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Error analysis is a technique that identifies and classifies the inappropriate forms that foreign language learners produce (Crystal, 1987), and it is considered a useful tool for helping them improve their writing skills. The study investigated the secondary students' common errors in writing English paragraphs. During the first term of the school year 2023-2024, 43 grade 7 students from a secondary school in Hanoi participated in a descriptive quantitative research project. The participants were asked to complete three writing tests at three different times to generate their written errors based on Ferris' (2014) model of error analysis. The findings indicate that the types of errors that grade 7 students made are lexical errors, syntactic errors, morphological errors, orthographical errors, and paragraph errors. Lexical, syntactic, and orthographical errors are greatly committed by the students. Accordingly, it comes to the conclusion that secondary students in general and 7th graders in particular struggle with writing English paragraphs. The results of the research would also give the secondary teachers of English some implications, such as focusing on grammatical patterns, emphasizing irregular instances, offering adequate practice opportunities, implementing explicit instructions, and engaging students in interactive exercises, visual aids, collaborative activities, authentic materials, etc. to mitigate the students' written errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper investigates the significant influence of mother tongue on English pronunciation among secondary level learners in District Rahim Yar Khan, where Punjabi and Saraiki languages are predominantly spoken as the native tongues. The study aims to explore the common pronunciation problems faced by these learners and identify the role of their mother tongue in shaping their English pronunciation. Additionally, the research seeks to propose effective remedial measures of proper learning to overcome these pronunciation challenges. To achieve these objectives, the researcher conducted sound recordings of secondary school students, focusing on a carefully selected word list of 100 words from the 9th and 10th-grade English textbooks. These recordings were analyzed using Phon software, enabling the identification of the most affected phones and phoneme. Ultimately, this study sheds light on the crucial issue of mother tongue interference in English pronunciation among secondary-level learners in District Rahim Yar Khan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identified the strategies employed and common errors committed by freshman BEED students in Solving Basic Mathematics problems. It emphasized the enhancement of the identified strategies through the implementation of a tutorial program. Identifying the common errors made by the respondents in the study will make students aware of their presence and prepare them for their exposure to such problem-solving situations. In effect, these identified errors will be minimized if not totally put to end. Three (3) strategies and common errors were revealed in the study. The three (3) strategies were identifying the target goal, identifying the key information, and drawing diagrams/tables. The three (3) common errors were being unable to derive and identify the correct working equation, being unable to label the final answer, and being unable to use the least common denominator in adding and subtracting fractions. To determine the relationship between the respondents' achievement in basic mathematics and their achievement in high school mathematics, attitude towards mathematics, and attitude towards the teacher, the Pearson r and the t-tests were computed. The results indicate a noteworthy correlation between students' performance in High School Mathematics and their achievement in Basic Mathematics. However, no significant relationships were observed among the remaining paired variables. In conclusion, a strong foundation in mathematics helps students strategize their solutions to worded problems well, thereby getting rid of errors along the way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite numerous tutorials and standards written to the technical community on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), difficulties with data acquisition, analysis, and reporting persist. This work focuses on common errors in XPS that are frequently observed in the scientific literature and their sources. Indeed, this work covers: (i) XPS data collection, initial data analysis, and data presentation, (ii) Handling XPS backgrounds, (iii) Common errors in XPS peak fitting, and (iv) XPS data presentation and reporting. Graphical examples of errors and appropriate ways of handling data and correcting errors are provided. Additional readings are listed for greater in-depth exploration of the subjects discussed.

Students from different language backgrounds may face distinct difficulties when learning English, particularly in learning complex language structures such as questions. Therefore, identifying differences between learner groups can inform teaching practice. This paper presents the findings from a study on the production of English questions by 56 Year 4 national-type Chinese primary school students, categorised as Dominant Speakers of English (n=28) or Dominant Speakers of Mandarin (n=28). The objectives of the study were 1) to identify common errors in English questions produced by the students in a translation task and 2) to compare the errors made by Mandarin-dominant and English-dominant learners. The researchers obtained data via written language elicitation tasks, to examine the kinds of errors made by the learners. Data was analysed using an adapted version of Rowland's error analysis framework. Comparison of data from a 10-item translation task showed that Mandarin-dominant learners made more than twice the errors of English-dominant learners. Common errors across both groups were auxiliary tenses errors and omission errors in WH-questions and auxiliary errors in Yes/No questions. Furthermore, Mandarin-dominant learners made visibly more auxiliary, omission, andposition-of-question-word errors than English-dominant learners, while the latter had a higher proportion of double-marking errors. This study provides further evidence that learners from different backgrounds may face different challenges in acquiring features of English. Moreover, the findings could provide insights for English language teachers in Chinese-medium schools on how to better adapt the teaching of English questions to their students of different language backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined Chinese EFL researchers' English abstract writing in language education. Using open-ended questionnaires, it first investigated 24 Chinese EFL researchers' perceptions of their challenges in writing English abstracts. Using generalizability theory and follow-up interviews, it then invited 16 experienced English journal reviewers to assess 27 published English abstracts written by Chinese EFL researchers to identify common errors and suggest improvement tips. Finally, it examined eight selected Chinese EFL researchers' critical reflections on the English journal reviewers' assessment of the 27 English abstracts. The results indicated that Chinese EFL researchers experienced several challenges in writing English abstracts. Further, the English reviewers' assessment of the 27 abstracts was consistent and reliable. The common errors were associated with the accuracy, non-evaluative nature, coherence and readability, and conciseness of an English abstract. The English reviewers provided tips for improvement, and Chinese EFL researchers expressed their critical reflections on their assessment. Educational implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined frequent errors in graduate Iranian EFL students' academic writing to find the strategies and techniques which would help them overcome such errors. Employing a descriptive, non-experimental research design, the researchers analyzed 40 term papers collected from 40 graduate students studying TEFL at IAU, Isfahan Branch. To determine to what extent the participants were familiar with the identified errors in their academic writings, the researchers also conducted semi-structured interview sessions with volunteer candidates. The findings showed various problems in content, format, and mechanics of their writing. Lack of attention, careless manuscript preparation, vagueness, imperfect and untidy literature, lack of clarity, sloppy presentation, and weak recommendations were the most frequent errors. It was concluded that through careful attention to the errors identified, writing instructors could help graduate students to maximize their chances of getting published by avoiding these errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Curriculum & Teaching Methodology / Maǧallaẗ al-Manāhiǧ wa-Turūq al-Tadrīs is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Congenital talipes equinovarus is one of the most prevalent birth defects, affecting approximately 0.6 to 1.5 children per 1000 live births. Currently, the Ponseti method is the gold-standard treatment for idiopathic clubfeet, with good results reported globally. This literature review focuses on common errors encountered during different stages of the management of idiopathic clubfeet, namely diagnosis, manipulation, serial casting, Achilles tenotomy, and bracing. The purpose is to update clinicians and provide broad guidelines that can be followed to avoid and manage these errors to optimize short- and long-term outcomes of treatment of idiopathic clubfeet using the Ponseti method. A literature search was performed using the following keywords: "Idiopathic Clubfoot" (All Fields) AND "Management" OR "Outcomes" (All Fields). Databases searched included PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS (age range: 0–12 months). A full-text review of these articles was then performed looking for "complications" or "errors" reported during the treatment process. A total of 61 articles were included in the final review: 28 from PubMed, 8 from EMBASE, 17 from Google Scholar, 2 from Cochrane Library, and 6 from SCOPUS. We then grouped the errors encountered during the treatment process under the different stages of the treatment protocol (diagnosis, manipulation and casting, tenotomy, and bracing) to facilitate discussion and highlight solutions. While the Ponseti method is currently the gold standard in clubfoot treatment, its precise and intensive nature can present clinicians, health care providers, and patients with potential problems if proper diligence and attention to detail is lacking. The purpose of this paper is to highlight common mistakes made throughout the Ponseti treatment protocol from diagnosis to bracing to optimize care for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the rate of unawareness of common errors in English and its impact on human vs. machine translation into Arabic. It analyzes the reaction of human and machine translators when encountering English sentences with common errors, and its impact on translation process. Translators are readers in the first place, they have to comprehend what they read in the SL in order to convey it in the TL. In order for the ST message to be correctly conveyed into the TL, detecting errors and correcting them before translating is a necessity. The study is conducted through presenting 40 SL texts and evaluating their 680 TL texts translated by 14 MA students of translation and 3 online machine translators. Results show that the rate of unawareness of common errors is 51% for human translators and 79% for machine translators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted this scoping review of common errors identified by editors and reviewers of biomedical manuscripts. Errors includes items that a reviewer or editor might identify as needing correction. The errors were categorized by section of the manuscript: Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and References. After screening 87 published studies, 16 papers were selected for data extraction. Of these 16 studies, the most frequently represented disciplines were Medicine (n = 5), Radiology (n = 2), and Psychiatry (n = 2). The most reported common errors included inappropriate study design, inadequate sample size, poor statistical analysis, and unclear and inadequate description of methods. Abstracts not reflecting the content of the paper were the most frequent general common error in biomedical manuscripts. The findings of this study offer one perspective on common errors in biomedical manuscripts and might be a useful guide for novice authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Misconceptions are one of the biggest obstacles in learning mathematics. This study aimed to investigate students' common errors and misunderstandings they cause when defining the angle and the triangle. In addition, we investigated the metacognition/drawing/writing/intervention (MDWI) strategy to change students' understanding of the wrong concepts to the correct ones. A research design was used to achieve this goal. It identified and solved the errors in the definition of angle and triangle among first-year students in the Department of Mathematics Education at an excellent private college in Mataram, Indonesia. The steps were as follows: A test instrument with open-ended questions and in-depth interviews were used to identify the errors, causes, and reasons for the students' misconceptions. Then, the MDWI approach was used to identify a way to correct these errors. It was found that students generally failed in interpreting the concept images, reasoning, and knowledge connection needed to define angles and triangles. The MDWI approach eliminated the misconceptions in generalization, errors in concept images, and incompetence in linking geometry features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistics are a quintessential part of scientific manuscripts. Few journals are free of statistics-related errors. Errors can occur in data reporting and presentation, choosing the appropriate or the most powerful statistical test, misinterpretation or overinterpretations of statistics, and ignoring tests of normality. Statistical software used, one-tailed versus two-tailed tests, and exclusion or inclusion of outliers can all influence outcomes and should be explicitly mentioned. This review presents the corresponding nonparametric tests for common parametric tests, popular misinterpretations of the P value, and usual nuances in data reporting. The importance of distinguishing clinical significance from statistical significance using confidence intervals, number needed to treat, and minimal clinically important difference is highlighted. The problem of multiple comparisons may lead to false interpretations, especially in p-hacking when nonsignificant comparisons are concealed. The review also touches upon a few advanced topics such as heteroscedasticity and multicollinearity in multivariate analyses. Journals have various strategies to minimize inaccuracies, but it is invaluable for authors and reviewers to have good concepts of statistics. Furthermore, it is imperative for the reader to understand these concepts to properly interpret studies and judge the validity of the conclusions independently.

Congenital talipes equinovarus is one of the most prevalent birth defects, affecting approximately 0.6 to 1.5 children per 1000 live births. Currently, the Ponseti method is the gold-standard treatment for idiopathic clubfeet, with good results reported globally. This literature review focuses on common errors encountered during different stages of the management of idiopathic clubfeet, namely diagnosis, manipulation, serial casting, Achilles tenotomy, and bracing. The purpose is to update clinicians and provide broad guidelines that can be followed to avoid and manage these errors to optimize short- and long-term outcomes of treatment of idiopathic clubfeet using the Ponseti method. A literature search was performed using the following keywords: “Idiopathic Clubfoot” (All Fields) AND “Management” OR “Outcomes” (All Fields). Databases searched included PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS (age range: 0–12 months). A full-text review of these articles was then performed looking for “complications” or “errors” reported during the treatment process. A total of 61 articles were included in the final review: 28 from PubMed, 8 from EMBASE, 17 from Google Scholar, 2 from Cochrane Library, and 6 from SCOPUS. We then grouped the errors encountered during the treatment process under the different stages of the treatment protocol (diagnosis, manipulation and casting, tenotomy, and bracing) to facilitate discussion and highlight solutions. While the Ponseti method is currently the gold standard in clubfoot treatment, its precise and intensive nature can present clinicians, health care providers, and patients with potential problems if proper diligence and attention to detail is lacking. The purpose of this paper is to highlight common mistakes made throughout the Ponseti treatment protocol from diagnosis to bracing to optimize care for these patients.

The overhead squat has many applications for the strength and conditioning coach. It is an effective way to improve snatch technique, helps to reveal common issues with mobility, and, with proper corrections, can make the coaches job easier. The purpose of this paper is to explain the basic steps of the overhead squat and how to use the exercise within a strength and conditioning program. Success and safety of the snatch exercise requires the ability to achieve the prerequisite positions exhibited during the overhead squat. The instruction and cues for teaching beginners how to overhead squat are included. How to safely and properly "miss" or drop the barbell limits the risk of injury typically related to mobility issues. Common coaching cues and corrections are presented to help the coach become more effective at improving overhead squat technique. Errors in the overhead squat include the heels coming off the floor, the bar sitting to far behind the athlete, shrugged shoulders, and bent elbows. Cues that can encourage proper movement include, "sit back" to help keep the heels down, "stretch the bar" to keep the bar in position, "squeeze your scaps" to avoid shrugged shoulders, and "punch out" to avoid bent elbows and shoulder internal rotation. Overhead squats have been shown to be useful in detecting potential mobility issues in the shoulder complex, trunk, ankles, and as part of the Functional Movement Screen. For the strength coach the overhead squat can be used as an effective instructional sequence for the snatch, as a squat variation used in training programs, or as a mobility assessment. Technique, properly missing, and common errors and cues are outlined in the video. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study implemented a data-driven approach to identify Chinese high school students' common errors in a Java-based introductory programming course using the data in an automated assessment tool called the Mulberry. Students' error-related behaviors were also analyzed, and their relationships to success in introductory programming were investigated. This study identified 15 common compilation errors and 6 common test errors. The results showed that these common errors accounted for a large proportion of all errors, so identifying the common errors is important to help students succeed in introductory programming courses. Based on these common errors, five underlying student difficulties were identified and are discussed. In addition, after analyzing existing measures of students' error-related behaviors, we developed a measure called improvement rate to quantify students' success in fixing errors. The results of our study suggest that students' competence of improving code is important to their success in introductory programming. We recommend researchers design and develop automated assessment tools that provide feedback messages for common student errors and instructors who explicitly teach knowledge and skills of improving code in class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare the perceptions of students when using five different tooth replicas and to detect common errors in the performance of students that might be attributed to a specific type of tooth replica. Methodology: Five groups (n = 10 each) of artificial first maxillary molars (DEPT, DRSK, Nissin, DENTALIKE and TrueTooth) were used. All 50 teeth were mounted individually in opaque containers, distributed in 10 packages containing a sample from each with an assigned random order for students to perform root canal treatments. Ten postgraduate students each performed a root canal treatment on the five replicas, in the assigned order, and completed a satisfaction questionnaire. Three trained and calibrated endodontic educators, each with more than 15 years of experience, evaluated their performance using a grading rubric and completed a questionnaire to detect common errors attributed to a specific tooth replica. Inter‐rater reliability was calculated with the interclass correlation coefficient for both consistency and absolute agreement. A two‐way related measures anova was used to assess the interaction amongst evaluators and tooth groups on the average scores of students. Post hoc T3 Dunnet was used to compare groups. The perceptions of students amongst groups were compared with chi‐square and linear‐by‐linear association tests. Results: Inter‐rater reliability was very high for both consistency (ICCC = 0.939; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.902–0.964) and absolute agreement (ICCA = 0.940; 95% CI 0.904–0.965). No significant differences were found amongst the ratings of evaluators; however, students performed differently when using the various tooth replicas (P < 0.05). Overall, 60% of students preferred the DRSK replica for root canal treatment training purposes, followed by DENTALIKE (30%). The least preferred was TrueTooth (70% responses) due to its complex anatomy and poor resistance to instruments and heat pluggers. Evaluators detected several common errors in specific tooth replicas and preferred tooth replicas manufactured based on microCT scans of natural teeth. Conclusions: Tooth replicas manufactured based on microCT scans of natural teeth (TrueTooth and DENTALIKE) had much better acceptance amongst evaluators, although students rated and performed less well in TrueTooth replicas due to their greater level of difficulty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistics are a quintessential part of scientific manuscripts. Few journals are free of statistics-related errors. Errors can occur in data reporting and presentation, choosing the appropriate or the most powerful statistical test, misinterpretation or overinterpretations of statistics, and ignoring tests of normality. Statistical software used, one-tailed versus two-tailed tests, and exclusion or inclusion of outliers can all influence outcomes and should be explicitly mentioned. This review presents the corresponding nonparametric tests for common parametric tests, popular misinterpretations of the P value, and usual nuances in data reporting. The importance of distinguishing clinical significance from statistical significance using confidence intervals, number needed to treat, and minimal clinically important difference is highlighted. The problem of multiple comparisons may lead to false interpretations, especially in p-hacking when nonsignificant comparisons are concealed. The review also touches upon a few advanced topics such as heteroscedasticity and multicollinearity in multivariate analyses. Journals have various strategies to minimize inaccuracies, but it is invaluable for authors and reviewers to have good concepts of statistics. Furthermore, it is imperative for the reader to understand these concepts to properly interpret studies and judge the validity of the conclusions independently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language is human speech, either spoken or written and is the most common system of communication. The purpose of the study was to identify the ability of English reading skill of class five students at Government primary schools in District Kech. It also intended to identify the common errors committed by the students and the English teachers’ thinking about teaching their students’ reading skills. To achieve these purposes 125 students and 20 teachers were chosen from 5 Government primary schools at District Kech. A test containing a single subject paragraph was taken from the English course of Balochistan Textbook Board Quetta and a questionnaire was developed to find out the teachers’ thinking about teaching reading skills. While reading comprehension a key score list containing reading errors was applied to check students reading ability. The test score of student and item-wise score, as well as responses to the questionnaire, were analyzed using statistical devices like percentage and frequency. The students’ average score of marks is 8.95%. In the reading test, only 1 student got the full marks, 1 student made a single error and 1 student made two errors. The situation of independent reading is satisfactory, but the overall amount of errors indicates the students’ inefficiency of reading skills in English. Not known word errors occupied the highest position which is 73.88%. In this circumstance, the teachers are putting their effort into improving students’ reading skills, but they have barriers in most of the cases. Though the teachers are trying to develop their students’ reading skills but they are developing very slowly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motivation for language learning is influenced by political, social and cultural influence. The Russian language was introduced to the academic curriculum at the University of Ghana several decades ago. To understand advantages and disadvantages of Russian learning, it is necessary to reveal what is behind the language policy in Ghana.In this paper, we consider how language structures are used in the Russian language, and how local languages affect it. By means of the influence of both English language and local languages, we observe common errors that appear in students’ speech and papers.

This study aimed to reveal the common errors in fractions, the associated thinking strategies among 5th graders, and the persistence of these errors. A quantitative method was applied in this study through calculating the percentages of every type of error the students made in the diagnostic test, The qualitative part was performed through individual interviews and analyzing them to probe the thinking strategies used by the students that lie behind their common errors, The test was conducted for 240 students and 30 students were interviewed. The results showed a variety of common mistakes the students made, and that the rates of these mistakes were as follows: the highest was due to dealing with the fractions as integers, followed by errors about the basic concepts of the fractions. The results further showed a diversification in the students' thinking and the associated mistakes. One of the most noticeable mistakes was expressing the fraction without attention to the equal parts. The rates of other common errors were as follows: considering that the fractional number is always higher than the figure A/B, and that figure A/B is always less than one; treating the fractions as integers; misinterpretation of the relation between the numerator and the denominator with the actual value of the fraction, and ignoring the integer in the fractional number. The results also showed that more than 50% of the students made errors associated with solution strategies in the fractions issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When writing scientific manuscripts, many important details are left a side which many times causes the rejection of the manuscript from high impact journals. Scientific writing is a combination of a comprehensive literature search and study, collection of statistical data, and a clear and concise structured writing, while avoiding common and known errors. The knowledge and implementation of basic rules of style, structure, and presentation when writing a scientific paper increase the chances of success and ultimately publication. This article aims to contribute with the existing information on how to recognize and avoid common errors for a successful scientific writing and consequently being published.Level of Evidence: Not ratable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During my experience as an author, peer reviewer, and editor during COVID-19, I have encountered - and committed - various errors related to the interpretation and use of statistical measures and tests. Primarily concerning health sciences such as epidemiology, infodemiology, and public health, the evidence used to inform a conclusion carries an extremely high weight as it translates into decisions made to preserve the population's well-being. Therefore, the aforementioned evidence must be reliable. This short guide discusses the most common and dangerous mistakes I have experienced during my scientific journey. Real and invented examples have been proposed and analyzed in detail, showing possible interpretations, both correct and incorrect, and their consequences. Such a framework makes it clear that a statistical test alone cannot answer any scientific questions. Indeed, the interpretation of results and the verification of assumptions and test eligibility - subject to the author's evaluation - are crucial components of the integrity of the scientific investigation. Before using a test or adopting a measure, we must ask ourselves the following fundamental questions: Are there valid reasons to explore my research question? Am I sure my approach can fully and adequately answer my research question? Am I sure that my model's assumptions - basic and hidden - are sufficiently satisfied? How could violating those assumptions affect the validity of the results and stakeholders? Is the effect size relevant regardless of statistical significance?, Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Rovetta et al.)

Choosing appropriate strategies and implementing them correctly to solve problems are essential parts of mathematical reasoning. In this study, we examined 214 US fourth graders' strategy choice and implementation when solving a fraction ordering task amenable to multiple strategies. The students used 12 distinct fraction comparison strategies. Of these, the rectangle model, butterfly, circle model, and common denominator strategies were used most frequently. Overall, visual strategies were more common than symbolic or verbal strategies, perhaps reflecting the emphasis on visual models in the US Common Core State Standards for Mathematics and textbooks. Students experienced a range of difficulties in implementing their chosen strategies. Only 28 % solved the focal problem correctly, and only 22 % provided both correct fraction order and correct justifications. The implications of students' strategy choice and implementation for teachers, teacher educators, and researchers are discussed. • 214 US fourth graders used 12 strategies to solve a fraction ordering task. • Students used visual (43 %), symbolic (19 %), and verbal strategies (5 %). • Students faced common difficulties for each fraction comparison strategy. • Of the 22 students who used cross multiplication, only three ordered correctly. • Some strategies (e.g., common denominators, the number line) were more accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main findings of this study investigating 1143 illegibilities which interfered with reading thehandwriting of learners of Arabic as a foreign language are reported. The results indicated 50.9% , 415 ofwhich is caused by asmin and dots, are connected with letter misformation, and 19.6% connected withgeneral writing characteristics. The implication of the results is a change of emphasis in the teachingmethods of handwriting, from being only decorative and attractive in appearance .to becoming mostly leg~ible and readable.

One of the issues affecting the efficacy of peer revision in the writing classroom is that of the knowledge of peer reviewers. Do peer reviewers have sufficient knowledge of content and language to critique the works of their peer writers? Do they provide feedback on content as much as they do for language? Proponents of social constructivism posit that learners learn best when they are involved in exploring, discovering and transforming their ideas and those of their peers through interaction, negotiation and collaboration. In the writing classroom, student writers and reviewers are given the opportunity to build meaning based on their own experiences. This study examined the types of comments made by Malay ESL peer reviewers and their perceived usefulness towards improving peer writers’ composition. Comments on peer writing were collected from ten upper secondary school peer reviewers for equal number of peer writers through reviewer feedback form, peer conferencing session, reviewer field notes and writers’ multiple drafts. Findings of the study show that peer reviewers were able to provide revisions in both areas of content and language. Additionally, the strategies used to providing feedback on content included alteration and reordering, clarification and suggestion, as well as praise and criticism. Overall peer revision has a positive impact on writing and this has implications for teaching and learning, more so for teachers who are overburdened with marking.

From the good practices of European project proposers comes the necessity to approach project writing for The Framework Programme. The common errors made by consortia that submitted project proposals within the FP7-2008-ENV-1 call are analysed in this paper. The analysis was made on more than 400 Evaluation Reports, for every evaluation criterion, according to both the participant's and evaluator's guide. The result of the current analysis was used to draft the pre-screening tool intended for the National Contact Points (NCP), in order to support coordinators that submitted project proposals in subsequent calls approached on theme 6 -- Environment, including climate change, of the Framework Programme 7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of an external fixator (EF) in the emergency department (ED) or the emergency theatre in the ED is reserved for critically ill patients in a life-saving attempt. Hence, usually only fixation/stabilization of the pelvis, tibia, femur and humerus are performed. All other external fixation methods are not indicated in an ED and thus should be performed in the operating room with a sterile environment.Anterior EF is used in unstable pelvic lesions due to anterior-posterior compression, and in stable pelvic fractures in haemodynamically unstable patients.Patients with multiple trauma should be stabilized quickly with EF.The C-clamp has been designed to be used in the ED to stabilize fractures of the sacrum or alterations of the sacroiliac joint in patients with circulatory instability.Choose a modular EF that allows for the free placement of the pins, is radiolucent and is compatible with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Planning the type of framework to be used is crucial.Avoid mistakes in the placement of EF. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:204-214. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190029., Competing Interests: ICMJE Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest relevant to this work., (© 2020 The author(s).)