide to build an accurate picture of the current situation. However, it is difficult to estimate the emission of N2O from natural soils because the spatial variation is high. Inspired by the linkage between elemental nitrogen (N) that enters an ecosystem and N that leaves the ecosystem, we proposed a conceptual model and deduced a linear relationship between N deposition and soil N2O emissions. On the basis, we used experimental N addition data from various sites to quantify the linear relationship. Then, the N2O emission and its variation was estimated with dynamic N deposition data. In eastern China forests where the N deposition rate is exceptionally high, around 0.24 million tons of N2O‐N was emitted annually from 1996 to 2015, around 36% of which was directly induced by N deposition. From another perspective, soil N2O emissions in this region are expected to decline owing to pollution control practices and decreasing N deposition. Key Points: Eastern China forest soils emitted 0.24 TgN2O‐N yr−1 from 1996 to 2015N deposition directly induced ∼36% of emitted N2O from eastern China forest soilsDirect contribution of N deposition to soil N2O emissions increased from tropical to boreal forests [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the distribution of mantle CO2 should involve comprehensive analysis from CO2 source to accumulation. The crust‐mantle pathway system is the key controlling factor of the distribution of mantle CO2, but has received little attention. The pathway system and controlling factors of CO2 distribution in the Bohai Sea are analyzed using data on fault styles and information on the mantle and lithosphere. The relation between volcanic rocks and the distribution of mantle CO2 is reassessed using age data for CO2 accumulations. The distribution of mantle CO2 is controlled by uplift of the asthenosphere and upper mantle, magma conduits in the mantle and fault systems in the crust. Uplifted regions of the asthenosphere are accumulation areas for CO2. The area with uplift of the Moho exhibits accumulation of mantle CO2 at depth. CO2 was mainly derived from vertical migration through the upper mantle and lower crust. The fault style in the upper crust controls the distance of horizontal migration and the locations of CO2 concentrations. The distribution of mantle CO2 and volcanic rocks are not the same, but both probably followed the same pathways sometimes. Mantle CO2 in the Bohai Sea is concentrated in the Bozhong sag and the surrounding area, particularly in a trap that formed before 5.1 Ma and is connected to crustal faults (the Bozhang faults) and lithospheric faults (the Tanlu faults). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to examine the role of economic growth, technology innovation, and renewable energy in reducing transport sector CO2 emission in China by using the annual data of 1990–2018. An application of the QARDL approach discloses that economic growth, technology innovation, and renewable energy significantly influence CO2 emission in the transportation sector in China. Both renewable energy consumption and innovation show a negative impact on emissions of CO2 related to transport. It depicts that due to the increase in renewable energy and innovation, the CO2 emission in the transport sector is likely to decrease; however, an increase in the GDP of a country will upsurge the emission of CO2 in the transportation sector. However, China should make new policies to introduce innovation in the transportation sector to minimize the emission of CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formal education is theorised to be an essential vehicle to promote and trigger pro‐environmental attitudes and behavioural changes among citizens via the increase of public awareness and concern. However, robust estimations of its causal effect on individuals' concern for the environment are scarce. This study aimed to estimate the effect of educational attainment on environmental concern in China, addressing the problem of endogeneity. China is the largest emitter of CO2 and faces severe environmental problems due to its rapid process of industrialisation and urbanisation. The findings show that educational attainment has a robust positive causal effect on environmental concern in China. After addressing potential endogeneity issues using an instrumental variable approach, the effect is stronger than a conventional ordinal least squares estimation. Thus, education is a crucial path of action to promote environmental concern and subsequent pro‐environmental behaviour in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the deep saline‐aquifer level, geological storage of CO2 is considered to be one of the most effective geological methods for reducing greenhouse gas concentrations and emissions. The objective of this study is to compare the performance of different geological models in simulating CO2 storage as part of the Ordos Shenhua project, which is the first and the largest demonstration project in China. The project has injected 300 000 t of CO2 into low‐permeability saline aquifers at a depth of 1600 m. The injection procedure began in May 2011 and ended in April 2015. We studied the impact of different models on the predicted gas saturation distribution of the CO2 plume 50 years after well shutoff, using the CO2STORE module in the Eclipse E300 simulator. In our simulation comparisons, four 3D geological models are established, including the flat constant model, flat sequential Gaussian model, seismic constant model, and seismic sequential Gaussian model. The seismic sequential Gaussian model is the most precise model, which is established through the sequential Gaussian co‐simulation method under the constraints of the seismic profile. Actual monitoring data were applied for historical pressure fitting in the four different geological models. Through the comparison of the four models, it can be concluded that the seismic sequential Gaussian model simulated CO2 migration more effectively. The results of this project can provide support for safety assessments in the later stages of deep monitoring programs. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world's largest developing country, quantifying China's CO2 contribution to global warming is important for assessing the climate effects of anthropogenic and natural factors. We used global CO2 assimilation data from 2000 to 2015 and a carbon-climate parameterized scheme to analyze anthropogenic carbon emissions and their climatic effects while considering the climate effects of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink. Three results are notable: (1) From 2000 to 2015, global anthropogenic emissions increased from 2.48 to 3.45 mol m-2, and net emission (sum of anthropogenic and natural emissions) rose from 1.24 to 2.51 mol m-2; China's contribution of anthropogenic emissions to global anthropogenic emission was 34.78% and to net emission 39.65%. (2) By 2015, radiative forcing (RF) caused by CO2 absorption in the global terrestrial ecosystem was -0.18Wm-2, and this offset accounts for 30.96% of the warming effect of global anthropogenic carbon emissions; in China, RF caused by the terrestrial ecosystem was -0.04Wm-2, and this offset accounts for 20.27% of the warming effect of China's anthropogenic carbon emissions. (3) Using CO2 assimilation data and sectoral inventory data, China's contribution of carbon emissions to global RF was 10.02% and 9.73%, respectively, and China's contribution of net RF to global RF was 7.93%. Our findings highlight the importance of ecosystems on mitigating climate warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the relationship between CO2 emissions in China and its prospective determinants, namely economic growth, globalization, financial development, and natural resources during the period from 1980 to 2017. We present more detailed analyses across multiple econometric approaches within a multivariate system, e.g., the Bayer‐Hanck combined cointegration approach, the ARDL bounds test approach, ARDL estimates in short run and long run, robustness check by cointegration regressions (i.e., FMOLS, DOLS, CCR), and Granger causality approach in the frequency domain. Our results show that economic growth and natural resources have a positive impact on CO2 emissions in China, although globalization contributes to improving its environmental quality. Meanwhile, there is no statistical evidence that CO2 emissions in China could be affected by financial development. The causality analysis reveals that globalization, economic growth and natural resources all lead to CO2 emissions in the long run, while financial development only causes the short‐run CO2 emissions, which further demonstrate our findings. Such findings are meaningful for policymakers to achieve the sustainable development in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is the largest producer and consumer of cement worldwide, and cement production entails the release of substantial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. As the cement sector is a crucial sector of the Chinese economy, understanding the role of supply‐ and demand‐side factors may help accelerate efforts to mitigate CO2 emissions. However, few studies have analyzed the critical factors affecting CO2 emissions in the sector based on a combined supply‐ and demand‐side perspective. In this study, we developed an integrated framework that included eleven indicators covering both the supply and demand sides. Results revealed that improving cement production technology cannot offset CO2 emissions from the growth in demand for cement. Improving technology on the supply side would considerably reduce CO2 emissions from Chinese cement production; nevertheless, the combination of rapid urbanization, GDP growth, and an ultra‐high fixed capital formation ratio on the demand side increased CO2 emissions nearly 25‐fold from 1990 to 2015. Notably, some demand‐side factors also had an effect that reduced CO2 emissions. The in‐use stock per unit of fixed capital formation and output per in‐use stock reduced CO2 emissions by 332 million metric tons, which is comparable to the contribution of technological progress. Based on these results, we examine why these demand‐side factors substantially influence CO2 emissions in the Chinese cement sector, and we provide recommendations for policy‐makers on carbon‐reduction measures in this CO2‐intensive sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the causal relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and economic factors in Chinese provinces. Then, this study undertakes a comparative analysis of the eastern, central, and western provinces using a vector autoregressive model and panel data for 1997–2015. The results show there is unidirectional causality from per capita gross domestic product (GDP) to CO2 emissions in eastern and central provinces. Meanwhile, there is unidirectional causality from CO2 emissions to GDP per capita in western provinces. There is unidirectional causality between CO2 emissions to foreign direct investment in central and western provinces but no impact in eastern provinces. However, there is unidirectional causality between CO2 emissions to export volume only in eastern provinces. Based on the results, this study concludes that to reduce CO2 emissions, China should not only implement strict laws and regulations but should also advocate green investment, technological innovation, development of a circular economy, and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Control of the increasing fossil fuel‐based carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and the associated environmental consequences are important for sustainable development in China. Nevertheless, very few studies have investigated the environmental consequences of China's fossil fuels at both the national and regional levels. For this purpose, this study explores the dynamic relationships among CO2 emissions, economic growth, and consumption of various fossil fuels (i.e., coal, petroleum, and natural gas) in China, using the panel dataset of 30 provinces for the period 1997–2015. Considering the significant differences across various regions, the whole sample and different regions in China are analyzed separately. The estimated results, at both the national and regional levels, provide strong evidence in favor of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for CO2 emissions in China. Furthermore, increasing coal and petroleum consumption significantly promotes CO2 emissions. Conversely, natural gas offers a cleaner substitute for other fossil fuels (i.e., coal and petroleum); its substitution effect may be influenced by the share of natural gas in the total energy needs. Finally, the above findings highlight several policy implications for the Chinese government's policymakers to effectively reduce CO2 emissions in China, thereby setting the nation on a sustainable development path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study investigated the petroleum consumption and petroleum‐related CO2 emissions (PCOEs) in Northeast China at city level using material flow analysis (MFA) and spatial data analysis (SDA). The petroleum flows for the year 2014 were plotted, and then the spatial patterns, weighted mean centers (WMCs), and spatial autocorrelations of petroleum consumption and PCOEs were calculated, respectively. It was found that Northeast China is a petroleum exploitation‐processing‐export region in China; the total input of petroleum flows comprised two parts—exploitation (about 60%) and import (about 40%). About one third of the total product oil supply flowed into other provinces. In the consumption process, the product oil was dominated by two sectors: the industry sector (45.5%) and the transportation sector (31%). The rate of PCOEs was 36.69 million tonnes in the waste discharge process. Meanwhile, the WMCs of the petroleum consumption and the PCOEs were located in the south of Northeast China. The location of the petroleum pipelines was the factor shown to determine the spatial patterns of petroleum consumption and PCOEs and the hotspots were distributed along the petroleum pipeline, especially in the Circum‐Bohai Sea regions. Economic development in these regions shows a positive dependence on petroleum consumption and generates larger PCOEs. The findings obtained in this study could provide important decision‐making support to low‐carbon development in Northeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mankind is constantly pursuing economic growth and social development, and while these bring convenience to people, they involve large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions under the heavy use of energy, which produces quite serious air pollution, which not only affects people's health but also leads to ecological environmental damage. Nowadays, the impact of the environment and the negative impacts of the world's economies while promoting economic growth are the most important issues for economies to achieve balanced development. This study uses the dynamic slack‐based data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to assess the environmental energy efficiency of high‐income economies (including China) and explore the negative impacts on the environment, to obtain a basis for energy‐saving emission reduction methods or configurations by using 48 high‐income economies (including China) from 2010 to 2014. The interperiod (carryover) variable is gross domestic product (GDP). The empirical results show that economies with high energy efficiency have a large consumption of energy and are unable to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. We also find that there exists a difference in the results depending on whether GDP is considered as the carryover variable. European economies are more efficient in energy consumption than others, and Asian economies are the most inefficient. In order to pursue GDP growth, economies need to consider reducing their energy consumption and CO2 emissions and improve their energy usage efficiency, further implementing sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 2000s, the rapid growth of CO2 emitted in the production of exports from developing to developed countries, in which China accounted for the dominant share, led to concerns that climate polices had been undermined by international trade. Arguments on 'carbon leakage' and 'competitiveness'-which led to the refusal of the U.S. to ratify the Kyoto Protocol-put pressure on developing countries, especially China, to limit their emissions with Border Carbon Adjustments used as one threat. After strong growth in the early 2000s, emissions exported from developing to developed countries plateaued and could have even decreased since 2007. These changes were mainly due to China: In 2002-2007, China's exported emissions grew by 827 MtCO2, amounting to almost all the 892 MtCO2 total increase in emissions exported from developing to developed countries, while in 2007-2012, emissions exported from China decreased by 229 MtCO2, contributing to the total decrease of 172 MtCO2 exported from developing to developed countries. We apply Structural Decomposition Analysis to find that, in addition to the diminishing effects of the global financial crisis, the slowdown and eventual plateau was largely explained by several potentially permanent changes in China: Decline in export volume growth, improvements in CO2 intensity, and changes in production structure and the mix of exported products. We argue that growth in China's exported emissions will not return to the high levels during the 2000s, therefore the arguments for climate polices focused on embodied emissions such as Border Carbon Adjustments are now weakened. Plain Language Summary In the 2000s, CO2 emissions from production in developed countries flattened while emissions from their consumption grew. The rapid growth of exported emissions from developing countries to developed countries, with the largest contribution from China, played a significant role. This led to concerns that climate polices had been undermined by rapid growth in international trade. Since around 2007, growth in these exported emissions has plateaued, predominantly due to changes in China. Our study investigates China's changes, demonstrating that in addition to the effects of global financial crisis, China implemented potentially permanent structural changes. We argue that China's exported emissions are unlikely to return to the growth levels from the 2000s, and therefore trade-related climate polices will be much less relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep fluids in a petroliferous basin generally come from the deep crust or mantle beneath the basin basement, and they transport deep substances (gases and aqueous solutions) as well as heat to sedimentary strata through deep faults. These deep fluids not only lead to large-scale accumulations of CO2, CH4, H2, He and other gases, but also significantly impact hydrocarbon generation and accumulation through organic-inorganic interactions. With the development of deep faults and magmatic-volcanic activities in different periods, most Chinese petroliferous basins have experienced strong impacts associated with deep fluid activity. In the Songliao, Bohai Bay, Northern Jiangsu, Sanshui, Yinggehai and Pearl Mouth Basins in China, a series of CO2 reservoirs have been discovered. The CO2 content is up to 99%, with δ13CCO2 values ranging from -4.1‰ to -0.37‰ and 3He/4He ratios of up to 5.5 Ra. The abiogenic hydrocarbon gas reservoirs with commercial reserves, such as the Changde, Wanjinta, Zhaozhou, and Chaoyanggou reservoirs, are mainly distributed in the Xujiaweizi faulted depression of the Songliao Basin. The δ13CCH4 values of the abiogenic alkane gases are generally >-30‰ and exhibit an inverse carbon isotope sequence of δ13CCH4>δ13CC2H6>δ13CC3H8>δ13CC4H10. According to laboratory experiments, introducing external H2 can improve the rate of hydrocarbon generation by up to 147% through the kerogen hydrogenation process. During the migration from deep to shallow depth, CO2 can significantly alter reservoir rocks. In clastic reservoirs, feldspar is easily altered by CO2-rich fluids, leading to the formation of dawsonite, a typical mineral in high CO2 partial pressure environments, as well as the creation of secondary porosity. In carbonate reservoirs, CO2-rich fluids predominately cause dissolution or precipitation of carbonate minerals. The minerals, e.g., calcite and dolomite, show some typical features, such as higher homogenization temperatures than the burial temperature, relatively high concentrations of Fe and Mn, positive Eu anomalies, depletion of 18O and enrichment of radiogenic 87Sr. Due to CO2-rich fluids, the development of high-quality carbonate reservoirs is extended to deep strata. For example, the Well TS1 in the northern Tarim Basin revealed a high-quality Cambrian dolomite reservoir with a porosity of 9.1% at 8408 m, and the Well ZS1C in the central Tarim Basin revealed a large petroleum reserve in a Cambrian dolomite reservoir at ∼6900 m. During the upward migration from deep to shallow basin strata, large volumes of supercritical CO2 may extract petroleum components from hydrocarbon source rocks or deep reservoirs and facilitate their migration to shallow reservoirs, where the petroleum accumulates with the CO2. Many reservoirs containing both supercritical CO2 and petroleum have been discovered in the Songliao, Bohaiwan, Northern Jiangsu, Pearl River Mouth and Yinggehai Basins. The components of the petroleum trapped with CO2 are dominated by low molecular weight saturated hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To revisit global net carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions transfers by international trade for year 2007, this study employs a new world-wide, multiregional input-output (MRIO) table in which China's production is separated into domestic use, processing exports, and nonprocessing exports. The results show that processing exports in China involves relatively lower CO2 emissions than other production types for the same output levels. Therefore, if processing exports are not appropriately distinguished, net CO2 emission exports from China to other regions will be distorted; the relative bias occasionally reaches 15%. Net emission exports from regions other than China are also distorted, particularly for regions that use considerable Chinese processing exports as intermediates, such as the United States, European Union (EU), and East Asia. Given that processing exports prevail in a large number of developing countries, such as Mexico and Vietnam, one should carefully interpret measurements of net emission transfers by international trade by utilizing the ordinary world-wide MRIO model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of studies has recently used emissions embodied in net imports (EENI) to argue for the consumption-based accounting ( CBA) approach. These publications have been generating much attention from the media and academia for 'providing an opportunity to inform effective climate policy'. However, policymakers must be cautious when considering if CBA can be used to replace or just to supplement current practice of production-based accounting ( PBA). Terms such as 'carbon leakage', 'emissions transfers', and ' CO2 outsourcing' have been uncritically overused as there is little evidence that EENI is the result of climate policy. Furthermore, CBA overlooks 'insourcing' of polluting industries by producing regions when blaming consumers for emissions. To avoid misinformation, EENI should be called just that. CBA's practicality is limited as it involves more data-intensive calculations and higher transaction costs than PBA. The success of CBA will rely on consumers to put pressure on producers. Eventually, it is still producers that need to reduce emissions. PBA is more practical by directly placing pressure on producers along with environmental laws and regulations. CBA will be counter-productive to global emissions control if producers increase emissions due to reduced responsibility over the emissions incurred by the production of their exports. However, CBA could be used to persuade consumers to choose low-emissions products, support producers' sustainability efforts, and reduce nonbasic consumption. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:1-8. doi: 10.1002/wcc.325 For further resources related to this article, please visit the . Conflict of interest: The author has declared no conflicts of interest for this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts on geological topics which include rocky desertification and soil erosion in China, carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in Sichuan Basin, China, and the degasification of karst streams.

As some of the most rapidly urbanizing places in the world, China's cities have a unique relationship with global climate change. The economies found in Chinese cities are extremely resource and energy intensive; as a result, they produce significant levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This article provides comprehensive and detailed emissions inventories for Shanghai, Beijing, and Tianjin, which were found to be responsible for 12.8, 10.7, and 11.9 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per capita (t CO2-eq/capita), respectively, in 2006. The majority of emissions were from electricity production, heating and industrial fuel use, and ground transportation. The prevalence of coal in the energy supply mix (including up to 98% in Tianjin) was a fundamental cause of high energy emissions. Non-energy emissions from industrial processes were also significant, including emissions from cement and steel production. The GHG inventories for Shanghai, Beijing, and Tianjin point to sectors requiring the most attention in terms of low-carbon growth. Compared to ten other global cities, Chinese cities are among the highest per capita emitters, alluding to the important challenge China faces of reducing emissions while improving the quality of life for urban residents. Accordingly, this article concludes with a discussion of the opportunities and issues concerning low-carbon growth in China, including the potential for renewable energy and the difficulties associated with emissions relocation and policy adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the input-output tables in constant prices extended with carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for examining the development of China, a country undergoing rapid growth. We undertake this empirical analysis in terms of a new and therefore rarely applied methodology: instead of average coefficients characterizing the average (old) technology operating throughout a particular reporting year, we calculate marginal coefficients-in monetary and CO2 terms-that capture the additional (new) technology installed after that year. Marginal coefficients are increasingly recommended in the literature for applications such as consequential life cycle assessment, where they are supposed to lead to more realistic results, especially in prospective analyses. Our work provides a first, broad overview about the magnitude and distribution of these coefficients across recent years in China's rapidly growing economy for which marginal coefficients could be expected to differ greatly from average coefficients. We find that (1) marginal coefficients can differ substantially from average coefficients, thus lending support to the need expressed in the literature for coining consequential life cycle assessment (LCA) and similar prospective assessment in marginal rather than average terms; (2) marginal CO2 emissions coefficients differ more from their average counterparts than marginal monetary coefficients, showing that for China, within-sector technological solutions to emissions abatement have played a more important role than the reorganization of supply structures; and (3) there exists considerable scatter and variation of marginal coefficients across years, which to a certain extent precludes the identification of clear temporal and sectoral trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To deal with the challenges brought about by climate changes, China decided to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) intensity by 40-45 per cent from 2005 to 2020. Using the decomposition technique, this study finds that energy intensity is the most important force to drive the decline of CO2 intensity between 1980 and 2008, followed by structural factors such as the adjustment of energy and industrial structure. Therefore, any environmental policy to promote energy efficiency will play the biggest role in achieving the target of abating CO2 intensity in 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through 2–3-year (2003–2005) continuous eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes, we examined the seasonal, inter-annual, and inter-ecosystem variations in the ecosystem-level water use efficiency (WUE, defined as the ratio of gross primary production, GPP, to evapotranspiration, ET) at four Chinese grassland ecosystems in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and North China. Representing the most prevalent grassland types in China, the four ecosystems are an alpine swamp meadow ecosystem, an alpine shrub-meadow ecosystem, an alpine meadow-steppe ecosystem, and a temperate steppe ecosystem, which illustrate a water availability gradient and thus provide us an opportunity to quantify environmental and biological controls on ecosystem WUE at different spatiotemporal scales. Seasonally, WUE tracked closely with GPP at the four ecosystems, being low at the beginning and the end of the growing seasons and high during the active periods of plant growth. Such consistent correspondence between WUE and GPP suggested that photosynthetic processes were the dominant regulator of the seasonal variations in WUE. Further investigation indicated that the regulations were mainly due to the effect of leaf area index (LAI) on carbon assimilation and on the ratio of transpiration to ET ( T/ET). Besides, except for the swamp meadow, LAI also controlled the year-to-year and site-to-site variations in WUE in the same way, resulting in the years or sites with high productivity being accompanied by high WUE. The general good correlation between LAI and ecosystem WUE indicates that it may be possible to predict grassland ecosystem WUE simply with LAI. Our results also imply that climate change-induced shifts in vegetation structure, and consequently LAI may have a significant impact on the relationship between ecosystem carbon and water cycles in grasslands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eastern Inner Mongolia of China is a typical ecotone between sandy forests and steppe. Little is known about the effect of overgrazing on carbon loss from soil in semiarid steppe and sandy forests of the north of China. The soil carbon parameters were measured in a 10,000 ha natural reserve in eastern Inner Mongolia of China (43°30′–43°36′N, 117°06′–117°16′E). Three situations were compared: primary protected (PP), moderately protected (MP) and highly degraded (HD). Soil and litter samples were recovered in spring and summer. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and CO2–C values decreased from the PP (9.23 kg m−2 and 157 g m−2) to the HD (1.69 kg m−2 and 57 g m−2) sites whereas the C mineralization rate increased toward the less restored sites (1.06–2.37). Surface-litter C was different in both sites under protection (PP 648 and MP 408 g m−2), an was low at the HD site (17 g m−2). Leaves from woody species dominated the surface litter at the PP site, whereas grass material was predominant at the MP site. During summer, both CO2–C and SOC decreased, whereas the C mineralization rate increased. We calculated that C loss since the introduction of cattle into the forest was 77 M g ha−1, reaching a total of 1.1×1015 g for eastern Inner Mongolia. These values are higher than those caused by the conversion of steppe and other ecosystems into agriculture or cultivated pastures. The amount of C fixed at the PP site (650 g ha−1year−1) indicates that the sandy soils have a significant potential as atmospheric carbon sinks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnitude, temporal, and spatial patterns of soil-atmospheric greenhouse gas (hereafter referred to as GHG) exchanges in forests near the Tropic of Cancer are still highly uncertain. To contribute towards an improvement of actual estimates, soil-atmospheric CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes were measured in three successional subtropical forests at the Dinghushan Nature Reserve (hereafter referred to as DNR) in southern China. Soils in DNR forests behaved as N2O sources and CH4 sinks. Annual mean CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes (mean±SD) were 7.7±4.6 Mg CO2-C ha−1 yr−1, 3.2±1.2 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1, and 3.4±0.9 kg CH4-C ha−1 yr−1, respectively. The climate was warm and wet from April through September 2003 (the hot-humid season) and became cool and dry from October 2003 through March 2004 (the cool-dry season). The seasonality of soil CO2 emission coincided with the seasonal climate pattern, with high CO2 emission rates in the hot-humid season and low rates in the cool-dry season. In contrast, seasonal patterns of CH4 and N2O fluxes were not clear, although higher CH4 uptake rates were often observed in the cool-dry season and higher N2O emission rates were often observed in the hot-humid season. GHG fluxes measured at these three sites showed a clear increasing trend with the progressive succession. If this trend is representative at the regional scale, CO2 and N2O emissions and CH4 uptake in southern China may increase in the future in light of the projected change in forest age structure. Removal of surface litter reduced soil CO2 effluxes by 17–44% in the three forests but had no significant effect on CH4 absorption and N2O emission rates. This suggests that microbial CH4 uptake and N2O production was mainly related to the mineral soil rather than in the surface litter layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of cultivation, nitrogen fertilizer, and set aside on CH4 uptake after drained marshland was converted into agricultural fields, CH4 fluxes and CH4 concentrations in soil gas werein situmeasured in a drained marsh soil, a set-aside cultivated soil, and cultivated soils in Sanjiang Plain of Northeast China in August 2001. Over the measuring period, the highest CH4 uptake rate was 120.7±6.2 μg CH4 m−2 h−1 in the drained marsh soil and the lowest was 29.5±4.9 μg CH4 m−2 h−1 in the set-aside cultivated soil, showing that there was no significant recovery of CH4 uptake ability 5 years after cultivation activity was stopped. CH4 uptake rates were significantly less in the cultivated soils than in the drained marsh soil by 30.1–74.6%, which resulted mainly from cultivation and partly from nitrogen addition. A significantly negative correlation between CH4 flux and bulk density in the cultivated soils tilled by machine suggests that cultivation reduced CH4 uptake through compaction, because of the enhanced diffusion resistance for CH4 and O2. Nitrogen fertilization slowly reduced but persistently affected CH4 uptake even after long-term application of nitrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which reported on a simulation and scenario analysis of Chinese passenger vehicle growth and resulting energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions. Chinese income growth and passenger vehicle demand; Model structure and estimation; Conclusion.

The article offers information on the research "The Characteristics and Evolution of Ore-forming Fluids in A'erhada Pb-Zn-Ag Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China" by Ma Yanmei and colleagues. Topics discussed include fluid inclusions in quartz, laser Raman microsprobe analysis and hydrogen-oxygen isotopic research, and fluid inclusion study of ore-forming. Also mentioned are carbon dioxide-rich inclusion, magmatic fluid exsolution from magma, and ore precipitation.

The article comments on West-East Pipeline Project (WEPP) in China. The WEPP is a complex project costing some $8.5 billion that will bring gas from northwestern China to the fast-developing cities in the east. The WEPP is, perhaps, a good example of a major step toward reducing the impact of increased energy use in China. The project will bring environmental benefits to China by replacing the use of coal in many eastern cities. It will deliver an estimated 20% of China's projected natural gas demand by 2010. This will reduce annual carbon dioxide emissions by 8 million tons and sulphur dioxide emissions by 400,000 tons.