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2. Quality and Inequality in Pre-Primary and Home Environment Inputs to Early Childhood Development in Egypt. Policy Research Working Paper 10317
- Author
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World Bank, Krafft, Caroline, Raikes, Abbie, Towfighian, Samira Nikaein, and Mojgani, Rebecca Sayre
- Abstract
By the time children in low- and middle-income countries start primary school, large socioeconomic disparities are evident in children's learning and development. Both pre-primary and home environments can play important roles in influencing school readiness and can contribute to disparities in early childhood development, but there is limited evidence on their relative roles in low- and middle-income countries. This paper examines how pre-primary quality, stimulation at home, and early childhood development vary by socioeconomic status for pre-primary students in the Arab Republic of Egypt. The results demonstrate substantial socioeconomic inequality in stimulation at home, more so than in pre-primary quality and inputs, although there is variation in the degree of inequality across different dimensions of pre-primary quality. "Double inequality" is observed, where students with less stimulating home environments experience slightly lower quality pre-primary inputs. There are particularly large pre-primary inequities in structural quality (physical environment) and less inequity in process quality (pedagogy). These results suggest that targeted investments in pre-primary education in Egypt are necessary to reduce inequality in school readiness but are likely insufficient to close the socioeconomic status gap in children's development. Investing in interventions to improve vulnerable children's home learning environments, as well as investing in quality pre-primary, is critical to address disparities in children's development. [This paper is a product of the World Bank's Education Global Practice. The study is the result of a collaboration between the World Bank and the Ministry of Education and Technical Education of Egypt (MOETE). It was funded by the UK Strategic Partnership for Egypt's Inclusive Growth Trust Fund and the World Bank.]
- Published
- 2023
3. FOR THE LOVE OF Paper.
- Author
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Close, Cynthia
- Subjects
ART materials ,MEDIA art ,PAPERMAKING ,DIGITAL media ,ILLUMINATION of books & manuscripts ,WATERCOLOR painting - Abstract
The invention of paper has had a significant impact on the world, particularly in the realm of artistic expression. From its earliest precursor, papyrus, used in ancient Egypt, to the development of papermaking in China, paper has played a crucial role in the communication of culture, the advancement of the written word, and the progression of art. Despite the rise of digital media and the push for a paperless society, paper remains important as a surface for all media and as a handmade art form. The evolution of papermaking techniques and its use in various artistic mediums, such as illuminated manuscripts, prints, and watercolors, has contributed to the democratization of art and the exploration of new artistic possibilities. Today, artists continue to value the tactile qualities of paper, even as we move towards a more digital future. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
4. Refugees' Access to Higher Education in Their Host Countries: Overcoming the 'Super-Disadvantage'. Policy Paper
- Author
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (France), International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), Martin, Michaela, and Stulgaitis, Manal
- Abstract
With a view to identifying inclusive policies and good practices to respond to the many challenges that refugee students face to access higher education in their host country, this Policy Paper has conducted a review of available statistical data and literature. In addition, six selected countries with considerable refugee populations have been analysed more in-depth. They are: France, Ethiopia, Egypt, Germany, Norway, and Turkey. From this analysis, the paper presents inclusive policies and good practices from these countries and their higher education institutions by type of obstacle to accessing higher education. It concludes by presenting 15 recommendations on how host countries can support the access of refugees to their national systems, arguing strongly for an 'equality opportunity approach' in terms of national policies, and caring measures, at the level of higher education institutions. [This report was co-produced by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the UN Refugee Agency. It was made possible in part through funding from the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA).]
- Published
- 2022
5. Effectiveness of Teachers' Guides in the Global South: Scripting, Learning Outcomes, and Classroom Utilization. Occasional Paper. RTI Press Publication OP-0053-1805
- Author
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RTI International, Piper, Benjamin, Sitabkhan, Yasmin, Mejía, Jessica, and Betts, Kellie
- Abstract
This report presents the results of RTI International Education's study on teachers' guides across 13 countries and 19 projects. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, we examine how teachers' guides across the projects differ and find substantial variation in the design and structure of the documents. We develop a scripting index so that the scripting levels of the guides can be compared across projects. The impact results of the programs that use teachers' guides show significant impacts on learning outcomes, associated with approximately an additional half year of learning, showing that structured teachers' guides contribute to improved learning outcomes. During observations, we find that teachers make a variety of changes in their classroom instruction from how the guides are written, showing that the utilization of structured teachers' guides do not create robotic teachers unable to use their own professional skills to teach children. Unfortunately, many changes that teachers make reduce the amount of group work and interactivity that was described in the guides, suggesting that programs should encourage teachers to more heavily utilize the instructional routines designed in the guide. The report includes a set of research-based guidelines that material developers can use to develop teachers' guides that will support effective instructional practices and help improve learning outcomes. The key takeaway from the report is that structured teachers' guides improve learning outcomes, but that overly scripted teachers' guides are somewhat less effective than simplified teachers' guides that give specific guidance to the teacher but are not written word for word for each lesson in the guide.
- Published
- 2018
6. Decentralization and Decentralized Education Finance in Egypt (2007-2013). Occasional Paper. RTI Press Publication OP-0025-1601
- Author
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RTI International, Healey, F. Henry, Hanna, Rafik, and Attalla, Hany
- Abstract
Over the period 2007-2013, a series of undertakings were made to introduce fundamental elements of decentralized education finance to Egypt. In 2009, 8.4M Egyptian pounds (EGP) of the Government of Egypt's (GOE) budget was decentralized to every primary school in three pilot governorates. By 2013, EGP 1.2B of the GOE's money had been decentralized nationwide. This paper describes what these undertakings strived to achieve, what specifically was done to achieve these objectives, the degree to which these objectives were achieved, the reasons why they were achieved to the degree they were with particular attention paid to the institutional and political context within which these undertakings unfolded. The account of the technical work that was undertaken to decentralize these funds is important, but more important is the account of the interplay between the technical work, the fact that this work supported a GOE-led initiative, and the volatile political environment--pre-revolution, revolution, and post-revolution Egypt--in which the work was done for it is here where important lessons about reform emerge.
- Published
- 2016
7. HR Analytics and Achieving Competitive Advantage for Organizations Through Big Data: A Conceptual Paper.
- Author
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Mohamed, Doaa and Shehata, Gamal M.
- Subjects
COMPETITIVE advantage in business ,BIG data ,TELECOMMUNICATION employees ,MIDDLE managers ,HUMAN resources departments ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence - Abstract
In light of artificial intelligence and new technologies, organizations have to follow new ways of working with different skill sets to achieve strategic goals. Therefore, human resource analytics is the scientific solution that enables organizations to make important decisions related to human capital and strategic business and thus gain a competitive advantage. Through new technologies comes the role of big data, as it works to establish the reputation of human resources as a strategic business partner that makes decisions driven by analytics. Evidence-based decisions, therefore, all equal a significant competitive advantage. This conceptual paper aims to understand the relationship between human resource analytics and achieving a competitive advantage in the presence of big data. This study will use quantitative data through a survey list that will be distributed to middle managers and human resources employees of the telecommunications company sector in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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8. MOOCS as a Method of Distance Education in the Arab World--A Review Paper
- Author
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Adham, Raniah Samir and Lundqvist, Karsten Oster
- Abstract
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in the Arab World are still in their infancy. Many Arab countries are now starting to launch their MOOC platforms; however, there are only a few who have actually implemented such systems. This paper will explore online learning, in particular the rise of MOOCs around the world and their impact on the Arab World. The purpose of this paper is to give a true picture of the development of the first MOOC platforms in the Arab World. It will analyse in detail the concept, definitions, background, and types of MOOCs (xMOOCs and cMOOCs), as well as the main MOOCs platform in the Western and Arab worlds, and a timeline of the development of MOOCs. It will then observe the status of MOOCs in the developed world, opportunities in the Middle East, and the influence of Western MOOCs on the Arab world, from many perspectives, e.g. educational, religious, cultural and social.
- Published
- 2015
9. Education Finance in Egypt: Problems and a Possible Solution. Occasional Paper. RTI Press Publication OP-0017-1401
- Author
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RTI International, Healey, F. Henry, Crouch, Luis, and Hanna, Rafik
- Abstract
Egypt, currently in the throes of major political change, will likely undergo reforms of various sorts in the next few years. Some of these reforms are likely to give local entities, including schools, greater control over education finances. In 2007, the Government of Egypt began to decentralize some non-personnel recurrent finances from the center--the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Finance (MOF)--to lower-level jurisdictions, including schools, using a number of simple and transparent enrollment- and poverty-based funding formulas. By 2010, a sizable amount of capital expenditure was also being transferred to lower levels of the system via similar equity-based funding formulas. Prior to these formula-based decentralization efforts, a large amount of education-related non-personnel recurrent finances had already been moving from the MOF to the "muderiyat," education offices at the governorate level of the system. Analysis of these latter allocations reveals that they are highly inequitable on an inter-governorate per-student basis, ranging from EGP 966 per student in New Valley to EGP 25 per student in 6th of October. This paper examines the nature and potential causes of this inequity and espouses a way in which these funds could be transferred using an equity-based funding formula that holds harmless those muderiyat that would lose absolute amounts of money under such a more equitable distribution scheme. A bibliography is included.
- Published
- 2014
10. Taking Workforce Initiatives to Scale: Workforce Initiatives Discussion Paper #2
- Author
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Academy for Educational Development
- Abstract
The System-wide Collaborative Action for Livelihoods and Environment, or SCALE process, has become one of the Academy for Educational Development's (AED's) and the United States Agency for International Development's (USAID's) most utilized and replicated models, with applications in education, health, natural resources management, tourism, sustainable agriculture, and energy, among others. SCALE was originally designed through the GreenCOM project, which was funded by the USAID/Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Trade Bureau's Natural Resources Management Office and implemented by AED. This paper illustrates how the SCALE model can be modified for use in the context of international workforce initiatives.
- Published
- 2011
11. Strengthening Education in the Muslim World. Summary of the Desk Study. Issue Paper.
- Author
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Agency for International Development (Dept. of State), Washington, DC. Bureau for Program Policy and Coordination. and Benoliel, Sharon
- Abstract
This issue paper, one in a series that United States Agency for International Development (USAID) produces, provides analytical input to policy makers and practitioners on ways to address the pressing educational challenges in the Muslim world. The paper summarizes the findings and guidance contained in a full report of a three month desk study that analyzed the strengths and weaknesses of secular and Islamic educational systems in 12 Muslim countries (Egypt, Morocco, Yemen, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Guinea, Mali, Senegal, Uzbekistan). It focuses particularly on access to and quality of secular and Islamic education. Key findings of the report are: (1) most countries studied have made significant strides in primary school enrollment in secular/public education systems, although secondary enrollment rates remain low; and (2) one of the strengths of Islamic schools in most of the countries studied is that they are highly accessible, and most do not appear to have links with extremist Islamic groups. The report concludes that the best educational strategies in Muslim countries encourage public and moderate Islamic school systems to complement each other to reach all learners with enriched content. It recommends ways to improve access to and quality within schools, noting that none of the countries studied, with the exception of Malaysia, has established an effective education system capable of providing universal access to quality education. Includes 14 notes. Annexes contain: "Summary of Country Education Profiles" and "Summary of Country Profiles of Islamic Schools." (BT)
- Published
- 2003
12. Meeting EFA: Reaching the Underserved through Complementary Models of Effective Schooling. Working Paper
- Author
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Academy for Educational Development, Washington, DC., DeStefano, Joseph, Moore, Audrey-Marie Schuh, Balwanz, David, and Hartwell, Ash
- Abstract
In 2004, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)-funded Educational Quality Improvement Program 2 (EQUIP2) began investigating community-based schools as a mechanism for reaching the underserved populations. The team identified nine models that successfully organized schooling in regions least served by the formal education system. These complementary education approaches rely on community, non-governmental, and ministry collaboration and present a promising response to the challenge of meeting the EFA goals of universal access, completion, and learning. Complementary Education models work in support of the formal public system, offering students an alternative route to achieving the same educational outcomes as students in the government schools. The programs are designed to feed students into the government system at various entry points and are large enough to exhibit many of the same characteristics as mainstream schools. Over time, the models have increased rates of attendance, completion, and learning among the populations they serve. This EQUIP2 working paper synthesizes the findings from the nine case studies of successful complementary education programs in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Egypt, Ghana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mali, and Zambia. The research demonstrated that the programs are more cost-effective than government schools in delivering education services and that they achieve higher learning outcomes through adjustments in school size and location, curriculum and language of instruction, school management and governance arrangements, and teaching staff and instructional support services.
- Published
- 2007
13. Exploratory Analysis of Twitter Articles and Research Papers Data to Support Decision-Making in Law Enforcement: An Analytical Study of COVID-19 Using the NodeXL Tool.
- Author
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ABDELMOTTLEP, MAMDOOH ABDELHAMEED, ABDUL RAZZAQ, MUHAMMAD SAIFUDDIN, and ABDELKHALEK HASSAAN, YOUSRA HOSNY
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic ,LAW enforcement ,DECISION making ,HEALTH facilities ,HOSPITAL medical staff ,MEDICAL care - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Social Affairs is the property of Journal of Social Affairs and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
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14. ANALYTICAL AND CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES FOR GENERAL ARRANGEMENT PLAN - SCREW YACHT “SAFA-EL-BAHRE” ON TRACING PAPER.
- Author
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G., Abdel-Maksoud and R., Khattab
- Subjects
YACHTS ,PAPERMAKING ,YACHTING ,ASPERGILLUS niger ,SCREWS - Abstract
This study aims to investigate, analyze and conserve the general arrangement plan of the Egyptian royal yacht “Safra El-Bahr” from the National Archives of Egypt’s tracing paper collection. The yacht was specifically designed for Abbas II, the khedive of Egypt in 1894 A.D. The following analytical techniques were used for this study: pH value measurement, fungal testing, XRD, ATR-FTIR and SEM-EDX. Results revealed that the pH value of the plan paper is 6.5. Fungal testing proved the presence of Aspergillus Niger and Penicillium sp. The crystallinity index of cellulose in the historical paper increased compared to modern tracing paper indicating the occurrence of deterioration. The ATR-FTIR spectrum of the studied tracing paper revealed the presence of gelatin as a sizing material. The SEM investigation showed the effect of the natural ageing and surrounding environmental conditions on the surface morphology of the fibers. The EDX analysis revealed the use of kaolinite Al
2 Si2 O3 (OH)4 , Cl, NaOH and CaCo3 in paper manufacture. Copper carbonate (CuCO3 ) was used for the blue color. Conservation treatments conducted on the object included cleaning, removal of pressure sensitive tape, removal of adhesive residues, tear mending and lining. These processes revealed the aesthetic value of the general arrangement plan - screw yacht “SAFA-EL-BAHRE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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15. Green nanocoating-based polysaccharides decorated with ZnONPs doped Egyptian kaolinite for antimicrobial coating paper.
- Author
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Hasanin MS, El Saied H, Morsy FA, and Hassan Abdel Latif Rokbaa H
- Subjects
- Zinc, Kaolin, Egypt, Polysaccharides, Metal Nanoparticles chemistry, Zinc Oxide chemistry, Anti-Infective Agents pharmacology
- Abstract
Paper coating plays an important role in the paper properties, printability and application. The nanocoating is a multifunction layer that provides the paper with unique features. In this work, nanocoating formulas were prepared using a green method and component. The nanocoating formulas were based on biopolymers nanostarch NSt and nanochitosan NCh (NCS) decorated with Egyptian kaolinite Ka doped with zinc nanoparticles NCS@xka/ZnONPs (x represents different ratios) support for multifunctional uses. The nanocoating formulas were characterized using a physiochemical analysis as well as a topographical study. FTIR, XRD, SEM and TEM techniques were used. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of the tested samples was assessed against six microorganisms including Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The prepared nanocoating formulas affirmed excellent antimicrobial activity as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial active agent with excellent activity against all representative microbial communities. The nanocoating with the highest ratio of Ka/ZnONPs (NCS@40 ka/ZnONPs) showed excellent antimicrobial activity with an inhibition percentage of more than 70% versus all microorganisms presented. The paper was coated with the prepared suspensions and characterized concerning optical, mechanical and physical properties. When Ka/ZnONPs were loaded into NCS in a variety of ratios, the characteristics of coated paper were enhanced compared to blank paper. The sample NCS@40 ka/ZnONPs increased tensile strength by 11%, reduced light scattering by 12%, and improved brightness and whiteness by 1%. Paper coated with NCh suspension had 35.32% less roughness and 188.6% less porosity. When coated with the sample NCS@10 ka/ZnONPs, the coated paper's porosity was reduced by 94% and its roughness was reduced by 10.85%. The greatest reduction in water absorptivity was attained by coating with the same sample, with a reduction percentage of 132%., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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16. FIGO opinion paper: Drivers and solutions to the cesarean delivery epidemic with emphasis on the increasing rates in Africa and Southeastern Europe.
- Author
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Visser, Gerard H. A., Ubom, Akaninyene Eseme, Neji, Khaled, Nassar, Anwar, Jacobsson, Bo, and Nicholson, Wanda
- Subjects
- *
CESAREAN section , *DELIVERY (Obstetrics) , *MIDWIVES , *CITIES & towns , *NURSE supply & demand - Abstract
Cesarean delivery rates are rapidly increasing in Southeastern Europe (to more than 60%), North Africa (with a rate as high as 72% in Egypt), and in urban areas in Southern Africa (a rate of over 50% in Lagos, Nigeria). Data on the background to these increases are scarce, but likely to include poor birthing facilities in general hospitals, convenience for the doctor, private medicine, fear of litigation, socioeconomic status, shortage of midwives and nurses, and disappearance of vaginal instrumental deliveries. Options to reverse cesarean delivery trends are discussed. In this context there is a need to be better informed about how women are being counseled regarding vaginal or cesarean delivery. The long-term consequences in subsequent pregnancies for mothers and children may well be largely ignored, while these risks are highest in LMICs where higher birth numbers are desired. FIGO has begun discussions with obstetric and gynecologic societies, healthcare bodies, and governments in several countries discussed in this article, to find ways to lower the cesarean delivery rate. The requests came from the countries themselves, which may prove beneficial in helping advance progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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17. Women and Literacy Development in the Third World. Papers Presented at an International Seminar on Women and Literacy Development--Constraints and Prospects (Linkoping, Sweden, August 1991).
- Author
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Linkoping Univ. (Sweden). Dept. of Education and Psychology. and Malmquist, Eve
- Abstract
Organized to focus world-wide public attention on the massive gender inequalities in many areas of the world, a seminar entitled "Women and Literacy Development--Constraints and Prospects" was held in Sweden during August 1991. This book presents conference papers by female literacy experts from 12 developing nations (three in Latin America, five in Africa, three in Asia, and one in the South Pacific Region) on the literacy situation for girls and women in their respective countries. Papers in the book are: (1) "Women and Literacy Development in the Third World: A Rapsodic Overview" (Eve Malmquist); (2) "Women and Literacy Development in India" (Anita Dighe); (3) "Women and Literacy Development in Pakistan" (Neelam Hussain); (4) "Flowers in Bloom: An Account of Women and Literacy Development in Thailand" (Kasama Varavarn); (5) "Women and Literacy Development in the South Pacific Region" (Barbara Moore); (6) "Illiterate Rural Women In Egypt: Their Educational Needs and Problems: A Case Study" (Nadia Gamal El-Din); (7) "Women and Literacy Development in Botswana: Some Implementation Strategies" (Kgomotso D. Motlotle); (8) "Women and Literacy Development in East Africa with Particular Reference to Tanzania" (Mary Rusimbi); (9) "Women and Literacy Development in Mozambique" (Teresa Veloso); (10) "Women and Literacy Development: A Zimbabwean Perspective" (Maseabata E. Tsosane and John A. Marks); (11) "Women and Literacy Development in Mexico" (Geraldine Novelo Oppenheim); (12) "A Post-Literacy Project with the Women of the Indian Community of San Lorenzo, Colombia" (Mirvan Zuniga); (13) "Gender Subordination and Literacy in Brazil" (Fulvia Rosemberg); (14) "Women and Literacy: Summary of Discussions at the International Linkoping Seminar" (Ulla-Britt Persson and Neelam Hussain); and (15) "Concluding Remarks, Suggestions and Recommendations" (Eve Malmquist). (RS)
- Published
- 1992
18. Egypt's NGO Sector. A Briefing Paper. Education for Development Occasional Papers Series 1, Number 4.
- Author
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Education for Development, Reading (England). and LaTowsky, Robert J.
- Abstract
Of the nearly 14,500 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) now registered with Egypt's Ministry of Social Affairs, 25% are inactive, 3% are less than 3 years old, and 7% are private member associations. The Egyptian government's promotion of specific social programs and service models in the NGO sector began after the October War of 1973. Egyptian NGOs, which are primarily politically neutral, fall into five categories: community development associations; religious (Muslim and Christian) welfare associations; private member associations; nonreligious social welfare associations; and scientific and public cultural organizations. In 1992, Egypt's NGO sector had an estimated total annual revenue of $85-110 million (U.S.), with private donations and activity (user) fees accounting for two-thirds of those revenues. Key NGO services and activities include the following: day care programs, sewing classes, health services, aid to widow-headed households, skills training and productive activities, general education, and religious instruction. Most Egyptian NGO services aim to serve the middle and lower-middle classes rather than the poor. The leaders and members of Egyptian NGOs are overwhelmingly male. NGO services are concentrated in urban areas. The sector is characterized by rivalries between associations at both the community and national levels. (The document contains 26 references and 10 tables and figures.) (MN)
- Published
- 1997
19. Evaluation of the condition of a Mamluk-illuminated paper manuscript at Al-Azhar Library, Egypt.
- Author
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Abdel-Maksoud, Gomaa, Abdel-Hamied, Mostafa, and Abdelhafez, Ahmed A.M.
- Subjects
FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy ,X-ray fluorescence ,LEAD ,SCANNING electron microscopes ,ILLUMINATION of books & manuscripts ,CONSERVATION & restoration ,MICROSCOPES - Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to present the components' characterization and condition assessment of an important deteriorated Mamluk-illuminated paper manuscript housed in Al-Azhar Library, Egypt. Design/methodology/approach: Different analytical techniques used in this study were the portable digital optical microscope, stereomicroscope, scanning electron microscope with EDX (SEM.EDX), portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), pH measurement and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Findings: The results obtained by different microscopes showed that the gilding in the surface of illuminated paper sheets was performed with gold leaves. Additionally, these microscopes revealed that the illuminated paper manuscript has different aspects of deterioration such as adhered dirt, staining, some micro-cracks, cracks and detachment of some parts in some illuminated areas. The results of elemental analysis by EDX, portable XRF and XRD analysis showed that the orange red pigment is red lead (Pb
3 O4 ), blue pigment is azurite (2CuCo3 .Cu (OH)2 ), and the gold layer is has consisted of brass alloy (Cu-Zn) with a small amount of gold element (Au). The pH measurement stated that the historical paper in the acidity level. The ATR-FTIR analysis also revealed the oxidation of cellulose. Moreover, it was found from ATR-FTIR that Arabic gum was used as a binder for the pigments. Originality/value: This study presents the important results of analytical methods used for condition assessment and identification of the components of an important Mamluk-illuminated paper manuscript, where these results referred that the studied paper manuscript had different aspects of deterioration. The conservation steps either conservation treatment or preventive conservation are urgently needed in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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20. THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF TWO MAGNESIUM BASED DEACIDIFICATION METHODS ON THE STABILITY OF THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF PAPERS.
- Author
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WAHBA, Wafika Noshy, FAHMI, Abdelgawad Ali, and NAGATY, Eman Shalaby
- Subjects
ACID deposition ,CHEMICAL stability ,MAGNESIUM ,CELLULOSE fibers ,WOOD-pulp ,MAGNESIUM salts ,CALCIUM hydroxide - Abstract
The degradation and embrittlement of paper is due to the depolymerization of cellulose fibers; this is induced by acidity and oxidation. An important part of dealing with these chemically unstable materials is the neutralization of acid and deposition of a buffer reservoir to protect the fibers from introduction of acid in future. Paper deacidification is a fundamental process for achieving this goal. Any deacidification method chosen must be able to treat large numbers of items, safely, quickly and cheaply. The main goal of this paper was to investigate the effect of two deacidification solutions, which have never been used in Egypt, on the chemical and physical properties of different types of paper in order to find an alternative to Calcium hydroxide the most common deacidification method used in Egypt. Magnesium salts have been chosen to produce two deacidification methods, one of them in aqueous media, and the other in nonaqueous media; however, the magnesium has excellent deacidification properties and never have been applied in Egypt before. This paper is concerned with the Evaluation of Magnesium Bicarbonate (MBC) and Methyl Magnesium Carbonate (MMC), as neutralization agents, on the stability of paper substrate before and after accelerated ageing. Deacidification of acid paper samples (old book and newspaper) coming from wood pulp (20 century) and whatman paper samples, has been carried out with elaborate findings. Examinations and scientific analyses have been used in the assessment of treated samples, to figure out the efficacy of the two methods on the paper stability. Both methods have adequate deacidification properties; the pH value of paper has increased after deacidification. Mechanical testing and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) have proven considerable stability of mechanical and chemical properties of deacidified paper after accelerated ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
21. The New Bibliotheca Alexandrina: A Link in the Historical Chain of Cultural Continuity. Occasional Paper 3.
- Author
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Wisconsin Univ., Milwaukee. School of Library and Information Science. and Aman, Mohammed M.
- Abstract
The first universal library in history, the Alexandrian Library, was established in the fourth century B.C. in Greece and disappeared in the third and fourth centuries A.D., according to various accounts. In an attempt to preserve Egypt's historical heritage, the Egyptian government has decided to build a new library in its place--the Bibliotheca Alexandrina. The new Alexandrian library will be a public research library whose purpose and collection will be designed to enrich the cultural development and heritage of Egypt, the Mediterranean region, Africa, and the Arab world. It will provide a link to the world's major research libraries utilizing all modern forms of technology for the acquisition, storage, transfer, and dissemination of information. The library is scheduled to open in 1995. This report presents the history of the ancient Alexandrian library, accounts of the Alexandrian librarians, the library collection (which represented writings from a variety of civilizations), and theories about the library's demise. Descriptions of the new Bibliotheca Alexandrina's mission statement, its proposed site (Alexandria, Egypt), organizational structures and functions, collection subject orientation, automation details, and its International School of Information Studies (ISIS) are presented. Details of the international architecture competition, which determined the winning architectural design of the new library, include a description of the competition's theme, a list of the judges, and the cost estimates of the project. (20 references) (MAB)
- Published
- 1990
22. Promoting Quality Assurance in Vocational Education and Training: The ETF Approach. ETF Working Paper
- Author
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European Training Foundation (ETF) (Italy) and Watters, Elizabeth
- Abstract
The European Training Foundation's (ETF) approach to promoting systemic and systematic quality assurance in vocational education and training (VET) is set out in this working paper. Quality assurance in VET is summarised by the ETF as the measures established to verify that processes and procedures are in place, which aim to ensure the quality and quality improvement of VET. The ETF uses the following definition of VET: "education and training which aim to equip people with knowledge, know-how, skills and/or competences required in particular occupations or more broadly on the labour market." The intention of this working paper is to serve as a resource for ETF staff and its function is to support a common ETF approach to promoting quality assurance in VET in partner countries. The paper will be made available to a wider audience with an interest in quality assurance in VET. ETF partner countries have signaled the need for more effective quality assurance measures to help improve the quality and relevance of VET outcomes. They aim to strengthen quality assurance policies and measures that support the development of good VET governance and management, good qualifications systems, good qualifications and good learning environments facilitated by good teachers and trainers. The main purpose of this working paper is to guide ETF staff to support partner countries in their endeavours to develop further their approach to quality assurance in VET. The paper has five chapters. The background to present-day quality assurance is presented in Chapter 1. Concepts important to the understanding of the ETF approach to quality assurance in VET are reviewed in Chapter 2. In Chapter 3, the evolution of European policies for quality assurance is summarised. The "status quo" of quality assurance policy and practice in ETF partner countries and reform needs and challenges, as presented in the Torino Process reports, are discussed in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 presents the ETF approach to promoting quality assurance in VET development, based on the conceptual framework set out in the preceding chapters. (A bibliography is included.)
- Published
- 2015
23. Recycling of shredded currency waste of Egyptian Central Bank for making good-quality papers.
- Author
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Yehia, Ahmed, Yassin, Khaled E, and Eid, Alaa
- Subjects
- *
SAFETY paper , *WASTE recycling , *QUALITY control , *BANKING industry , *PULPING - Abstract
The present study aimed at studying the recycling of shredded currency waste of The Egyptian Central Bank, ECB, in the form of good-quality products. The techniques used include soaking with chemicals, screening to separate the detached ink particles from the soaking step, pulping at high temperature, screening to separate large nylon pieces and small ink particles, flotation to separate large ink particles and small pieces of nylon and bleaching as the final step to increase the whiteness of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. An investigation comprising the effect of soda and bleaching sequences on suitability of sorghum bagasse as an alternative fiber in papermaking.
- Author
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Said, Abd El Aziz A., Aly, Aref A. M., Mustafa, Atef H., and Ahmed, Hazem S.
- Subjects
SORGHUM ,PAPERMAKING ,BAGASSE ,SULFATE pulping process ,FIBERS ,PAPER industry - Abstract
The aim of this work is to evaluate the potency of sorghum stalks as an alternative fiber for pulp and papermaking for the first time in Egypt. Sorghum Kraft pulp was bleached using D0EOD1 sequences to achieve a final high brightness and suitable mechanical strength. The results revealed that pulping alkali of 14% Na2O concentration is the best choice. In addition, this percentage preserved high pulp brightness with a value of 86 ISO together with low fiber degradation besides imparting a high mechanical strength to the product. So, sorghum bagasse can be utilized as an important available low‐cost non‐wood fiber for paper industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. WHICH Inventions Most IMPORTANT? From a simple sheet of paper to the most advanced smartphone, many inventions have changed how people communicate. But which of these has had the greatest impact?
- Subjects
INVENTIONS ,SMARTPHONES ,PRINTING presses ,TELEPHONES ,LONG-distance running - Abstract
This article discusses four inventions that have had a significant impact on communication: papyrus paper, the printing press with movable type, the telephone, and the internet. Papyrus paper, invented in Egypt around 3000 B.C., provided a simpler way to record and share ideas. The printing press with movable type, invented in Germany in 1439, made books more affordable and accessible, leading to an explosion in learning and innovation. The telephone, invented in the United States in 1876, revolutionized communication by allowing real-time conversations over long distances. Finally, the internet, invented in the United States in the 1960s, has become an integral part of how we live, learn, and work, connecting people worldwide and making the world seem smaller. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
26. School Quality, Achievement Bias, and Dropout Behavior in Egypt. Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) Working Paper No. 107.
- Author
-
World Bank, Washington, DC., Hanushek, Eric A., and Lavy, Victor
- Abstract
This paper demonstrates the analytical importance of employing output-based measures of school quality. The empirical analysis employs data collected in a longitudinal survey of primary school students in Egypt during 2 academic years, 1978-79 and 1979-80. School quality and grade completion are shown to be directly linked, leading to very different perspectives on educational policy in developing countries. Unique panel data on primary school age children in Egypt permit estimation of behavioral school dropout models. Students perceive differences in school quality, measured as expected achievement improvements in a given school, and act on it. Specifically, holding constant the students own ability, achievement and earnings prospects, a student is much less likely to remain in school if attending a low quality school rather than a higher quality school. This individually rational behavior suggests that arguments about a trade-off between quality and access to schools may mis-state the real issue and lead to public investment in too little quality. Further, because of this behavioral linkage, there is an achievement bias such that common estimates of rates of return to years of school will be overstated. The paper includes: (1) Foreword; (2) Abstract; (3) Acknowledgments; (4) Introduction; (5) Egyptian Schooling; (6) Overview of Model--School Quality, and Opportunities Outside School; (7) Estimation Samples; (8) Basic Empirical Results--School Quality, Earnings Opportunities, Probability of Market Work, and School Dropout Behavior; (9) Conclusions; and (10) 32 references. (Author/EH)
- Published
- 1994
27. Diabetes mellitus research in Saudi Arabia: A bibliometric study (2010-2021).
- Author
-
Abdelwahab, Siddig Ibrahim, Taha, Manal Mohamed Elhassan, and Kaabi, Yahia Ali
- Subjects
DIABETES ,BIBLIOMETRICS ,CONFERENCE papers ,COOPERATIVE research - Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) causes global exhaustion, consumes economic resources, and has several risk factors. The bibliometric studies re-evaluate the research efforts on this illness using mathematical and statistical tools to indicate current research and future trends. This study examines KSA's DM research during 2010-2021. Data were acquired from Scopus and analyzed using VOSviewer and MS Excel. Several characteristics were examined to measure the quantity and quality of KSA-related DM articles. In total, 1,919 journal and conference papers were published. DM research included researchers from multidisciplinary sectors. Thirty-seven percent of them have ten or more scientific publications. Al-Daghri, N.M. (King Saud University) leads the pack. In total, 757 (39.44%) research projects got funding from 159 sources within and outside KSA. Memish, Z.A. is the most cited author. The Saudi Medical Journal has the most citations (1214). Al-Daghri, N.M. (KSU) collaborates the most. One hundred forty-one nations aided KSA's diabetes research. Egypt's High Institute of Public Health has the most scientific collaboration with KSA. Authors' and all Keywords analyses indicated a rich knowledge structure. Diabetes Care Journal has the most cocitations with 2,220 and a total link strength of 19,283, followed by The New England Journal of Medicine. The study results will be helpful to stakeholders to understand better the trends and performance of diabetes-related regional research, which will be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Higher Education in Egypt. Policy Research Working Papers Series. Education and Employment.
- Author
-
World Bank, Washington, DC. and Richards, Alan
- Abstract
This analytical report on higher education in Egypt argues that Egypt's policy must take account of the realities of declining government budgets and employment and the need to rely increasingly on the private sector, which must become more competitive internationally. Previous policy, which expanded higher education rapidly (despite a persistently high rate of illiteracy) and guaranteed jobs to university graduates, resulted in over-enrollment and poor educational quality. Currently, the government's strategy is to stabilize the number of university students and raise the quality of instruction, expand the role of two- and four-year technical institutes, increase the use of pedagogical materials in instruction, and promote innovative interdisciplinary programs that stress problem solving and applied work. Following an executive summary, the report is put in context by reviewing Egypt's development strategy in the 1990s. The following sections cover the history of higher education in Egypt; and higher education performance and the determinants of performance (including quantity, quality, internal and external efficiency, and equity). A concluding section examines current responses and reforms of the government, employers, students, and universities. A statistical annex provides data tables. (Contains 18 references.) (DB)
- Published
- 1992
29. A Mummers Farce – Retractions of Medical Papers Conducted in Egyptian Institutions.
- Author
-
Menshawey, Rahma, Menshawey, Esraa, and Mahamud, Bilal A.
- Subjects
DATABASES ,MEDICAL research ,PLAGIARISM ,GYNECOLOGY ,OBSTETRICS ,MEDICAL databases - Abstract
Egypt currently holds the record for the most retractions in the continent of Africa according to the Retraction Watch database, and the 2
nd highest of countries in the Middle East. The purpose of this study was to analyse the retracted medical publications from Egyptian affiliations, in order to delineate specific problems and solutions. We examined databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar and others, for all retracted medical publications that were conducted in an Egyptian institution, up to the date of August 31st 2022. We observed for the reason(s) for retraction, number of citations of the retracted work, the length of time between publication and retraction, and where the work was published (journal, publisher and impact factor). 68 retractions were identified. Most retractions were from the speciality of Obstetrics and Gynecology (n = 22), followed by Anesthesia (n = 7). The top 3 reasons for retraction were unreliable results, FFP level misconduct, and duplicate publication. The number of retractions significantly increased over the years, especially in 2022. When taking into account the number of medical publications per institution, the institute with the highest rate of retractions was Mansoura University, while the lowest rate was Cairo University. The number of retracted medical Egyptian publications continues to increase over time, although they represent a small portion of the overall body of Egyptian medical research. Future studies on retracted articles should employ a methodology that considers the institutions where the studies were conducted. This could allow a better understanding of specific problems in certain countries or regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. The Role of Neutral Rosin-Alum Size in the Production of Permanent Paper.
- Author
-
Basta, Altaf H., El-Saied, Houssni, Mohamed, Samar H., and El-Sherbiny, Samya
- Subjects
- *
PAPER industry , *GUMS & resins , *PERMANENT paper , *PAPER mills , *ALUM - Abstract
The article focuses on the use of neutral rosin-alum size in paper-making. The use of rosin size is widely prevalent in paper mills in Egypt as it is inexpensive, abundant and easy to process. Rosin-sized paper has low thermal decomposition temperature. An experiment was carried comparing paper produced from a neutral rosin-alum size and those from acidic rosin-alum size and neutral-alkaline atkylketene dimer (ADK) size. ADK sizing resulted in higher permanence of paper and print.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Research on Nigella sativa: A scientometric assessment of global publications' output during 1989–2018.
- Author
-
Gupta, B and Mueen Ahmed, K
- Subjects
BLACK cumin ,LIFE sciences ,ENVIRONMENTAL sciences ,MOLECULAR biology ,CITATION indexes ,VETERINARY medicine - Abstract
Aim: The present study aimed to perform scientometric assessment of global publications' output of research on Nigella sativa during 1989–2018. Materials and Methods: The present study examined 3718 global publications on N. sativa, as indexed and covered in international Scopus database during 1989–2018, with a view to understand their growth rate, global publication share, citation impact, international collaborative papers' share, distribution of publications by broad subjects, productivity and citation profile of top organizations and authors, preferred media of communication, and bibliographic characteristics of highly cited papers. The global publications on N. sativa registered 20.87% annual average growth rate, and its citation impact averaged to 19.08 citations per paper. Results: The global share of top ten countries on N. sativa ranged from 3.15% to 23.91%, with the largest share (23.91%) from India, followed by Iran (9.58%), Egypt (9.06%), the USA (7.15%), etc., Nearly 81.31% and 75.74% of the global publication and citation share came from the top 10 countries during 1989–2018. The cumulative global share of the top 10 countries increased from 70.56% to 82.58% from 1989–2003 to 2004–2018. Five countries registered relative citation index above the world average of 0.93 as follows: Germany (1.86), the USA (1.54), Turkey (1.33), Saudi Arabia (1.16), and Egypt (0.94) during 1989–2018. Pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmaceutics contributed the largest global publication share of 33.97%, followed by agricultural and biological sciences (32.92%); medicine (30.10%); biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology (24.74%); chemistry (12.40%); immunology and microbiology (6.97%); environmental science (5.38%); and veterinary science (3.60%) during 1989–2018. A total of 432 organizations and 642 authors participated in the global research on N. sativa during 1989–2018, of which the top 15 most productive research organizations and the authors collectively contributed 23.45% and 6.64% of the global publication share and 21.82% and 8.04% of the global citation share, respectively, during 1989–2018. Among 3655 journal papers (in 364 journals) in global N. sativa research, the top 15 most productive journals together contributed 13.54% of global share of the total journal publication output during 1989–2018. Conclusion: One hundred and twenty-six publications were found to be highly cited, as they registered citations from 100 to 2971 during 1989–2018 and they together received 23,426 citations, averaging to 185.92 citations per paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Studying Various Parameters Affecting Labeling Efficiency Of Radiopharmaceuticals In Nuclear Medicine.
- Author
-
Elgebaly, Reem H., Rageh, Monira M., Adel, Mahmoud, and Kamal, Islam
- Subjects
NUCLEAR medicine ,RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS ,PAPER chromatography ,STANDARD operating procedure ,QUALITY control ,ORGANS (Anatomy) ,PARATHYROID glands - Abstract
The use of various types of radioactive drugs has increased the effectiveness of nuclear medicine. Technetium-99m (
99m Tc) radiopharmaceuticals are in widespread use owing to the availability and affordability of99 Mo/99m Tc generators and the variety of kits for formulating the desired products. Together, they provide an array of specific tools for diagnosing a large number of diseases affecting the Heart, Kidney and major organs of the body such as the bones, brain, liver, parathyroid, and thyroid. Nuclear medicine requires high quality radiopharmaceuticals and kits that are safe for administration and efficacious for a given application. Since radiopharmaceuticals are intended for human use, it is imperative that they undergo quality control measure. This paper presents various parameters affecting labeling efficiency of radiopharmaceuticals and describes the procedures of preparing from four selected kits. Details of the ingredients are also included. The procedures described here can be used to develop manuals and standard operating procedures in Egypt. This study is expected to serve as a guide to radiopharmaceutical manufacturing centers of such kits. Four kits namely: MIBI, DTPA, MDP, and DMSA are used. Paper Chromatography was involved to disparate the polar and non-polar part of the kit-solution. Quality control testing assures purity, integrity, potency, product identity, biological safety and efficacy of radiopharmaceuticals. The success of diagnostic radiopharmaceutical has been reflected in the quality of images of diseased site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Legends of the Mummy Paper.
- Author
-
STAUFFER, ANDREW M.
- Subjects
PAPERMAKING ,MUMMIES ,EGYPTIAN history ,EGYPTIAN antiquities - Abstract
The article discusses schemes to make paper out of linen from Egyptian mummies. The author focuses on the history of the idea of mummy paper from a non-American perspective, particularly examining British records and reported ancient uses of mummies by Bedouins. Iraqi Egyptologist Abd al-Latif, British geologist Isaiah Deck, and negotiations between British engineer Thomas Galloway and Egyptian ruler Mehemet Ali are examined. Scholars of the subject mentioned include English professor Joseph Dane and writer Nicholson Baker. The author comments on articles from the London "Times" newspaper, examining both serious proposals and satire on mummy paper.
- Published
- 2010
34. Pollution control in pulp and paper industrial effluents using integrated chemical-biological treatment sequences.
- Author
-
El-Bestawy E, El-Sokkary I, Hussein H, and Keela AF
- Subjects
- Alum Compounds chemistry, Biodegradation, Environmental, Egypt, Hydrogen Peroxide chemistry, Oxidation-Reduction, Paper, Bacteria metabolism, Industrial Waste analysis, Sewage microbiology, Waste Disposal, Fluid methods, Water Pollutants, Chemical chemistry, Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism
- Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to improve the quality of pulp and paper industrial wastewater of two local mills RAKTA and El-Ahlia, Alexandria, Egypt, and to bring their pollutant contents to safe discharge levels. Quality improvement was carried out using integrated chemical and biological treatment approaches after their optimization. Chemical treatment (alum, lime, and ferric chloride) was followed by oxidation using hydrogen peroxide and finally biological treatment using activated sludge (90 min for RAKTA and 60 min for El-Ahlia effluents). Chemical coagulation produced low-quality effluents, while pH adjustment during coagulation treatment did not enhance the quality of the effluents. Maximum removal of the tested pollutants was achieved using the integrated treatment and the pollutants recorded residual concentrations (RCs) of 34.67, 17.33, 0.13, and 0.43 mg/l and 15.0, 11.0, 0.0, and 0.13 mg/l for chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), tannin and lignin, and silica in RAKTA and El-Ahlia effluents, respectively, all of which were below their maximum permissible limits (MPLs) for the safe discharge into water courses. Specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) and sludge volume index (SVI) values reflect good conditions and healthy activated sludge. Based on the previous results, optimized conditions were applied as bench scale on the raw effluents of RAKTA and El-Ahlia via the batch chemical and the biological treatment sequences proposed. For RAKTA effluents, the sequence was as follows: (1) coagulation with 375 mg/l FeCl3, (2) oxidation with 50 mg/l hydrogen peroxide, and (3) biological treatment using activated sludge with 2,000 mg/l initial concentration and 90 min hydraulic retention time (HRT), while for El-Ahlia raw effluents, the sequence was (1) coagulation with 250 mg/l FeCl3, (2) oxidation with 45 mg/l hydrogen peroxide, and (3) biological treatment using activated sludge with 2,000 mg/l initial concentration and 60 min HRT. In conclusion, results confirmed that the application of the proposed sequential treatments removed almost all COD, BOD5, high molecular weight compounds, and silica from RAKTA and El-Ahlia influents and produced high-quality effluents, thus achieving the main objective of this study.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Did The Daughters Follow in Their Mother's Footsteps? Readings in Apollonia Alias Senmonthis Family Papers.
- Author
-
Salem, Noha A.
- Subjects
MOTHERS ,FOOTSTEPS ,POLITICAL image ,INTERMARRIAGE ,FAMILIES ,MOTHER-daughter relationship - Abstract
Copyright of IWNW is the property of Ain Shams University, Faculty of Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. A preliminary bacterial study of Egyptian paper money.
- Author
-
El-Dars FM and Hassan WM
- Subjects
- Data Collection, Egypt, Paper, Bacteria isolation & purification, Commerce
- Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the extent of contamination of some of the most used paper denominations of the Egyptian currency (25 PT). Sixty-nine bills in circulation were collected from November 2003 through January 2004. A swab from each bill was cultured on nutrient agar and incubated at 37 degrees C for 48 h. Results showed that over 65% of these bills had a bacterial count above 5.0 cm2. A preliminary identification of organisms present on these paper notes was done using selected Petri dishes with well-defined colonies.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Study Service: A Tool of Innovation in Higher Education. Papers on Higher Education, No. 6.
- Author
-
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France). and Monal, Isabel
- Abstract
Case studies of study service activities (activities that adapt higher education more closely to the community) are examined. The document describes 21 such studies, one from each of 21 countries, undertaken by college students in the community. Background information is included on the origin, conditions, and need for study service in higher education, along with principles underlying the programs and concept of study service. Trends are also described concerning the development and refinement of objectives, the growth and expanded role of study service programs, the diversity of programs, and new forms of international cooperation. After identifying problem areas regarding study service, future prospects are suggested. It is claimed that study service programs have neglected some areas of action by focusing mainly on socioeconomic objectives (rural development and public health and hygiene), and educational objectives (elimination of illiteracy, and post-elementary activities). It is recommended that attention should be directed toward broader social and cultural problems. The case study countries are: Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, East Germany, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Israel, Mali, Mexico, Mozambique, Nepal, Poland, Rumania, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Tanzania, the United States, and Zambia. (SW)
- Published
- 1984
38. Determinants of Women's Education in the Middle East and North Africa: Illustrations from Seven Countries. PHREE Background Paper Series.
- Author
-
World Bank, Washington, DC. and El-Sanabary, Nagat
- Abstract
Despite considerable progress by Middle Eastern and North African countries in improving opportunities for women to access and attain education at all levels, much remains to be done. This report focuses on three sets of highly inter-related determinants of access, achievement, and outcome--macro-level societal determinants, school characteristics, and family background characteristics--in seven representative Middle Eastern and North African countries: Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Jordan, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait. The research shows that the level of economic development of a country and the distribution of income have a much stronger impact than do Islamic and cultural values, while the size and growth rate of the population can place a major strain on school facility and resources. Sex-role stereotypes and the division of labor in the home and marketplace mean that expected returns from female education do not appear to justify the costs. Free, compulsory education and open admissions have led to major improvements in female education but have no guaranteed equity. Socio-economic background, parental education, family size, and family socialization exert a strong influence on educational attainment. Other key factors are a family's ability to cover the costs of education and forego the labor of the daughters. The availability and accessibility of schools and the quality of their programs and human resources have significant effects on female educational enrollment, continuation, quality, and outcome. All-girls schools have played a positive role under certain conditions. Because of the importance of female teachers and administrators as potential role models, their high rate of attrition and absenteeism calls for careful solutions. Contains 104 references. (Author)
- Published
- 1989
39. REMOVAL OF PRESSURE SENSITIVE TAPES FROM VINTAGE SILVER GELATIN PRINTS USING SELECTED GEL-BASED SYSTEMS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY.
- Author
-
WAHEEB, Mirna, HASSAN, Ola, MOHAMED, Nada, AHMED, Ghada, KAMAL, Maggie, MILAD, Madonna, GEORGE, Madonna, and ALI, Maha
- Subjects
GELATIN ,FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy ,AGAR ,ADHESIVE tape ,SILVER ,INSPECTION & review ,GROUP identity ,PRINT materials - Abstract
Historical photographs play a significant role as records, documenting the various stages of the history of Egypt and reflecting our identity and social, cultural, and religious values. Silver gelatin prints were the dominant positive printing processes in the 20
th century. One of the most common forms of damage found among photographic collections is tears, which may result from improper handling and misuse, inappropriate storage, disasters, and other factors. In the past, tears were mended using pressure-sensitive tapes by amateurs and conservators. Over time, these tapes caused damage to the photographic surfaces since they oxidised, forming stains that are difficult and sometimes impossible to remove. Recently, many gel-based systems have been developed for use in the conservation of different cultural and historical materials, particularly paper artifacts. The aim of this research is to evaluate the efficacy of Klucel G and agar, as gel systems that are favoured by conservation specialists, in removing pressure-sensitive tapes from the surfaces of silver gelatin prints, as well as to study their effect on the photographs themselves. Organic solvents were added to the gel systems, and invaluable old photographs were used for this study. After treatment, samples were subjected to artificial ageing at a temperature of 80°C and 65% RH. Evaluation of the selected treatments was carried out through visual inspection, microscopic examination, colorimetric measurements, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results showed that both gel-based systems with mixed organic solvents gave great results compared to the conventional methods in terms of tape removal. However, colour change was detected in the case of agar gel-treated samples. Agarose gel may be a more proper option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF QUERCETIN AND KAEMPFEROL FROM Ginkgo biloba LEAVES GROWN IN EGYPT.
- Author
-
Ali, Ahmed A., Osman, A., Eita, A. M. Abo, and Sitohy, M. Z.
- Subjects
GINKGO ,ETHYL acetate ,FLAVONOIDS ,QUERCETIN ,HIGH performance liquid chromatography ,PAPER chromatography ,LEAVES ,SULFURIC acid - Abstract
Copyright of Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Reclaiming urban lost spaces around elevated urban linkages: the case of El Sawy Cultural Wheel, Egypt.
- Author
-
Nasr, Ahmed, El Temsahi, Ola, and Sarhan, Alaa El Din
- Subjects
PUBLIC spaces ,URBAN planning ,CITIES & towns ,MEDICAL rehabilitation ,TRAFFIC flow ,SUSTAINABLE development - Abstract
In recent times, elevated urban linkages (EULs) have emerged as crucial components of urban development, cutting through the cities' urban fabric to accommodate the rapid expansion of urban cores and to facilitate traffic flow. However, these massive infrastructures have inadvertently given rise to urban lost spaces—vacant, inefficient areas within the urban fabric. Recognizing these lost spaces as untapped public assets, the paper explores sustainable development strategies to reclaim them into the urban fabric, transforming them into vibrant, multi-functional public spaces. The paper aims to achieve a set of urban design guidelines for rehabilitation design interventions which will be deduced into a comprehensive framework. This framework encompasses criteria for selecting appropriate approaches and types of rehabilitation design interventions, as well as design principles ensuring the desirability of the reclaimed space. The paper applies this framework to assess the El Sawy Cultural Wheel in Egypt, revealing it as a successful example of a reclaimed space. While positive aspects of rehabilitation design interventions are evident in terms of the approach and type of intervention in this case study, there are identified areas with shortcomings in fully implementing the design principles, if enhanced, could elevate the overall quality of the reclaimed space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. NUTRITIVE VALUE AND CHEMICAL QUALITY INDICATORS OF IMPORTED CATTLE'S LIVER.
- Author
-
AHMED, H. Y., ABD-ALLAH, SH. M. S., and MOHAMMED, D. B.
- Subjects
- *
INDICATORS & test-papers , *FROZEN meat , *LIVER , *FAT , *MEAT markets , *MEAT marketing - Abstract
The present study was conducted to assess the quality of imported frozen liver sold in Assiut markets, Egypt. A total of 100 samples were randomly collected over a 2 months period (January to March, 2020) from poultry slaughter shops, supermarkets and frozen meat markets. The liver samples were evaluated for chemical indicators of spoilage (pH, TVBN "Total Volatile base nitrogen", and TBA "Thiobarbituric acid") and some of the nutritional aspects (percentage of moisture, protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrates, as well as, gross energy (Kcal/100g) and cholesterol content (mg/100g), beside levels of iron (mg/100g). The obtained mean values of pH, TVBN (mg/100 g) and TBA (mg/kg) of the examined samples were 6.38 ± 0.01, 25.76 ± 0.44, and 0.65 ± 0.03, respectively. Of the examined samples, 92 % showed pH value exceeded the permissible limits of Egyptian standards; however, 88 % showed TVBN content within the set limit. The mean values of moisture, protein, fat, ash and carbohydrates (%) were 70.54 ± 0.11, 21.64 ± 0.08, 3.58± 0.12, 1.50 ± 0.018, and 2.74 ± 0.11, respectively. The calculated gross energy mean value was of 133.09 ± 1.06 Kcal/100 g. Additionally, the cholesterol and iron content mean values were 130.85 ± 2.17 mg/100 g and 16.07 ± 0.24 mg/100 g, respectively in the examined imported frozen liver samples. In conclusion, imported frozen liver sold in markets of Assiut city Egypt is of fair quality; it should be consumed sporadically and with care of TBARS, cholesterol and iron potential hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. the historical paper trail.
- Subjects
PAPER ,EGYPTIANS ,INDUSTRIAL revolution ,PAPER industry ,WRITING materials & instruments - Abstract
This article discusses the history of paper. Paper originated in China in 105 A.D., though in 3500 B.C., Egyptians used a similar material called papyrus. Prior to the industrial revolution, paper was made by hand, but this was soon transformed from a labor intensive process into a mechanized industry ready for global mass production. As of 2005, the paper industry continues to grow, with industrialized nations accounting for about 87 percent of the world's paper output. It is said that paper is set to grow at a rate of 2.4 percent every year. INSET: Making paper.
- Published
- 2005
44. Influence of some Storage Conditions on Grain Quality Characters of some Egyptian Rice Cultivars.
- Author
-
Salam, Abd El, H., Kh. M., Abou El-Soud, G. M., and Marei, A. M.
- Subjects
CULTIVARS ,GRAIN storage ,FIELD crops ,AGRICULTURAL research ,RICE ,PADDY fields - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. HPR204 Role of Access-Reach Integration Framework (ARIF) in Optimizing Health Governance in Egypt – Health Policy Conceptual Paper.
- Author
-
Anan, I
- Subjects
- *
HEALTH policy - Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. A prospective randomized blister prevention trial assessing paper tape in endurance distances (Pre-TAPED).
- Author
-
Lipman GS, Ellis MA, Lewis EJ, Waite BL, Lissoway J, Chan GK, and Krabak BJ
- Subjects
- Adult, Australia, Chile, China, Egypt, Female, Humans, Male, Nepal, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Treatment Outcome, Bandages, Blister prevention & control, Running
- Abstract
Objective: Friction foot blisters are a common injury occurring in up to 39% of marathoners, the most common injury in adventure racing, and represent more than 70% of medical visits in multi-stage ultramarathons. The goal of the study was to determine whether paper tape could prevent foot blisters in ultramarathon runners., Methods: This prospective randomized trial was undertaken during RacingThePlanet 155-mile (250-km), 7-day self-supported ultramarathons in China, Australia, Egypt, Chile, and Nepal in 2010 and 2011. Paper tape was applied prerace to one randomly selected foot, with the untreated foot acting as the own control. The study end point was development of a hot spot or blister on any location of either foot., Results: One hundred thirty-six participants were enrolled with 90 (66%) having completed data for analysis. There were 36% women, with a mean age of 40 ± 9.4 years (range, 25-40 years) and pack weight of 11 ± 1.8 kg (range, 8-16 kg). All participants developed blisters, with 89% occurring by day 2 and 59% located on the toes. No protective effect was observed by the intervention (47 versus 35; 52% versus 39%; P = .22), with fewer blisters occurring around the tape on the experimental foot than under the tape (23 vs 31; 25.6% versus 34.4%), yet 84% of study participants when queried would choose paper tape for blister prevention in the future., Conclusions: Although paper tape was not found to be significantly protective against blisters, the intervention was well tolerated with high user satisfaction., (Copyright © 2014 Wilderness Medical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Mapping out Interactions in Spoken and Written Discourses. Metadiscourse across Genres. Conference Programme & Book of Abstracts (Cyprus, March 30-April 1, 2017)
- Author
-
Akbas, Erdem, Hatipoglu, Ciler, and Bayyurt, Yasemin
- Abstract
This is the book of abstracts for the conference held in 2017 entitled: ''METADISCOURSE ACROSS GENRES: MAPPING INTERACTION IN SPOKEN & WRITTEN DISCOURSES'', also known as MAG2017. The 1st International Conference on Metadiscourse Across Genres took place in METU Northern Cyprus Campus, Cyprus between 30 March-1 April 2017 with the participation of Prof. Ken Hyland, Prof. Anna Mauranen and Prof. Annelie Adel as keynote speakers. This international conference aimed to disseminate current research work on Metadiscourse and related areas in line with various qualitative and quantitative approaches with special focuses on Discourse Analysis, Corpus Linguistics, Genre Analysis and eventually the first-of-its kind conference in the field of Metadiscourse has welcomed 110 participant and hosted 3 plenary talks and 94 research talks given by researchers from 40 countries from Japan, Mexico, Turkey to Botswana and United Kingdom. The book of abstracts includes the abstracts of the talks with various qualitative and quantitative approaches with special focuses on Discourse Analysis, Corpus Linguistics, Genre Analysis. We would like to acknowledge that the event was co-organized by individual researchers: Dr. Erdem Akbas (Erciyes University), Assoc Prof. Ciler Hatipoglu (Middle East Technical University) and Prof. Yasemin Bayyurt (Bogazici University) with the initial suggestion coming from Reza Abdi (University of Mohaghegh Ardabili).
- Published
- 2017
48. INVESTIGATION AND CONSERVATION OF A PRIVATE PHOTOGRAPHIC COLLECTION OF ALBUMEN PRINTS, EGYPT.
- Author
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Eldeeb, H., Ali, M., and Mansour, M.
- Subjects
ALBUMINS ,ENERGY dispersive X-ray spectroscopy ,FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy ,CHEMICAL decomposition - Abstract
Albumen prints are the most important photographic prints of the late 19th century. It is basically composed of two layers: the first layer is the paper support (i.e. cellulose), and the second layer is the image layer (i.e. image silver particles embedded in an albumen binder layer). There are several factors threatening the permanence of albumen prints (e.g., fluctuating temperatures and relative humidity, frequent handling, air pollution, light, and improper storage and display). Unlike other paper objects, photographs have special conservation requirements due to their complex and unique nature. A private collection was selected for this study. The collection consists of three albumen prints from Francis Amen's photo collection, which originally belonged to the Elhagar family. Francis Amin is a well-known photo collector in Egypt. The prints date back to 1890. The photographs were characterised and studied by visual inspection, digital microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Microbiological studies were carried out in the microbiology laboratory at the Faculty of Archaeology at Cairo University. Results revealed that the albumen layer suffers from cracks and chemical degradation, and the secondary supports suffer from both oxidation and hydrolysis. Based on the obtained results, the following conservation procedures were selected and carried out: disinfection, dry cleaning, tear mending and compensating for losses, remounting, retouching, and rehousing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. How to Overcome the Barriers Behind Writing Case Reports for Beginners and Young General Physicians.
- Author
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Ishizuka, Kosuke, Yamashita, Shun, Mine, Yuichiro, Yamamoto, Yukichika, Kojima, Hiroki, Someko, Hidehiro, and Miyagami, Taiju
- Subjects
REPORT writing ,PHYSICIANS ,POTENTIAL barrier ,WRITING processes ,ACADEMIC conferences - Abstract
Background: Case reports are fundamental to clinical medicine that trace back to ancient Egypt preceding Hippocrates in the history of medicine. Case reports contribute to academic development and new clinical research. However, among cases presented at an annual academic conference for Japanese generalists, only a few cases were later published in peer-reviewed journals, highlighting potential barriers regarding the writing of case reports, such as mentorship absence. This paper aimed to offer guidance and strategies to novice and young general physicians in overcoming barriers and effectively composing case reports for international peer-reviewed journals. Methods: This paper focuses on case reports for general physicians with extensive experience in writing case reports for international peer-reviewed journals. We conducted a narrative review to help beginners and young general physicians in writing case reports and discussed strategies for overcoming these barriers. Results: We propose the following three tips as important processes for writing case reports: recognize the types of suitable cases for case reports; select a journal for submission using a list of candidate journals for general physicians; and organize the discussion section with one theme per paragraph. In addition, we provide a list of journals that specifically focus on case reports, along with important pointers for beginners and young general physicians that will assist authors in the field of general medicine in choosing appropriate journals for submission. Conclusion: We hope that understanding and applying these tips will aid beginners and young general physicians in writing case reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Local Understandings of Decent Work and the Legitimacy of Global Labour Standards: Insights from Garment Suppliers in Egypt and Jordan.
- Author
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Holzberg, Britta
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL labor laws & legislation ,CLOTHING industry & ethics ,SOCIAL responsibility of business ,HUMAN rights ,GLOBAL production networks - Abstract
This paper contributes to the debates on the effectiveness and legitimacy of global labour standards. Theoretically, the paper integrates literature on labour standards in global production networks with cognitive framing and sensemaking literature to capture decent work understandings of suppliers and to theoretically underpin their relevance for the debates on the legitimacy and effectiveness of global labour standards. Empirically, the study explores cognitive decent work frames of garment suppliers and discusses them in reference to global decent work frames. A thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with thirty owners and managers in Egypt and Jordan served to identify suppliers' decent work frames. Owners and managers dominantly framed decent work as a (paternalistic) family responsibility and as a business responsibility. Further notions that recurred across interviews were the framing of decent work as a human responsibility, religious (Islamic) responsibility, philanthropic responsibility, and regulatory responsibility. The findings show that supplier frames partly go beyond, partly undermine, and partly accord with global conceptualisations of decent work. They imply the need to strengthen and better communicate the human rights orientation of global labour standards and to give local social partners the autonomy to supplement and specify standards according to their context-specific needs. Global regulations otherwise risk crowding out informal, locally specific decent work practices that benefit workers in GPNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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