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Using an analytical framework based on current implementation theory, this research examines the transposition of the EU Waste Framework Directive into UK law and local government development control procedures. The study which forms the basis of this paper was commissioned by the UK Government to evaluate the effectiveness of the construction Waste Management Plans introduced as a legal requirement in 2008. It was found that its implementation had largely failed and that these new laws had been ineffective. Subsequently, in March 2012 the UK Government announced its intention to withdraw these Regulations. In the context of current deregulatory pressures, but with the continuing need to minimise construction waste, this research concludes that more attention should be paid by central government to their current ‘top-down’ implementation procedures in order to better roll-out new environmental legislation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 1998 the European Union (EU) formally launched a negotiation process by which to further enlarge the EU, having, in the preceding years, invited several former Soviet-influenced countries from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), along with Cyprus, Malta and Turkey, to participate in accession to the EU if they so wished. This is the second of two articles concerned with Lithuania's accession to the EU, the process of approximating EU environmental law and the legislative intricacies involved therein. The first paper critiqued the process of enlargement of the European Union from a largely pragmatic legal perspective through a legal case-study examination of Lithuania's efforts in approximating the environmental acquis into national law. Lithuania was an accession state from Central Europe and acceded to the EU on 1 May 2004. The first paper provided insight into and guidance upon the process of the approximation of environmental law as it may relate, or has related, to other accession countries. It highlights the practical steps and the route of accession to the EU along with the legal requirements contained therein. This second paper focuses more specifically upon the actual implementation and related strategic aspects revealed in Lithuania's efforts to approximate EU environmental law by reference to best practice, as developed by the lead author, for the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 1998 the European Union (EU) formally launched a negotiation process by which to further enlarge the EU, having, in the preceding years, invited several former Soviet-influenced countries from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), along with Cyprus, Malta and Turkey, to participate in accession to the EU if they so wished. This article is concerned with Lithuania's accession to the EU, the process of approximating EU environmental law and the legislative intricacies involved therein. The paper critiques the process of enlargement of the European Union from a largely pragmatic legal perspective through a legal case-study examination of Lithuania's efforts in approximating the environmental acquis into national law. Lithuania was an accession state from Central Europe and acceded to the EU on May 1st 2004. This paper provides insight into and guidance upon the process of the approximation of environmental law as it may relate, or has related, to other accession countries. It highlights the practical steps and the route of accession to the EU along with the legal requirements contained therein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a legal analysis of some of the key issues that arise in examining the system for allocating emissions allowances under the EU's emissions trading scheme directive (EU ETS). There is a strong series of arguments in support of the view that the free allocation of allowances under the various national allocation plans (NAPs) involves an element of State aid, which has neither been formally notified to, nor cleared by, the Commission under the EC Treaty. Even if it is found properly to have been notified, there are serious doubts as to whether the extent of aid granted satisfies the proportionality principle. As a result, the operation of the EU ETS may be subject to some legal uncertainty with regard to possible legal challenges to the current allocation of allowances. Going forward, proposals to amend the operation of the EU ETS must take into account similar State aid considerations (particularly proportionality) and the experience gained from the working of the EU ETS in phase I. The structural outline of a possible legislative package has been suggested, which could achieve the safeguarding of commercial and legal certainty under the current allocation regime, while at the same time providing a basis for amendment of the allocation mechanism under the EU ETS for phase II and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the impact of European Community accession on the environmental non-governmental organisations (NGO) and environmental advocacy groups in Central European countries. Efforts of environmental NGO in Central and Eastern Europe to promote environmental protection; Information on environmental laws and institutions created in Central Europe before and after 1989; Directives concerning the environment imposed by the European Union in order to be a member of the union.

Presents a number of environmental laws of the European Union. Hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment; Waste electrical and electronic equipment.

Focuses on the criminal environmental law in the European Union. European Commission's adoption of a proposal for a Directive on protection of the environment through criminal law under provisions of the "first pillar" of Community law; Council's adoption of a Framework Decision on the same subject under provisions of the "third pillar"; Serious inter-institutional conflict due to the two parallel texts.

Analyzes the legal basis of the European Union's (EU) environmental policy. Correlation between the legal basis of a given measure and the procedure by which legislation is adopted; Procedures for adoption used by the EU in relation to the two most important legal bases for environmental acts.

Jean-Paul Harroy (1909-1995) 20CEDE• Reborn! 21Managing Asia's Cities 23Tourism Charta 24 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the environmental law in Europe. The Commission has initiated a formal investigation procedure which allows certain categories of companies to benefit from a tax reduction or tax exemption under the carbon dioxide emission tax. Opinion of the Committee of the Regions on the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions "Towards a Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment" has been published. Council Division approved the accession of the Community to the Convention on the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean. Council Decision authorizes Great Britain to apply an exemption from climate change levy for low-value solid fuel in accordance with Article 19 of Directive 2003/96/EC.

The article offers information on the developments of the emissions trading systems of the European Union. It explains that the concept of carbon leakage relates to the risk that activities in sectors subject to strong international competition might relocate from the EU to the third countries. It also mentions that the Court of First Instance (CFI) condemned the European Commission in two cases for failure to exercise its power correctly.

This commentary discusses the European Union's Emissions Trading system. In their very instructive and useful overview of the European Union's Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), "Greenhouse Gas Trading in Europe: The New Grand Policy Experiment," Joseph A. Kruger and William A. Pizer note that implementation of the system has been an impressively rapid process. They indicate that a main factor for understanding the character and speed of this process is the constructive use of lessons from U.S. trading programs by EU decisionmakers. The EU's high-speed decision-making process in constructing the emissions trading system can basically be understood and explained by a combination and interaction of three perspectives. First, the EU system was more ripe and ready for emissions trading when the process started in 1998 than may be readily apparent. Second, the European Commission (the Commission), the formal EU agenda-setter, played an extraordinarily strong entrepreneurial role throughout the development of the system, which sped up the process. Third, there is the perspective of the lessons learned from the U.S. emissions trading experience, as emphasized by Kruger and Pizer.

The article provides information on environmental policies and directives which was passed by the European Union to promote environmental protection on its Member States. The Commission passed the Council Directive 90/396/European Economic Council on June 29, 1990 to implement the laws related to appliances burning of gaseous fuel. The Commission Regulation Number 197/2006 was passed on February 3, 2006 which is reflected under Regulation Number 1774/2002 concerning the transport, treatment and disposal of foodstuffs. The Directive 2005/35/EC of the European Parliament and of its Council was passed on September 7, 2006 involves the policies on ship-source pollution and the establishment of penalties for infringements was corrected.