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The analysis of the situation on management of main epizootic threats significant for pig industry in the Russian Federation was carried out. The features and effectiveness of various biosecurity measures used in pig holdings and possible ways for their improvement were examined. Options for improvement of biosecurity measures in Russian pig holdings and development of the systems in the Russian Federation having favorable effect on the population protection were discussed focusing on four target aspects related to infection introduction and spread routes: isolation of the population from external sources of threats (elimination of probable environmental impact scenarios); isolation of the population from internal sources of threats (elimination of probable impact scenarios during production process); isolation of the pig population or pig farming system from the human factor impact (elimination of possible scenarios of human factor impact on the population); isolation of the population from the conditions under which the threat potential is manifested (changing of conditions). The analysis results were presented graphically in the form of a schematic diagram“Sources of threats to biosecurity systems and measures aimed at these sources for the protected population creation in pig industry”. Based on the discussion results, automation and digitalization of all processes in pig industry, generation of genetically modified pigs not susceptible to the most significant pathogens such as African swine fever, classical swine fever, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses and their use for production purposes, further research and implementation of integrated technological solutions for feed sanitation have been concluded to be the evolutionarily significant ways for effective pig farming intensification in the Russian Federation.

The results of the situational analysis on porcine diseases in the Russian Federation and the expert assessment prioritizing the list of porcine pathogens significant for the pig industry of the country are presented. The method applied to analyse the expert estimates in the situational analysis allows for rapid assessment and interpretation of the situation with identification of priority diseases to be further addressed. The calculations demonstrated the sufficient degree of agreement among the experts (coefficient of concordance W = 0.61), and Pearson’s chi-squared test statistic χ2 = 51.33 (≥ 21.02607) indicated that the concordance is not random and the results can be used in subsequent studies. The specific features of epizootiology of the agents of African swine fever, classical swine fever, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome that can impact the effectiveness of biosecurity systems of pig establishments, as well as further ways for improving biosecurity management measures are discussed. The overall risk for the pig industry in the Russian Federation that is associated with external sources is currently characterized as permanently high, requiring maintaining risk management measures at the pig establishments by both the managerial staff of the establishments and the State Veterinary Service. It is recommended that biosecurity measures against external threats should focus on diseases such as African swine fever (weight λ = 0.52), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (λ = 0.071), classical swine fever (λ = 0.068) and infections considered emerging for the Russian Federation (λ = 0.05) according to the weights based on the expert estimation results. The biosecurity systems of the establishments should equally address other threats significant for the pig industry of the country: swine enzootic pneumonia, porcine pleuropneumonia (Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae), Aujeszky’s disease, streptococcosis (Streptococcus suis), porcine circovirus infection, foot-and-mouth disease, leptospirosis, transmissible gastroenteritis, cysticercosis (λ = 0.02…0.05). The improvement of the governmental policy for eradication of African swine fever, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, classical swine fever (including the substantial modification of the existing official pig turnover control, zoning, diagnosis and prevention quality, as well as the implementation of biosecurity standards) is the most significant factor, without which the disease eradication perspective is questionable.

Being the primary link in the disease notification system, specialists of the veterinary service in livestock holdings ensure continuous monitoring and control of animal health. This analysis includes assessment of the actual availability of veterinary services in the absolute majority of animal holdings in 85 Subjects of the Russian Federation. In total, the study covered 6,226,368 holdings for major livestock species, such as cattle and small ruminants, pigs, poultry, horses and fur animals. Small-scale holdings have been shown to account for the largest proportion (99.7%) of the total number of livestock farms, while the proportion of holdings where animal health control is daily organized has varied from 0.03% in fur farms to 3% in poultry farms. The significant role of animal owners in small-scale holdings within the implementation of epizootological surveillance has been determined. It was revealed that the main populations of pigs, poultry and fur animals are concentrated in large-scale livestock farms. The study results indicate a relatively favorable situation in pig and poultry holdings, where only single cases of lack of veterinary service were reported. On the contrary there are multiple cases of lack of veterinary care in the farms for rearing cattle, small ruminants, fur animals. The paper highlights the mechanisms for the implementation of tasks assigned to the state veterinary service in terms of the organization of planned preventive and diagnostic veterinary measures in large pig breeding establishments. Proposals were made to introduce a legally fixed obligation for animal owners in large-scale livestock holdings to establish and maintain the production veterinary service, as well as a proposal to establish divisions of the state veterinary service in large-scale livestock establishments.

The paper presents trends in the epizootic situation on classical swine fever (CSF) in the Russian Federation, for 2007–2021. Most likely, a drop in the number of CSF outbreaks throughout the country results from two factors: a geographical shift of the disease outbreaks from the European part of Russia to the eastern regions bordering on China (into the wild boar population), as documented between 2015 and 2021, and a large-scale vaccination of domestic pigs practiced in the recent years. The introduction and spread of CSF in the Russian Federation are, most likely, associated with the internal risk factors (i.e. quality of anti-epizootic measures, mainly vaccination) and with the territories, where the virus circulates in wild boars. Expansion of vaccination coverage since 2011 is one of the factors contributing to a decrease in the number of clinical CSF cases registered in domestic pigs of the Russian Federation. The infection spread in domestic pigs is still on a downward trend. For purposes of analysis, current trends of CSF spread in domestic pigs and wild boars in the Russian Federation, as well as the volume of the vaccine used, were visualized in relative numbers (taking into account total number of pigs in the country) used to build a regression model. Currently, vaccination against classical swine fever in the Russian Federation (and its good quality) is an essential prerequisite to contain the infection spread in the country.

A retrospective assessment of control results with regard to completeness and quality of the implementation by state authorities of the Subjects of the Russian Federation of the powers of the Russian Federation in the field of veterinary medicine transferred to them has been carried out. It was shown that in the period from 2014 to 2016 the veterinary services of the RF subjects implemented 21,337 measures on establishment and lifting of restrictive measures/quarantine based on the occurrence of animal diseases. The study revealed that in quite a significant number of cases on establishment and lifting of restrictive measures and quarantine the veterinary services of the subjects of the Russian Federation violated the legislation of the Russian Federation. Based on the criterion “quality indicator of measures implemented by the veterinary service during the establishment/lifting of restrictive measures (quarantine) in the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation” introduced in this study, the estimated levels were determined and the quality levels of the performance of veterinary services of the subjects of the Russian Federation with regard to implementation of powers transferred to them on establishment and lifting of restrictive measures/quarantine were determined. After summarizing the results it was found that only in 37 out of 74 analyzed RF Subjects the implementation of restriction /quarantine measures was carried out at an acceptable level, and the veterinary services in 59 subjects of the country (out of 70 analyzed) showed an incompliant level of performance quality during lifting restrictions/quarantine. The retrospective analysis shows that the situation regarding quality of the implementation by government authorities of the Subjects of the Russian Federationof the powers of the Russian Federation transferred to them in the field of veterinary medicine is quite tense and causes concern. The conducted research led to understanding that the aim of the inspections should not only be assessment of compliance of the veterinary service’s activities with the regulatory acts, but systematization and analysis of violation types, as well as development and implementation of corrective measures.

The paper presents the analysis results of basic quantitative characteristics of national veterinary service human resources as at 2017. The analysis was made both in general for the subject veterinary services and for their separate organizational levels: regional, local, laboratory as well as for the units, involved into the state veterinary surveillance on the regional level. The data about available number of veterinarians and stafng levels of veterinary institutions in the territorial subjects are discussed. These data suggest that the number of veterinarians correlates with the human and animal populations, as well as with the number of municipal entities and the volumes of livestock products manufactured. Notwithstanding the diverse peculiarities of the RF regions, the majority of them suffer from an actual defcit of veterinarians in the local and laboratory institutions. As of 2017, the average age of veterinarians in the RF is 40–45. The analysis of the RF average salaries showed that veterinarians of local and laboratory levels earn about 24 thousand rubles per month, which is 30% lower than the average level in Russia and almost twice lower than the salaries of regional veterinarians and ofcial veterinary inspectors. The study results are also indicative of a sufciently high number (about 72%) of veterinarians with a higher vocational education in RF Subject institutions, but at the same time not all of them are covered by advanced training programs.

Results of retrospective analysis of African swine fever epidemic situation in the Russian Federation including analysis of the epidemic chronology indicating significant events of the disease spread across the country territory are presented. Common ASF epidemic trend and rate in 2007–2017 in Eurasia territory based on number of infected countries (1.273 ± 1.272 countries/year) and in Russian Federation Subjects (4.5 ± 2.3 Subjects/year) are shown. The paper also addresses some peculiarities of the epidemic process depending on the season of a year. Possible social and biological factors contributing to the epidemic spread are examined. Necessity of further search for probable biological vector and examination of social factors that could contribute to the disease maintenance in wild life and in domestic pigs in the Russian Federation and Eastern European countries are discussed.

Analysis of literature on avian influenza (AI) virus transmission through incubation eggs and qualitative assessment of risk of incubation egg import to the Russian Federation in the contest of veterinary and sanitary measures against avian influenza currently in place for imported products are presented. Probability of low-pathogenic AI virus transmission through poultry incubation eggs due to possible contamination of the egg and package surfaces with the said agents is indicated. Probability of AI virus transmission through commercial eggs derived from quails, turkeys, geese, chickens is shown to be high. Evidence of actual vertical transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is limited, however, it is recognized that the infection manifests by systemic lesions in the organs (bursa, thymus, spleen, heart, pancreas, kidneys, brain, trachea, lungs, adrenals and skeletal muscles). It is noted that the virus can persist on bird feathers and in bird meat for a long period. In addition, high humidity, neutral pH level and low temperature are shown to be favourable conditions for the virus survival in the ambient environment. Incubation egg movement restrictive measures are considered the most adequate for prevention of the disease spread between holdings. It is underlined that no country can guarantee the absence of the risk of avian influenza occurrence in avifauna. Anti-AI measures for incubation egg importation recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health are considered adequate for prevention of international disease spread regardless of the virus pathogenicity.

The paper deals with the issue of control strategies against porcine reproductory and respiratory syndrome in the Russian Federation. Biological and legal factors able to influence the quality of strategies applied in the RF are considered. It is recommended to develop a comprehensive approach to PRRS diagnostics, control and prevention for pig industry and update national PRRS legal and regulatory framework in the RF.

Progress trends in classical swine fever (CSF) epidemic situation in the Russian Federation in 1996-2015 are discussed in the paper. Spatial shift of CSF outbreaks from the central regions of the country (2007-2012) to the western and eastern border regions of the Russian Federation (2013-2015) has been confirmed. Based on the analysis, a short-term prognosis for 2016 has been made as well as recommendations on DIVA-based measures for CSF eradication in domestic pigs and wild boars in the RF have been provided.

The paper demonstrates results obtained during development of tools for performance evaluation of the veterinary services (PVS) of the Subjects of the Russian Federation. Algorithm of evaluation of the regional veterinary services was described basing on the results of their activities aimed at disease freedom assurance. Such evaluation was based on the analysis and assessment of epidemic situation. The algorithm of PVS evaluation involves subsequent stages involving assessment of epidemic situation on transboundary animal diseases, assessment of epidemic situation on economically and socially significant animal diseases, determination of actual efficacy of anti-epidemic measures, specification of retrospective category and formation of consolidated evaluation of the actual anti-epidemic activities. Four levels of effective performance are specified by one of the following retrospective categories: short-term, mid-term and long-term. An additional characteristic (retrospective review) will allow answering the question on how time-constant such achieved performance level is. Results of the veterinary service performance analysis made according to the described methods may be both part of a complex system and independent evaluation performed on the regional/subfederal level or it may be used for the country regionalization for some diseases and for risk analysis made for international trade purposes.

The paper is devoted to the arrangement of the official veterinary surveillance in the Russian Federation. Examples of veterinary surveillance arrangement in federal states are demonstrated. Summarized results of quantitative analysis of the scope of the regional official monitoring in 2016 are first published; special properties of the regional distribution of the control and surveillance measures are identified. Analysis of the coverage of the facilities subject to the regional official veterinary surveillance is performed, and following its results relatively low percent of the coverage of the controlled facilities is identified. Analysis of some parameters of veterinary surveillance performance including comparison of routine and random control and surveillance measures was performed. Staff and financial resources available for the RF veterinary surveillance authorities were quantified and analysis aimed at detection of interrelation between the resource volume and different factors and variables was made. It was concluded that for the purpose of adequate public protection the transition from total control to risk-oriented policy is needed and that risk-oriented policy should involve planning of checks depending on the animal health risk level. It is additionally urgent to pay closer attention to the development and revision of unified approaches to determination of inspectors' staff size and improvement of methodical approaches to the calculation of financial expenses on surveillance implementation. Results of the analytical investigation performed can be used for the development of optimal approaches to addressing practical tasks and for total improvement of veterinary surveillance in the Russian Federation.

Abstract  Polysomnograms of two patients with catatonic form of schizophrenia of different duration of the disease were recorded and analyzed. Pronounced disturbances of the wakefulness-sleep cycle (WSC) were revealed. Apart from differences connected with duration of the disease and treatment with corresponding medications, there were detected the general features indicating dissolution of the central nervous system and the very wakefulness-sleep cycle. A certain similarity of the found WSC disturbances with the earlier shown WSC disturbances in rats with predisposition to catalepsy was noted. The conclusion is made about domination of diencephalic influences over the telencephalic one in the studied patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Combined postoperation treatment with sodium hypochlorite and a-tocopherol broke the chain of free radical reactions in lipids and promoted normalization of LPO processes in the plasma and erythrocytes of 250 rats with experimental bile peritonitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Intensification of lipid peroxidation against the background of exhaustion of the antioxidant protective system was demonstrated in 70 rats with experimental bile peritonitis. Free radical oxidation primarily concerned free lipids and fatty acids in the plasma and to a lesser extent erythrocyte membrane lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review provides an analysis of literature data on the persistent form of Bovine Viral diarrhea/Mucosal disease (BVD) and is focused on virus and host factors, including those related to immune response, that contribute the persistence of the virus. BVD is a cattle disease widespread throughout the world that causes significant economic damage to dairy and beef cattle. The disease is characterized by a variety of clinical signs, including damage to the digestive and respiratory organs, abortions, stillbirths and other failures of reproductive functions.

Introduction: the article considers problems of nationalist views that have recently arisen not only in Russia, but also in many states, which threatens stability in various regions. Purpose: to show that the concept of “nationalism”, being a product of modern mental civilization, is directly related to the natural and inevitable transition of mankind from life according to religious canons to life “according to their own understanding”. Results: the author believes that to effectively counter nationalist views in the Russian penal system, its employees should familiarize convicts with the formation of a family, clan, tribes, as well as customs and traditions. It is necessary to disseminate the idea that forcible imposition of one’s own language, culture, traditions, customs, the value world and norms of being on another ethnic group or people contradicts human development trends. The article shows that the concept of “nationalism”, due to a number of objective reasons related to the historically conditioned civilization mentality of ethnic groups and peoples, did not exist in religious epochs. Conclusion: the author, noting the relevance of the problem under study, points to its multidimensional nature and proposes, taking into account the results formulated in the article, to develop a special system of prevention and counteraction to nationalism in the Russian penitentiary system, with appropriate training and retraining of its employees.

Introduction: the article reveals how extremism and terrorism are perceived in different mental civilizations: paganism (polytheism), monotheism and scientific worldview, from the standpoint of the legal consciousness of ordinary, canonical and secularethnic groups. The aim is to show that those phenomena which in the modern world are called extremism and terrorism and are subject to criminal punishment were perceived in exactly the opposite way in the mental eras of paganism and monotheism. Research methods: we use analysis of historical information about the phenomena of extremism and terrorism in different eras, related to the civilizational mentality of ethnic groups and peoples; we also use generalization (synthesis) of the information obtained. Results: revealing the attitude toward the phenomena that are now called “extremism” and “terrorism” in different mental civilizations allows us not only to understand the historically determined nature of these phenomena, but also to build an adequate system to counter them by changing existing approaches and methods. Conclusions: modern religious extremists and terrorists representinterests of the religious worldview and the way of life that are leaving the historical arena. Their re-socialization should be carried out taking into account civilizational mentality of religious people, relying primarily on the tolerant capabilities of the Holy Scriptures themselves. In the coming years, against the background of the natural decline of religious extremism and terrorism, there will be a rise of such types of “secular” extremism and terrorism as political, social, racial and linguistic, i.e. all those types of extremism that are listed in Articles 280 and 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. In order to counteract these types of extremism, it is necessary, first of all, to develop high legal awareness in citizens; in this regard, it is crucial that educational and psychological services of the Russian Penal System carry out systemwide and purposeful work in this direction.

The cocrystallization of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2] and iodoform (CHI3) yields crystalline adduct trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3, the structure of which was studied via single-crystal X-ray diffractometry (XRD). In the XRD structure of trans-[PtI2(NCN(CH2)5)2]∙2CHI3, apart from rather predictable C–H∙∙∙I hydrogen bonds (HBs) and C−I∙∙∙I halogen bonds (XBs) with the iodide ligands, we identified C–I∙∙∙Pt metal-involving XBs, where the platinum center functions as an XB acceptor (that includes a metal dz2-orbital) toward the σ-holes of I atoms of CHI3. DFT calculations (PBE-D3/jorge-TZP-DKH with plane waves in the GAPW method) were carried out in the CP2K program for isolated molecules, complex–iodoform clusters, and crystal models with periodic boundary conditions, where the noncovalent nature and the existence of the interactions were confirmed using charge analysis, Wiberg bond indexes, and QTAIM topology analysis of electron density, whereas the philicities of the noncovalent partners were proved using charge analysis, electron localization function, electron density deformation, and one-electron potential projections, as well as electron density/electrostatic potential profiles for cluster models and electrostatic potential surfaces (ρ = 0.001 a.u.) for isolated molecules.