Search

The objective of this paper is, on the basis of new evidence, to contribute to the analysis of the performance of the manufacturing industries in Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay during the state-led industrialization period and in comparison with a developed country. Specifically, this paper estimates the productivity gap between Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay relative to the United States in order to reveal whether convergence took place at the industry level. The results identify changes within the industrial sector in the three Latin American countries. In short, manufacturing in Brazil achieved substantial changes, which were reflected in favourable structural change and manufacturing convergence. Moreover, manufacturing convergence accelerated in Brazil in the 1960s, when the development model based on industrialization deepened. Structural transformation was weak in Uruguay and mild in Chile, and the ability to reduce technological gaps was limited to industries based on natural resources with medium and high levels of industrial protection. The latter must also be linked to the different pace of industrialization in these two countries, especially in Uruguay, where the industrializing impulse was exhausted very early on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the main methods of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) transmission are air and physical contact, actions to mitigate and suppress its spread must be developed in order to change population dynamics and provide efficient control strategies. Here, these actions are described as a simple heuristic framework to establish public policies. Two control systems were studied: the first organized in the form of an algorithm stratified into three levels and the second as a minimization problem similar to optimal control strategies, applied to both social distancing and vaccination. The possible effects of these actions are modeled and applied to an extension of the Susceptible - Infected - Removed (SIR) compartmental model. The control system is developed, which is organized in the form of an algorithm stratified into three levels. These levels intend to represent social distancing strategies implemented by sanitary authorities around the globe, representing stronger or weaker grades of isolation intensity according to the ability of the healthcare system to cope with symptomatic individuals. The algorithm control is applied in a simulation, and the results give evidence of the effectiveness of the procedures adopted against the coronavirus. The model dynamics are analyzed and validated with simulations considering parameters obtained from epidemiological data from Brazil and Uruguay and in a more detailed way for three Brazilian states: São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. The model was validated using cumulative data on cases and deaths. For cases of death, the results were satisfactory, while for case data, the response was reasonable, considering the possibility of adding delays or variations in parameters in the model. In addition, the effective reproduction number was proposed for the cities studied in Brazil, the result being relevant because it has a qualitative behavior similar to that published by official centers. This paper also discusses the implementation and optimization of social distancing and vaccination control strategies, considering different parameters and their effects on reducing the number of cases and deaths. Model simulations present promising results for developing strategies to attack COVID-19 dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Jurídica (0103-3506) is the property of Revista Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports on the move of Stora Enso to purchase land in Brazil and in Uruguay with the intention of establishing fast-growing plantations of eucalyptus and pine to serve as a competitive fiber supply for the firm's future pulp and paper production. The company plans to establish plantations in each country for acquisition of land and initial investments in nursery and infrastructure.

In a context of rapid technological innovation and expensive new products, the paper calls for the generation of real-world data to inform decision-making and an international discussion on the affordability of new medicines, particularly for low- and middle-income countries. Without these, the challenges of health judicialization will continue to grow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Seqüência is the property of Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pos-Graduacao Stricto Sensu em Direito and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Has the past decade of sustained economic growth and political transformations reversed Latin America's historical failure to secure market and social incorporation? To address this question this article draws on the experiences of Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Peru and Uruguay by distinguishing between short-term outcomes - which may depend on benign international conditions - and policy changes, which are more important for long-term performance. It highlights the overall success of both Brazil and Uruguay and shows that the other countries have made more progress in terms of social than market incorporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper accomplishes two goals. First, we assesses the measurement invariance of legal cynicism among adolescents in São Paulo, Brazil, Montevideo, Uruguay, and Zurich, Switzerland. Second, we evaluate a series of social and individual antecedents that are expected to influence legal cynicism across contexts.Methods: This paper first evaluates the measurement invariance of legal cynicism using Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis with three randomized clustered samples of adolescents in Zurich (n = 1447), São Paulo (n = 2680) and Montevideo (n = 2204). Second, we assessed the correlates for legal cynicism in each city using structural equation modelling techniques.Results: The results demonstrated metric invariance, but not scalar invariance among adolescents in São Paulo, Zurich, and Montevideo. We were able to establish partial measurement invariance for legal cynicism in São Paulo and Zurich, and therefore proceeded with the comparison of latent means and antecedents. The results show that on average legal cynicism is higher in Zurich, but that the size and strength of antecedents were similar across cities. Low self-control was by far the strongest correlate of legal cynicism.Conclusions: Overall, our results suggest that current operationalizations of legal cynicism may not be rooted in social structural context and experiences with legal authorities, but rather reflect how individuals interpret legal boundaries and dispositions towards rule-breaking. Researchers must reconsider how legal cynicism fits into models of legal socialization, and whether developmental models of self-control may help us understand the origins and nature of legal cynicism, as it is currently measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous spikes in global prices of many agricultural commodities in recent years have induced an interest in quantifying the degree of synchronisation of these movements. We suggest a conceptual framework explaining why temporally varying price synchronisation may happen and propose the concordance index for the empirical measurement of the incidence, symmetry and permanence of synchronisation. We establish that the index generates insights into time series dynamics which are complementary to those obtained from cointegration analysis. We illustrate the approach with an application for the co-movement in cyclical components of pig and cattle prices in three Latin American countries. The findings reveal moderate synchronisation levels which show asymmetric instabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This paper presents updated prevalence estimates of awareness, ever‐use, and current use of nicotine vaping products (NVPs) from 14 International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC Project) countries that have varying regulations governing NVP sales and marketing. Design, Setting, Participants and Measurements: A cross‐sectional analysis of adult (≥ 18 years) current smokers and ex‐smokers from 14 countries participating in the ITC Project. Data from the most recent survey questionnaire for each country were included, which spanned the period 2013–17. Countries were categorized into four groups based on regulations governing NVP sales and marketing (allowable or not), and level of enforcement (strict or weak where NVPs are not permitted to be sold): (1) most restrictive policies (MRPs), not legal to be sold or marketed with strict enforcement: Australia, Brazil, Uruguay; (2) restrictive policies (RPs), not approved for sale or marketing with weak enforcement: Canada, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand; (3) less restrictive policies (LRPs), legal to be sold and marketed with regulations: England, the Netherlands, Republic of Korea, United States; and (4) no regulatory policies (NRPs), Bangladesh, China, Zambia. Countries were also grouped by World Bank Income Classifications. Country‐specific weighted logistic regression models estimated adjusted NVP prevalence estimates for: awareness, ever/current use, and frequency of use (daily versus non‐daily). Findings NVP awareness and use were lowest in NRP countries. Generally, ever‐ and current use of NVPs were lower in MRP countries (ever‐use = 7.1–48.9%; current use = 0.3–3.5%) relative to LRP countries (ever‐use = 38.9–66.6%; current use = 5.5–17.2%) and RP countries (ever‐use = 10.0–62.4%; current use = 1.4–15.5%). NVP use was highest among high‐income countries, followed by upper–middle‐income countries, and then by lower–middle‐income countries. Conclusions: With a few exceptions, awareness and use of nicotine vaping products varied by the strength of national regulations governing nicotine vaping product sales/marketing, and by country income. In countries with no regulatory policies, use rates were very low, suggesting that there was little availability, marketing and/or interest in nicotine vaping products in these countries where smoking populations are predominantly poorer. The higher awareness and use of nicotine vaping products in high income countries with moderately (e.g. Canada, New Zealand) and less (e.g. England, United States) restrictive policies, is likely due to the greater availability and affordability of nicotine vaping products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to investigate whether the differences in country religiosity can influence biology teachers' views about biological evolution, especially the human origin. Since Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay have differences in religiosity, teachers from these countries were asked to answer to the question of the European questionnaire BIOHEAD-CITIZEN: "The emergence of the human species (Homo sapiens) was just as improbable as the emergence of any other species." From their answers, it was possible to estimate how biology teachers conceive the origin of the humankind, whether they perceive it as a natural phenomenon or a special event. The four Barbour's categories concerning the relationship between science and religion (Conflict, Independence, Dialogue and Integration) were used to analyze the results in these three countries. Results showed that, in general, teachers of Uruguay (a secular country) and Argentina (a constitutional Catholic country) had a clearer position of separation between science and religion whereas the teachers of Brazil (with a relative secularism), tended to do not make a separation between science and religion. It could be concluded that the type of the teachers' religion rather than the secularism of state is more influencial on building teachers' views about human origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: this paper aims to describe the first phase of a project whose general goal was to develop a consensus-based set of advanced practice nurse competencies applicable to Latin American countries and, based on these competencies, produce an advanced practice nurse curricular prototype adapted to Latin American countries. The project was framed in a competency-based approach to advanced practice nursing education. The specific aims of the first phase of the project described in this paper were: 1) to identify a set of potential advanced practice nurse competencies that would serve as the template for Core Advanced Practice Nurse Competencies in Latin American countries and 2) to establish consensus for Core Advanced Practice Nurse Competencies in Latin American countries. Method: advanced practice nurse competencies were derived from a comprehensive review of published competencies and informed the development of a survey designed to assess the relevance of advanced practice nurse competencies in Latin American countries. The survey was distributed to nurse leaders and nurse educators. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: consensus for Core Competencies was established. Conclusion: the Core Advanced Practice Nurse Competencies presented can provide a structured framework to build educational programs aligned to the needs of the regional environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economía Coyuntural, Revista de Temas de Coyuntura y Perspectivas is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones Economicas y Sociales Jose Ortiz Mercado (IIES-JOM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents the results of the investigations that defined the formation of the sedimentary deposits and the chronological sequence of the Foz do Chapecó archaeological area in the Volta Grande of the Upper Uruguay River, Southern Brazil. This research was undertaken to contribute to the definition of the diachronic, sedimentary and stratigraphic context of the archaeological occupations. To achieve these goals a geoarchaeological prospection by land and water was conducted, focusing on the valley bottoms, in the whole Volta Grande area. It comprehended the characterization of surface sedimentary deposits, the exposure and analysis of stratigraphic profiles, and sedimentological analysis. Four superficially exposed deposits were identified: i.e., fluvial conglomerates, fine sediments with sandy texture, clay colluviums and current and recent alluvial deposits. Six interesting points for the opening of stratigraphic profiles were identified, and subsequently resulted in the identification of sedimentary facies associated with river-bed, colluvial and colluvial-alluvial deposits. Three of these points presented a clear sequence of archaeological levels in the stratigraphic context. The results indicated that the local sediments are predominantly composed of a variable mixture of silt and clay, with sands occurring predominantly in an interdigitated form. The stratigraphic structure of the identified layers led to the establishment of 7 sedimentary facies, associated with colluvium (Cm), colluvium-alluvium (Sm) and alluvium and fluvial channels (Sm, Fl, Gms, Gt, Gp, Gh). The radiocarbon dating gives an age between 12.0 and 0.3 cal kBP, indicating that the filling of the local valley occurred during the end of the Pleistocene and throughout the Holocene by means of both fluvial and colluvial systems. Nine distinct archaeological levels, with a clear stratigraphic, chronological, and technological characterization were identified. The pre-ceramic archaeological sequence shows the following chronology: the oldest occupation occurred between 12.0 and 11.0 cal kBP (Cm facies); this was followed by an occupation between 10.5 and 9.5 cal kBP (Cm, Gt, Gp and Gh facies in three archaeological sites with eleven 14C data), then an occupation between 8.7 and 8.5 cal kBP (Cm facies), another between 5.7 and 5.5 cal kBP, one more between 4.8 and 4.6 cal kBP (Cm facies), and the last between 3.4 and 3.3 cal kBP (Cm and Sm facies). The ceramic phase seems to form a single dense component with the anthropogenic soil formation, and was dated between 0.5 and 0.3 cal kBP (Sm facies). These data present a previously unpublished chronostratigraphic sequence that is unique for the context of open-air sites in inner southern Brazil. • This research presents a unique example of a well-documented archaeological settlement in an open-air, multi-component site situated in a riverine setting in inland Southern Brazil. • It marks the first geoarchaeological study in Southern Brazil's subtropical oxidic environments, utilizing an integrated approach that includes sedimentology, stratigraphy, radiocarbon dating, and the spatial distribution of archaeological features. • The study's sedimentary sequence aids in reconstructing the paleo-environments of the Upper Uruguay River region. • The findings suggest that prehistoric cultural dynamics throughout the Holocene in Southern Brazil were more complex than previously understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RAP: Revista Brasileira de Administração Pública is the property of RAP: Revista Brasileira de Administracao Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pachycymbiola brasiliana is a marine snail found in the seas adjacent to the coasts of Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, whose eggshells are composed primarily of chitin. In this work, Pachycymbiola brasiliana eggshells were used to prepare films and their structural and physicochemical characteristics were investigated. The main focus was on their mechanical stability, water sorption, and methylene blue rejection. From the FTIR spectra, the bands corresponding to chitin were identified. The differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) data showed that the biopolymer has a glass transition temperature of around 32 °C. The morphological analysis was carried out by using SEM and XRD. The study of the films' mechanical stability showed an improvement with an increase in water activity. Regarding the methylene blue separation processes, a low permeation through the film and a rejection rate of 94 to 99% were demonstrated. Therefore, Pachycymbiola brasiliana eggshell can be considered a promising source of biopolymers for preparing biodegradable, non-toxic films with valuable separative properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study shows that the incorporation of the first-person plural pronoun a gente has not only reached the southernmost tip of the Brazilian territory, but has crossed the border and entered Uruguayan Portuguese, or varieties of Portuguese spoken in northern Uruguay by Portuguese–Spanish bilinguals. This finding is based on the quantification of the a gente/nós variable in sociolinguistic interviews carried out in two border communities: Aceguá, Brazil, and Aceguá, Uruguay. The analysis of interviews recorded on each side of the border yielded a total of 1000 tokens that were submitted to a multivariate analysis. Following the premises of comparative sociolinguistics, we compared the distribution of the variable on both sides of the border and found that although Uruguayans used a gente less often than Brazilians, this innovation, preferred by young speakers, is incorporated in both dialects, following similar linguistic paths. These results show that Uruguayan Portuguese has incorporated the pronominal a gente in its grammar in a clear sign of convergence towards Brazilian Portuguese and divergence from Spanish, despite the coexistence with Spanish that categorically uses nosotros as the first-person plural pronoun and reserves the cognate la gente for its purely lexical meaning 'the people'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to discuss the process of delegitimisation of Brazilian slavery in the second half of the nineteenth century. Several reasons contributed to delegitimise the slave regime in Brazil, such as the end of the Atlantic slave trade, the rise of the average price of a slave and the growing number of manumissions. A large number of these manumissions were obtained through freedom suits, in which slaves brought lawsuits against their masters arguing in the courts that they had the right to be freed. The paper focuses specifically on the freedom suits initiated in the late 1860s on the border of Brazil with Uruguay. In these lawsuits, slaves argued that, because they had crossed the border and stepped on free Uruguayan soil, they had the right to be freed once they returned to Brazil. Lawyers based their petitions on an 1831 law that prohibited the entrance of slaves into Brazilian territory. It also demonstrates that the free soil concept, after being considered juridically legitimate by the courts, was used by abolitionist lawyers throughout the country in the 1870s, contributing to the political movement that ended the slave regime in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a special issue of EPAA/AAPE devoted to recent higher education reforms in Latin America. The last two decades have seen much policy development in higher education in the region, examined and discussed by scholars in each country, but dialog with the international literature on higher education reform, or an explicit comparative focus, have been mostly absent from these works. By way of presentation of the papers included in this issue, we first provide an overview of major policy changes in higher education in the Latin American region since the 1990s. We then turn to the six works in this special issue to describe the theories and methods supporting them. Next, we illustrate how general analytic categories can be derived from single or multi country case studies to illuminate themes capable of cutting across the particulars of national contexts, with their unique traditions, policy paths, and politics. Our three common threads are, first, the types of drivers for reform, that is, how policy change originates, either bottom-up from the institutions, or top-down from the government, and various possibilities in between. Second, understanding challenges to institutional autonomy in a continuum of intensity of state intended intervention in higher education. Third, explaining different levels of strain between public and private sectors in higher education based on conditions of competition for economic resources. While the papers in this special issue do not cover all countries, nor all issues on which policy has been crafted in the last two decades across the region, the collection of articles herein account for topics of enduring importance: faculty work in Ecuador, financial aid in Colombia, public policy decentralization in Argentina, quality assurance models in Colombia and Uruguay, the emerge of new institutions and universities in Argentina and Uruguay, and social justice, access, and inclusion in higher education, in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador. The articles presented in this special issue provide much insight onto higher education policy in Latin America and, additionally, offer ample opportunity to develop social science knowledge on the basis of strong comparative work.

The Lebranche mullet (Mugil liza) is an economically important estuarine species found along the coast of Brazil. The southern population of this species ranges from the coast of the state of São Paulo (23°S) to the coast of Argentina (36°S). It migrates annually among estuaries in Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil to reproduce in their marine spawning grounds (~26°S). We evaluated whether variations in the otolith chemical composition for fish acquired at nursery grounds can be used to make distinctions among 4 nursery areas of the southern population. Analysis of otolith microchemistry included concentrations of 9 elements: lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), copper, zinc, strontium (Sr), cadmium, barium, lanthanum, and lead. When using random forest classification algorithms, the maximum accuracy of 96% in assignment of nursery habitat for Lebranche mullet between 2 groups (fish caught at nurseries in Brazil and fish migrating from waters of Uruguay and Argentina) was achieved with the combination of Li, Mg, and Sr. Our results indicate that the elemental composition of otoliths can be an important tool for establishing connectivity between nursery areas used by Lebranche mullet. We discuss the implications of this result for the structure of the population and the management of the mullet fishery in southern Brazil relative to the limitations of the methods we employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A Polynomial State-Space model for fish population dynamics in areas affected by the golden mussel. • Model identification validation for ten different species. • Discussion of real-life applicable control strategies with a Nonlinear Model Predictive Control framework. • Numerical simulations. The invasion of exotic species in aquatic environments is one of the several disturbance factors responsible for altering the dynamics of fish communities. The golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei was first recorded in the upper Uruguay river, Brazil, in 2012 and, since then, it has been needed to discuss and evaluate how this invasive species interferes with the dynamics of the ten most abundant fishes of this region. Literature lacks works that investigate how to model and control the effect of such kind of invasion. This paper proposes a polynomial-nonlinear state-space representation to model the dynamics of the these fish communities, whose parameters are identified with the use of Least Squares procedures, considering in loci collected data from 2007 to 2016. This work also evaluates quantitatively, by relying on simulation results, how the (sudden) presence of the golden mussel medelled with the aquatic life of the upper Uruguay river. The obtained model allows some ambitious automatic control objectives. Using a Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) approach, an automatic controller is designed to determine how much and how often the golden mussel should be removed from the water in order for the most affected species to once again exhibit sustainable life conditions, in terms of its K Condition Factor and abundance. The NMPC strategy is synthesized considering performance constraints and piecewise-constant control trajectories. By relying on simulation results, this work elucidates how an automatic controller could be implemented as management policies established by environmental agencies to gradually restore the fish ecological balance of the upper Uruguay river, previously unsettled by an exotic invasor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies show that the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an important factor in determining interannual rainfall variability in South America. This signal is detected in the region including Northeastern Argentina, Uruguay and part of southern Brazil, in the form of excessive rains and big floods in the regional rivers. To check that this relationship was similar in the past the objectives of this paper were to construct a time series of large floods in the Paraná River region from documentary records, during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, and to evaluate the relationship between that historical record of extreme floods, the ENSO documentary evidence (Ortlieb, The Documented Historical Record of El Niño Events in Perú: An Update of the Quinn Record (Ortlieb, sixteenth through nineteenth centuries, Diaz and Markgraf, (eds.), El Niño and the southern oscillation. Multiscale variability and global and regional Impacts. Cambridge University Press, pp. 207-295, 2001; Quinn and Neal, The historical record of El Niño events, Bradley and Jones (eds.), Climate since a.d. 1500, Routledges, pp. 623-648, 1992) and the temperature index of the Pacific Ocean (Mann ME et al., Global temperature patterns in past centuries: an interactive presentation, IGBP pages/world data center for paleoclimatology data contribution series #2000-075. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA, 2000). Considering that the period 1904-2000, where 11 out of 16 floods occurred during El Niño events, it can be concluded that the proportion of years with exceptional flow volume in the Paraná River in years with El Niño events in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was relatively lower than that of the twentieth century. The reason for this difference is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rio skate Rioraja agassizi is endemic to coastal waters of the Western South Atlantic. The species is common in the coasts of Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. Previous studies performed in South Brazil, demonstrated that its hatched egg capsules are the most abundant among the co-occurring species. The aim of this study was to assess seasonality in the monthly frequency of egg capsules of R. agassizi at Praia do Cassino (33°07′34″S 52°38′22″W/ 33.126080°S 52.639327°W), southernmost coast of Brazil, over a two-year sampling. The egg capsules were manually collected from the edge of the beach in a belt transect of 1 km long and ca. 0.1 km width, on a weekly basis. After the collections, the capsules were taken to the laboratory for identification at the species level and morphometric measurements. To study the seasonality in the oviposition in R agassizi, data were analyzed monthly, seasonally and annually; accordingly, the data were expressed as non-parametric and heterogeneous, thus, statistical tests were applied to verify trends, significant differences, and descriptive parameters within each scale. In the annual and interannual data, there were statistically significant differences and trends between the sampling periods. Thus, these series of data collected are in fact random and the values demonstrated a randomness in the study site. As for the seasonal data, at least one of the seasons has a significantly different distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strong interaction between the Brazil Current and the adjacent shelf is clearly visible in satellite‐derived products (sea surface temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll‐a concentration). Assessments of circulation features and cross‐shelf exchanges from these products are, however, limited to the surface layer. Here we analyze the regional circulation and dynamics using the results of a suite of process‐oriented, high‐resolution numerical experiments. Passive tracers and Lagrangian floats characterize the exchanges between the shelf and the open ocean, identifying regions of high variability, and assessing the contribution of small‐scale eddies to the cross‐shelf mass exchanges. We estimate that 0.2–0.4 Sv of the shelf transport variability between 34°S and 25°S comes from ocean internal variability which represents ∼50%–70% of the total variability. Between 25°S and 21°S, internal ocean variability represents more than 90% of the shelf transport variability. We find that generation of cyclonic eddies is more frequent (>15% of the time) at the shelfbreak bights. The core of these eddies contains fresher, colder, and more nutrient‐rich shelf waters. Maps of satellite chlorophyll‐a concentration suggest that the horizontal and vertical exchanges of mass associated with these eddies are a critical element of the primary production cycle. Plain Language Summary: We use the results of a suite of ocean model experiments to investigate the variability of the shelf circulation off southern Brazil and Uruguay and the exchange between the shelf and the open ocean. Ocean internal variability (e.g., from eddies) represents more than 50% of the total shelf transport variability and reaches values up to 90% in the northern shelf region. Supported by maps of satellite chlorophyll‐a and using model passive tracers and Lagrangian floats, we also find that eddies along the shelfbreak play an important role in the advection of colder, fresher, and more nutrient‐rich shelf water to the open‐ocean. This is particularly significant where the shelfbreak changes its orientation (shelfbreak bights) where cyclonic small‐scale eddies are detected more than 15% of the time. Key Points: The variability of the shelf circulation and cross‐shelf exchanges off Southern Brazil and Uruguay is investigated using model experimentsMore than 50% of the total shelf transport variability is explained by internal ocean variabilityEddies along the shelfbreak play an important role in the advection of colder, fresher, and nutrient‐rich shelf water to the open‐ocean [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study considers the role that public service announcements (PSAs) play in addressing violence against women (VAW) in Latin America. Using content analysis, the study examines 407 PSAs about VAW from 20 Latin American countries. The results show that 62.3% of the PSAs encourage bystanders to denounce violence while portraying women as victims in 48.8% of the PSAs. However, 71.7% of PSAs did not include a helpline or how to report the crime, only 11.8% of the PSAs have non-narrative, or factual information, about VAW, and just 6.4% engage in compelling narrative messaging or storytelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Ceriantharia is a subclass of the phylum Cnidaria, which comprises tube- dwelling marine invertebrates. This subclass is composed of three families, including Arachnactidae, with two known genera. Currently, the genus Arachnanthus has five valid species recorded from Australia, the Mediterranean Sea and both the Southern and Northern Pacific Ocean. However, at the moment, there is no record of organisms of this family from the South Atlantic Ocean. Besides that, the life cycle of any species of the genus Arachnanthus is known. The present study describes a new species of the genus Arachnanthus and its life cycle, based on specimens from Uruguay and South of Brazil. Methods. Larvae were collected by plankton net in Rio Grande--Brazil and the development and external morphology of these specimens were observed in the laboratory during two years, and subsequently described. Additionally, nine adult ceriantharians correspondent to the larvae from Rio Grande were collected in Uruguay and their external and internal anatomies, and cnidome were described. Results. Arachnanthus errans sp. nov. exhibited a free-swimming, short-lived cerinula larvae that spent short-time on the plankton. The larva developed into small and translucent polyps with a short actinopharynx, one pair of mesenteries attached to a siphonoglyph, and a medium first pair of metamesenteries. Further, the adult polyp displayed an unprecedented locomotion behavior in Ceriantharia that is first reported here, it can crawl under and in between the sediment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entre 13 000 et 7000 BP, le territoire du sud du Brésil a été occupé de manière stable et diversifiée et le matériel lithique taillé constitue sa principale trace anthropique. Les recherches archéologiques révèlent de plus en plus la présence d'occupations dans différents environnements ainsi que les différents processus de formation stratigraphique à partir de la fin du Pléistocène. Ainsi, cet article propose d'analyser l'histoire des premiers témoignages d'occupation précoloniale dans le sud du Brésil d'un point de vue géoarchéologique, en se concentrant sur les données stratigraphiques et chronologiques et sur les processus de formation des niveaux archéologiques. Au total, 33 sections stratigraphiques ont été analysées sur 31 sites archéologiques répartis le long des bassins du Paraná, de l'Uruguay et du versant atlantique. Des témoins de niveaux archéologiques ont été trouvés dans différents contextes géomorphologiques : plateaux, versants, fonds de vallée, plaines alluviales et abris-sous-roche. Les résultats indiquent que les niveaux archéologiques les plus anciens de la région se sont formés au Pléistocène supérieur, associés à des périodes d'incisions fluviales qui signalent des changements importants dans les systèmes fluviaux du sud, marqués par la formation de terrasses alluviales et colluvio-alluviales dans les fonds de vallée. Par la suite, à l'Holocène inférieur, on observe des processus colluviaux généralisés dans les vallées encaissées, des alluvions dans les cours fluviaux moyens et des dépôts anthropiques dans les abris-sous-roche qui ont permis la formation des principaux niveaux anciens. Au début de l'Holocène moyen, les dépôts sédimentaires contenant du matériel archéologique diminuent considérablement, marquant des changements régionaux dans les industries lithiques. Les données indiquent un seuil de dépôt et d'archéologie à l'Holocène inférieur, marqué par une haute résolution d'enregistrement, où les séquences stratigraphiques présentent une plus grande épaisseur et une densité accrue de niveaux archéologiques. Enfin, la diversité des assemblages lithiques interrégionaux est clairement mise en évidence, marquée par la prédominance des industries sur galets et sur blocs, le débitage d'éclats et de lames comme supports de divers outils dans les bassins intérieurs et le façonnage de petites pointes sur le versant atlantique. Between ≈13,000 and 7000 BP, the territory of southern Brazil was occupied in a stable and diverse manner, with the main anthropic trace being in lithic material. Archaeological research has provided more consistent evidence of occupation in different environments and associated with different stratigraphic formation processes since the Late Pleistocene. Therefore, this paper proposes to analyse the history of the earliest evidence of pre-colonial occupation in southern Brazil from a geoarchaeological point of view, focusing on stratigraphic and chronological data and the process of formation of archaeological layers. Thirty-three stratigraphic sections were analysed from 31 archaeological sites distributed along the Paraná, Uruguay and Atlantic basins. Evidence of archaeological levels was found in different geomorphological contexts: plateau, slopes, valley bottom, alluvial plains and rockshelters. The results indicate that the oldest archaeological levels in the region were formed in the Late Pleistocene, associated with periods of fluvial incision that signal important changes in the southern river systems, characterized by the formation of alluvial and colluvial-alluvial terraces in the valley bottoms. This is followed in the Lower Holocene by widespread colluvial processes in the incised valleys, alluvium in the middle river courses and anthropogenic deposits in the rockshelters that formed the main ancient levels. In the early Middle Holocene, sedimentary deposits containing archaeological material decrease significantly, marking regional changes in lithic industries. The data indicate that there appears to be a threshold between deposition and archaeology in the Early Holocene, characterized by high stratigraphic resolution, where stratigraphic sequences show greater thickness and density of archaeological levels. Finally, the diversity of inter-regional lithic assemblages is clearly highlighted, marked by the predominance of industries on pebbles and blocks, the debitage of flakes and blades as a support for various tools in the interior basins and the shaping of small projectile points on the Atlantic slope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Paper studies wages differentials across levels of governments in Brazil, Mexico, and Uruguay. • National government employees earn on average higher wages than observationally similar subnational employees, but difference disappears once individual heterogeneity is considered. • National and subnational public employees receive on average a wage premium with respect to private sector employment. • Results indicate public sector employees are positively selected in terms of their earnings potential in the private sector. Workers at subnational governments play a prominent role in the delivery of public services in most countries. Yet, information about their remuneration is scarce. Using data for Brazil, Mexico and Uruguay, we document that national government employees earn on average higher wages than observationally similar subnational employees; consequently, public–private sector wage gaps vary significantly by level of government. Then we use individual fixed-effects to estimate the wage premium to public sector employment (the wage gap net of selection effects) for Brazil and Mexico. We find that (i) both national and subnational public employees receive a significant wage premium with respect to private sector employment; and (ii) the difference between the national and subnational wage premiums is small in Brazil and null in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the first geothermobarometry data for the Brazilian sector of the Punta del Este Terrane (southeasternmost Dom Feliciano Belt), based on petrographic features (optical and electron microscopy) and mineral chemistry (electron probe microanalysis) of metamafites from the Arroio Grande Ophiolite, located near the Brazil/Uruguay border. Microtextures found in the studied amphibolite and metagabbro samples suggest that the southern portion of the ophiolite underwent two main metamorphic events, named M 1 and M 2. Based on field relations and radiometric ages from the literature, the minimum age for the M 1 is constrained at ca. 640 Ma (migmatization event in the northern portion of the ophiolite). The M 2 is constrained at ca. 610-585 Ma (syn-kinematic granite intrusion and formation of blackwall reaction zones in its southern portion). The P-T conditions of both events are estimated from plagioclase-hornblende geothermobarometry, constraining the M 1 between 706 and 750 ± 40 °C and 5.5–6.3 ± 1.5 kbar, and the M 2 between 595 and 698 ± 40 °C and 3.4–5.3 ± 1.5 kbar. It suggests that, as early as 640 Ma, fragments of the ophiolite were buried at depths of ca. 20–23 ± 5 km and, at around 610-585 Ma, these rocks were affected by a shear zone system at depths of ca. 15–19 ± 5 km. The P-T estimates presented in this paper, together with the suggested ages for the M 1 and M 2 events, are in good agreement with data reported for the southern (Cerro Olivo Complex) and northern (Paso del Dragón Complex) sectors of the Punta del Este Terrane in Uruguay. Thus, the present contribution further demonstrates that high-T/low-P conditions, up to the lower-granulite facies, together with partial melting events, are ubiquitous in the southeasternmost sector of the Dom Feliciano Belt during the Late Cryogenian events related to the Brasiliano/Pan-African orogenic cycle and the amalgamation of the Southwest Gondwana paleocontinent. • Arroio Grande ophiolitic rocks underwent at least two metamorphic events. • The M1 event is constrained between 706 and 750 ± 40 °C and 5.5–6.3 ± 1.5 kbar. • The M2 event is constrained between 595 and 698 ± 40 °C and 3.4–5.3 ± 1.5 kbar. • Correlation with events that affected the Punta del Este Terrane is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Customer's trust in vendors' reputation is a key factor that facilitates economic transactions in e-commerce platforms. Although the trust-sales relationship is assumed robust and consistent, its empirical evidence remains neglected for Latin American countries. This work aims to provide a data-driven comprehensive framework for extracting valuable knowledge from public data available in the leading Latin American e-commerce platform with commercial operations in 18 countries. Only Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Uruguay, and Venezuela showed the highest trust indexes among all nations analyzed. The trust-sales relationship was statistically inconsistent across nations but worked as the most important predictor of sales, followed by purchase intention and price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biodiversity of Neotropical region is affected by anthropogenic disturbance. Throughout Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, the native fish, Cnesterodon decemmaculatus, is well distributed and widely used as an excellent bioindicator of environmental quality. We investigated the diversity and genetic structure of its populations along a water pollution gradient to answer the following questions: 1- Does the genetic diversity decrease under the stressful conditions of a severe water quality gradient? and 2- Is there any relationship between the haplotypes registered along the studied basin and those recorded in other distant basins? Two mitochondrial DNA markers, Cytochrome b and D-loop, were analyzed and four haplotypes were registered for both markers along the basin. H1 was present throughout all the river sections in high frequencies leading to a low genetic diversity. We suggest that only a few haplotypes tolerate the stressful conditions of mountain rivers. On the other hand, the presence of H4 at the site located downstream suggests a history of recent colonization from the southeast to the northwest of the biome. These results, together with the abundance decrease along the pollution gradient, and the non-migratory characteristic of C. decemmaculatus suggest that its populations may be at risk of local extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to present an approach to achieve accessible and inclusive Virtual Education for all, but especially intended for students with disabilities. This work proposes main steps to take into consideration for stakeholders involved in the educational process related to an inclusive e-Learning. Design/methodology/approach: The paper pays particular regard to accessibility in Virtual Education. This work is based on the activities prepared from years 2012 to 2015 within the initiative called ESVI-AL. This initiative was carried out in conjunction with Latin American and European Universities; for this paper, experiences and best practices from the initiative were used to prepare the proposed approach. Findings: The aim of ESVI-AL initiative was to offer products that can help in the development of an accessible and inclusive e-Learning education. Among the main results were reports, case studies, practical guidelines, training courses and software to install virtual campuses with accessibility features. Social implications: Nowadays, few countries have laws promoting and enforcing accessibility for e-Education and e-Society. This work aims to sensitize educators from different countries and raise awareness on the importance of working together toward an inclusive society based on accessible e-Learning. Originality/value: Based on a literature review and ESVI-AL initiative results, a descriptive overview was prepared as a starting point for the four identified main actors of an educational project, namely, educators, technical staff, quality auditors and students, with special emphasis on students with disabilities.

Latin American countries have evolved over the years. Still, after years of military reign, socioeconomicinstability, and civil wars, the region has been known for its anti-hegemonic economic growth (educationalpolicies) strategies. Central and South America's educational system has long been under investigation by researchers both theoretically and empirically. The transition of its education system through the introduction of centralized, liberalized, and populist ideology has sparked many researchers' interest. This paper aims to understand and compare 14 Latin American countries' education orientation. The study uses a matrix table to visualize the qualitative finding.

Previous studies have posited that elites are willing to advance the redistribution of income and social goods when the negative effects of inequality, such as crime and conflict, threaten their own interests. Although elites acknowledge these negative effects, their support for redistributive policies remains low throughout the Global South. We address this paradox using a multi-method research design. Drawing on 56 in-depth interviews with Brazilian political and economic elites, we document how, when discussing the negative effects of inequality, interviewees consistently characterized the poor as ignorant, irrational and politically incompetent. We use these findings to theorize about the negative impact of such perceptions of the poor on elite support for redistribution. We then test this relationship using survey data gathered from random samples of political and economic elites in Brazil, South Africa and Uruguay (N  =   544). We find the relationship to be robust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phylogenetic position of the "Upper yungas inca hocicudo" Oxymycterus juliacae, one of the lesser-known species of the genus Oxymycterus, is still unresolved. Several authors considered it a subspecies or synonym of Oxymycterus inca, but more recently, it was recognized as a valid species based on morphometric analysis and morphological traits. The objectives of this study were then to substantiate the morphological distinction of O. juliacae and evaluate its phylogenetic position using cytochrome b sequences. We evaluated the morphology of O. juliacae and compared it with congeneric species. In addition, a Cytochrome b gene matrix was subjected to analyses of maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Our results support the morphometric and morphological distinction of O. juliacae and found that this species is more closely related to Oxymycterus willkaurco than to O. inca. Therefore, the recognition of O. juliacae as a full species is supported and a rediagnosis is provided. In addition, we found O. inca is more related to other lowland species from Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, than to central Andean species. More efforts are needed to secure genetic material of Oxymycterus species, mainly the Andean species, for a better understanding of their phylogenetic relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dearth of child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) is a global problem. Integrating CAMHS in primary care has been offered as a solution. We sampled integrated care perspectives from colleagues around the world. Our findings include various models of integrated care namely: the stepped care model in Australia; shared care in the United Kingdom (UK) and Spain; school-based collaborative care in Qatar, Singapore and the state of Texas in the US; collaborative care in Canada, Brazil, US, and Uruguay; coordinated care in the US; and, developing collaborative care models in low-resource settings, like Kenya and Micronesia. These findings provide insights into training initiatives necessary to build CAMHS workforce capacity using integrated care models, each with the ultimate goal of improving access to care. Despite variations and progress in implementing integrated care models internationally, common challenges exist: funding within complex healthcare systems, limited training mechanisms, and geopolitical/policy issues. Supportive healthcare policy, robust training initiatives, ongoing quality improvement and measurement of outcomes across programs would provide data-driven support for the expansion of integrated care and ensure its sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Neotropical Ichthyology is the property of Neotropical Ichthyology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fractional crystallization of parental magmas of shoshonitic or silica-saturated, ultrapotassic affinity, with variable amount of concurrent crustal assimilation, may result in granitic and syenitic rocks. Typical plutonic members of the shoshonitic series are monzonites and quartz monzonites, whilst syenites and quartz syenites are the dominant plutonic products of the ultrapotassic series. Lamprophyric magmas are commonly found in association with both series and are frequently part of coeval mingling/mixing systems. Ultrapotassic and shoshonitic primary magmas, including lamprophyric ones, are derived from amphibole-phlogopite-bearing mantle sources produced by previous, subduction-related metasomatism. Acidic and intermediate rocks can be derived from such parental magmas, generally through AFC processes. Shoshonitic-like granitoids, which have not clear relation with intermediate or basic shoshonitic rocks, or are produced dominantly by crustal melting, should be named high-Ba-Sr granitoids. This study focuses mainly on Neoproterozoic shoshonitic and silica-saturated ultrapotassic rock associations formed in post-collisional settings from southern Brazil and Uruguay. The source of magmas, their evolution, the role played by crustal contamination in modifying pristine geochemical signatures and their tectonic control are discussed based on elemental and Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry. The main features of plutonic rocks related to the shoshonitic series are their potassic, silica-saturated alkaline character, predominance of monzonitic to syenitic compositions, high Sr and Ba contents, monotonous, light REE-enriched patterns, and moderate HFSE contents. Syntectonic shoshonitic and high Ba-Sr granitoids within shear zones show lower alkali, LREE, HFSE, and Sr contents than those formed away from the main deformation sites. Plutonic rocks related to the extended silica-saturated ultrapotassic series are mostly syenites, alkali-feldspar granites and lamprophyres with K2O/Na2O ratios above 2. The typical values of 87Sr/86Sri for shoshonitic plutonic rocks are 0.706–0.708, ranging from 0.704 to 0.710. The εNd(t) values are negative and vary from 0 to −24. Crustal contribution tends to increase 87Sr/86Sri and decrease εNd(t) values, depending on protolith isotope signature, melting conditions and volume of assimilated material. Ultrapotassic rocks, on the other hand, show higher 87Sr/86Sri ratios, from 0.709–0.711 up to 0.720. Geochemical evidence, including Sr-Nd isotope data, indicates that the shoshonitic and ultrapotassic rocks discussed in this study were formed from OIB-like sources with strong influence of previous subduction, probably a phlogopite, K-amphibole bearing veined mantle. Lithological variability in ultrapotassic-shoshonitic associations is interpreted to result from (i) variation of source composition, (ii) different melt fractions from similar sources, (iii) mixing-mingling, fractional crystallization, and assimilation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global invasion, and subsequent spread and evolution of weeds provides unique opportunities to address fundamental questions in evolutionary and invasion ecology. Amaranthus palmeri is a widespread glyphosate‐resistant (GR) weed in the USA. Since 2015, GR populations of A. palmeri have been confirmed in South America, raising questions about introduction pathways and the importance of pre‐ vs. post‐invasion evolution of GR traits. We used RAD‐sequencing genotyping to characterize genetic structure of populations from Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and the USA. We also quantified gene copy number of the glyphosate target, 5‐enolpyruvyl‐3‐shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS), and the presence of an extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) replicon known to confer glyphosate resistance in USA populations. Populations in Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay were only weakly differentiated (pairwise FST ≤0.043) in comparison to USA populations (mean pairwise FST =0.161, range =0.068–0.258), suggesting a single major invasion event. However, elevated EPSPS copy number and the EPSPS replicon were identified in all populations from Brazil and Uruguay, but only in a single Argentinean population. These observations are consistent with independent in situ evolution of glyphosate resistance in Argentina, followed by some limited recent migration of the eccDNA‐based mechanism from Brazil to Argentina. Taken together, our results are consistent with an initial introduction of A. palmeri into South America sometime before the 1980s, and local evolution of GR in Argentina, followed by a secondary invasion of GR A. palmeri with the unique eccDNA‐based mechanism from the USA into Brazil and Uruguay during the 2010s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In Piriápolis (Uruguay) and Paraty (Brazil), artisanal fishers view fishing as a way of life, rather than just a job. The freedom of fishing and an inherent satisfaction in the occupation figure large in fishers'' attachment to it. There are strong indications, however, that the relationship of fishers to fishing is changing. First, while fishers from both areas wish to keep fishing in the future, they are moving into different occupations or supplementing their work in fishing with other employment. Second, artisanal fishers from Piriápolis and Paraty identified fishing as an undesirable occupation for their children because they believe that in the future fishing will no longer be a viable occupation. Nonetheless, despite the wishes of their parents, young men and women in Piriápolis and to a much lesser degree in Paraty continue to become involved in fishing and fishing-related activities. The paper uses a social wellbeing perspective to interpret fisher responses to the changing circumstances they face. Wellbeing is a lens to understand the distinctive features of artisanal fisheries and helps to understand fishers'' disenchantment with fisheries governance processes, in a scenario where participation is being promoted by the state in Uruguay and Brazil. The implications of these findings for state efforts to promote fisher participation in governance are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]