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1. The JWST Early Release Science Program for Direct Observations of Exoplanetary Systems. IV. NIRISS Aperture Masking Interferometry Performance and Lessons Learned

Author: Steph Sallum, Shrishmoy Ray, Jens Kammerer, Anand Sivaramakrishnan, Rachel Cooper, Alexandra Z. Greebaum, Deepashri Thatte, Matthew De Furio, Samuel M. Factor, Michael R. Meyer, Jordan M. Stone, Aarynn Carter, Beth Biller, Sasha Hinkley, Andrew Skemer, Genaro Suárez, Jarron M. Leisenring, Marshall D. Perrin, Adam L. Kraus, Olivier Absil, William O. Balmer, Sarah K. Betti, Anthony Boccaletti, Mariangela Bonavita, Mickael Bonnefoy, Mark Booth, Brendan P. Bowler, Zackery W. Briesemeister, Marta L. Bryan, Per Calissendorff, Faustine Cantalloube, Gael Chauvin, Christine H. Chen, Elodie Choquet, Valentin Christiaens, Gabriele Cugno, Thayne Currie, Camilla Danielski, Trent J. Dupuy, Jacqueline K. Faherty, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Jonathan J. Fortney, Kyle Franson, Julien H. Girard, Carol A. Grady, Eileen C. Gonzales, Thomas Henning, Dean C. Hines, Kielan K. W. Hoch, Callie E. Hood, Alex R. Howe, Markus Janson, Paul Kalas, Grant M. Kennedy, Matthew A. Kenworthy, Pierre Kervella, Daniel Kitzmann, Masayuki Kuzuhara, Anne-Marie Lagrange, Pierre-Olivier Lagage, Kellen Lawson, Cecilia Lazzoni, Ben W. P. Lew, Michael C. Liu, Pengyu Liu, Jorge Llop-Sayson, James P. Lloyd, Anna Lueber, Bruce Macintosh, Elena Manjavacas, Sebastian Marino, Mark S. Marley, Christian Marois, Raquel A. Martinez, Brenda C. Matthews, Elisabeth C. Matthews, Dimitri Mawet, Johan Mazoyer, Michael W. McElwain, Stanimir Metchev, Brittany E. Miles, Maxwell A. Millar-Blanchaer, Paul Molliere, Sarah E. Moran, Caroline V. Morley, Sagnick Mukherjee, Paulina Palma-Bifani, Eric Pantin, Polychronis Patapis, Simon Petrus, Laurent Pueyo, Sascha P. Quanz, Andreas Quirrenbach, Isabel Rebollido, Jea Adams Redai, Bin B. Ren, Emily Rickman, Matthias Samland, B. A. Sargent, Joshua E. Schlieder, Glenn Schneider, Karl R. Stapelfeldt, Ben J. Sutlieff, Motohide Tamura, Xianyu Tan, Christopher A. Theissen, Taichi Uyama, Arthur Vigan, Malavika Vasist, Johanna M. Vos, Kevin Wagner, Jason J. Wang, Kimberly Ward-Duong, Niall Whiteford, Schuyler G. Wolff, Kadin Worthen, Mark C. Wyatt, Marie Ygouf, Xi Zhang, Keming Zhang, Zhoujian Zhang, Yifan Zhou, and Alice Zurlo
Subjects: James Webb Space Telescope, Interferometry, Direct imaging, High contrast techniques, Observational astronomy, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: We present a performance analysis for the aperture masking interferometry (AMI) mode on board the James Webb Space Telescope Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (JWST/NIRISS). Thanks to self-calibrating observables, AMI accesses inner working angles down to and even within the classical diffraction limit. The scientific potential of this mode has recently been demonstrated by the Early Release Science (ERS) 1386 program with a deep search for close-in companions in the HIP 65426 exoplanetary system. As part of ERS 1386, we use the same data set to explore the random, static, and calibration errors of NIRISS AMI observables. We compare the observed noise properties and achievable contrast to theoretical predictions. We explore possible sources of calibration errors and show that differences in charge migration between the observations of HIP 65426 and point-spread function calibration stars can account for the achieved contrast curves. Lastly, we use self-calibration tests to demonstrate that with adequate calibration NIRISS F380M AMI can reach contrast levels of ∼9–10 mag at ≳ λ / D . These tests lead us to observation planning recommendations and strongly motivate future studies aimed at producing sophisticated calibration strategies taking these systematic effects into account. This will unlock the unprecedented capabilities of JWST/NIRISS AMI, with sensitivity to significantly colder, lower-mass exoplanets than lower-contrast ground-based AMI setups, at orbital separations inaccessible to JWST coronagraphy.
Published: 2024
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2. The JWST Early Release Science Program for Direct Observations of Exoplanetary Systems. V. Do Self-consistent Atmospheric Models Represent JWST Spectra? A Showcase with VHS 1256–1257 b

Author: Simon Petrus, Niall Whiteford, Polychronis Patapis, Beth A. Biller, Andrew Skemer, Sasha Hinkley, Genaro Suárez, Paulina Palma-Bifani, Caroline V. Morley, Pascal Tremblin, Benjamin Charnay, Johanna M. Vos, Jason J. Wang, Jordan M. Stone, Mickaël Bonnefoy, Gaël Chauvin, Brittany E. Miles, Aarynn L. Carter, Anna Lueber, Christiane Helling, Ben J. Sutlieff, Markus Janson, Eileen C. Gonzales, Kielan K. W. Hoch, Olivier Absil, William O. Balmer, Anthony Boccaletti, Mariangela Bonavita, Mark Booth, Brendan P. Bowler, Zackery W. Briesemeister, Marta L. Bryan, Per Calissendorff, Faustine Cantalloube, Christine H. Chen, Elodie Choquet, Valentin Christiaens, Gabriele Cugno, Thayne Currie, Camilla Danielski, Matthew De Furio, Trent J. Dupuy, Samuel M. Factor, Jacqueline K. Faherty, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Jonathan J. Fortney, Kyle Franson, Julien H. Girard, Carol A. Grady, Thomas Henning, Dean C. Hines, Callie E. Hood, Alex R. Howe, Paul Kalas, Jens Kammerer, Grant M. Kennedy, Matthew A. Kenworthy, Pierre Kervella, Minjae Kim, Daniel Kitzmann, Adam L. Kraus, Masayuki Kuzuhara, Pierre-Olivier Lagage, Anne-Marie Lagrange, Kellen Lawson, Cecilia Lazzoni, Jarron M. Leisenring, Ben W. P. Lew, Michael C. Liu, Pengyu Liu, Jorge Llop-Sayson, James P. Lloyd, Bruce Macintosh, Mathilde Mâlin, Elena Manjavacas, Sebastián Marino, Mark S. Marley, Christian Marois, Raquel A. Martinez, Elisabeth C. Matthews, Brenda C. Matthews, Dimitri Mawet, Johan Mazoyer, Michael W. McElwain, Stanimir Metchev, Michael R. Meyer, Maxwell A. Millar-Blanchaer, Paul Mollière, Sarah E. Moran, Sagnick Mukherjee, Eric Pantin, Marshall D. Perrin, Laurent Pueyo, Sascha P. Quanz, Andreas Quirrenbach, Shrishmoy Ray, Isabel Rebollido, Jea Adams Redai, Bin B. Ren, Emily Rickman, Steph Sallum, Matthias Samland, Benjamin Sargent, Joshua E. Schlieder, Karl R. Stapelfeldt, Motohide Tamura, Xianyu Tan, Christopher A. Theissen, Taichi Uyama, Malavika Vasist, Arthur Vigan, Kevin Wagner, Kimberly Ward-Duong, Schuyler G. Wolff, Kadin Worthen, Mark C. Wyatt, Marie Ygouf, Alice Zurlo, Xi Zhang, Keming Zhang, Zhoujian Zhang, and Yifan Zhou
Subjects: Exoplanet atmospheres, Infrared spectroscopy, Direct imaging, L dwarfs, Nested sampling, James Webb Space Telescope, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: The unprecedented medium-resolution ( R _λ ∼ 1500–3500) near- and mid-infrared (1–18 μ m) spectrum provided by JWST for the young (140 ± 20 Myr) low-mass (12–20 M _Jup ) L–T transition (L7) companion VHS 1256 b gives access to a catalog of molecular absorptions. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of this data set utilizing a forward-modeling approach applying our Bayesian framework, ForMoSA . We explore five distinct atmospheric models to assess their performance in estimating key atmospheric parameters: T _eff , log( g ), [M/H], C/O, γ , f _sed , and R . Our findings reveal that each parameter’s estimate is significantly influenced by factors such as the wavelength range considered and the model chosen for the fit. This is attributed to systematic errors in the models and their challenges in accurately replicating the complex atmospheric structure of VHS 1256 b, notably the complexity of its clouds and dust distribution. To propagate the impact of these systematic uncertainties on our atmospheric property estimates, we introduce innovative fitting methodologies based on independent fits performed on different spectral windows. We finally derived a T _eff consistent with the spectral type of the target, considering its young age, which is confirmed by our estimate of log( g ). Despite the exceptional data quality, attaining robust estimates for chemical abundances [M/H] and C/O, often employed as indicators of formation history, remains challenging. Nevertheless, the pioneering case of JWST’s data for VHS 1256 b has paved the way for future acquisitions of substellar spectra that will be systematically analyzed to directly compare the properties of these objects and correct the systematics in the models.
Published: 2024
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3. VLTI/GRAVITY Observations of AF Lep b: Preference for Circular Orbits, Cloudy Atmospheres, and a Moderately Enhanced Metallicity

Author: William O. Balmer, Kyle Franson, Antoine Chomez, Laurent Pueyo, Tomas Stolker, Sylvestre Lacour, Mathias Nowak, Evert Nasedkin, Markus J. Bonse, Daniel Thorngren, Paulina Palma-Bifani, Paul Mollière, Jason J. Wang, Zhoujian Zhang, Amanda Chavez, Jens Kammerer, Sarah Blunt, Brendan P. Bowler, Mickael Bonnefoy, Wolfgang Brandner, Benjamin Charnay, Gael Chauvin, Th. Henning, A.-M. Lagrange, Nicolas Pourré, Emily Rickman, Robert De Rosa, Arthur Vigan, and Thomas Winterhalder
Subjects: Optical interferometry, Direct imaging, Exoplanet atmospheres, Orbit determination, Extrasolar gaseous giant planets, Astronomy, QB1-991
Abstract: Direct imaging observations are biased toward wide-separation, massive companions that have degenerate formation histories. Although the majority of exoplanets are expected to form via core accretion, most directly imaged exoplanets have not been convincingly demonstrated to follow this formation pathway. We obtained new interferometric observations of the directly imaged giant planet AF Lep b with the VLTI/GRAVITY instrument. We present three epochs of ∼50 μ as relative astrometry and the K -band spectrum of the planet for the first time at a resolution of R = 500. Using only these measurements, spanning less than 2 months, and the Hipparcos-Gaia Catalogue of Accelerations, we are able to significantly constrain the planet’s orbit; this bodes well for interferometric observations of planets discovered by Gaia DR4. Including all available measurements of the planet, we infer an effectively circular orbit ( e < 0.02, 0.07, and 0.13 at 1 σ , 2 σ , and 3 σ , respectively) in spin–orbit alignment with the host and measure a dynamical mass of M _p = 3.75 M _Jup ± 0.5 M _Jup . Models of the spectrum of the planet show that it is metal-rich ([M/H] = 0.75 ± 0.25), with a C/O abundance encompassing the solar value. This ensemble of results shows that the planet is consistent with core accretion formation.
Published: 2024
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4. The JWST Early Release Science Program for Direct Observations of Exoplanetary Systems I: High-contrast Imaging of the Exoplanet HIP 65426 b from 2 to 16 μm

Author: Aarynn L. Carter, Sasha Hinkley, Jens Kammerer, Andrew Skemer, Beth A. Biller, Jarron M. Leisenring, Maxwell A. Millar-Blanchaer, Simon Petrus, Jordan M. Stone, Kimberly Ward-Duong, Jason J. Wang, Julien H. Girard, Dean C. Hines, Marshall D. Perrin, Laurent Pueyo, William O. Balmer, Mariangela Bonavita, Mickael Bonnefoy, Gael Chauvin, Elodie Choquet, Valentin Christiaens, Camilla Danielski, Grant M. Kennedy, Elisabeth C. Matthews, Brittany E. Miles, Polychronis Patapis, Shrishmoy Ray, Emily Rickman, Steph Sallum, Karl R. Stapelfeldt, Niall Whiteford, Yifan Zhou, Olivier Absil, Anthony Boccaletti, Mark Booth, Brendan P. Bowler, Christine H. Chen, Thayne Currie, Jonathan J. Fortney, Carol A. Grady, Alexandra Z. Greebaum, Thomas Henning, Kielan K. W. Hoch, Markus Janson, Paul Kalas, Matthew A. Kenworthy, Pierre Kervella, Adam L. Kraus, Pierre-Olivier Lagage, Michael C. Liu, Bruce Macintosh, Sebastian Marino, Mark S. Marley, Christian Marois, Brenda C. Matthews, Dimitri Mawet, Michael W. McElwain, Stanimir Metchev, Michael R. Meyer, Paul Molliere, Sarah E. Moran, Caroline V. Morley, Sagnick Mukherjee, Eric Pantin, Andreas Quirrenbach, Isabel Rebollido, Bin B. Ren, Glenn Schneider, Malavika Vasist, Kadin Worthen, Mark C. Wyatt, Zackery W. Briesemeister, Marta L. Bryan, Per Calissendorff, Faustine Cantalloube, Gabriele Cugno, Matthew De Furio, Trent J. Dupuy, Samuel M. Factor, Jacqueline K. Faherty, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Kyle Franson, Eileen C. Gonzales, Callie E. Hood, Alex R. Howe, Masayuki Kuzuhara, Anne-Marie Lagrange, Kellen Lawson, Cecilia Lazzoni, Ben W. P. Lew, Pengyu Liu, Jorge Llop-Sayson, James P. Lloyd, Raquel A. Martinez, Johan Mazoyer, Paulina Palma-Bifani, Sascha P. Quanz, Jea Adams Redai, Matthias Samland, Joshua E. Schlieder, Motohide Tamura, Xianyu Tan, Taichi Uyama, Arthur Vigan, Johanna M. Vos, Kevin Wagner, Schuyler G. Wolff, Marie Ygouf, Xi Zhang, Keming Zhang, and Zhoujian Zhang
Subjects: Exoplanets, Exoplanet astronomy, Extrasolar gaseous planets, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: We present JWST Early Release Science coronagraphic observations of the super-Jupiter exoplanet, HIP 65426b, with the Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) from 2 to 5 μ m, and with the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) from 11 to 16 μ m. At a separation of ∼0.″82 (87 ${}_{-31}^{+108}$ au), HIP 65426b is clearly detected in all seven of our observational filters, representing the first images of an exoplanet to be obtained by JWST, and the first-ever direct detection of an exoplanet beyond 5 μ m. These observations demonstrate that JWST is exceeding its nominal predicted performance by up to a factor of 10, depending on separation and subtraction method, with measured 5 σ contrast limits of ∼1 × 10 ^−5 and ∼2 × 10 ^−4 at 1″ for NIRCam at 4.4 μ m and MIRI at 11.3 μ m, respectively. These contrast limits provide sensitivity to sub-Jupiter companions with masses as low as 0.3 M _Jup beyond separations of ∼100 au. Together with existing ground-based near-infrared data, the JWST photometry are fit well by a BT-SETTL atmospheric model from 1 to 16 μ m, and they span ∼97% of HIP 65426b's luminous range. Independent of the choice of model atmosphere, we measure an empirical bolometric luminosity that is tightly constrained between $\mathrm{log}\left({L}_{\mathrm{bol}}/{L}_{\odot }\right)$ = −4.31 and −4.14, which in turn provides a robust mass constraint of 7.1 ± 1.2 M _Jup . In totality, these observations confirm that JWST presents a powerful and exciting opportunity to characterize the population of exoplanets amenable to high-contrast imaging in greater detail.
Published: 2023
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5. The JWST Early-release Science Program for Direct Observations of Exoplanetary Systems II: A 1 to 20 μm Spectrum of the Planetary-mass Companion VHS 1256–1257 b

Author: Brittany E. Miles, Beth A. Biller, Polychronis Patapis, Kadin Worthen, Emily Rickman, Kielan K. W. Hoch, Andrew Skemer, Marshall D. Perrin, Niall Whiteford, Christine H. Chen, B. Sargent, Sagnick Mukherjee, Caroline V. Morley, Sarah E. Moran, Mickael Bonnefoy, Simon Petrus, Aarynn L. Carter, Elodie Choquet, Sasha Hinkley, Kimberly Ward-Duong, Jarron M. Leisenring, Maxwell A. Millar-Blanchaer, Laurent Pueyo, Shrishmoy Ray, Steph Sallum, Karl R. Stapelfeldt, Jordan M. Stone, Jason J. Wang, Olivier Absil, William O. Balmer, Anthony Boccaletti, Mariangela Bonavita, Mark Booth, Brendan P. Bowler, Gael Chauvin, Valentin Christiaens, Thayne Currie, Camilla Danielski, Jonathan J. Fortney, Julien H. Girard, Carol A. Grady, Alexandra Z. Greenbaum, Thomas Henning, Dean C. Hines, Markus Janson, Paul Kalas, Jens Kammerer, Grant M. Kennedy, Matthew A. Kenworthy, Pierre Kervella, Pierre-Olivier Lagage, Ben W. P. Lew, Michael C. Liu, Bruce Macintosh, Sebastian Marino, Mark S. Marley, Christian Marois, Elisabeth C. Matthews, Brenda C. Matthews, Dimitri Mawet, Michael W. McElwain, Stanimir Metchev, Michael R. Meyer, Paul Molliere, Eric Pantin, Andreas Quirrenbach, Isabel Rebollido, Bin B. Ren, Glenn Schneider, Malavika Vasist, Mark C. Wyatt, Yifan Zhou, Zackery W. Briesemeister, Marta L. Bryan, Per Calissendorff, Faustine Cantalloube, Gabriele Cugno, Matthew De Furio, Trent J. Dupuy, Samuel M. Factor, Jacqueline K. Faherty, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Kyle Franson, Eileen C. Gonzales, Callie E. Hood, Alex R. Howe, Adam L. Kraus, Masayuki Kuzuhara, Anne-Marie Lagrange, Kellen Lawson, Cecilia Lazzoni, Pengyu Liu, Jorge Llop-Sayson, James P. Lloyd, Raquel A. Martinez, Johan Mazoyer, Sascha P. Quanz, Jea Adams Redai, Matthias Samland, Joshua E. Schlieder, Motohide Tamura, Xianyu Tan, Taichi Uyama, Arthur Vigan, Johanna M. Vos, Kevin Wagner, Schuyler G. Wolff, Marie Ygouf, Xi Zhang, Keming Zhang, and Zhoujian Zhang
Subjects: Brown dwarfs, Exoplanet atmospheres, Extrasolar gaseous giant planets, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: We present the highest fidelity spectrum to date of a planetary-mass object. VHS 1256 b is a
Published: 2023
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6. Updated Orbital Monitoring and Dynamical Masses for Nearby M-dwarf Binaries

Author: Per Calissendorff, Markus Janson, Laetitia Rodet, Rainer Kohler, Mickael Bonnefoy, Wolfgang Brandner, Samantha Brown-Sevilla, Gael Chauvin, Philippe Delorme, Silvano Desidera, Stephen Durkan, Clemence Fontanive, Raffaele Gratton, Janis Hagelberg, Thomas Henning, Stefan Hippler, Anne-Marie Lagrange, Maud Langlois, Cecilia Lazzoni, Anne-Lise Maire, Sergio Messina, Michael R Meyer, Ole Moller-Nilsson, Markus Rabus, Joshua Schlieder, Arthur Vigan, Zahed Wahhaj, Francois Wildi, and Alice Zurlo
Subjects: Astronomy, Astrophysics
Abstract: Young M-type binaries are particularly useful for precise isochronal dating by taking advantage of their extended pre-main sequence evolution. Orbital monitoring of these low-mass objects becomes essential in constraining their fundamental properties, as dynamical masses can be extracted from their Keplerian motion. Here, we present the combined efforts of the AstraLux Large Multiplicity Survey, together with a filler sub-programme from the SpHere INfrared Exoplanet (SHINE) project and previously unpublished data from the FastCam lucky imaging camera at the Nordical Optical Telescope (NOT) and the NaCo instrument at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). Building on previous work, we use archival and new astrometric data to constrain orbital parameters for 20 M-type binaries. We identify that eight of the binaries have strong Bayesian probabilities and belong to known young moving groups (YMGs). We provide a first attempt at constraining orbital parameters for 14 of the binaries in our sample, with the remaining six having previously fitted orbits for which we provide additional astrometric data and updated Gaia parallaxes. The substantial orbital information built up here for four of the binaries allows for direct comparison between individual dynamical masses and theoretical masses from stellar evolutionary model isochrones, with an additional three binary systems with tentative individual dynamical mass estimates likely to be improved in the near future. We attained an overall agreement between the dynamical masses and the theoretical masses from the isochrones based on the assumed YMG age of the respective binary pair. The two systems with the best orbital constrains for which we obtained individual dynamical masses, J0728 and J2317, display higher dynamical masses than predicted by evolutionary models.
Published: 2022
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7. A high-contrast search for variability in HR 8799bc with VLT-SPHERE

Author: Beth A Biller, Dániel Apai, Mickaël Bonnefoy, Silvano Desidera, Raffaele Gratton, Markus Kasper, Matthew Kenworthy, Anne-Marie Lagrange, Cecilia Lazzoni, Dino Mesa, Arthur Vigan, Kevin Wagner, Johanna M Vos, and Alice Zurlo
Published: 2021
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8. Reference-star differential imaging on SPHERE/IRDIS

Author: Chen Xie, Elodie Choquet, Arthur Vigan, Faustine Cantalloube, Myriam Benisty, Anthony Boccaletti, Mickael Bonnefoy, Celia Desgrange, Antonio Garufi, Julien Girard, Janis Hagelberg, Markus Janson, Matthew Kenworthy, Anne-Marie Lagrange, Maud Langlois, François Menard, Alice Zurlo, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), planets and satellites: detection, Techniques - high angular resolution, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], protoplanetary disks, techniques: high angular resolution, FOS: Physical sciences, techniques: image processing, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Techniques - image processing, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Planets and satellites - detection, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Reference-star differential imaging (RDI) is a promising technique in high-contrast imaging that is thought to be more sensitive to exoplanets and disks than angular differential imaging (ADI) at short angular separations (i.e., Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics; 19 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables
Published: 2022
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9. A Clear View of a Cloudy Brown Dwarf Companion from High-Resolution Spectroscopy

Author: Jerry W. Xuan, Jason Wang, Jean-Baptiste Ruffio, Heather Knutson, Dimitri Mawet, Paul Mollière, Jared Kolecki, Arthur Vigan, Sagnick Mukherjee, Nicole Wallack, Ji Wang, Ashley Baker, Randall Bartos, Geoffrey A. Blake, Charlotte Z. Bond, Marta Bryan, Benjamin Calvin, Sylvain Cetre, Mark Chun, Jacques-Robert Delorme, Greg Doppmann, Daniel Echeverri, Luke Finnerty, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Katelyn Horstman, Julie Inglis, Nemanja Jovanovic, Ronald López, Emily C. Martin, Evan Morris, Jacklyn Pezzato, Sam Ragland, Bin Ren, Garreth Ruane, Ben Sappey, Tobias Schofield, Andrew Skemer, Taylor Venenciano, J. Kent Wallace, Peter Wizinowich, University of Notre Dame [Indiana] (UND), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Atmospheric clouds (2180), FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Brown dwarfs (185), Atmospheric composition (2120), Exoplanet atmospheric composition (2021), High angular resolution (2167), Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), High resolution spectroscopy (2096), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Direct imaging studies have mainly used low-resolution spectroscopy ($R\sim20-100$) to study the atmospheres of giant exoplanets and brown dwarf companions, but the presence of clouds has often led to degeneracies in the retrieved atmospheric abundances (e.g. C/O, metallicity). This precludes clear insights into the formation mechanisms of these companions. The Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer (KPIC) uses adaptive optics and single-mode fibers to transport light into NIRSPEC ($R\sim35,000$ in $K$ band), and aims to address these challenges with high-resolution spectroscopy. Using an atmospheric retrieval framework based on petitRADTRANS, we analyze KPIC high-resolution spectrum ($2.29-2.49~\mu$m) and archival low-resolution spectrum ($1-2.2~\mu$m) of the benchmark brown dwarf HD 4747 B ($m=67.2\pm1.8~M_{\rm{Jup}}$, $a=10.0\pm0.2$ au, $T_{\rm eff}\approx1400$ K). We find that our measured C/O and metallicity for the companion from the KPIC high-resolution spectrum agree with that of its host star within $1-2\sigma$. The retrieved parameters from the $K$ band high-resolution spectrum are also independent of our choice of cloud model. In contrast, the retrieved parameters from the low-resolution spectrum are highly sensitive to our chosen cloud model. Finally, we detect CO, H$_2$O, and CH$_4$ (volume mixing ratio of log(CH$_4$)=$-4.82\pm0.23$) in this L/T transition companion with the KPIC data. The relative molecular abundances allow us to constrain the degree of chemical disequilibrium in the atmosphere of HD 4747 B, and infer a vertical diffusion coefficient that is at the upper limit predicted from mixing length theory., Comment: 33 pages, 16 figures, Accepted to ApJ
Published: 2022
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10. The JWST early release science program for the direct imaging and spectroscopy of exoplanetary systems

Author: Sasha Hinkley, Aarynn L. Carter, Shrishmoy Ray, Andrew Skemer, Beth Biller, Elodie Choquet, Maxwell A. Millar-Blanchaer, Stephanie Sallum, Brittany Miles, Niall Whiteford, Polychronis Patapis, Marshall Perrin, Laurent Pueyo, Glenn Schneider, Karl Stapelfeldt, Jason Wang, Kimberly Ward-Duong, Brendan P. Bowler, Anthony Boccaletti, Julien H. Girard, Dean Hines, Paul Kalas, Jens Kammerer, Pierre Kervella, Jarron Leisenring, Eric Pantin, Yifan Zhou, Michael Meyer, Michael C. Liu, Mickael Bonnefoy, Thayne Currie, Michael McElwain, Stanimir Metchev, Mark Wyatt, Olivier Absil, Jea Adams, Travis Barman, Isabelle Baraffe, Mariangela Bonavita, Mark Booth, Marta Bryan, Gael Chauvin, Christine Chen, Camilla Danielski, Matthew De Furio, Samuel M. Factor, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Jonathan J. Fortney, Carol Grady, Alexandra Greenbaum, Thomas Henning, Kielan K. W. Hoch, Markus Janson, Grant Kennedy, Matthew Kenworthy, Adam Kraus, Masayuki Kuzuhara, Pierre-Olivier Lagage, Anne-Marie Lagrange, Ralf Launhardt, Cecilia Lazzoni, James Lloyd, Sebastian Marino, Mark Marley, Raquel Martinez, Christian Marois, Brenda Matthews, Elisabeth C. Matthews, Dimitri Mawet, Johan Mazoyer, Mark Phillips, Simon Petrus, Sascha P. Quanz, Andreas Quirrenbach, Julien Rameau, Isabel Rebollido, Emily Rickman, Matthias Samland, B. Sargent, Joshua E. Schlieder, Anand Sivaramakrishnan, Jordan M. Stone, Motohide Tamura, Pascal Tremblin, Taichi Uyama, Malavika Vasist, Arthur Vigan, Kevin Wagner, Marie Ygouf, University of Exeter, University of California (UC), SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institute for Astronomy [Edinburgh] (IfA), Centre for Exoplanet Science, Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics [ETH Zürich] (IPA), Department of Physics [ETH Zürich] (D-PHYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Space Telescope Science Institute (STSci), Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, University of Notre Dame [Indiana] (UND), McDonald Observatory, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), Département d'Astrophysique (ex SAP) (DAP), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, University of Hawaii, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, NASA, University of Western Ontario (UWO), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research Institute (STAR), Université de Liège, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], Université Paris-Saclay, Eureka Scientific, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Stockholm University, University of Warwick [Coventry], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Cornell University [New York], University of Victoria [Canada] (UVIC), Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève (ObsGE), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg (ZAH), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, GSFC Exoplanets and Stellar Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), US Naval Research Laboratory, Maison de la Simulation (MDLS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA ExoPlanet Science Institute (NExScI), Institute for Astronomy, Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Hinkley, S [0000-0001-8074-2562], Carter, AL [0000-0001-5365-4815], Ray, S [0000-0003-2259-3911], Millar-Blanchaer, MA [0000-0001-6205-9233], Patapis, P [0000-0001-8718-3732], Perrin, M [0000-0002-3191-8151], Stapelfeldt, K [0000-0002-2805-7338], Wang, J [0000-0003-0774-6502], Ward-Duong, K [0000-0002-4479-8291], Boccaletti, A [0000-0001-9353-2724], Girard, JH [0000-0001-8627-0404], Kalas, P [0000-0002-6221-5360], Kammerer, J [0000-0003-2769-0438], Kervella, P [0000-0003-0626-1749], Leisenring, J [0000-0002-0834-6140], Zhou, Y [0000-0003-2969-6040], Meyer, M [0000-0003-2232-7664], Liu, MC [0000-0003-0241-8956], Absil, O [0000-0002-4006-6237], Bonavita, M [0000-0002-7520-8389], Booth, M [0000-0001-8568-6336], Chen, C [0000-0002-8382-0447], Danielski, C [0000-0002-3729-2663], De Furio, M [0000-0003-1863-4960], Factor, SM [0000-0002-8332-8516], Fortney, JJ [0000-0002-9843-4354], Greenbaum, A [0000-0002-7162-8036], Janson, M [0000-0001-8345-593X], Kenworthy, M [0000-0002-7064-8270], Kuzuhara, M [0000-0002-4677-9182], Martinez, R [0000-0001-6301-896X], Marois, C [0000-0002-4164-4182], Matthews, B [0000-0003-3017-9577], Matthews, EC [0000-0003-0593-1560], Quanz, SP [0000-0003-3829-7412], Rebollido, I [0000-0002-4388-6417], Rickman, E [0000-0003-4203-9715], Samland, M [0000-0001-9992-4067], Sargent, B [0000-0001-9855-8261], Sivaramakrishnan, A [0000-0003-1251-4124], Stone, JM [0000-0003-0454-3718], Tamura, M [0000-0002-6510-0681], Vigan, A [0000-0002-5902-7828], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: FOS: Physical sciences, 5109 Space Sciences, Space telescopes, detection-techniques, Exoplanet detection methods, Direct imaging, adaptive optics-instrumentation, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), instrumentation, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, 5101 Astronomical Sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Coronagraphic imaging, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, 51 Physical Sciences, interferometers-planets and satellites, high angular resolution, Exoplanet atmospheres, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Full list of authors: Hinkley, Sasha; Carter, Aarynn L.; Ray, Shrishmoy; Skemer, Andrew; Biller, Beth; Choquet, Elodie; Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A.; Sallum, Stephanie; Miles, Brittany; Whiteford, Niall; Patapis, Polychronis; Perrin, Marshall; Pueyo, Laurent; Schneider, Glenn; Stapelfeldt, Karl; Wang, Jason; Ward-Duong, Kimberly; Bowler, Brendan P.; Boccaletti, Anthony; Girard, Julien H.; Hines, Dean; Kalas, Paul; Kammerer, Jens; Kervella, Pierre; Leisenring, Jarron; Pantin, Eric; Zhou, Yifan; Meyer, Michael; Liu, Michael C.; Bonnefoy, Mickael; Currie, Thayne; McElwain, Michael; Metchev, Stanimir; Wyatt, Mark; Absil, Olivier; Adams, Jea; Barman, Travis; Baraffe, Isabelle; Bonavita, Mariangela; Booth, Mark; Bryan, Marta; Chauvin, Gael; Chen, Christine; Danielski, Camilla; De Furio, Matthew; Factor, Samuel M.; Fitzgerald, Michael P.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Grady, Carol; Greenbaum, Alexandra; Henning, Thomas; Hoch, Kielan K. W.; Janson, Markus; Kennedy, Grant; Kenworthy, Matthew; Kraus, Adam; Kuzuhara, Masayuki; Lagage, Pierre-Olivier; Lagrange, Anne-Marie; Launhardt, Ralf; Lazzoni, Cecilia; Lloyd, James; Marino, Sebastian; Marley, Mark; Martinez, Raquel; Marois, Christian; Matthews, Brenda; Matthews, Elisabeth C.; Mawet, Dimitri; Mazoyer, Johan; Phillips, Mark; Petrus, Simon; Quanz, Sascha P.; Quirrenbach, Andreas; Rameau, Julien; Rebollido, Isabel; Rickman, Emily; Samland, Matthias; Sargent, B.; Schlieder, Joshua E.; Sivaramakrishnan, Anand; Stone, Jordan M.; Tamura, Motohide; Tremblin, Pascal; Uyama, Taichi; Vasist, Malavika; Vigan, Arthur; Wagner, Kevin; Ygouf, Marie.--This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., The direct characterization of exoplanetary systems with high-contrast imaging is among the highest priorities for the broader exoplanet community. As large space missions will be necessary for detecting and characterizing exo-Earth twins, developing the techniques and technology for direct imaging of exoplanets is a driving focus for the community. For the first time, JWST will directly observe extrasolar planets at mid-infrared wavelengths beyond 5 μm, deliver detailed spectroscopy revealing much more precise chemical abundances and atmospheric conditions, and provide sensitivity to analogs of our solar system ice-giant planets at wide orbital separations, an entirely new class of exoplanet. However, in order to maximize the scientific output over the lifetime of the mission, an exquisite understanding of the instrumental performance of JWST is needed as early in the mission as possible. In this paper, we describe our 55 hr Early Release Science Program that will utilize all four JWST instruments to extend the characterization of planetary-mass companions to ∼15 μm as well as image a circumstellar disk in the mid-infrared with unprecedented sensitivity. Our program will also assess the performance of the observatory in the key modes expected to be commonly used for exoplanet direct imaging and spectroscopy, optimize data calibration and processing, and generate representative data sets that will enable a broad user base to effectively plan for general observing programs in future Cycles. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP). All rights reserved., This project was supported by a grant from STScI (JWST-ERS-01386) under NASA contract NAS5-03127. M.T.is supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant No.18H05442. M.B. acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through grant Kr 2164/13–2. K.W. acknowledges support from NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51472.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Incorporated, under NASA contract NAS5-26555., With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709.
Published: 2022
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11. Two rings and a marginally resolved, 5 au disk around LkCa 15 identified via near-infrared sparse aperture masking interferometry

Author: Dori Blakely, Logan Francis, Doug Johnstone, Anthony Soulain, Peter Tuthill, Anthony Cheetham, Joel Sanchez-Bermudez, Anand Sivaramakrishnan, Ruobing Dong, Nienke van der Marel, Rachel Cooper, Arthur Vigan, Faustine Cantalloube, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Protoplanetary disks, Planet formation, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, Exoplanet detection methods, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Sparse aperture masking interferometry (SAM) is a high resolution observing technique that allows for imaging at and beyond a telescope's diffraction limit. The technique is ideal for searching for stellar companions at small separations from their host star; however, previous analysis of SAM observations of young stars surrounded by dusty disks have had difficulties disentangling planet and extended disk emission. We analyse VLT/SPHERE-IRDIS SAM observations of the transition disk LkCa\,15, model the extended disk emission, probe for planets at small separations, and improve contrast limits for planets. We fit geometrical models directly to the interferometric observables and recover previously observed extended disk emission. We use dynamic nested sampling to estimate uncertainties on our model parameters and to calculate evidences to perform model comparison. We compare our extended disk emission models against point source models to robustly conclude that the system is dominated by extended emission within 50 au. We report detections of two previously observed asymmetric rings at $\sim$17 au and $\sim$45 au. The peak brightness location of each model ring is consistent with the previous observations. We also, for the first time with imaging, robustly recover an elliptical Gaussian inner disk, previously inferred via SED fitting. This inner disk has a FWHM of ~5 au and a similar inclination and orientation as the outer rings. Finally, we recover no clear evidence for candidate planets. By modelling the extended disk emission, we are able to place a lower limit on the near infrared companion contrast of at least 1000., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ
Published: 2022
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12. Author Correction: Imaging low-mass planets within the habitable zone of α Centauri

Author: Mikael Karlsson, D. Mawet, Serban Leveratto, Christian Soenke, Elodie Choquet, Sascha P. Quanz, Sven Gutruf, A. Boehle, Gérard Zins, Kjetil Dohlen, Anne-Lise Maire, Nancy Ageorges, Garreth Ruane, Dirk Kampf, O. Guyon, T. de Zeeuw, Eric Pantin, M. Kasper, Pierre Kervella, Pontus Forsberg, U. Käufl, J. P. Kirchbauer, Gerd Jakob, Michael Sterzik, P. Klupar, M. Riquelme, Daniel Apai, P. Duhoux, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Olivier Absil, Arthur Vigan, Robin Arsenault, Prashant Pathak, Alexis Carlotti, G. Orban de Xivry, Kevin Wagner, Johann Kolb, Mamadou N'Diaye, Elsa Huby, Eloy Fuenteseca, Christian Delacroix, Arnd Reutlinger, European Southern Observatory (ESO), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Planet, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, General Chemistry, Low Mass, Circumstellar habitable zone, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Astrobiology
Abstract: Correction to: Nature Communications https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21176-6, published online 10 February 2021.The original version of this Article contained an error in Fig. 1b, in which the units incorrectly read ‘AU,’ instead of the correct ‘au’. This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Published: 2021
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13. Narrow belt of debris around the Sco-Cen star HD 141011

Author: Virginie Faramaz, Christophe Pinte, Beth Biller, Raphael Galicher, Silvano Desidera, R. Gratton, Mickael Bonnefoy, Mariangela Bonavita, C. Lazzoni, Anthony Boccaletti, Johan Olofsson, Elisabeth Matthews, Philippe Delorme, J. L. Beuzit, C. Mordasini, Julien Milli, Gael Chauvin, Jean-Charles Augereau, A-M. Lagrange, David Mouillet, François Ménard, A. Chomez, Arthur Vigan, Dino Mesa, Sasha Hinkley, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, University of Edinburgh, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), University of Arizona, University of Exeter, Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève (ObsGE), Université de Genève (UNIGE), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Universität Bern [Bern], Universidad de Valparaiso [Chile], ANR-14-CE33-0018,GIPSE,Exploration des planetes géantes extrasolaires(2014), ANR-20-CE31-0012,FRAME,Détection et Caractérisation des Exoplanètes en Formation(2020), European Project: 885593,COBREX, European Project: 776403,EXOPLANET, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery [London, UK], and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 530 Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, planetary systems -stars, 0103 physical sciences, individual, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, planetary systems, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, 520 Astronomy, James Webb Space Telescope, stars: individual: HD 141011 (HIP 77432), techniques: high angular resolution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Planetary system, Position angle, stars: imaging, Radial velocity, Stars, Fomalhaut, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, HD 141011 (HIP 77432), Halo, techniques, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], high contrast imaging-stars, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: We initiated a deep-imaging survey of Scorpius-Centaurus A-F stars with predicted warm inner and cold outer belts of debris reminiscent of the architecture of emblematic systems such as HR 8799. We present resolved SPHERE images of a narrow ring of debris around the F5-type star HD 141011 that was observed as part of our survey in 2015, 2016, and 2019. The ring extends up to ~1.1" (~141 au) from the star in the IRDIS and IFS data obtained in 2016 and 2019. The disk is not detected in the 2015 data which are of poorer quality. The disks is best reproduced by models of a noneccentric ring centered on the star with an inclination of $69.1\pm0.9^{\circ}$, a position angle of $-24.6 \pm 1.7^{\circ}$, and a semimajor axis of $127.5\pm3.8$ au. The combination of radial velocity and imaging data excludes brown-dwarf (M>13.6 MJup) companions coplanar with the disk from 0.1 to 0.9 au and from 20 au up to 500 au (90% probability). HD 141011 adds to the growing list of debris disks that are resolved in Sco-Cen. It is one of the faintest disks that are resolved from the ground and has a radial extent and fractional width ($\sim$12.5%) reminiscent of Fomalhaut. Its moderate inclination and large semimajor axis make it a good target for the James Webb Space Telescope and should allow a deeper search for putative companions shaping the dust distribution., 13 pages, 10 figures. Paper II of our Sco-Cen imaging survey. Accepted in A&A
Published: 2021
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14. VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis

Author: J. Krajewski, P. Aurard, Philippe Lamy, Vishnu Reddy, Laurent Jorda, D. Molina, Josef Hanus, Josef Ďurech, P. Michel, F. Vachier, Nicolas Rambaux, J. Oey, Grzegorz Dudziński, P. Bartczak, A. Leroy, Michael Marsset, L. Dalmon, P. Beck, H. Le Coroller, Hiroko Hamanowa, Maëlle Neveu, Christophe Dumas, Hiromi Hamanowa, A. G. Sanchez, Zouhair Benkhaldoun, N. Payre, E. Podlewska-Gaca, Fabrice Cipriani, Raoul Behrend, Paolo Tanga, Aled Jones, Julie Castillo-Rogez, Miroslav Brož, P. Antonini, Tadeusz Michalowski, F. Livet, O. Labrevoir, J. M. Bosch, Emmanuel Jehin, Arthur Vigan, S. Fauvaud, A. Chapman, Marin Ferrais, Jérôme Berthier, Alexis Drouard, Mirel Birlan, J. Grice, R. Montaigut, J. His, L. Socha, Romain Fétick, Olivier Witasse, Pierre Vernazza, Thierry Fusco, Benoit Carry, F. Marchis, Doeon Kim, Toni Santana-Ros, Mikko Kaasalainen, Matti Viikinkoski, P. Sabin, M. Audejean, A. Marciniak, Myung-Jin Kim, Bin Yang, Agnieszka Kryszczyńska, François Colas, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Astronomy [Prague], Charles University [Prague] (CU), Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [MIT, Cambridge] (EAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Tampere University of Technology [Tampere] (TUT), Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute (SETI), Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astronomical Institute of Romanian Academy, Romanian Academy, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), Université d'Angers (UA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Liège, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), European Space Agency (ESA), TMT Observatory, The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Department of Mathematics [Tampere], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Research on Healthcare Performance (RESHAPE - Inserm U1290 - UCBL1), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Universidad de Alicante, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), European Southern Observatory [Santiago] (ESO), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Observatoire de Chinon, Institut Pythéas (OSU PYTHEAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva [Switzerland], Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA), Héritages et Constructions dans le Texte et l'Image (HCTI), Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (IBSHS), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO), Observatoire du Bois de Bardon, Association T60, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Laboratory for Space Research [Hong Kong] (LSR), The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), Okayama University, Chungbuk National University, Laboratoire d'analyse et de recherche en économie et finance internationales (Larefi), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Anunaki Observatory, Sanofi-Aventis R&D, SANOFI Recherche, Planetary Science Institute [Tucson] (PSI), Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Belgian Science Policy Office, National Science Foundation (US), Generalitat Valenciana, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (IBSHS), Université de Brest (UBO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Tampere University, and Computing Sciences
Subjects: asteroids, Rotation period, Surface (mathematics), Shell (structure), [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], general [Minor planets, asteroids], Context (language use), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Física Aplicada, 0103 physical sciences, 111 Mathematics, observational [Methods], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 030304 developmental biology, Physics, Asteroids:general, 0303 health sciences, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Minor planets, techniques: high angular resolution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 113 Computer and information sciences, asteroids: general, Bimodality, high angular resolution [Techniques], Density distribution, 115 Astronomy and space science, Space and Planetary Science, Asteroid, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], minor planets, methods: observational, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], general [Asteroids], high angular resolution, Shape analysis (digital geometry)
Abstract: Vernazza, P., et al., Until recently, the 3D shape, and therefore density (when combining the volume estimate with available mass estimates), and surface topography of the vast majority of the largest (D ≥ 100 km) main-belt asteroids have remained poorly constrained. The improved capabilities of the SPHERE/ZIMPOL instrument have opened new doors into ground-based asteroid exploration. Aims. To constrain the formation and evolution of a representative sample of large asteroids, we conducted a high-angular-resolution imaging survey of 42 large main-belt asteroids with VLT/SPHERE/ZIMPOL. Our asteroid sample comprises 39 bodies with D ≥ 100 km and in particular most D ≥ 200 km main-belt asteroids (20/23). Furthermore, it nicely reflects the compositional diversity present in the main belt as the sampled bodies belong to the following taxonomic classes: A, B, C, Ch/Cgh, E/M/X, K, P/T, S, and V. Methods. The SPHERE/ZIMPOL images were first used to reconstruct the 3D shape of all targets with both the ADAM and MPCD reconstruction methods.We subsequently performed a detailed shape analysis and constrained the density of each target using available mass estimates including our own mass estimates in the case of multiple systems. Results. The analysis of the reconstructed shapes allowed us to identify two families of objects as a function of their diameters, namely spherical and elongated bodies. A difference in rotation period appears to be the main origin of this bimodality. In addition, all but one object (216 Kleopatra) are located along the Maclaurin sequence with large volatile-rich bodies being the closest to the latter. Our results further reveal that the primaries of most multiple systems possess a rotation period of shorter than 6 h and an elongated shape (c=a ≤ 0.65). Densities in our sample range from ∼1.3 g cm-3 (87 Sylvia) to ∼4.3 g cm-3 (22 Kalliope). Furthermore, the density distribution appears to be strongly bimodal with volatile-poor (P ≥ 2.7 g cm-3) and volatile-rich (P ≤ 2.2 g cm-3) bodies. Finally, our survey along with previous observations provides evidence in support of the possibility that some C-complex bodies could be intrinsically related to IDP-like P- and D-type asteroids, representing different layers of a same body (C: core; P/D: outer shell). We therefore propose that P/ D-types and some C-types may have the same origin in the primordial trans-Neptunian disk., We warmly thank the ESO staff at Paranal and in particular Henri Boffin for providing us precious support and advice throughout the entire observing programme. P.V., A.D., M.F., L.J. and B.C. were supported by CNRS/INSU/PNP. The work of T.S-R. was carried out through grant APOSTD/2019/046 by Generalitat Valenciana (Spain). This work was supported by the MINECO (Spanish Ministry of Economy) through grant RTI2018-095076-B-C21 (MINECO/FEDER, UE). TRAPPIST project is funded by the Belgian Fund for Scientic Research (Fond National de la Recherche Scientique, FNRS) under the grant PDR T.0120.21. E.J. is a FNRS Senior Research Associate. F.M. is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1743015.
Published: 2021
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15. Detecting life outside our solar system with a large high-contrast-imaging mission

Author: Ignasi Ribas, Th. Henning, P. Baudoz, M. Kasper, Pieter J. de Visser, Simon Albrecht, A.-M. Lagrange, Kevin Heng, Enric Palle, Didier Queloz, Nathan J. Mayne, Isabella Pagano, B.-O. Demory, Michiel Min, Olivier Guyon, R. van Boekel, Manuel López-Puertas, Ignas Snellen, Matthew A. Kenworthy, Guillem Anglada-Escudé, Daphne Stam, Julien Milli, Nikku Madhusudhan, Timothy M. Lenton, Garreth Ruane, John Lee Grenfell, Willy Benz, Christopher C. Stark, Valentina D'Orazi, Silvano Desidera, Mamadou N'Diaye, David Mouillet, E. J. W. de Mooij, Mark Claire, Christoph U. Keller, R. G. Gratton, Franck Selsis, A. L. Maire, Elsa Huby, Giampaolo Piotto, Alessandro Sozzetti, Jean-Luc Beuzit, Michaël Gillon, Anthony Boccaletti, Jayne Birkby, Matteo Brogi, Yamila Miguel, Arthur Vigan, Frans Snik, Beth Biller, B. S. Gaudi, Giuseppina Micela, Christiane Helling, Isabelle Baraffe, Oliver Krause, J. de Boer, Laura Kreidberg, Heike Rauer, Jean-Michel Desert, Markus Janson, Riccardo Claudi, Victoria S. Meadows, Ralf Launhardt, L. Carone, Lars A. Buchhave, Sasha Hinkley, Bertrand Mennesson, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, Sterrewacht Leiden, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Institute for Astronomy [Edinburgh] (IfA), University of Edinburgh, Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern], Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Low Energy Astrophysics (API, FNWI), University of St Andrews. School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews. St Andrews Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of St Andrews. St Andrews Isotope Geochemistry, University of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomy, European Commission, European Research Council, Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Snellen, IAG [0000-0003-1624-3667], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Solar System, life, Computer science, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, White paper, Spitzer Space Telescope, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Agency (sociology), QB Astronomy, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QC, QB, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 520 Astronomy, imaging, Astronomy and Astrophysics, High contrast imaging, 3rd-DAS, 620 Engineering, QC Physics, mission, Space and Planetary Science, 5101 Astronomical Sciences, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Extraterrestrial life, Systems engineering, Circumstellar habitable zone, 51 Physical Sciences
Abstract: Snellen, I.A.G. et al., In this White Paper, which was submitted in response to the European Space Agency (ESA) Voyage 2050 Call, we recommend the ESA plays a proactive role in developing a global collaborative effort to construct a large high-contrast imaging space telescope, e.g. as currently under study by NASA. Such a mission will be needed to characterize a sizable sample of temperate Earth-like planets in the habitable zones of nearby Sun-like stars and to search for extraterrestrial biological activity. We provide an overview of relevant European expertise, and advocate ESA to start a technology development program towards detecting life outside the Solar System., I.S. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 694513. A.L.M. acknowledges the financial support of the F.R.S.-FNRS through a postdoctoral researcher grant. MB acknowledges support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) research grant ST/S000631/1. I.R. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund through grant PGC2018-098153-B-C33, as well as the support of the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. E.P. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science through grant PGC2018-098153-B-C31. J.M.D. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 679633; Exo-Atmos) Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. We acknowledge financial support from the ASI-INAF agreement n.2018-16-HH.0 We acknowledge financial support from Spanish MCIU SEV-2017-0709 and PID2019-110689RB-I00 awards. We acknowledge financial support from the ASI-INAF agreement n.2018-16-HH.0 AV acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 757561). KH acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 771620). NJM acknowledges funding from the Leverhulme Trust, and a Science and Technology Facilities Council Consolidated Grant (ST/R000395/1). PdV acknowledges funding from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research NWO (Veni Grant No. 639.041.750). IP acknowledges financial support from the ASI-INAF agreements 2019-29-HH.06-HH.0 and 2015-019-R.1-2018. FS acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 678194; FALCONER). MJ acknowledges support from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation (KAW). JLB acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 805445. T.H. acknowledges support from the European Research Council under the Horizon 2020 Framework Program via the ERC Advanced Grant Origins 83 24 28. JLG acknowledges ISSI Team 464 for useful discussion.
Published: 2021
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16. An advanced multipole model for (216) Kleopatra triple system

Author: Laurent Jorda, Josef Hanus, François Colas, Alexis Drouard, J. Grice, Julie Castillo-Rogez, Patrick Michel, Philippe Lamy, Pierre Vernazza, Josef Ďurech, Miroslav Brož, Bin Yang, Matti Viikinkoski, Franck Marchis, Tadeusz Michalowski, Marin Ferrais, Fabrice Cipriani, Thierry Fusco, Nicolas Rambaux, Olivier Witasse, Przemyslaw Bartczak, Arthur Vigan, David Vokrouhlický, Emmanuel Jehin, E. Podlewska-Gaca, Toni Santana-Ros, Frédéric Vachier, M. Pajuelo, Paolo Tanga, S. Benseguane, Romain Fétick, Christophe Dumas, Grzegorz Dudziński, Mirel Birlan, Agnieszka Kryszczyńska, S. Fauvaud, Anna Marciniak, Benoit Carry, J. Berthier, Michael Marsset, Institute of Astronomy [Prague], Charles University [Prague] (CU), Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute (SETI), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [MIT, Cambridge] (EAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Tampere University of Technology [Tampere] (TUT), Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research Institute (STAR), Université de Liège, SETI Institute, Ondřejov Observatory of the Prague Astronomical Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire du Bois de Bardon, Astronomical Institute of Romanian Academy, Romanian Academy, Thirty Meter Telescope Observatory, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Châtillon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, School of Physical Sciences [Milton Keynes], Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú = Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP), Universidad de Alicante, Institut de Ciencies del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), European Southern Observatory [Santiago] (ESO), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Czech Science Foundation, Charles University (Czech Republic), National Science Foundation (US), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Generalitat Valenciana, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, and Belgian Science Policy Office
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, fundamental parameters [Planets and satellites], Library science, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, methods: numerical, Física Aplicada, 0103 physical sciences, Celestial mechanics, planets and satellites: fundamental parameters, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [PHYS]Physics [physics], numerical [Methods], [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Minor planets, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrometry, celestial mechanics, asteroids: individual: (216) Kleopatra, individual: (216) Kleopatra [Asteroids], Space and Planetary Science, individual: (216) Kleopatra [Minor planets, asteroids], minor planets, astrometry, TRAPPIST, Christian ministry, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: [Aims] To interpret adaptive-optics observations of (216) Kleopatra, we need to describe an evolution of multiple moons orbiting an extremely irregular body and include their mutual interactions. Such orbits are generally non-Keplerian and orbital elements are not constants. [Methods] Consequently, we used a modified N-body integrator, which was significantly extended to include the multipole expansion of the gravitational field up to the order ℓ = 10. Its convergence was verified against the 'brute-force' algorithm. We computed the coefficients Cℓ m, Sℓ m for Kleopatra's shape, assuming a constant bulk density. For Solar System applications, it was also necessary to implement a variable distance and geometry of observations. Our χ2 metric then accounts for the absolute astrometry, the relative astrometry (second moon with respect to the first), angular velocities, and silhouettes, constraining the pole orientation. This allowed us to derive the orbital elements of Kleopatra's two moons. [Results] Using both archival astrometric data and new VLT/SPHERE observations (ESO LP 199.C-0074), we were able to identify the true periods of the moons, P1 = (1.822359 ± 0.004156) d, P2 = (2.745820 ± 0.004820) d. They orbit very close to the 3:2 mean-motion resonance, but their osculating eccentricities are too small compared to other perturbations (multipole, mutual), meaning that regular librations of the critical argument are not present. The resulting mass of Kleopatra, m1 = (1.49 ± 0.16) × 10-12 M· or 2.97 × 1018 kg, is significantly lower than previously thought. An implication explained in the accompanying paper is that (216) Kleopatra is a critically rotating body., Broz, M. et al., This work has been supported by the Czech Science Foundation through grant 21-11058S (M. Brož, D. Vokrouhlický), 20-08218S (J. Hanuš, J. Ďurech), and by the Charles University Research program No. UNCE/SCI/023. This material is partially based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1743015. P.V., A.D., M.F. and B.C. were supported by CNRS/INSU/PNP. M.M. was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant No. 80NSSC18K0849 issued through the Planetary Astronomy Program. The work of TSR was carried out through grant APOSTD/2019/046 by Generalitat Valenciana (Spain). This work was supported by the MINECO (Spanish Ministry of Economy) through grant RTI2018-095076-B-C21 (MINECO/FEDER, UE). The research leading to these results has received funding from the ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions, financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. TRAPPIST is a project funded by the Belgian Fonds (National) de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S.-FNRS) under grant FRFC 2.5.594.09.F. TRAPPIST-North is a project funded by the University of Liège, and performed in collaboration with Cadi Ayyad University of Marrakesh. E. Jehin is a FNRS Senior Research Associate.
Published: 2021
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17. Lessons learned from SPHERE for the astrometric strategy of the next generation of exoplanet imaging instruments

Author: Gael Chauvin, Emily L. Rickman, Jörg-Uwe Pott, Philippe Delorme, Arthur Vigan, Raffaele Gratton, Leonard Burtscher, T. O. B. Schmidt, Matthew A. Kenworthy, Alexis Carlotti, Pierre Kervella, Anthony Boccaletti, Zahed Wahhaj, Thomas Henning, Julien Girard, Maud Langlois, Anne-Lise Maire, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Computer science, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, Extremely Large Telescope, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Adaptive optics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Infrared Imaging, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Very Large Telescope, Data Processing, Orientation (computer vision), Mechanical Engineering, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrometry, Orbital period, Exoplanet, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Space and Planetary Science, Control and Systems Engineering, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Adaptive Optics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Measuring the orbits of directly-imaged exoplanets requires precise astrometry at the milliarcsec level over long periods of time due to their wide separation to the stars ($\gtrsim$10 au) and long orbital period ($\gtrsim$20 yr). To reach this challenging goal, a specific strategy was implemented for the instrument Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet REsearch (SPHERE), the first dedicated exoplanet imaging instrument at the Very Large Telescope of the European Southern Observatory (ESO). A key part of this strategy relies on the astrometric stability of the instrument over time. We monitored for five years the evolution of the optical distortion, pixel scale, and orientation to the True North of SPHERE images using the near-infrared instrument IRDIS. We show that the instrument calibration achieves a positional stability of $\sim$1 mas over 2$"$ field of views. We also discuss the SPHERE astrometric strategy, issues encountered in the course of the on-sky operations, and lessons learned for the next generation of exoplanet imaging instruments on the Extremely Large Telescope being built by ESO., Accepted for publication in JATIS. 38 pages, 12 figures, 8 tables
Published: 2021
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18. Limits on the presence of planets in systems with debris discs: HD 92945 and HD 107146

Author: Arthur Vigan, Silvano Desidera, Mickael Bonnefoy, N. Engler, Zahed Wahhaj, E. L. Rickman, Matthias Samland, Markus Janson, Miriam Keppler, Janis Hagelberg, Quentin Kral, Mariangela Bonavita, Ralf Launhardt, R. G. Gratton, C. Lazzoni, L. Weber, A. Pavlov, Anne-Marie Lagrange, Michael Meyer, Elisabetta Rigliaco, M. Feldt, Sergio Messina, N. Pawellek, Alice Zurlo, L. Gluck, O. Moeller-Nilsson, Maud Langlois, V. De Caprio, C. Perrot, Dino Mesa, V. Squicciarini, Julien Milli, Valentina D'Orazi, T. Schmidt, Sebastian Marino, Anthony Boccaletti, C. Fontanive, Sebastián Pérez, Gael Chauvin, A. L. Maire, Th. Henning, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, 530 Physics, 520 Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Planetary system, 01 natural sciences, Debris, Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Planet, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Anomaly (physics), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Recent observations of resolved cold debris disks at tens of au have revealed that gaps could be a common feature in these Kuiper belt analogues. Such gaps could be evidence for the presence of planets within the gaps or closer-in near the edges of the disk. We present SPHERE observations of HD 92945 and HD 107146, two systems with detected gaps. We constrained the mass of possible companions responsible for the gap to 1-2 M Jup for planets located inside the gap and to less than 5 M Jup for separations down to 20 au from the host star. These limits allow us to exclude some of the possible configurations of the planetary systems proposed to explain the shape of the disks around these two stars. In order to put tighter limits on the mass at very short separations from the star, where direct imaging data are less effective, we also combined our data with astrometric measurements from Hipparcos and Gaia and radial velocity measurements. We were able to limit the separation and the mass of the companion potentially responsible for the proper motion anomaly of HD 107146 to values of 2-7 au and 2-5 M Jup , respectively., Comment: 17 pages, 14 Figures, accepted for publication on MNRAS
Published: 2021
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19. Calibration of residual aberrations in exoplanet imagers with large numbers of degrees of freedom

Author: Philippe Balard, Jérémy Hulin, Marcel Carbillet, Elodie Choquet, Kjetil Dohlen, Gilles Otten, Mamadou N'Diaye, Mona El Morsy, Raphaël Pourcelot, Jean-François Sauvage, Philippe Blanchard, Bastien Rouzé, Alain Abbinanti, Maxime Lopez, Arthur Vigan, A. Caillat, Émilie Robert, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Palaiseau], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Châtillon], Laboratoire Hippolyte Fizeau (FIZEAU), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Département Médico-Universitaire APPROCHES, CHU Tenon [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Zernike polynomials, FOS: Physical sciences, instrumentation: adaptive optics, 01 natural sciences, Deformable mirror, law.invention, 010309 optics, symbols.namesake, Optics, law, instrumentation: high angular resolution, 0103 physical sciences, Adaptive optics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Coronagraph, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), [PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, Wavefront, business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, techniques: high angular resolution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Wavefront sensor, Exoplanet, Starlight, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, symbols, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: International audience; Imaging faint objects, such as exoplanets or disks, around nearby stars is extremely challenging because host star images are dominated by the telescope diffraction pattern. Using a coronagraph is an efficient solution for removing diffraction but requires an incoming wavefront with good quality to maximize starlight rejection. On the ground, the most advanced exoplanet imagers use extreme adaptive optics (ExAO) systems that are based on a deformable mirror (DM) with a large number of actuators to efficiently compensate for high-order aberrations and provide diffraction-limited images. While several exoplanet imagers with DMs using ∼1500 actuators are now routinely operating on large telescopes to observe gas giant planets, future systems may require a tenfold increase in the number of degrees of freedom to look for rocky planets. In this paper, we explore wavefront correction with a secondary adaptive optics system that controls a very large number of degrees of freedom that are not corrected by the primary ExAO system. Using Marseille Imaging Testbed for High Contrast (MITHiC), we implement a second stage of adaptive optics with ZELDA, a Zernike wavefront sensor, and a spatial light modulator to compensate for the phase aberrations of the bench downstream residual aberrations from adaptive optics. We demonstrate that their correction up to 137 cycles per pupil with nanometric accuracy is possible, provided there is a simple distortion calibration of the pupil and a moderate wavefront low-pass filtering. We also use ZELDA for a fast compensation of ExAO residuals, showing its promising implementation as a second-stage correction for the observation of rocky planets around nearby stars. Finally, we present images with a classical Lyot coronagraph on MITHiC and validate our ability to reach its theoretical performance with our calibration.
Published: 2021
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20. BEAST begins: sample characteristics and survey performance of the B-star Exoplanet Abundance Study

Author: Raffaele Gratton, Lucio Mayer, Simon C. Eriksson, Markus Janson, Thomas Henning, Arthur Vigan, Gabriel-Dominique Marleau, Philippe Delorme, Gael Chauvin, Eric E. Mamajek, Mickael Bonnefoy, N. Engler, Joseph C. Carson, Michael R. Meyer, Alexander J. Bohn, Sabine Reffert, Silvano Desidera, Sascha P. Quanz, Matthias Samland, Matthew A. Kenworthy, Valentina D'Orazi, Vito Squicciarini, Maud Langlois, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Landessternwarte Königstuhl [ZAH] (LSW), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Zurich
Subjects: Stellar mass, 530 Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Sample (statistics), Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and planetary astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Astrophysics - solar and stellar astrophysics, Stars: early-type, 1912 Space and Planetary Science, Planet, Abundance (ecology), 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Brown dwarfs, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Epoch (reference date), Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Planets and satellites: detection, Outcome (probability), Exoplanet, Stars, Space and Planetary Science, 10231 Institute for Computational Science, 3103 Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Geology
Abstract: While the occurrence rate of wide giant planets appears to increase with stellar mass at least up through the A-type regime, B-type stars have not been systematically studied in large-scale surveys so far. It therefore remains unclear up to what stellar mass this occurrence trend continues. The B-star Exoplanet Abundance Study (BEAST) is a direct imaging survey with the extreme adaptive optics instrument SPHERE, targeting 85 B-type stars in the young Scorpius-Centaurus (Sco-Cen) region with the aim to detect giant planets at wide separations and constrain their occurrence rate and physical properties. The statistical outcome of the survey will help determine if and where an upper stellar mass limit for planet formation occurs. In this work, we describe the selection and characterization of the BEAST target sample. Particular emphasis is placed on the age of each system, which is a central parameter in interpreting direct imaging observations. We implement a novel scheme for age dating based on kinematic sub-structures within Sco-Cen, which complements and expands upon previous age determinations in the literature. We also present initial results from the first epoch observations, including the detections of ten stellar companions, of which six were previously unknown. All planetary candidates in the survey will need follow up in second epoch observations, which are part of the allocated observational programme and will be executed in the near future., Comment: 22 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2021
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21. Direct imaging of sub-Jupiter mass exoplanets with James Webb Space Telescope coronagraphy

Author: Arthur Vigan, Jonathan Gagné, Sasha Hinkley, Aarynn L. Carter, Mariangela Bonavita, Julien Girard, Mark W. Phillips, Andrew J. Skemer, Laurent Pueyo, Marshall D. Perrin, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), planets and satellites: atmospheres, James Webb Space Telescope, Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Direct imaging, techniques: image processing, 01 natural sciences, Exoplanet, 010309 optics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Population synthesis, infrared: planetary systems, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Jupiter mass, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), currently scheduled to launch in 2021, will dramatically advance our understanding of exoplanetary systems with its ability to directly image and characterise planetary-mass companions at wide separations through coronagraphy. Using state-of-the-art simulations of JWST performance, in combination with the latest evolutionary models, we present the most sophisticated simulated mass sensitivity limits of JWST coronagraphy to date. In particular, we focus our efforts towards observations of members within the nearby young moving groups $\beta$ Pictoris and TW Hya. These limits indicate that whilst JWST will provide little improvement towards imaging exoplanets at short separations, at wide separations the increase in sensitivity is dramatic. We predict JWST will be capable of imaging sub-Jupiter mass objects beyond ~30 au, sub-Saturn mass objects beyond ~50 au, and that beyond ~100 au, JWST will be capable of directly imaging companions as small as 0.1 $M_\textrm{J}$ - at least an order of magnitude improvement over the leading ground-based instruments. Probing this unexplored parameter space will be of immediate value to modelling efforts focused on planetary formation and population synthesis. JWST will also serve as an excellent complement to ground based observatories through its unique ability to characterise previously detected companions across the near- to mid-infrared for the first time., Comment: Published in MNRAS. 18 pages, 10 figures, and 2 tables
Published: 2021
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22. A survey of the linear polarization of directly imaged exoplanets and brown dwarf companions with SPHERE-IRDIS. First polarimetric detections revealing disks around DH Tau B and GSC 6214-210 B

Author: Julien Girard, François Ménard, Christian Ginski, T. O. B. Schmidt, J. de Boer, R. G. van Holstein, Sebastian Marino, Gael Chauvin, Alice Zurlo, Mickael Bonnefoy, Rebecca Jensen-Clem, Tomas Stolker, Sasha Hinkley, Zahed Wahhaj, Max Millar-Blanchaer, Alexander J. Bohn, Frans Snik, Arthur Vigan, Julien Milli, Christoph U. Keller, Myriam Benisty, M. Keppler, Maud Langlois, C. Perrot, Carsten Dominik, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Laboratoire Franco-Chilien d'Astronomie (LFCA), Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE)-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Universidad de Concepción - University of Concepcion [Chile], Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Low Energy Astrophysics (API, FNWI)
Subjects: Atmospheres, Instrumentation and methods for astrophysics, Brown dwarf, FOS: Physical sciences, Formation, Solar and stellar astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, High angular resolution, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Methods, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, planets and satellites: formation, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Observational, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Cosmic dust, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, planets and satellites: atmospheres, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Linear polarization, Earth and planetary astrophysics, protoplanetary disks, Polarimetric, techniques: high angular resolution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Polarization (waves), Techniques, Exoplanet, Stars, techniques: polarimetric, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Degree of polarization, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Planets and satellites, methods: observational, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Young giant planets and brown dwarf companions emit near-infrared radiation that can be linearly polarized up to several percent. This polarization can reveal the presence of a circumsubstellar accretion disk, rotation-induced oblateness of the atmosphere, or an inhomogeneous distribution of atmospheric dust clouds. We measured the near-infrared linear polarization of 20 known directly imaged exoplanets and brown dwarf companions with the high-contrast imager SPHERE-IRDIS at the VLT. We reduced the data using the IRDAP pipeline to correct for the instrumental polarization and crosstalk with an absolute polarimetric accuracy, Accepted for publication in A&A. Shortened abstract. 29 pages, 22 figures
Published: 2021
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23. Direct imaging and spectroscopy of exoplanets with the ELT/HARMONI high-contrast module

Author: M. Houllé, Jean-François Sauvage, Gilles Otten, Elodie Choquet, Mark W. Phillips, Christoph Mordasini, Noah Schwartz, Isabelle Baraffe, Alexis Carlotti, Alexandre Emsenhuber, Faustine Cantalloube, Arthur Vigan, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, School of Physics and Astronomy [Exeter], University of Exeter, DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Châtillon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, UK Astronomy Technology Centre (UK ATC), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bern, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), NASA GODDARD INSTITUTE FOR SPACE STUDIES NEW YORK USA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Langages HUmanités Médiations Apprentissages Interactions Numérique (LHUMAIN), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM), DOTA, ONERA [Salon], ONERA, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
Subjects: planets and satellites: detection, [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], 530 Physics, Instrumentation, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Telescope, Integral field spectrograph, instrumentation: high angular resolution, Planet, law, Extremely Large Telescope, infrared: planetary systems, Adaptive optics, Spectroscopy, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, 520 Astronomy, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Exoplanet, techniques: imaging spectroscopy, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Combining high-contrast imaging with medium-resolution spectroscopy has been shown to significantly boost the direct detection of exoplanets. HARMONI, one of the first-light instruments to be mounted on ESO's ELT, will be equipped with a single-conjugated adaptive optics system to reach the diffraction limit of the ELT in H and K bands, a high-contrast module dedicated to exoplanet imaging, and a medium-resolution (up to R = 17 000) optical and near-infrared integral field spectrograph. Combined together, these systems will provide unprecedented contrast limits at separations between 50 and 400 mas. In this paper, we estimate the capabilities of the HARMONI high-contrast module for the direct detection of young giant exoplanets. We use an end-to-end model of the instrument to simulate observations based on realistic observing scenarios and conditions. We analyze these data with the so-called "molecule mapping" technique combined to a matched-filter approach, in order to disentangle the companions from the host star and tellurics, and increase the S/N of the planetary signal. We detect planets above 5-sigma at contrasts up to 16 mag and separations down to 75 mas in several spectral configurations of the instrument. We show that molecule mapping allows the detection of companions up to 2.5 mag fainter compared to state-of-the-art high-contrast imaging techniques based on angular differential imaging. We also demonstrate that the performance is not strongly affected by the spectral type of the host star, and that we reach close sensitivities for the best three quartiles of observing conditions at Armazones, which means that HARMONI could be used in near-critical observations during 60 to 70% of telescope time at the ELT. Finally, we simulate planets from population synthesis models to further explore the parameter space that HARMONI and its high-contrast module will soon open., Accepted for publication in A&A (14 pages, 9 figures)
Published: 2021
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24. Imaging low-mass planets within the habitable zone of α Centauri

Author: Kjetil Dohlen, Christian Delacroix, Prashant Pathak, Nancy Ageorges, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Arthur Vigan, G. Orban de Xivry, D. Mawet, Serban Leveratto, Garreth Ruane, Pontus Forsberg, Robin Arsenault, Sven Gutruf, A. Boehle, Kevin Wagner, Alexis Carlotti, M. Kasper, Christian Soenke, Arnd Reutlinger, P. Duhoux, Elsa Huby, M. Riquelme, Pierre Kervella, Gerd Jakob, Michael Sterzik, Daniel Apai, Mikael Karlsson, Eloy Fuenteseca, Eric Pantin, Elodie Choquet, U. Käufl, P. Klupar, A. L. Maire, Sascha P. Quanz, T. de Zeeuw, Johann Kolb, Mamadou N'Diaye, Olivier Absil, O. Guyon, Gérard Zins, Dirk Kampf, J. P. Kirchbauer, European Southern Observatory (ESO), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and planetary astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Astrophysics - solar and stellar astrophysics, 010309 optics, Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi, Planet, Teknik och teknologier, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology, Author Correction, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Computer Science::Databases, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Multidisciplinary, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Exoplanets, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, General Chemistry, Exoplanet, Stars, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Engineering and Technology, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Low Mass, Circumstellar habitable zone
Abstract: Giant exoplanets on wide orbits have been directly imaged around young stars. If the thermal background in the mid-infrared can be mitigated, then exoplanets with lower masses can also be imaged. Here we present a ground-based mid-infrared observing approach that enables imaging low-mass temperate exoplanets around nearby stars, and in particular within the closest stellar system, Alpha Centauri. Based on 75-80% of the best quality images from 100 hours of cumulative observations, we demonstrate sensitivity to warm sub-Neptune-sized planets throughout much of the habitable zone of Alpha Centauri A. This is an order of magnitude more sensitive than state-of-the-art exoplanet imaging mass detection limits. We also discuss a possible exoplanet or exozodiacal disk detection around Alpha Centauri A. However, an instrumental artifact of unknown origin cannot be ruled out. These results demonstrate the feasibility of imaging rocky habitable-zone exoplanets with current and upcoming telescopes., Comment: 29 pages, 11 figures, published in Nature Communications
Published: 2021
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25. Evidence for differentiation of the most primitive small bodies

Author: Pierre Vernazza, Tadeusz Michalowski, Bin Yang, Matti Viikinkoski, Brian Warner, Agnieszka Kryszczyńska, Alexis Drouard, Alexander Storrs, Franck Marchis, J. Grice, François Colas, Patrick Michel, Laurent Jorda, Romain Fétick, Przemyslaw Bartczak, Arthur Vigan, Josef Ďurech, Marc Neveu, Frédéric Vachier, Julie Castillo-Rogez, Emmanuel Jehin, Michael Marsset, Josef Hanus, Nicolas Rambaux, Josselin Desmars, Mikko Kaasalainen, Marin Ferrais, Jérôme Berthier, Olivier Witasse, Philippe Lamy, Zouhair Benkhaldoun, E. Podlewska-Gaca, Fabrice Cipriani, Grzegorz Dudziński, Thierry Fusco, Raoul Behrend, Christophe Dumas, Anna Marciniak, Mirel Birlan, M. Pajuelo, Paolo Tanga, Benoit Carry, T. Santana-Ros, Mark A. Wieczorek, Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Institute of Astronomy [Prague], Charles University [Prague], Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research Institute (STAR), Université de Liège, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [MIT, Cambridge] (EAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Mathematics [Tampere], Tampere University of Technology [Tampere] (TUT), Astronomical Observatory [Poznan], Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva [Switzerland], Oukaimeden Observatory, University of Cadi Ayyad (UCA), Astronomical Institute of Romanian Academy, Romanian Academy, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées (IPSA), Thirty Meter Telescope Observatory, The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), University of Tampere [Finland], HELIOS - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), SETI Institute, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Institute of Physics [Szczecin], University of Szczecin, Universidad de Alicante, Institut de Ciencies del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Towson University [Towson, MD, United States], Center for Solar System Studies (CS3), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Czech Science Foundation, Charles University (Czech Republic), Generalitat de Catalunya, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), National Science Foundation (US), Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú = Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Tampere University, and Computing Sciences
Subjects: asteroids, Solar System, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, individual: Sylvia [Asteroids], individual: Sylvia [Minor planets, asteroids], FOS: Physical sciences, general [Minor planets, asteroids], Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Kuiper belt, Jupiter, Interplanetary dust cloud, Neptune, Física Aplicada, 0103 physical sciences, 111 Mathematics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Nodal precession, Sylvia, Minor planets, Astronomy and Astrophysics, general [Kuiper belt], 113 Computer and information sciences, Asteroids: general, Meteorite, 115 Astronomy and space science, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Asteroid, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Carbonaceous chondrite, Minor plantes, Asteroids: individual: Sylvia, Kuiper belt: general, general [Asteroids], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Carri, B., et al., [Context] Dynamical models of Solar System evolution have suggested that the so-called P- and D-type volatile-rich asteroids formed in the outer Solar System beyond Neptune's orbit and may be genetically related to the Jupiter Trojans, comets, and small Kuiper belt objects (KBOs). Indeed, the spectral properties of P- and D-type asteroids resemble that of anhydrous cometary dust. Aims. We aim to gain insights into the above classes of bodies by characterizing the internal structure of a large P- and D-type asteroid. [Methods] We report high-angular-resolution imaging observations of the P-type asteroid (87) Sylvia with the Very Large Telescope Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet REsearch (SPHERE) instrument. These images were used to reconstruct the 3D shape of Sylvia. Our images together with those obtained in the past with large ground-based telescopes were used to study the dynamics of its two satellites. We also modeled Sylvia's thermal evolution. [Results] The shape of Sylvia appears flattened and elongated (a/b 1.45; a/c 1.84). We derive a volume-equivalent diameter of 271 ± 5 km and a low density of 1378 ± 45 kg m-3. The two satellites orbit Sylvia on circular, equatorial orbits. The oblateness of Sylvia should imply a detectable nodal precession which contrasts with the fully-Keplerian dynamics of its two satellites. This reveals an inhomogeneous internal structure, suggesting that Sylvia is differentiated. [Conclusions] Sylvia's low density and differentiated interior can be explained by partial melting and mass redistribution through water percolation. The outer shell should be composed of material similar to interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) and the core should be similar to aqueously altered IDPs or carbonaceous chondrite meteorites such as the Tagish Lake meteorite. Numerical simulations of the thermal evolution of Sylvia show that for a body of such a size, partial melting was unavoidable due to the decay of long-lived radionuclides. In addition, we show that bodies as small as 130-150 km in diameter should have followed a similar thermal evolution, while smaller objects, such as comets and the KBO Arrokoth, must have remained pristine, which is in agreement with in situ observations of these bodies. NASA Lucy mission target (617) Patroclus (diameter ≈140 km) may, however, be differentiated., This work has been supported by the Czech Science Foundation through grants 20-08218S (J. Hanuš, J. Ďurech) and by the Charles University Research program No. UNCE/SCI/023. The work of TSR was carried out through grant APOSTD/2019/046 by Generalitat Valenciana (Spain). This work was supported by the MINECO (Spanish Ministry of Economy) through grant RTI2018-095076-B-C21 (MINECO/FEDER, UE). This material is partially based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1743015.
Published: 2021
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26. Investigating three Sirius-like systems with SPHERE

Author: H. M. Schmid, Arthur Vigan, T. O. B. Schmidt, Mickael Bonnefoy, M. Keppler, E. Sissa, Markus Kasper, Antonio Garufi, S. Petrus, David Mouillet, E. L. Rickman, Sebastian Daemgen, M. Cudel, Alice Zurlo, J. L. Beuzit, Janis Hagelberg, Raffaele Gratton, Roxanne Ligi, J. Melendez, Anne-Lise Maire, François Ménard, Tomas Stolker, D. Gasparri, F. Rigal, Daniel Rouan, C. Soenke, E. Cascone, Matthias Samland, Silvano Desidera, R. Galicher, Christian Ginski, Gael Chauvin, Valentina D'Orazi, M. R. Mayer, A. Potier, A-M. Lagrange, Graeme Salter, Francois Wildi, H. Le Coroller, Maud Langlois, T. A. Pacheco, Henning Avenhaus, C. Desgrange, Beth Biller, C. Lazzoni, Mariangela Bonavita, Wolfgang Brandner, Markus Janson, Markus Feldt, S. Mazevet, N. Engler, Julien Girard, C. Perrot, Dino Mesa, J. Lannier, C. Fontanive, S. Hunziker, T. Moulin, S. Peretti, Joany Andreina Manjarres Ramos, M. Lombart, Riccardo Claudi, Philippe Delorme, A. Boccaletti, University of Arizona, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Stockholm University, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève (ObsGE), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, European Southern Observatory (ESO), Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE), University of Edinburgh, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chaire IPAG 'Entreprise Inclusive' (IPAG Business School), IPAG Business School, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Low Energy Astrophysics (API, FNWI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
Subjects: Angular momentum, 530 Physics, Sirius, CD-56 7708, HD 114174, FOS: Physical sciences, Individual, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Nucleosynthesis, 0103 physical sciences, Asymptotic giant branch, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Abundances, General, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, 520 Astronomy, Binaries, White dwarf, Astronomy and Astrophysics, HD 2133, Stars, White Dwarfs, Orbit, Photometry (astronomy), Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: Sirius-like systems are wide binaries composed of a white dwarf (WD) and a companion of a spectral type earlier than M0. The WD progenitor evolves in isolation, but its wind during the AGB phase pollutes the companion surface and transfers some angular momentum. Within SHINE survey that uses SPHERE at the VLT, we acquired images of HD2133, HD114174, and CD-567708 and combined this data with high resolution spectra of the primaries, TESS, and literature data. We performed accurate abundance analyses for the MS. We found brighter J and K magnitudes for HD114174B than obtained previously and extended the photometry down to 0.95 micron. Our new data indicate a higher temperature and then shorter cooling age (5.57+/-0.02 Gyr) and larger mass (0.75+/-0.03 Mo) for this WD than previously assumed. This solved the discrepancy previously found with the age of the MS star. The two other WDs are less massive, indicating progenitors of ~1.3 Mo and 1.5-1.8 Mo for HD2133B and CD-56 7708B, respectively. We were able to derive constraints on the orbit for HD114174 and CD-56 7708. The composition of the MS stars agrees fairly well with expectations from pollution by the AGB progenitors of the WDs: HD2133A has a small enrichment of n-capture elements, which is as expected for pollution by an AGB star with a mass 3.0 Mo. On the other hand, none of these stars show the excesses of C that are expected to go along with those of n-capture elements. This might be related to the fact that these stars are at the edges of the mass range where we expect nucleosynthesis related to thermal pulses., Accepted on Astronomy and Astrophysics. 19 pages, 15 figures
Published: 2021
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27. The mass of β Pictoris c from β Pictoris b orbital motion

Author: Matthias Samland, Anne-Lise Maire, David Mouillet, Andreas Eckart, Valentin Christiaens, Julien Woillez, Sarah Blunt, K. Perraut, T. Paumard, T. Ott, Myriam Benisty, E. Nasedkin, A. Mérand, Z. Hubert, Stefan Hippler, Frank Eisenhauer, Roderick Dembet, Gilles Otten, F. H. Vincent, Pierre Léna, Jinyi Shangguan, Miriam Keppler, Ekkehard Wieprecht, G. Bourdarot, M. Houllé, Odele Straub, Alexander J. Bohn, M. Nowak, Felix Widmann, K. Ward-Duong, P. T. de Zeeuw, J.-B. Le Bouquin, Julia Stadler, T. Taro Shimizu, A. Boccaletti, David K. Sing, Ji Wang, Linda J. Tacconi, Arthur Vigan, Elodie Choquet, Jens Kammerer, Claudia Paladini, J. Rameau, R. J. García López, Xavier Haubois, E. Rickman, Guy Perrin, J. P. Berger, Wolfgang Brandner, Eric Gendron, G. Heißel, H. Bonnet, Laurent Jocou, A. Cridland, S. D. von Fellenberg, Pierre Kervella, R. Asensio-Torres, G. Rousset, O. Pfuhl, Erich Wiezorrek, M. Bonnefoy, Y. Clénet, Senol Yazici, R. Abuter, John D. Monnier, Laura Kreidberg, Paulo J. V. Garcia, Zafar Rustamkulov, Tomas Stolker, Gilles Duvert, Paul Mollière, H. Beust, Eckhard Sturm, António Amorim, Anne-Marie Lagrange, Paola Caselli, Christian Straubmeier, Th. Henning, G. Chauvin, Benjamin Charnay, Sylvestre Lacour, E. F. van Dishoeck, Jason Dexter, Stefan Gillessen, André Young, D. Lutz, V. Coudé du Foresto, R. Genzel, Feng Gao, J. H. Girard, Faustine Cantalloube, L. Rodet, Sasha Hinkley, A. Drescher, Vincent Lapeyrere, Laurent Pueyo, Matthew Horrobin, M. L. Bolzer, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), MacoPharma, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Caltech Department of Astronomy [Pasadena], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE), Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, European Southern Observatory (ESO), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève (ObsGE), Université de Genève (UNIGE), Service de Pathologie respiratoire et allergologie [CHU Limoges], CHU Limoges, University of Auckland [Auckland], the GRAVITY Collaboration, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, and Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE)
Subjects: Astrophysics - instrumentation and methods for astrophysics, planets and satellites: detection, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and planetary astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, High angular resolution, Planet, instrumentation: high angular resolution, 0103 physical sciences, Beta Pictoris, 10. No inequality, instrumentation: interferometers, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Orbital elements, Physics, Interferometers, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrometry, Exoplanet, Radial velocity, Detection, Space and Planetary Science, Orbital motion, Planets and satellites, Eccentricity (mathematics), [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: Aims.We aim to demonstrate that the presence and mass of an exoplanet can now be effectively derived from the astrometry of another exoplanet.Methods.We combined previous astrometry ofβPictoris b with a new set of observations from the GRAVITY interferometer. The orbital motion ofβPictoris b is fit using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations in Jacobi coordinates. The inner planet,βPictoris c, was also reobserved at a separation of 96 mas, confirming the previous orbital estimations.Results.From the astrometry of planet b only, we can (i) detect the presence ofβPictoris c and (ii) constrain its mass to 10.04−3.10+4.53MJup. If one adds the astrometry ofβPictoris c, the mass is narrowed down to 9.15−1.06+1.08MJup. The inclusion of radial velocity measurements does not affect the orbital parameters significantly, but it does slightly decrease the mass estimate to 8.89−0.75+0.75MJup. With a semimajor axis of 2.68 ± 0.02 au, a period of 1221 ± 15 days, and an eccentricity of 0.32 ± 0.02, the orbital parameters ofβPictoris c are now constrained as precisely as those ofβPictoris b. The orbital configuration is compatible with a high-order mean-motion resonance (7:1). The impact of the resonance on the planets’ dynamics would then be negligible with respect to the secular perturbations, which might have played an important role in the eccentricity excitation of the outer planet.
Published: 2021
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28. The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE). I. Sample definition and target characterization

Author: E. L. Rickman, Julien Charton, Stéphane Udry, A. Roux, S. Rochat, Alice Zurlo, O. Möller-Nilsson, Riccardo Claudi, D. Fantinel, A. Pavlov, E. Covino, Christian Soenke, M. Kasper, Valentina D'Orazi, Anne-Lise Maire, Joshua E. Schlieder, J. Pragt, Enrico Cascone, Markus Janson, Mariangela Bonavita, T. Kopytova, C. Petit, P. Martinez, Mickael Bonnefoy, A. Deboulbe, Joany Andreina Manjarres Ramos, Franz-Josef Hambsch, L. Weber, Francois Menard, Thibaut Moulin, A. Bazzon, Yves Magnard, Norbert Hubin, F. Rigal, Thiam-Guan Tan, Eric Stadler, J.-F. Sauvage, T. O. B. Schmidt, Emmanuel Hugot, L. Gluck, Th. Henning, S. Benatti, Michael Meyer, Raphaël Galicher, Anne-Marie Lagrange, M. Feldt, M. Carle, Carsten Dominik, G. Rousset, Matthias Samland, Tristan Buey, Janis Hagelberg, H. M. Schmid, Philippe Feautrier, D. Le Mignant, Arnaud Sevin, H. LeCoroller, Pierre Baudoz, J. Antichi, Arthur Vigan, Wolfgang Brandner, Massimo Turatto, Gael Chauvin, Alain Origne, R. Ligi, P. Gigan, Bernardo Salasnich, C. Lazzoni, V. De Caprio, M. Jaquet, D. Gisler, Pascal Puget, Philippe Delorme, D. Perret, T. Fusco, Dino Mesa, E. Sissa, Francois Wildi, Silvano Desidera, D. Maurel, F. Madec, Joseph C. Carson, J. M. Alcalá, E. Rigliaco, S. Messina, J. Baudrand, Anne Costille, R. G. Gratton, M. Millward, André Müller, Beth Biller, Enrico Giro, Andrea Baruffolo, Faustine Cantalloube, Jean-Luc Beuzit, Ronald Roelfsema, Marcel Carbillet, Eric Lagadec, Kjetil Dohlen, R. Asensio-Torres, Anthony Cheetham, P. Rabou, M. Llored, Maud Langlois, P. Blanchard, Anthony Boccaletti, C. Fontanive, Marcos Suarez, L. Abe, and Low Energy Astrophysics (API, FNWI)
Subjects: PRE-MAIN SEQUENCE [STARS], HIGH CONTRAST IMAGING, STATISTICAL CONSTRAINTS, PLANET DETECTION, FOS: Physical sciences, Sample (statistics), Context (language use), Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, ROTATION [STARS], ROTATION PERIOD, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS [STARS], Planet, 0103 physical sciences, GENERAL [PLANETS AND SATELLITES], DETECTION LIMITS, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS [STARS], ACTIVITY [STARS], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, TARGET CHARACTERIZATION, Light curve, Exoplanet, Characterization (materials science), SPHERES, Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, ORIGINAL SAMPLE, STATISTICAL SAMPLES, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Rotation (mathematics), SURVEYS, STARS, EXTRASOLAR PLANETS, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Large surveys with new-generation high-contrast imaging instruments are needed to derive the frequency and properties of exoplanet populations with separations from ~5 to 300 au. A careful assessment of the stellar properties is crucial for a proper understanding of when, where, and how frequently planets form, and how they evolve. The sensitivity of detection limits to stellar age makes this a key parameter for direct imaging surveys. Aims. We describe the SpHere INfrared survey for Exoplanets (SHINE), the largest direct imaging planet-search campaign initiated at the VLT in 2015 in the context of the SPHERE Guaranteed Time Observations of the SPHERE consortium. In this first paper we present the selection and the properties of the complete sample of stars surveyed with SHINE, focusing on the targets observed during the first phase of the survey (from February 2015 to February 2017). This early sample composed of 150 stars is used to perform a preliminary statistical analysis of the SHINE data, deferred to two companion papers presenting the survey performance, main discoveries, and the preliminary statistical constraints set by SHINE. Methods. Based on a large database collecting the stellar properties of all young nearby stars in the solar vicinity (including kinematics, membership to moving groups, isochrones, lithium abundance, rotation, and activity), we selected the original sample of 800 stars that were ranked in order of priority according to their sensitivity for planet detection in direct imaging with SPHERE. The properties of the stars that are part of the early statistical sample wererevisited, including for instance measurements from the Gaia Data Release 2. Rotation periods were derived for the vast majority of the late-type objects exploiting TESS light curves and dedicated photometric observations. Results. The properties of individual targets and of the sample as a whole are presented. © ESO 2021. SPHERE is an instrument designed and built by a consortium consisting of IPAG (Grenoble, France), MPIA (Heidelberg, Germany), LAM (Marseille, France), LESIA (Paris, France), Laboratoire Lagrange (Nice, France), INAF – Osservatorio di Padova (Italy), Observatoire de Genève (Switzerland), ETH Zürich (Switzerland), NOVA (Netherlands), ONERA (France) and ASTRON (Netherlands) in collaboration with ESO. SPHERE was funded by ESO, with additional contributions from CNRS (France), MPIA (Germany), INAF (Italy), FINES (Switzerland) and NOVA (Netherlands). SPHERE also received funding from the European Commission Sixth and Seventh Framework Programmes as part of the Optical Infrared Coordination Network for Astronomy (OPTICON) under grant number RII3-Ct-2004-001566 for FP6 (2004–2008), grant number 226 604 for FP7 (2009–2012) and grant number 312430 for FP7 (2013–2016). This research has made use of the SIMBAD database and Vizier services, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France and of the Washington Double Star Catalog maintained at the US Naval Observatory. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. This paper includes data collected with the TESS mission, obtained from the MAST data archive at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). Funding for the TESS mission is provided by the NASA Explorer Program. STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5–26555. This paper has made use of data products available in ESO archive. Program ID: 60.A-9036(A); 072.C-0488(E) (PI Mayor), 074.C-0364(A) (PI Robichon), 074.C-0037(A) (PI Gunther), 075.C-0202(A) (PI Gunther), 075.C-0689(A) (PI Galland), 076.C-0010(A) (PI Gunther), 077.C-0012(A) (PI Gunther), 077.C-0295(D) (PI Galland), 078.D-0245(C) (PI Dall), 079.C-0046(A) (PI Gunther), 080.D-0151(A) (PI Hatzes), 080.C-0712(A) (PI Desort), 180.C-0886(A) (PI Bonfils), 082.C-0718(B) (PI Bonfils), 082.C-0427(A) (PI Doellinger), 082.C-0390(A) (PI Weise), 183.C-0437(A) (PI Bonfils), 083.C-0794(A) (PI Chauvin), 084.C-1039(A) (PI Chauvin), 184.C-0815(B) (PI Desort), 089.C-0732(A) (PI Lo Curto), 191.C-0873(D) (PI Bonfils), 192.C-0224(A) (PI Lagrange), 097.C-0864(B) (PI Lannier), 098.C-0739(A) (PI Lagrange), 099.C-0205(A) (PI Lagrange), 099.C-0458(A) (PI Lo Curto), 1101.C-0557(A) (PI Lagrange). We have used data from the WASP public archive in this research. The WASP consortium comprises of the University of Cambridge, Keele University, University of Leicester, The Open University, The Queen’s University Belfast, St. Andrews University and the Isaac Newton Group. Funding for WASP comes from the consortium universities and from the UK’s Science and Technology Facilities Council. Based on data retrieved from the SOPHIE archive at Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), available at http://atlas.obs-hp.fr/sophie/. We thank the anonymous referee for useful comments. S.D., V.D., D.M. and R.G. acknowledge the support by INAF/Frontiera through the “Progetti Premiali” funding scheme of the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research, the PRIN-INAF 2019 “Planetary systems at young ages” (PLATEA) and the ASI-INAF agreement n.2018-16-HH.0. AV acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 757561). A.M.L. acknowledges funding from Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France) under contract number ANR-14-CE33-0018. J.C. was supported by SC Space Grant and Fulbright Colombia. M.B. acknowledges funding by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) grant no. ST/M001229.
Published: 2021

29. HARMONI: first light spectroscopy for the ELT: instrument final design and quantitative performance predictions

Author: Sofia Dimoudi, Jorge Chao Ortiz, Alexandre Jeanneau, Joel Vernet, Eric Daguisé, Adrien Hours, William Bon, Laurence Routledge, Ian Tosh, Eric Stadler, Ana Monreal, Kearn Grisdale, Ruben Sanchez-Janssen, Luis Fernando Rodriguez-Ramos, Jim Lynn, Alvaro Menduina, Angel Alonso Sanchez, Javier Piqueras López, Sylvain Guieu, Aurélien Jarno, Lazar Staykov, Teodora Viera, Joshua Hopgood, Chris Miller, David King, Vanessa Ferraro-Wood, Edgard Renault, Sandi Wilson, Matteo Accardo, James Carruthers, Alberto Estrada Piqueras, Matthieu Guibert, Cyril Petit, Angus Gallie, Zoltan Hubert, William Cochrane, Patricia Fernández Izquierdo, Kenny Campbell, Afrodisio Vega Moreno, Thierry Fusco, David Gooding, Patrice Sanchez, Madeline Close, Mark Swinbank, Jose Luis Rasilla, Arthur Vigan, Andrea Melissa Hidalgo, Romain Fétick, Miguel Pereira Santaella, Adam Lowe, Hermine Schnetler, Michael Meyer, E. Joven, Jean-Luc Gach, Yves Magnard, Josh Anderson, Benoit Neichel, Andy Born, José Peñate Castro, Simon L. Morris, José Linares, Kayhan Gültekin, Nicholas Bouché, Naomi Dobson, Chris Evans, John Capone, Jean-François Sauvage, Yolanda Martín Hernando, Miguel A. Cagigas, Jean-Emmanuel Migniau, Lynn Ritchie, Noah Schwartz, Didier Boudon, Ian Bryson, Alejandro Crespo, Neil Campbell, Jose Miguel Delgado, Alexis Carlotti, Johan Richard, Benoit Epinat, Matthew J. Townson, Stuart Watt, Charlotte Bond, Monica Valluri, Martin Black, Ellis Elliott, Pascal Vola, Elvio Hernandez Suarez, Miriam García García, Magali Loupias, Kacem El-Hadi, Fraser Clarke, John Murray, Matthias Tecza, Patrick Smith, Domingo Avarez Mendez, Leander Mehrgan, Nick Cann, Kjetil Dohlen, Frédéric Gonté, Karen Disseau, Lisa Bardou, Michael J. Booth, David Montgomery, Dave Melotte, Laurent Jocou, Nicola Vedrenne, Florence Laurent, Ana Belén. Fragoso López, Carlos Correia, Tom Louth, William Humphreys, Felipe Pedreros, David Henry, James Kariuki, David Le Mignant, Patrick Rabou, Elizabeth George, Olivier Beltramo-Martin, Sebastian Egner, Olivier Groussin, C. B. Lim, S. Rousseau, Myriam Rodrigues, Jean-Jacques Correia, Martyn Wells, Marc Llored, Thierry Contini, Ralf Conzelmann, Thibaut Moulin, Tea Seitis, Taha Bagci, Joel Le Merrer, Jeremy Blaizot, Oscar A. Gonzalez, Anne Bonnefoi, A. Remillieux, Diane Chapuis, Tim Morris, Derek Ives, Niranjan Thatte, Dimitra Rigopoulou, Roy Preece, Elodie Choquet, Laure Piqueras, Maria Begoña. Garcia-Lorenzo, Fabrice Pancher, Alain Delboulbe, Marie Larrieu, Battaglia Giuseppina, William Ceria, Mario Mateo, Michele Cappellari, Celine Peroux, Rishi Deshmukh, Arlette Pécontal-Rousset, Santiago Arribas, Roberto López, Joel Harman, Norman O'Malley, E. Mueller, Issa Jaafar, Zeynep Ozer, Kieran O'Brien, Anne Costille, Franck Ducret, Yan Fantei-Caujolle, Eddy Younger, Ian Lewis, Marc Dubbledam, Rafael Rebolo, Munadi Ahmad, Evencio Mediavilla, Daniel Lecron, DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Châtillon], and ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Computer science, Integration testing, First light, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Integral field spectrograph, 0103 physical sciences, Systems engineering, Milestone (project management), Extremely Large Telescope, Adaptive optics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Design review
Abstract: HARMONI is the adaptive optics assisted, near-infrared and visible light integral field spectrograph for the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT). A first light instrument, it provides the work-horse spectroscopic capability for the ELT. As the project approaches its Final Design Review milestone, the design of the instrument is being finalized, and the plans for assembly, integration and testing are being detailed. We present an overview of the instrument's capabilities from a user perspective, provide a summary of the instrument's design, including plans for operations and calibrations, and provide a brief glimpse of the predicted performance for a specific observing scenario. The paper also provides some details of the consortium composition and its evolution since the project commenced in 2015.
Published: 2020
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30. Estimating low-order aberrations through a Lyot coronagraph with a Zernike wavefront sensor for exoplanet imaging

Author: James Noss, Marcel Carbillet, Arthur Vigan, Kjetil Dohlen, Julia Fowler, Emiel H. Por, Iva Laginja, Greg Brady, Raphaël Pourcelot, Matthew Maclay, Jean-François Sauvage, Scott D. Will, Pete Petrone, Mamadou N'Diaye, Marshall D. Perrin, Rémi Soummer, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Space Telescope Science Institute (STSci), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Châtillon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, SigmaSpace Corporation [Lanham, MD], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, University of Rochester [USA], NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), and Universiteit Leiden
Subjects: Zernike polynomials, FOS: Physical sciences, ZWFS - Zernike wavefront sensor, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Telescope, Primary mirror, symbols.namesake, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Coronagraph, Wavefront, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Wavefront sensor, Low-order wavefront sensor, Exoplanet, Starlight, High-contrast imaging, 13. Climate action, symbols, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business, Coronagraphy
Abstract: Imaging exo-Earths is an exciting but challenging task because of the 10^-10 contrast ratio between these planets and their host star at separations narrower than 100 mas. Large segmented aperture space telescopes enable the sensitivity needed to observe a large number of planets. Combined with coronagraphs with wavefront control, they present a promising avenue to generate a high-contrast region in the image of an observed star. Another key aspect is the required stability in telescope pointing, focusing, and co-phasing of the segments of the telescope primary mirror for long-exposure observations of rocky planets for several hours to a few days. These wavefront errors should be stable down to a few tens of picometers RMS, requiring a permanent active correction of these errors during the observing sequence. To calibrate these pointing errors and other critical low-order aberrations, we propose a wavefront sensing path based on Zernike phase-contrast methods to analyze the starlight that is filtered out by the coronagraph at the telescope focus. In this work we present the analytical retrieval of the incoming low order aberrations in the starlight beam that is filtered out by an Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraph, one of the leading coronagraph types for starlight suppression. We implement this approach numerically for the active control of these aberrations and present an application with our first experimental results on the High-contrast imager for Complex Aperture Telescopes (HiCAT) testbed, the STScI testbed for Earth-twin observations with future large space observatories, such as LUVOIR and HabEx, two NASA flagship mission concepts., Comment: Presented at SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2020
Published: 2020
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31. Volume uncertainty of (7) Iris shape models from disc-resolved images

Author: Laurent Jorda, P. Michel, Miroslav Brož, Michael Marsset, P. Bartczak, H. Le Coroller, Jérôme Berthier, Matti Viikinkoski, Paolo Tanga, Marin Ferrais, Benoit Carry, Arthur Vigan, Bin Yang, Pierre Vernazza, P. L. Lamy, Christophe Dumas, Tadeusz Michalowski, Toni Santana-Ros, Alexis Drouard, Romain Fétick, Grzegorz Dudziński, Julie Castillo-Rogez, M. Birlan, F. Vachier, S. Benseguane, Thierry Fusco, Agnieszka Kryszczyńska, E. Podlewska-Gaca, Fabrice Cipriani, Olivier Witasse, F. Marchis, Josef Hanus, Nicolas Rambaux, Emmanuel Jehin, A. Marciniak, François Colas, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Astronomical Observatory [Poznan], Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Institute of Astronomy [Prague], Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), SETI Institute, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [MIT, Cambridge] (EAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of Tampere [Finland], Astronomical Institute of Romanian Academy, Romanian Academy, Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research Institute (STAR), Université de Liège, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), TMT International Observatory, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Departamento de Fisica, Ingenieria de Sistemas y Teoria de la Señal [Alicante] (DFESTS), Universidad de Alicante, Institut de Ciencies del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), European Southern Observatory [Santiago] (ESO), European Southern Observatory (ESO), European Project: 871149,EPN2024-RI, Czech Science Foundation, European Commission, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
Subjects: asteroids, Surface (mathematics), Solar System, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, photometric -minor planets, Instrumentation, 01 natural sciences, Física Aplicada, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Angular resolution, individual, Iris (anatomy), Adaptive optics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, individual: (7) Iris [Minor planets, asteroids], 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, instrumentation, Physics, numerical [Methods], [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], photometric [Techniques], Astronomy and Astrophysics, adaptive optics -methods, Light curve, adaptive optics [Instrumentation], numerical -techniques, medicine.anatomical_structure, Space and Planetary Science, Asteroid, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: High angular resolution disc-resolved images of (7) Iris collected by VLT/SPHERE instrument are allowed for the detailed shape modelling of this large asteroid revealing its surface features. If (7) Iris did not suffer any events catastrophic enough to disrupt the body (which is very likely) by studying its topography, we might get insights into the early Solar system’s collisional history. When it comes to internal structure and composition, thoroughly assessing the volume and density uncertainties is necessary. In this work, we propose a method of uncertainty calculation of asteroid shape models based on light curve and adaptive optics (AO) images. We apply this method on four models of (7) Iris produced from independent Shaping Asteroids using Genetic Evolution and All-Data Asteroid Modelling inversion techniques and multiresolution photoclinometry by deformation. Obtained diameter uncertainties stem from both the observations from which the models were scaled and the models themselves. We show that despite the availability of high-resolution AO images, the volume and density of (7) Iris have substantial error bars that were underestimated in the previous studies., This work has been supported by the Czech Science Foundation through grant 20-08218S (JH, MB) and by the Charles University Research program No. UNCE/SCI/023. This work has been partially supported by Horizon 2020 grant no. 871149 ‘EPN-2024-RI’.
Published: 2020
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32. Direct confirmation of the radial-velocity planet β Pictoris c

Author: Benjamin Charnay, Feng Gao, Antoine Mérand, L. Rodet, H. Bonnet, Tyler Gardner, Jean-Phillipe Berger, E. F. van Dishoeck, Anthony Boccaletti, Stefan Gillessen, Felix Widmann, Eric Gendron, Hervé Beust, Karine Perraut, Wolfgang Brandner, A. Cridland, J. Rameau, Sasha Hinkley, R. Asensio-Torres, Stefan Hippler, Roderick Dembet, Thibaut Paumard, John D. Monnier, Claudia Paladini, Valentin Christiaens, Julien Woillez, Linda J. Tacconi, Gilles Otten, Z. Hubert, V. Lapeyrère, Xavier Haubois, António Amorim, Guy Perrin, Jinyi Shangguan, Jingxiu Wang, R. Garcia Lopez, David Mouillet, Erich Wiezorrek, M. Nowak, Reinhard Genzel, Sylvestre Lacour, P. Rubini, G. Heißel, Gilles Duvert, Odele Straub, J.-B. Le Bouquin, Thomas Ott, Jens Kammerer, Anne-Lise Maire, A. Drescher, Laura Kreidberg, G. Rodríguez-Coira, O. Pfuhl, Paulo J. V. Garcia, Laurent Pueyo, A. Grandjean, Frank Eisenhauer, Yann Clénet, P. T. de Zeeuw, Pierre Léna, Matthew Horrobin, V. Coudé du Foresto, Roberto Abuter, Anne-Marie Lagrange, S. D. von Fellenberg, Tomas Stolker, Gérard Rousset, F. Vincent, Pierre Kervella, Faustine Cantalloube, Julien Girard, Andreas Eckart, Arthur Vigan, Mickael Bonnefoy, Paul Mollière, Silvia Scheithauer, André Müller, Miriam Keppler, Ekkehard Wieprecht, E. Nasedkin, Christian Straubmeier, Th. Henning, Jason Dexter, Sarah Blunt, Myriam Benisty, M. Houllé, K. Ward-Duong, Julia Stadler, A. Jiménez-Rosales, Eckhard Sturm, Laurent Jocou, M. Kulikauskas, M. Bauböck, Elodie Choquet, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: planets and satellites, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Luminosity, formation -techniques, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics, detection -planets and satellites, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Planetary core, Giant planet, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Orbital period, Exoplanet, Accretion (astrophysics), Radial velocity, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], interferometric, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Context.Methods used to detect giant exoplanets can be broadly divided into two categories: indirect and direct. Indirect methods are more sensitive to planets with a small orbital period, whereas direct detection is more sensitive to planets orbiting at a large distance from their host star. This dichotomy makes it difficult to combine the two techniques on a single target at once.Aims.Simultaneous measurements made by direct and indirect techniques offer the possibility of determining the mass and luminosity of planets and a method of testing formation models. Here, we aim to show how long-baseline interferometric observations guided by radial-velocity can be used in such a way.Methods.We observed the recently-discovered giant planetβPictoris c with GRAVITY, mounted on the Very Large Telescope Interferometer.Results.This study constitutes the first direct confirmation of a planet discovered through radial velocity. We find that the planet has a temperature ofT = 1250 ± 50 K and a dynamical mass ofM = 8.2 ± 0.8 MJup. At 18.5 ± 2.5 Myr, this putsβPic c close to a ‘hot start’ track, which is usually associated with formation via disk instability. Conversely, the planet orbits at a distance of 2.7 au, which is too close for disk instability to occur. The low apparent magnitude (MK = 14.3 ± 0.1) favours a core accretion scenario.Conclusions.We suggest that this apparent contradiction is a sign of hot core accretion, for example, due to the mass of the planetary core or the existence of a high-temperature accretion shock during formation.
Published: 2020
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33. Binary asteroid (31) Euphrosyne: ice-rich and nearly spherical

Author: Emmanuel Jehin, Josef Hanus, Christophe Dumas, Franck Marchis, Frédéric Vachier, Nicolas Rambaux, Pierre Vernazza, Romain Fétick, Marin Ferrais, Zouhair Benkhaldoun, M. Pajuelo, Paolo Tanga, Bin Yang, A. Marciniak, Olivier Witasse, Matti Viikinkoski, E. Podlewska-Gaca, Fabrice Cipriani, Ondrej Chrenko, Philippe Lamy, Laurent Jorda, François Colas, J. Grice, Tadeusz Michalowski, Julie Castillo-Rogez, Josef Ďurech, Mikko Kaasalainen, Grzegorz Dudziński, Michael Marsset, Patrick Michel, Mirel Birlan, Przemyslaw Bartczak, Alexis Drouard, Toni Santana-Ros, Jérôme Berthier, Miroslav Brož, Arthur Vigan, P. Ševeček, Benoit Carry, Thierry Fusco, Agnieszka Kryszczyńska, European Southern Observatory [Santiago] (ESO), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Institute of Astronomy [Prague], Charles University [Prague] (CU), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [MIT, Cambridge] (EAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of Tampere [Finland], Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research Institute (STAR), Université de Liège, Astronomical Observatory [Poznan], Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute (SETI), Astronomical Institute of Romanian Academy, Romanian Academy, Oukaimeden Observatory, Université Cadi Ayyad [Marrakech] (UCA), Thirty Meter Telescope Observatory, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Palaiseau], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, School of Physical Sciences [Milton Keynes], Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics [Milton Keynes], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Universidad de Alicante, Institut de Ciencies del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú = Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP), Czech Science Foundation, Charles University (Czech Republic), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Generalitat Valenciana, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles), and Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal
Subjects: individual: (31) Euphrosyne / minor planets [Asteroids], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, general [Minor planets, asteroids], FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Asteroids: individual: (31) Euphrosyne / minor planets, 01 natural sciences, Sphericity, law.invention, Techniques: high angular resolution, Impact crater, law, Física Aplicada, 0103 physical sciences, observational [Methods], Circular orbit, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, individual: (31) Euphrosyne [Minor planets, asteroids], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astronomy and Astrophysics, high angular resolution [Techniques], Orbit, Asteroids: general, Methods: observational / minor planets, Space and Planetary Science, Asteroid, Satellite, observational / minor planets [Methods], Hydrostatic equilibrium, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], general [Asteroids], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Shape analysis (digital geometry)
Abstract: Aims. Asteroid (31) Euphrosyne is one of the biggest objects in the asteroid main belt and it is also the largest member of its namesake family. The Euphrosyne family occupies a highly inclined region in the outer main belt and contains a remarkably large number of members, which is interpreted as an outcome of a disruptive cratering event. Methods. The goals of this adaptive-optics imaging study are threefold: to characterize the shape of Euphrosyne, to constrain its density, and to search for the large craters that may be associated with the family formation event. Results. We obtained disk-resolved images of Euphrosyne using SPHERE/ZIMPOL at the ESO 8.2 m VLT as part of our large program (ID: 199.C-0074, PI: Vernazza). We reconstructed its 3D shape via the ADAM shape modeling algorithm based on the SPHERE images and the available light curves of this asteroid. We analyzed the dynamics of the satellite with the Genoid meta-heuristic algorithm. Finally, we studied the shape of Euphrosyne using hydrostatic equilibrium models. Conclusions. Our SPHERE observations show that Euphrosyne has a nearly spherical shape with the sphericity index of 0.9888 and its surface lacks large impact craters. Euphrosyne's diameter is 268 ± 6 km, making it one of the top ten largest main belt asteroids. We detected a satellite of Euphrosyne - S/2019 (31) 1 - that is about 4 km across, on a circular orbit. The mass determined from the orbit of the satellite together with the volume computed from the shape model imply a density of 1665 ± 242 kg m-3, suggesting that Euphrosyne probably contains a large fraction of water ice in its interior. We find that the spherical shape of Euphrosyne is a result of the reaccumulation process following the impact, as in the case of (10) Hygiea. However, our shape analysis reveals that, contrary to Hygiea, the axis ratios of Euphrosyne significantly differ from those suggested by fluid hydrostatic equilibrium following reaccumulation., This work has been supported by the Czech Science Foundation through grant 18-09470S (J. Hanuš, O. Chrenko, P. Ševecˇek) and by the Charles University Research program No. UNCE/SCI/023. M.B. was supported by the Czech Science Foundation grant 18-04514J. Computational resources were supplied by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic under the projects CESNET (LM2015042) and IT4Innovations National Supercomputing Centre (LM2015070). P. Vernazza, A. Drouard, M. Ferrais and B. Carry were supported by CNRS/INSU/PNP. M.M. was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant No. 80NSSC18K0849 issued through the Planetary Astronomy Program. The work of TSR was carried out through grant APOSTD/2019/046 by Generalitat Valen-ciana (Spain). This work was supported by the MINECO (Spanish Ministry of Economy) through grant RTI2018-095076-B-C21 (MINECO/FEDER, UE). The research leading to these results has received funding from the ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions, financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. TRAPPIST is a project funded by the Belgian Fonds (National) de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S.-FNRS) under grant FRFC 2.5.594.09.F. TRAPPIST-North is a project funded by the Université de Liège, and performed in collaboration with Cadi Ayyad University of Marrakesh. E. Jehin is a FNRS Senior Research Associate.
Published: 2020
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34. Characterizing brown dwarf companions with IRDIS long-slit spectroscopy: HD 1160 B and HD 19467 B

Author: Daniel Kitzmann, Valentina D'Orazi, Kevin Heng, Anne-Lise Maire, R. G. Gratton, Silvano Desidera, Mickael Bonnefoy, S. Peretti, Dino Mesa, Anthony Boccaletti, Baptiste Lavie, Arthur Vigan, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Department of Geriatric Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud [CHU - HCL] (CHLS), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern], Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève (ObsGE), Université de Genève (UNIGE), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Brown dwarf, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, 0103 physical sciences, Angular resolution, Spectroscopy, infrared: planetary systems, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Long-slit spectroscopy, instrumentation: spectrographs, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 520 Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Spectral bands, 500 Science, Surface gravity, methods: data analysis, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, techniques: imaging spectroscopy, Low Mass, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: The determination of the fundamental properties (mass, separation, age, gravity and atmospheric properties) of brown dwarf companions allows us to infer crucial informations on their formation and evolution mechanisms. Spectroscopy of substellar companions is available to date only for a limited number of objects (and mostly at very low resolution, R, 14 pages, 14 Figures. Accepted for publication on MNRAS
Published: 2020
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35. Orbital and spectral characterization of the benchmark T-type brown dwarf HD 19467B

Author: N. Frankel, Ronald Roelfsema, Anthony Cheetham, Jean-Loup Baudino, P. Mollière, Janis Hagelberg, Thomas Henning, Alain Roux, Michael R. Meyer, Joany Andreina Manjarres Ramos, Benjamin Charnay, Stéphane Udry, R. Galicher, C. Lazzoni, T. O. B. Schmidt, Sergio Messina, Beth Biller, Alice Zurlo, Roxanne Ligi, Mickael Bonnefoy, C. Perrot, Raffaele Gratton, Damien Ségransan, Gael Chauvin, Philippe Delorme, T. Bhowmik, A-M. Lagrange, Silvano Desidera, Dino Mesa, Anne-Lise Maire, Anthony Boccaletti, Wolfgang Brandner, E. L. Rickman, Trifon Trifonov, Maud Langlois, J. Pragt, Karan Molaverdikhani, Baptiste Lavie, Valentina D'Orazi, L. Gluck, Faustine Cantalloube, Jean-Luc Beuzit, André Müller, Arthur Vigan, J.-F. Sauvage, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Châtillon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability, FOS: Physical sciences, Library science, techniques: image processing, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, stars: individual: HD 19467, 0103 physical sciences, media_common.cataloged_instance, European union, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], European research, techniques: high angular resolution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, methods: data analysis, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, brown dwarfs, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Context. Detecting and characterizing substellar companions for which the luminosity, mass, and age can be determined independently is of utter importance to test and calibrate the evolutionary models due to uncertainties in their formation mechanisms. HD 19467 is a bright and nearby star hosting a cool brown dwarf companion detected with RV and imaging, making it a valuable object for such studies. Aims. We aim to further characterize the orbital, spectral, and physical properties of the HD 19467 system. Methods. We present new high-contrast imaging data with the SPHERE and NaCo instruments. We also analyze archival data from HARPS, NaCo, HIRES, UVES, and ASAS. We also use proper motion data of the star from Hipparcos and Gaia. Results. We refine the properties of the host star and derive an age of 8.0$^{+2.0}_{-1.0}$ Gyr based on isochrones, gyrochronology, and chemical and kinematic arguments. This estimate is slightly younger than previous estimates of ~9-11 Gyr. No orbital curvature is seen in the current imaging, RV, and astrometric data. From a joint fit of the data, we refine the orbital parameters for HD 19467B: period 398$^{+95}_{-93}$ yr, inclination 129.8$^{+8.1}_{-5.1}$ deg, eccentricity 0.56$\pm$0.09, longitude of the ascending node 134.8$\pm$4.5 deg, and argument of the periastron 64.2$^{+5.5}_{-6.3}$ deg. We assess a dynamical mass of 74$^{+12}_{-9}$ MJ. The fit with atmospheric models of the spectrophotometric data of HD 19467B indicates an atmosphere without clouds or with very thin clouds, an effective temperature of 1042$^{+77}_{-71}$ K, and a large surface gravity of 5.34$^{+0.08}_{-0.09}$ dex. The comparison to model predictions of the bolometric luminosity and dynamical mass of HD 19467B, assuming our system age estimate, indicates a better agreement with the Burrows et al. models; whereas the other evolutionary models used tend to underestimate its cooling rate., Accepted for publication in A&A, 25 pages, 23 figures, 9 tables. Abstract slightly abridged to match arXiv requirements. Updated after language editing
Published: 2020
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36. Ongoing flyby in the young multiple system UX Tauri

Author: S. Rochat, Myriam Benisty, Yann Boehler, Christian Ginski, Norbert Hubin, Antonio Garufi, Alice Zurlo, R. G. van Holstein, Janis Hagelberg, Nicolás Cuello, M. Villenave, Daniel J. Price, Raffaele Gratton, Anne-Lise Maire, G. van der Plas, Garreth Ruane, S. Chripko, Arthur Vigan, P. Pinilla, H. M. Schmid, François Ménard, Eric Stadler, A. Boccaletti, Th. Henning, J. de Boer, Carsten Dominik, Jean-François Sauvage, Jean-François Gonzalez, Christophe Pinte, Maud Langlois, A. Pavlov, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), University of Arizona, Caltech Department of Astronomy [Pasadena], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Châtillon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, ANR-16-CE31-0013,PLANET-FORMING-DISKS,De meilleurs modèles pour de meilleures données(2016), Low Energy Astrophysics (API, FNWI), Faculty of Science, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Semi-major axis, FOS: Physical sciences, stars: pre-main sequence, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, circumstellar matter, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Coming out, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, protoplanetary disks, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Polarization (waves), Position angle, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Circumstellar disk, Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, binaries: general, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Scattered light, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: We present observations of the young multiple system UX Tauri to look for circumstellar disks and for signs of dynamical interactions. We obtained SPHERE/IRDIS deep differential polarization images in the J and H bands. We also used ALMA archival CO data. Large extended spirals are well detected in scattered light coming out of the disk of UX Tau A. The southern spiral forms a bridge between UX Tau A and C. These spirals, including the bridge connecting the two stars, all have a CO (3-2) counterpart seen by ALMA. The disk of UX Tau C is detected in scattered light. It is much smaller than the disk of UX Tau A and has a major axis along a different position angle, suggesting a misalignment. We performed PHANTOM SPH hydrodynamical models to interpret the data. The scattered light spirals, CO emission spirals and velocity patterns of the rotating disks, and the compactness of the disk of UX Tau C all point to a scenario in which UX Tau A has been perturbed very recently (about 1000 years) by the close passage of UX Tau C., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics Letters. (8pages, 8 figures). 2 movies will be available on-line
Published: 2020
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37. Increasing the raw contrast of VLT/SPHERE with the dark hole technique

Author: Julien Milli, Elsa Huby, Anthony Boccaletti, Mamadou N'Diaye, Jean-François Sauvage, Axel Potier, Pierre Baudoz, Arthur Vigan, Zahed Wahhaj, Raphael Galicher, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), European Southern Observatory [Santiago] (ESO), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Châtillon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: media_common.quotation_subject, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics, instrumentation: adaptive optics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Telescope, Optics, law, instrumentation: high angular resolution, 0103 physical sciences, Adaptive optics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Coronagraph, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), media_common, Wavefront, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Plane (geometry), Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, techniques: high angular resolution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Exoplanet, Space and Planetary Science, Sky, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: Context. Since 1995 and the first discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a main-sequence star, 4000 exoplanets have been discovered using several techniques. However, only a few of these exoplanets were detected through direct imaging. Indeed, the imaging of circumstellar environments requires high-contrast imaging facilities and accurate control of wavefront aberrations. Ground-based planet imagers such as VLT/SPHERE or Gemini/GPI have already demonstrated great performance. However, their limit of detection is hampered by suboptimal correction of aberrations unseen by adaptive optics (AO). Aims. Instead of focusing on the phase minimization of the pupil plane as in standard AO, we aim to directly minimize the stellar residual light in the SPHERE science camera behind the coronagraph to improve the contrast as close as possible to the inner working angle. Methods. We propose a dark hole (DH) strategy optimized for SPHERE. We used a numerical simulation to predict the global improvement of such a strategy on the overall performance of the instrument for different AO capabilities and particularly in the context of a SPHERE upgrade. Then, we tested our algorithm on the internal source with the AO in closed loop. Results. We demonstrate that our DH strategy can correct for aberrations of phase and amplitude. Moreover, this approach has the ability to strongly reduce the diffraction pattern induced by the telescope pupil and the coronagraph, unlike methods operating at the pupil plane. Our strategy enables us to reach a contrast of 5e-7 at 150 mas from the optical axis in a few minutes using the SPHERE internal source. This experiment establishes the grounds for implementing the algorithm on sky in the near future., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Published: 2020
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38. Detection of Polarization due to Cloud Bands in the Nearby Luhman 16 Brown Dwarf Binary

Author: Mark S. Marley, Jos de Boer, Arthur Vigan, Tiffany Kataria, Julien Girard, Dimitri Mawet, Theodora Karalidi, Sasha Hinkley, Sujan Sengupta, Frans Snik, Maxwell A. Millar-Blanchaer, Rob G. van Holstein, Rebecca Jensen-Clem, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), European Southern Observatory (ESO), NASA Ames Research Center Cooperative for Research in Earth Science in Technology (ARC-CREST), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Caltech Department of Astronomy [Pasadena], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY), Universiteit Leiden, Department of Earth and Planetary Science [UC Berkeley] (EPS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Physics and Astronomy [Exeter], University of Exeter, Leiden University, University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), and California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA
Subjects: Physics, Very Large Telescope, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Linear polarization, Brown dwarf, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Polarization (waves), 01 natural sciences, Stars, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Binary star, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Cosmic dust
Abstract: Brown dwarfs exhibit patchy or spatially varying banded cloud structures that are inferred through photometric and spectroscopic variability modeling techniques. However, these methods are insensitive to rotationally invariant structures, such as the bands seen in Jupiter. Here, we present H-band Very Large Telescope/NaCo linear polarization measurements of the nearby Luhman 16 L/T transition binary, which suggest that Luhman 16A exhibits constant longitudinal cloud bands. The instrument was operated in pupil tracking mode, allowing us to unambiguously distinguish between a small astrophysical polarization and the ∼2% instrumental linear polarization. We measure the degree and angle of linear polarization of Luhman 16A and B to be p A = 0.031% ± 0.004% and ψ A = −32° ± 4°, and p B = 0.010% ± 0.004% and , respectively. Using known physical parameters of the system, we demonstrate that an oblate homogeneous atmosphere cannot account for the polarization measured in Luhman 16A, but could be responsible for that of the B component. Through a nonexhaustive search of banded cloud morphologies, we demonstrate a two-banded scenario that can achieve a degree of linear polarization of p = 0.03% and conclude that the measured polarization of the A component must be predominantly due to cloud banding. For Luhman 16B, either oblateness or cloud banding could be the dominant source of the measured polarization. The misaligned polarization angles of the two binary components tentatively suggest spin–orbit misalignment. These measurements provide new evidence for the prevalence of cloud banding in brown dwarfs while at the same time demonstrating a new method—complementary to photometric and spectroscopic variability methods—for characterizing the cloud morphologies of substellar objects without signs of variability.
Published: 2020
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39. Measuring the cophasing state of a segmented mirror with a wavelength sweep and a Zernike phase contrast sensor

Author: Emmanuel Hugot, Anne-Laure Cheffot, Samuel Lévêque, Arthur Vigan, European Southern Observatory (ESO), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Zernike polynomials, Segmented mirror, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Telescope, symbols.namesake, Optics, Position (vector), law, 0103 physical sciences, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, business.industry, Resolution (electron density), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Phaser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Cophasing, Wavelength, symbols, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, 0210 nano-technology, business, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The demand for higher resolution telescopes leads to segmented primary mirrors which need to be phased for operation. A phasing sensor applying a wavelength sweep technique provides a large capture range without modulating the position of individual mirror segments. This technique offers the potential to monitor the phasing state of a segmented telescope in parallel to the science observations. We evaluate the performance of the wavelength sweep technique using a Zernike phase contrast sensor for coarse phasing. Tests results on a dedicated bench show 112 nm rms precision. With the help of a simulation, we explain a known error of the method and we suggest ways for improvements., 23 pages, 14 figures
Published: 2020
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40. HD 117214 debris disk: scattered-light images and constraints on the presence of planets

Author: Arthur Vigan, H. M. Schmid, N. Pawellek, Th. Henning, Anthony Cheetham, D. Gisler, Gael Chauvin, Mickael Bonnefoy, A-M. Lagrange, Q. Kral, Faustine Cantalloube, E. L. Rickman, Alice Zurlo, Julien Milli, S. Hunziker, N. Engler, S. Petrus, A. Boccaletti, O. Moeller-Nilsson, Philippe Thébault, M. Carle, C. Lazzoni, Silvano Desidera, Sascha P. Quanz, Markus Feldt, Maud Langlois, Michael R. Meyer, Raffaele Gratton, Francois Wildi, Johan Olofsson, Cyril Petit, Eric Stadler, Samantha Brown, Dino Mesa, Tomas Stolker, Christian Ginski, T. Buey, FRAMATOME, INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, European Southern Observatory (ESO), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève (ObsGE), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics [ETH Zürich] (IPA), Department of Physics [ETH Zürich] (D-PHYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Châtillon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, Institute of Astronomy [ETH Zürich], Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Université de Genève (UNIGE), Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN) - UMR 8520 (IEMN), and Ecole Centrale de Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [PHYS]Physics [physics], Debris disk, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astronomy and Astrophysics, Radius, Planetary system, Debris, Exoplanet, Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: We performed observations of the Sco-Cen F star HD 117214 aiming at a search for planetary companions and the characterization of the debris disk structure. HD 117214 was observed with the SPHERE subsystems IRDIS, IFS and ZIMPOL at optical and near-IR wavelengths using angular and polarimetric differential imaging techniques. This provided the first images of scattered light from the debris disk with a spatial resolution reaching 25 mas and an inner working angle $< 0.1''$. With the observations with IRDIS and IFS we derive detection limits for substellar companions. The geometrical parameters of the detected disk are constrained by fitting 3D models for the scattering of an optically thin dust disk. Investigating the possible origin of the disk gap, we introduced putative planets therein and modeled the planet-disk and planet-planet dynamical interactions. The obtained planetary architectures are compared with the detection limit curves. The debris disk has an axisymmetric ring structure with a radius of $0.42(\pm 0.01)''$ or $\sim45$ au and an inclination of $71(\pm 2.5)^\circ$ and exhibits a $0.4''$ ($\sim40$ au) wide inner cavity. From the polarimetric data, we derive a polarized flux contrast for the disk of $(F_{\rm pol})_{\rm disk}/F_{\rm \ast}> (3.1 \pm 1.2)\cdot 10^{-4}$ in the RI band. The fractional scattered polarized flux of the disk is eight times smaller than the fractional infrared flux excess. This ratio is similar to the one obtained for the debris disk HIP 79977 indicating that dust radiation properties are not very different between these two disks. Inside the disk cavity we achieve the high sensitivity limits on planetary companions with a mass down to $\sim 4 M_{\rm J}$ at projected radial separations between $0.2''$ and $0.4''$. We can exclude the stellar companions at a radial separation larger than 75 mas from the star., 20 pages
Published: 2020
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41. Design and manufacturing of a multi-zone phase-shifting coronagraph mask for extremely large telescopes

Author: Carole Gouvret, M. Belhadi, Olivier Preis, L. Abe, A. Caillat, S. Gautier, Justin Knight, T. Behaghel, Mamadou N'Diaye, Kjetil Dohlen, Mathilde Beaulieu, S. Tisserand, Olivier Guyon, Arthur Vigan, J. M. Le Duigou, Patrice Martinez, Alain Spang, V. Sauget, K. Barjot, A. Marcotto, J. Dejonghe, Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMI GT CNRS, Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Diffraction, Aperture, Context (language use), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Optics, Apodization, law, instrumentation: high angular resolution, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Coronagraph, Wavefront, Physics, business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, techniques: high angular resolution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Starlight, Cardinal point, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: Context. High-contrast imaging of exoplanets around nearby stars with future large-segmented apertures requires starlight suppression systems optimized for complex aperture geometries. Future extremely large telescopes (ELTs) equipped with high-contrast instruments operating as close as possible to the diffraction limit will open a bulk of targets in the habitable zone around M-stars. In this context, the phase-induced amplitude apodization complex mask coronagraph (PIAACMC) is a promising concept for high-efficiency coronagraphic imaging at small angular separations with segmented telescopes. Aims. The complex focal plane mask of the PIAACMC is a multi-zone, phase-shifting mask comprised of tiled hexagons that vary in depth. The mask requires micro-fabrication techniques because it is generally made of hundreds micron-scale hexagonal zones with depths ranging over a few microns. We aim to demonstrate that the complex focal plane mask of a PIAACMC with a small inner working angle can be designed and manufactured for segmented apertures. Methods. We report on the numerical design, specifications, manufacturing, and characterization of a PIAACMC complex focal plane mask for the segmented pupil experiment for exoplanet detection facility. Results. Our PIAACMC design offers an inner working angle of 1.3 λ/D and is optimized for a 30% telescope-central-obscuration ratio including six secondary support structures (ESO/ELT design). The fabricated reflective focal plane mask is made of 499 hexagons, and the characteristic size of the mask features is 25 μm, with depths ranging over ±0.4 μm. The mask sag local deviation is measured to an average error of 3 nm and standard deviation of 6 nm rms. The metrological analysis of the mask using interferential microscopy gives access to an in-depth understanding of the component’s optical quality, including a complete mapping of the zone depth distribution zone-depth distribution. The amplitude of the errors in the fabricated mask are within the wavefront control dynamic range. Conclusions. We demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating and characterizing high-quality PIAA complex focal plane masks.
Published: 2020
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42. 2MASS J15491331-3539118: a new low-mass wide companion of the GQ Lup system

Author: Elisabetta Rigliaco, Antonio Frasca, C. Lazzoni, Gael Chauvin, Silvano Desidera, F. Z. Majidi, Joshua E. Schlieder, Mickael Bonnefoy, Dino Mesa, Juan M. Alcalá, Carlo F. Manara, Elvira Covino, Arthur Vigan, Raffaele Gratton, Riccardo Claudi, Maud Langlois, Valentina D'Orazi, INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania (OACT), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ITA, USA, FRA, DEU, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Young stellar object, Lupus (constellation), Brown dwarf, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Position angle, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Accretion (astrophysics), Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Low Mass, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Substellar companions at wide separation around stars hosting planets or brown dwarfs (BDs) yet close enough for their formation in the circumstellar disc are of special interest. In this letter we report the discovery of a wide (projected separation $\sim$16.0arcsec, or 2400 AU, and position angle 114.61$^\circ$) companion of the GQ Lup A-B system, most likely gravitationally bound to it. A VLT/X-Shooter spectrum shows that this star, 2MASS J15491331-3539118, is a bonafide low-mass ($\sim$0.15 M$_\odot$) young stellar object (YSO) with stellar and accretion/ejection properties typical of Lupus YSOs of similar mass, and with kinematics consistent with that of the GQ Lup A-B system. A possible scenario for the formation of the triple system is that GQ Lup A and 2MASS J15491331-3539118 formed by fragmentation of a turbulent core in the Lup I filament, while GQ Lup B, the BD companion of GQ Lup A at 0.7arcsec, formed in situ by the fragmentation of the circumprimary disc. The recent discoveries that stars form along cloud filaments would favour the scenario of turbulent fragmentation for the formation of GQ Lup A and 2MASS J15491331-3539118., 8 pages, 8 figures
Published: 2020
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43. RefPlanets: Search for reflected light from extrasolar planets with SPHERE/ZIMPOL

Author: H. M. Schmid, Michael Meyer, Eric Lagadec, François Ménard, Thierry Fusco, A. Pavlov, R. G. van Holstein, Ralf Siebenmorgen, J.-B. Daban, Julien Milli, P. Delorme, M. Suarez, P. Martinez, Arthur Vigan, Sascha P. Quanz, Mark Downing, Judit Szulágyi, Christoph U. Keller, Stéphane Udry, Riccardo Claudi, M. Kasper, Anne Costille, Frans Snik, Christian Ginski, Silvano Desidera, Andreas Bazzon, C. Thalmann, Anne-Lise Maire, Pascal Puget, Marcel Carbillet, S. Hunziker, Alice Zurlo, J.-L. Beuzit, David Mouillet, Pierre Baudoz, N. Engler, Norbert Hubin, G. Chauvin, J.-F. Sauvage, Massimo Turatto, Kjetil Dohlen, Anthony Boccaletti, Francois Wildi, R. Roelfsema, M. Feldt, Andrea Baruffolo, L. Abe, Carsten Dominik, E. Sissa, E. L. Rickman, Bernardo Salasnich, Maud Langlois, R. G. Gratton, Henning Avenhaus, Julien Girard, Th. Henning, D. Gisler, J. Pragt, Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics [ETH Zürich] (IPA), Department of Physics [ETH Zürich] (D-PHYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), FRAMATOME, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Châtillon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), NOVA Optical Infrared Instrumentation Group, Institute of Astronomy [ETH Zürich], Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève (ObsGE), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Low Energy Astrophysics (API, FNWI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université de Genève (UNIGE), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, Library science, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Agency (sociology), European commission, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], European research, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Methods observational, Joint research, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Christian ministry, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: RefPlanets is a guaranteed time observation (GTO) programme that uses the Zurich IMaging POLarimeter (ZIMPOL) of SPHERE/VLT for a blind search for exoplanets in wavelengths from 600-900 nm. The goals of this study are the characterization of the unprecedented high polarimetic contrast and polarimetric precision capabilities of ZIMPOL for bright targets, the search for polarized reflected light around some of the closest bright stars to the Sun and potentially the direct detection of an evolved cold exoplanet for the first time. For our observations of Alpha Cen A and B, Sirius A, Altair, Eps Eri and Tau Ceti we used the polarimetric differential imaging (PDI) mode of ZIMPOL which removes the speckle noise down to the photon noise limit for angular separations >0.6". We describe some of the instrumental effects that dominate the noise for smaller separations and explain how to remove these additional noise effects in post-processing. We then combine PDI with angular differential imaging (ADI) as a final layer of post-processing to further improve the contrast limits of our data at these separations. For good observing conditions we achieve polarimetric contrast limits of 15.0-16.3 mag at the effective inner working angle of about 0.13", 16.3-18.3 mag at 0.5" and 18.8-20.4 mag at 1.5". The contrast limits closer in (0.6"), the limits mainly depend on the brightness of the star and the total integration time. We compare our results with contrast limits from other surveys and review the exoplanet detection limits obtained with different detection methods. For all our targets we achieve unprecedented contrast limits. Despite the high polarimetric contrasts we are not able to find any additional companions or extended polarized light sources in the data that has been taken so far., 23 pages, 17 figures, 2 table, Accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2020
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44. K-Stacker: an algorithm to hack the orbital parameters of planets hidden in high-contrast imaging: First applications to VLT/SPHERE multi-epoch observations

Author: Jean-Luc Beuzit, Arthur Vigan, Markus Feldt, Kjetil Dohlen, H. Le Coroller, E. Sissa, A. L. Maire, Pierre Vernazza, A. Schneeberger, Anthony Cheetham, S. Rochat, Michael R. Meyer, Thierry Fusco, Mariangela Bonavita, D. Estevez, D. Le Mignant, François Ménard, Joany Andreina Manjarres Ramos, Matthias Samland, Mathias Nowak, Mickael Bonnefoy, J. C. Lambert, Alice Zurlo, Valentina D'Orazi, Dino Mesa, Philippe Delorme, A. Boccaletti, Hervé Beust, R. Galicher, Roxanne Ligi, Gael Chauvin, A-M. Lagrange, Markus Janson, T. Fenouillet, Raffaele Gratton, David Mouillet, L. Arnold, M. Devinat, Silvano Desidera, Maud Langlois, J. Bec-Canet, C. Desgrange, Jean-François Sauvage, Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), Institut Pythéas (OSU PYTHEAS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), European Southern Observatory (ESO), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève (ObsGE), Université de Genève (UNIGE), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Châtillon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), and University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)
Subjects: [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics, instrumentation: adaptive optics, 01 natural sciences, stars: individual: HD 95086, 03 medical and health sciences, Planet, instrumentation: high angular resolution, 0103 physical sciences, Gemini Planet Imager, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 030304 developmental biology, Orbital elements, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), 0303 health sciences, stars: individual: β Pictoris, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrometry, [PHYS.ASTR.SR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Solar and Stellar Astrophysics [astro-ph.SR], methods: data analysis, Exoplanet, Radial velocity, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Orbital motion, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Algorithm, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Recent high-contrast imaging surveys, looking for planets in young, nearby systems showed evidence of a small number of giant planets at relatively large separation beyond typically 20 au where those surveys are the most sensitive. Access to smaller physical separations between 5 and 20 au is the next step for future planet imagers on 10 m telescopes and ELTs in order to bridge the gap with indirect techniques (radial velocity, transit, astrometry with Gaia). In that context, we recently proposed a new algorithm, Keplerian-Stacker, combining multiple observations acquired at different epochs and taking into account the orbital motion of a potential planet present in the images to boost the ultimate detection limit. We showed that this algorithm is able to find planets in time series of simulated images of SPHERE even when a planet remains undetected at one epoch. Here, we validate the K-Stacker algorithm performances on real SPHERE datasets, to demonstrate its resilience to instrumental speckles and the gain offered in terms of true detection. This will motivate future dedicated multi-epoch observation campaigns in high-contrast imaging to search for planets in emitted and reflected light. Results. We show that K-Stacker achieves high success rate when the SNR of the planet in the stacked image reaches 7. The improvement of the SNR ratio goes as the square root of the total exposure time. During the blind test and the redetection of HD 95086 b, and betaPic b, we highlight the ability of K-Stacker to find orbital solutions consistent with the ones derived by the state of the art MCMC orbital fitting techniques, confirming that in addition to the detection gain, K-Stacker offers the opportunity to characterize the most probable orbital solutions of the exoplanets recovered at low signal to noise., Comment: Astronomy & Astrophysics accepted, 13 Pages, 11 Figures
Published: 2020
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45. Searching for the near-infrared counterpart of Proxima c using multi-epoch high-contrast SPHERE data at VLT

Author: Thomas Henning, Mickael Bonnefoy, Arthur Vigan, Janis Hagelberg, Gael Chauvin, Philippe Delorme, Thierry Fusco, Markus Feldt, A. Potier, A-M. Lagrange, Mario Damasso, Julien Milli, E. Sissa, Valentina D'Orazi, R. Galicher, Alessandro Sozzetti, C. Lazzoni, T. O. B. Schmidt, L. Rodet, E. Lagadec, Samantha Brown, Michael R. Meyer, Jacopo Antichi, E. L. Rickman, H. Le Coroller, Laurent M. Mugnier, F. Del Sordo, Dino Mesa, Pierre Kervella, Alice Zurlo, Faustine Cantalloube, Anthony Boccaletti, Zahed Wahhaj, Francois Wildi, Roxanne Ligi, Maud Langlois, Raffaele Gratton, Wolfgang Brandner, Marcos Suarez, Markus Janson, C. Romero, François Ménard, Judit Szulágyi, Eric Stadler, Silvano Desidera, Anne-Lise Maire, INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), Institut Pythéas (OSU PYTHEAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, European Southern Observatory (ESO), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Palaiseau], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève (ObsGE), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Departamento de Biologia de la Reproduccion, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa (UAM), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (OATo), Institute of Astronomy [ETH Zürich], Department of Physics [ETH Zürich] (D-PHYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Université de Genève (UNIGE), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), and Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: planets and satellites: detection, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), techniques: image processing, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, planets and satellites: terrestrial planets, Planet, instrumentation: high angular resolution, 0103 physical sciences, Circular orbit, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astronomy and Astrophysics, stars: individual: Proxima, Quadrature (astronomy), Orbit, Fomalhaut, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Orbital motion, planets and satellites: individual: Proxima c, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Circumstellar habitable zone, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Proxima Centauri is known to host an earth-like planet in its habitable zone; very recently a second candidate planet was proposed based on radial velocities. At quadrature, the expected projected separation of this new candidate is larger than 1 arcsec, making it a potentially interesting target for direct imaging. While difficult, identification of the optical counterpart of this planet would allow detailed characterization of the closest planetary system. We searched for a counterpart in SPHERE images acquired during four years through the SHINE survey. In order to account for the large orbital motion of the planet, we used a method that assumes the circular orbit obtained from radial velocities and exploits the sequence of observations acquired close to quadrature in the orbit. We checked this with a more general approach that considers keplerian motion, K-stacker. We did not obtain a clear detection. The best candidate has S/N=6.1 in the combined image. A statistical test suggests that the probability that this detection is due to random fluctuation of noise is < 1% but this result depends on the assumption that distribution of noise is uniform over the image. The position of this candidate and the orientation of its orbital plane fit well with observations in the ALMA 12m array image. However, the astrometric signal expected from the orbit of the candidate we detected is 3-sigma away from the astrometric motion of Proxima as measured from early Gaia data. This, together with the unexpectedly high flux associated with our direct imaging detection, means we cannot confirm that our candidate is indeed Proxima c. On the other hand, if confirmed, this would be the first observation in imaging of a planet discovered from radial velocities and the second one (after Fomalhaut b) of reflecting circumplanetary material. Further confirmation observations should be done as soon as possible., 14 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication on Astronomy and Astrophysics
Published: 2020
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46. The violent collisional history of aqueously evolved (2) Pallas

Author: Alexis Drouard, Franck Marchis, Romain Fétick, Arthur Vigan, Miroslav Brož, Julie Castillo-Rogez, Herve Le Coroller, Christophe Dumas, Josef Hanus, Toni Santana-Ros, Paolo Tanga, Patrick Michel, Matti Viikinkoski, Mirel Birlan, E. Podlewska-Gaca, Fabrice Cipriani, Bin Yang, Nicolas Rambaux, Mikko Kaasalainen, Thierry Fusco, Grzegorz Dudziński, Tadeusz Michalowski, Benoit Carry, Agnieszka Kryszczyńska, Przemyslaw Bartczak, P. Ševeček, Jérôme Berthier, Laurent Jorda, Josef Ďurech, Michael Marsset, François Colas, Derek C. Richardson, Marin Ferrais, A. Marciniak, Frédéric Vachier, Erik Asphaug, Pierre Vernazza, Emmanuel Jehin, Olivier Witasse, Philippe Lamy, European Commission, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Generalitat Valenciana, Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] (ARC), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Astronomical Institute of Charles University, Charles University [Prague] (CU), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Mathematics [Tampere], Tampere University of Technology [Tampere] (TUT), Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute (SETI), Astronomical Observatory [Poznan], Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Faculty of Mathematics and Physics [Praha/Prague], Université de Liège, Les Afriques dans le monde (LAM), Sciences Po Bordeaux - Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux (IEP Bordeaux)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Bordeaux-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Châtillon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research Institute (STAR), Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), Institut Pythéas (OSU PYTHEAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Amgen (Europe) GmbH, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Astronomy [College Park], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), European Southern Observatory [Santiago] (ESO), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sciences Po Bordeaux - Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux (IEP Bordeaux)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Bordeaux-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal
Subjects: Very Large Telescope, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Asteroid (2) Pallas, Violent collisional history, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Orbital eccentricity, Astrophysics, Aqueous alteration, Albedo, 01 natural sciences, Orbital inclination, Bright spot, Impact crater, 13. Climate action, Chondrite, Asteroid, Física Aplicada, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: et al., Asteroid (2) Pallas is the largest main-belt object not yet visited by a spacecraft, making its surface geology largely unknown and limiting our understanding of its origin and collisional evolution. Previous ground-based observational campaigns returned different estimates of its bulk density that are inconsistent with one another, one measurement1 being compatible within error bars with the icy Ceres (2.16 ± 0.01 g cm−3)2 and the other3 compatible within error bars with the rocky Vesta (3.46 ± 0.03 g cm−3)4. Here we report high-angular-resolution observations of Pallas performed with the extreme adaptive optics-fed SPHERE imager5 on the Very Large Telescope. Pallas records a violent collisional history, with numerous craters larger than 30 km in diameter populating its surface and two large impact basins that could be related to a family-forming impact. Monte Carlo simulations of the collisional evolution of the main belt correlate this cratering record to the high average impact velocity of ~11.5 km s−1 on Pallas—compared with an average of ~5.8 km s−1 for the asteroid belt—induced by Pallas’s high orbital inclination (i = 34.8°) and orbital eccentricity (e = 0.23). Compositionally, Pallas’s derived bulk density of 2.89 ± 0.08 g cm−3 (1σ uncertainty) is fully compatible with a CM chondrite-like body, as suggested by its spectral reflectance in the 3 μm wavelength region6. A bright spot observed on its surface may indicate an enrichment in salts during an early phase of aqueous alteration, compatible with Pallas’s relatively high albedo of 12–17% (refs. 7,8), although alternative origins are conceivable., Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO programme 199.C-0074 (principal investigator: P.V.). This research has made use of the Keck Observatory Archive (KOA), which is operated by the W. M. Keck Observatory and the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute (NExScI), under contract with NASA. M.M. was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant number 80NSSC18K0849 issued through the Planetary Astronomy Program. This work was supported by the French Direction Générale de l’Armement (DGA) and Aix-Marseille Université (AMU). P.V., A.D. and B.C. were supported by CNRS/INSU/PNP. J.H., J.D. and P.S. were supported by the grant 18-09470S of the Czech Science Foundation and by the Charles University Research Programme number UNCE/SCI/023. M.Brož was supported by the grant 18-04514J of the Czech Science Foundation. E.J. is a F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. The work of T.S.-R. was carried out through grant APOSTD/2019/046 by Generalitat Valenciana (Spain). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 730890.
Published: 2020
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47. The wind-driven halo in high-contrast images I: analysis from the focal plane images of SPHERE

Author: Wolfgang Brandner, James Osborn, Faustine Cantalloube, Arthur Vigan, Carlos Correia, Julien Milli, Th. Henning, Emiel H. Por, Kjetil Dohlen, O. J. D. Farley, Nazim Ali Bharmal, M. Suarez Valles, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Physics [Durham], University of New Hampshire (UNH), European Southern Observatory [Santiago] (ESO), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), W.M. Keck Observatory, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, and Universiteit Leiden
Subjects: Point spread function, [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], media_common.quotation_subject, FOS: Physical sciences, Techniques: image processing, Context (language use), Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Infrared: planetary systems, 0103 physical sciences, Contrast (vision), Point (geometry), Adaptive optics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), media_common, Physics, Instrumentation: adaptive optics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Atmospheric effects, Computational physics, Cardinal point, Space and Planetary Science, Feature (computer vision), Instrumentation: high angular resolution, Halo, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Planet-disk interactions
Abstract: Context. The wind driven halo is a feature observed within the images delivered by the latest generation of ground-based instruments equipped with an extreme adaptive optics system and a coronagraphic device, such as SPHERE at the VLT. This signature appears when the atmospheric turbulence conditions are varying faster than the adaptive optics loop can correct. The wind driven halo shows as a radial extension of the point spread function along a distinct direction (sometimes referred to as the butterfly pattern). When present, it significantly limits the contrast capabilities of the instrument and prevents the extraction of signals at close separation or extended signals such as circumstellar disks. This limitation is consequential because it contaminates the data a substantial fraction of the time: about 30% of the data produced by the VLT/SPHERE instrument are affected by the wind driven halo.Aims. This paper reviews the causes of the wind driven halo and presents a method to analyze its contribution directly from the scientific images. Its effect on the raw contrast and on the final contrast after post-processing is demonstrated.Methods. We used simulations and on-sky SPHERE data to verify that the parameters extracted with our method are capable of describing the wind driven halo present in the images. We studied the temporal, spatial and spectral variation of these parameters to point out its deleterious effect on the final contrast.Results. The data driven analysis we propose does provide information to accurately describe the wind driven halo contribution in the images. This analysis justifies why this is a fundamental limitation to the final contrast performance reached.Conclusions. With the established procedure, we will analyze a large sample of data delivered by SPHERE in order to propose, in the future, post-processing techniques tailored to remove the wind driven halo., Astronomy and Astrophysics - A&A, EDP Sciences, In press
Published: 2020
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48. The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE)

Author: Kjetil Dohlen, André Müller, C. Petit, A. Pavlov, Valentina D'Orazi, Alexandre Emsenhuber, Alice Zurlo, E. Sissa, Ronald Roelfsema, Norbert Hubin, Marc Jaquet, Gabriel-Dominique Marleau, Gérard Rousset, Anthony Cheetham, H. Le Coroller, Alain Roux, S. Brown Sevilla, Enrico Giro, Faustine Cantalloube, Anne Costille, Janis Hagelberg, Jean-Luc Beuzit, Thierry Fusco, P. Gigan, Julien Charton, Markus Feldt, A. Bazzon, Ruben Asensio-Torres, C. Fontanive, Zahed Wahhaj, Anne-Lise Maire, Th. Henning, M. Carle, Marcel Carbillet, J. Ramos, Matthias Samland, Alain Origne, Raffaele Gratton, Arthur Vigan, Stéphane Udry, H. M. Schmid, Pierre Baudoz, Patrice Martinez, Markus Janson, O. Möller-Nilsson, L. Weber, Marcos Suarez, Cecile Gry, Michael Meyer, Sergio Messina, N. Engler, Emmanuel Hugot, Arnaud Sevin, A. Boccaletti, Alexander J. Bohn, P. Rabou, Julien Girard, T. Moulin, Jacopo Antichi, Beth Biller, F. Rigal, David Mouillet, C. Soenke, F. Madec, Riccardo Claudi, Silvano Desidera, M. Llored, E. Cascone, Daniela Fantinel, D. Gisler, R. Galicher, J. Baudrand, T. O. B. Schmidt, J. Pragt, Mickael Bonnefoy, D. Le Mignant, Mariangela Bonavita, Philippe Delorme, Jean-François Sauvage, Francois Wildi, Duncan Forgan, C. Mordasini, L. Gluck, Denis Perret, E. L. Rickman, Carsten Dominik, C. Lazzoni, E. Lagadec, Roxanne Ligi, Andrea Baruffolo, Lyu Abe, Gael Chauvin, A-M. Lagrange, Massimo Turatto, Pascal Puget, Philippe Feautrier, Yves Magnard, Bernardo Salasnich, Maud Langlois, V. De Caprio, D. Maurel, M. Kasper, Ken Rice, Dino Mesa, S. Rochat, C. Moutou, C. Perrot, Alain Delboulbé, P. Blanchard, François Ménard, Eric Stadler, Low Energy Astrophysics (API, FNWI), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, University of Edinburgh, Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen = Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Geneva Observatory, Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera (OAB), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania (OACT), Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corporation (CFHT), National Research Council of Canada (NRC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-University of Hawai'i [Honolulu] (UH), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics [ETH Zürich] (IPA), Department of Physics [ETH Zürich] (D-PHYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), CHU Tenon [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Laboratoire des biomolécules (LBM UMR 7203), Chimie Moléculaire de Paris Centre (FR 2769), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris - Chimie ParisTech-PSL (ENSCP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département de Chimie - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Hippolyte Fizeau (FIZEAU), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte (OAC), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Châtillon], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University [Nijmegen], European Southern Observatory (ESO), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre Hospitalier Henri Duffaut (Avignon), ANR-16-CE31-0013,PLANET-FORMING-DISKS,De meilleurs modèles pour de meilleures données(2016), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centre for Exoplanet Science, Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research Institute (STAR), Université de Liège, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire Franco-Chilien d'Astronomie (LFCA), Universidad de Concepción [Chile]-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Universidad de Chile, University of Geneva [Switzerland], Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad Diego Portales [Santiago] (UDP), Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Radboud university [Nijmegen], DAAA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Meudon], Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS., Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Mécanique des Chocs (LBMC UMR T9406 ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Gustave Eiffel, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Tenon [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université, Département Médico-Universitaire APPROCHES, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université-Sorbonne Université (SU), Sorbonne Université-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Chimie Moléculaire de Paris Centre (FR 2769), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris - Chimie ParisTech-PSL (ENSCP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département de Chimie - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, ARCHEORIENT - Environnements et sociétés de l'Orient ancien (Archéorient), Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Institut des sciences analytiques et de physico-chimie pour l'environnement et les materiaux (IPREM), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'étude des environnements terrestre et planétaires (CETP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE)-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Universidad de Concepción - University of Concepcion [Chile], Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Département de Chimie - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Chimie Moléculaire de Paris Centre (FR 2769), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris - Chimie ParisTech-PSL (ENSCP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris - Chimie ParisTech-PSL (ENSCP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: astro-ph.SR, astro-ph.GA, Brown dwarf, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Stellar classification, 01 natural sciences, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, planets and satellites: formation, 10. No inequality, infrared: planetary systems, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, planetary systems, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, Very Large Telescope, methods: statistical, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, techniques: high angular resolution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Planetary system, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Exoplanet, Accretion (astrophysics), Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), astro-ph.EP, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: The SHINE project is a 500-star survey performed with SPHERE on the VLT for the purpose of directly detecting new substellar companions and understanding their formation and early evolution. Here we present an initial statistical analysis for a subsample of 150 stars that are representative of the full SHINE sample. Our goal is to constrain the frequency of substellar companions with masses between 1 and 75 MJup and semimajor axes between 5 and 300 au. We adopt detection limits as a function of angular separation from the survey data for all stars converted into mass and projected orbital separation using the BEX-COND-hot evolutionary tracks and known distance to each system. Based on the results obtained for each star and on the 13 detections in the sample, we use a MCMC tool to compare our observations to two different types of models. The first is a parametric model based on observational constraints, and the second type are numerical models that combine advanced core accretion and gravitational instability planet population synthesis. Using the parametric model, we show that the frequencies of systems with at least one substellar companion are $23.0_{-9.7}^{+13.5}\%$, $5.8_{-2.8}^{+4.7}\%$, and $12.6_{-7.1}^{+12.9}\%$ for BA, FGK, and M stars, respectively. We also demonstrate that a planet-like formation pathway probably dominates the mass range from 1-75 MJup for companions around BA stars, while for M dwarfs, brown dwarf binaries dominate detections. In contrast, a combination of binary star-like and planet-like formation is required to best fit the observations for FGK stars. Using our population model and restricting our sample to FGK stars, we derive a frequency of $5.7_{-2.8}^{+3.8}\%$, consistent with predictions from the parametric model. More generally, the frequency values that we derive are in excellent agreement with values obtained in previous studies., Comment: 24 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2020
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49. Polarimetric imaging mode of VLT/SPHERE/IRDIS

Author: A. Pohl, Thomas Henning, J. Ramos, Marcel Carbillet, Alain Origne, Christian Ginski, Eric Lagadec, Daniela Fantinel, C. Petit, Anthony Boccaletti, R. G. van Holstein, Massimo Turatto, Daphne Stam, Stéphane Udry, David Mouillet, Zahed Wahhaj, J.-L. Beuzit, Kjetil Dohlen, Julien Milli, Arthur Vigan, Julien Girard, F. Rigal, Arnaud Sevin, H. Le Coroller, Christoph U. Keller, J. de Boer, Maud Langlois, M. Feldt, D. Maurel, Carsten Dominik, Frans Snik, François Ménard, G. Chauvin, H. M. Schmid, Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon (CRAL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova (OAPD), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Palaiseau], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), Institut Pythéas (OSU PYTHEAS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève (ObsGE), Université de Genève (UNIGE), Universiteit Leiden, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), String Theory (ITFA, IoP, FNWI), and Low Energy Astrophysics (API, FNWI)
Subjects: Polarimetry, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Telescope, law, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Mueller calculus, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Very Large Telescope, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Linear polarization, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Polarization (waves), Exoplanet, 3. Good health, Stars, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Context. Circumstellar disks and self-luminous giant exoplanets or companion brown dwarfs can be characterized through direct-imaging polarimetry at near-infrared wavelengths. SPHERE/IRDIS at the Very Large Telescope has the capabilities to perform such measurements, but uncalibrated instrumental polarization effects limit the attainable polarimetric accuracy. Aims. We aim to characterize and correct the instrumental polarization effects of the complete optical system, i.e. the telescope and SPHERE/IRDIS. Methods. We create a detailed Mueller matrix model in the broadband filters Y-, J-, H- and Ks, and calibrate it using measurements with SPHERE's internal light source and observations of two unpolarized stars. We develop a data-reduction method that uses the model to correct for the instrumental polarization effects, and apply it to observations of the circumstellar disk of T Cha. Results. The instrumental polarization is almost exclusively produced by the telescope and SPHERE's first mirror and varies with telescope altitude angle. The crosstalk primarily originates from the image derotator (K-mirror). At some orientations, the derotator causes severe loss of signal (>90% loss in H- and Ks-band) and strongly offsets the angle of linear polarization. With our correction method we reach in all filters a total polarimetric accuracy of, 28 pages, 25 figures
Published: 2020
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50. A basin-free spherical shape as an outcome of a giant impact on asteroid Hygiea

Author: J. Grice, Mikko Kaasalainen, F. Colas, A. Chapman, Tadeusz Michalowski, Arthur Vigan, Josef Hanus, Julie Castillo-Rogez, Róbert Szakáts, Marin Ferrais, Przemyslaw Bartczak, Benoit Carry, Miroslav Brož, Laurent Jorda, Nicolas Rambaux, Matti Viikinkoski, Grzegorz Dudziński, P. Michel, Agnieszka Kryszczyńska, Rene Duffard, Michaël Gillon, Michael Marsset, Jérôme Berthier, J. Durech, Bin Yang, Mirel Birlan, Christophe Dumas, R. Hirsch, Francesca E. DeMeo, F. Vachier, P. Lamy, Toni Santana-Ros, Thierry Fusco, Zouhair Benkhaldoun, E. Podlewska-Gaca, Fabrice Cipriani, P. Ševeček, H. Le Coroller, Olivier Witasse, A. Marciniak, F. Marchis, Emmanuel Jehin, J. L. Maestre, Alexis Drouard, Romain Fétick, Pierre Vernazza, Paolo Tanga, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astronomical Institute of Charles University, Charles University [Prague] (CU), Tampere University of Technology [Tampere] (TUT), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), European Space Agency (ESA), Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research Institute (STAR), Université de Liège, Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] (ARC), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Centre de Biochimie Structurale [Montpellier] (CBS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay (COmUE) [Châtillon], ONERA-Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), Astronomical Observatory [Poznan], Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), LPHEA - Departement de Physique (LPHEA), Département de physique, Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Czech Science Foundation, Charles University (Czech Republic), European Commission, Université Cadi Ayyad, and Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles)
Subjects: Rotation period, Solar System, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Dwarf planet, VLT/SPHERE instrument, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], 01 natural sciences, Sphericity, Impact crater, Física Aplicada, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Asteroide, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Basin-free, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Radius, Asteroid family, High-angular-resolution imaging observation, Asteroids, Asteroid, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Hygiea, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Spherical shape, Giant impact
Abstract: (10) Hygiea is the fourth largest main belt asteroid and the only known asteroid whose surface composition appears similar to that of the dwarf planet (1) Ceres1,2, suggesting a similar origin for these two objects. Hygiea suffered a giant impact more than 2 Gyr ago3 that is at the origin of one of the largest asteroid families. However, Hygeia has never been observed with sufficiently high resolution to resolve the details of its surface or to constrain its size and shape. Here, we report high-angular-resolution imaging observations of Hygiea with the VLT/SPHERE instrument (~20 mas at 600 nm) that reveal a basin-free nearly spherical shape with a volume-equivalent radius of 217 ± 7 km, implying a density of 1,944 ± 250 kg m− 3 to 1σ. In addition, we have determined a new rotation period for Hygiea of ~13.8 h, which is half the currently accepted value. Numerical simulations of the family-forming event show that Hygiea’s spherical shape and family can be explained by a collision with a large projectile (diameter ~75–150 km). By comparing Hygiea’s sphericity with that of other Solar System objects, it appears that Hygiea is nearly as spherical as Ceres, opening up the possibility for this object to be reclassified as a dwarf planet. © 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited., P.V., A.D. and B.C. were supported by CNRS/INSU/PNP. M.Broz was supported by grant 18-04514J of the Czech Science Foundation. J.H. and J.D. were supported by grant 18-09470S of the Czech Science Foundation and by the Charles University Research Programme no. UNCE/SCI/023. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programmes under grant agreement nos 730890 and 687378. This material reflects only the authors' views, and the European Commission is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein. TRAPPIST-North is a project funded by the University of Liege, in collaboration with Cadi Ayyad University of Marrakech (Morocco). TRAPPIST-South is a project funded by the Belgian Fonds (National) de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S.-FNRS) under grant FRFC 2.5.594.09.F. E.J. and M.G. are F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associates.
Published: 2019
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