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297 results on '"Département Littératures et langage (LILA)"'

1. Julio Cortázar : autor en busca de un lector... cómplice

Author

LOBO, Olga, Centre de recherches latino-américaines - ARCHIVOS (CRLA - ARCHIVOS), Institut des textes et manuscrits modernes (ITEM), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département Littératures et langage (LILA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut des Langues et Cultures d'Europe, Amérique, Afrique, Asie et Australie (ILCEA4 ), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA)

Subjects
[SHS.LITT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Literature, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2019

2. Exploring a Continuous and Flexible Representation of the Lexicon

Author

Marchal, Pierre, Poibeau, Thierry, Équipe de Recherche en Textes, Informatique, Multilinguisme (ERTIM), Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (Inalco), Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Poibeau, Thierry, Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Département Littératures et langage (LILA), Marchal, Pierre, and Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-AI] Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], electronic dictionary, Corpus linguistics, [SHS.STAT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Methods and statistics, Verbe, [INFO.INFO-TT] Computer Science [cs]/Document and Text Processing, [SCCO.COMP]Cognitive science/Computer science, corpus, [SCCO.LING]Cognitive science/Linguistics, [SHS.LANGUE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], Japonais, Syntaxe, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], lexical acquisition, [INFO.INFO-TT]Computer Science [cs]/Document and Text Processing, Verb, [INFO.INFO-CL] Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], [SCCO.COMP] Cognitive science/Computer science, [SHS.STAT] Humanities and Social Sciences/Methods and statistics, Japanese, Linguistique de corpus, Syntax, [SCCO.LING] Cognitive science/Linguistics, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics
Abstract

International audience; We aim at showing that lexical descriptions based on multifactorial and continuous models can be used by linguists and lexicographers (and not only by machines) so long as they are provided with a way to efficiently navigate data collections. It is widely accepted that word description cannot be achieved without the analysis of a large number of contexts extracted from real corpora. The recent success of deep learning approaches has shown that discrete representations of the lexicon are no longer appropriate. Continuous models offer a better representation of word meaning, because they encode intuitively valid and cognitively plausible principles: semantic similarity is relative, context-sensitive and depends on multiple-cue integration. We propose tod demonstrate such a system that is usable both by machines and by humans.

Published
2016

3. Does the road go up the mountain ? Fictive motion between linguistic conventions and cognitive motivations

Author

Laure Sarda, Benjamin Fagard, Dejan Stosic, Camille Colin, Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie (CLLE-ERSS), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Laboratoire de photonique et de nanostructures (LPN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche et Développement sur l'Energie Photovoltaïque (IRDEP), EDF R&D (EDF R&D), EDF (EDF)-EDF (EDF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris - Chimie ParisTech-PSL (ENSCP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Ce travail a été réalisé avec le soutien du laboratoire d’excellence TransferS (programme Investissements d’avenir ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* et ANR-10-LABX-0099)., Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Département Littératures et langage (LILA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université Bordeaux Montaigne-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), and Sarda, Laure

Subjects
Male, Space (punctuation), Cognitive Neuroscience, media_common.quotation_subject, Motion Perception, Fictive motion, Cognitive semantics, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Space, Enactive perception, 050105 experimental psychology, German, Cognition, Artificial Intelligence, Perception, Phenomenon, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, Visual scanning, media_common, Language, 060201 languages & linguistics, Motivation, 05 social sciences, Linguistics, 06 humanities and the arts, General Medicine, [SCCO.LING]Cognitive science/Linguistics, language.human_language, 0602 languages and literature, language, Female, [SCCO.LING] Cognitive science/Linguistics, Serbian, Psychology, Cognitive psychology
Abstract

International audience; Fictive motion (FM) characterizes the use of dynamic expressions to describe static scenes. This phenomenon is crucial in terms of cognitive motivations for language use; several explanations have been proposed to account for it, among which mental simulation (Talmy in Toward a cognitive semantics, vol 1. MIT Press, Cambridge, 2000) and visual scanning (Matlock in Studies in linguistic motivation. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin and New York, pp 221–248, 2004a). The aims of this paper were to test these competing explanations and identify languagespecific constraints. To do this, we compared the linguisticstrategies for expressing several types of static configurations in four languages, French, Italian, German and Serbian, with an experimental set-up (59 participants). The experiment yielded significant differences for motion-affordance versus no motion-affordance, for all four languages. Significant differences between languages included mean frequency of FM expressions. In order to refine the picture, and more specifically to disentangle the respective roles of language-specific conventions and language-independent (i.e. possibly cognitive) motivations, we completed our study with a corpus approach (besides the four initial languages, we added English and Polish). The corpus study showed low frequency of FM across languages, but a higher frequency and translation ratio for some FM types—among which those best accounted for by enactive perception. The importance of enactive perception could thus explain both the universality of FM and the fact that language-specific conventions appear mainly in very specific contexts—the ones furthest from enaction.

Published
2015
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4. De una pesadilla a otra : el nacimiento de 62. Dificultades, variaciones y ambiciones de una creación

Author

LOBO, Olga, Centre de recherches latino-américaines - ARCHIVOS (CRLA - ARCHIVOS), Institut des textes et manuscrits modernes (ITEM), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut des Langues et des Cultures d'Europe et d'Amérique (ILCEA), Université Stendhal - Grenoble 3, Université de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département Littératures et langage (LILA), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
[SHS.LITT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Literature, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2014

5. The Socio-Epistemic Dynamics Of Scientific Research

Author

Omodei, Elisa, Cointet, Jean-Philippe, Poibeau, Thierry, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Sciences, Innovations, Sociétés (LISIS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-ESIEE Paris-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Complex Systems Society (CSS). INT., Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (LattIce), Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL), Sciences en Société (SenS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Département Littératures et langage (LILA), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-ESIEE Paris-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-TT]Computer Science [cs]/Document and Text Processing, epistemic network, collaboration network, TheoryofComputation_MATHEMATICALLOGICANDFORMALLANGUAGES, [INFO.INFO-LG]Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG], social dynamics, [SHS.INFO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Library and information sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SCCO.COMP]Cognitive science/Computer science, [SCCO.LING]Cognitive science/Linguistics, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI]
Abstract

How are social and epistemic structures driving future interactions in scientific research? We analyzed a very large data set of scientific publications (APS dataset) to investigate the social dynamics of collaboration network and the epistemic network of PACS codes co-occurrences network. In particular we show that the epistemic network built through concepts co-occurrences in articles has a non trivial structure characterized by a scale-free degree distribution and a high value of modularity, produced by linking probability mechanisms that depend on local similarity factors. We empirically show that those local epistemic dynamics are both linked to past social and epistemic structures. Moreover we show that the evolution of the social network depends also on epistemic factors and vice versa, indicating that the two networks mutually influence their evolution and are thus co-evolving over time.

Published
2013

6. Multi-Level Modeling of Quotation Families Morphogenesis

Author

Thierry Poibeau, Elisa Omodei, Jean-Philippe Cointet, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (LattIce), Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL), Institut francilien recherche, innovation et société (IFRIS), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-OST-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-ESIEE Paris-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Sciences, Innovations, Sociétés (LISIS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-ESIEE Paris-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ISC, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), ASE/IEEE., Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, and Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences, Physics - Physics and Society, Metaphor, media_common.quotation_subject, [SHS.INFO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Library and information sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, [SCCO.COMP]Cognitive science/Computer science, 02 engineering and technology, Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph), Diversification (marketing strategy), Semantic network, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], Computer Science - Computers and Society, 020204 information systems, Computers and Society (cs.CY), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Memetics, Social media, Sociology, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, media_common, Social and Information Networks (cs.SI), Computer Science - Computation and Language, [SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology, Aside, Multilevel model, Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, [SCCO.LING]Cognitive science/Linguistics, Linguistics, [INFO.INFO-TT]Computer Science [cs]/Document and Text Processing, Cultural dynamics, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Computation and Language (cs.CL)
Abstract

This paper investigates cultural dynamics in social media by examining the proliferation and diversification of clearly-cut pieces of content: quoted texts. In line with the pioneering work of Leskovec et al. and Simmons et al. on memes dynamics we investigate in deep the transformations that quotations published online undergo during their diffusion. We deliberately put aside the structure of the social network as well as the dynamical patterns pertaining to the diffusion process to focus on the way quotations are changed, how often they are modified and how these changes shape more or less diverse families and sub-families of quotations. Following a biological metaphor, we try to understand in which way mutations can transform quotations at different scales and how mutation rates depend on various properties of the quotations., Comment: Published in the Proceedings of the ASE/IEEE 4th Intl. Conf. on Social Computing "SocialCom 2012", Sep. 3-5, 2012, Amsterdam, NL

Published
2012

7. Awesome forces and warning signs: Charting the semantic history of taboo-related words in Vanuatu

Author

François, Alexandre, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, ANR-10-LABX-0083,EFL,Empirical Foundations of Linguistics : data, methods, models(2010), and Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA)

Subjects
anthropological linguistics, semantic maps, taboo, lexicon, social anthropology, lexical semantics, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics
Abstract

International audience; The Proto-Oceanic etymon *tabu (the source of Proto-Polynesian tapu, and of English taboo) is also preserved in other Oceanic languages, notably those of Vanuatu – albeit with phonetic and semantic changes. Reflexes of *tabu combine the notion of prohibition with the sentiment of awe before the sacred. Sometimes, they simply refer to the mundane warning signs that are put up in various locations to fend off unwelcome visitors. But *tabu words are also often linked with supernatural powers, good or evil, and with the sense of fear they induce upon us. In Vanuatu languages in particular, the root may evoke the numinous power of high-ranked dignitaries filled with mana; or the world of ancestral spirits or ghosts, and the forces of death. Semantic maps prove helpful in visualizing the internal organization of the root‘s lexical domain, as we compare modern languages with each other. Adapting the principles of the Comparative method to semantic change, this study reconstructs the meaning of *tabu at the level of Proto-Oceanic. The full potential of semantic maps becomes even more heuristic as we take a historical perspective: they offer new ways to visualize the evolution of polysemous roots, and to retrace the precise paths taken by changes in meaning.

Published
2022
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8. Introduction: The description of motion eventsOn deixis, asymmetries and constructions

Author

Sarda, Laure, Fagard, Benjamin, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, and Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2022

9. Neglected Aspects of Motion Events Description:Deixis, Asymmetries, Constructions. John Benjamins, HCP

Author

Sarda, Laure, Fagard, Benjamin, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, and Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2022

10. Teanu dictionary (Solomon Islands)

Author

François, Alexandre, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, and Martin Haspelmath, Barbara Stiebels

Subjects
[SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2021

11. Evaluating Hierarchical Clustering Methods for Corpora with Chronological Order

Author

Philippe Gambette, Olga Seminck, Dominique Legallois, Thierry Poibeau, Laboratoire d'Informatique Gaspard-Monge (LIGM), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, EADH, ANR-19-P3IA-0001,PRAIRIE,PaRis Artificial Intelligence Research InstitutE(2019), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), Gambette, Philippe, and PaRis Artificial Intelligence Research InstitutE - - PRAIRIE2019 - ANR-19-P3IA-0001 - P3IA - VALID

Subjects
reordering, [INFO.INFO-CL] Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], dendrogram, dendrogram seriation, [INFO.INFO-DS]Computer Science [cs]/Data Structures and Algorithms [cs.DS], [INFO.INFO-DS] Computer Science [cs]/Data Structures and Algorithms [cs.DS], hierarchical clustering, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], chronological order
Abstract

International audience; Hierarchical clustering can traditionally be represented through a dendrogram: a rooted tree whose leaves are documents, the length of the path between two leaves representing the stylistic/linguistic distance between the documents. Clusters correspond to branching nodes: the shorter the distance between two nodes, the more they are expected to share stylistic and linguistic features.We wonder how much the resulting dendrogram is consistent with the chronological order of writing. Indeed, this would provide us with a method of evaluating the result of the clustering. More precisely, the question we want to answer is: can the branching nodes of the dendrogram be re-ordered so that its leaves follow a chronological order as best as possible, while of course preserving the structure of the dendrogram?

Published
2021

12. The Corpus for Idiolectal Research (CIDRE)

Author

Thierry Poibeau, Olga Seminck, Philippe Gambette, Dominique Legallois, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Gustave Eiffel, Laboratoire d'Informatique Gaspard-Monge (LIGM), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Seminck, Olga, Département Littératures et langage (LILA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 - UFR Langues, Littératures, Cultures et Sociétés Étrangères (USN LLCSE), ANR-19-P3IA-0001,PRAIRIE,PaRis Artificial Intelligence Research InstitutE(2019), and Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA)

Subjects
Littérature, History, idiolect, [SHS.LITT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Literature, corpus linguistics, fiction, computer.software_genre, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, [SHS.LITT] Humanities and Social Sciences/Literature, Idiolectal variation, Corpus linguistics, AZ20-999, stylochronometry, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, French langage, 060201 languages & linguistics, diachrony, Language and Literature, 19th - 20th century, 05 social sciences, literature, linguistics, 06 humanities and the arts, [SHS.LANGUE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, Linguistics, Metadata, Style (visual arts), stylometry, French, Open source, linguistics, natural language processing, stylometry, literature, Scripting language, Idiolect, [INFO.INFO-CL] Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], 0602 languages and literature, Stylometry, french, History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Paratext, [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, 0509 other social sciences, 050904 information & library sciences, computer
Abstract

International audience; The Corpus for Idiolectal Research (CIDRE) is a collection of fiction works from 11 prolific 19th-century French authors (4 women, 7 men; 22-62 works/author; total of 37 million words). Every work is dated with the year it was written. Using programming scripts, the works have been gathered from open source platforms, for example La Bibliothèque électronique du Québec, and stripped of paratext (text not being part of the novel, e.g. prefaces). We distribute the text files, the dating, other metadata and the programming scripts under an open source license. CIDRE is the first resource of French for the study of style and idiolect in a diachronic manner (i.e. stylochronometry) on a larger scale.

Published
2021
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13. A Falta de Pan, Buenas Son Tortas: The Efficacy of Predicted UPOS Tags for Low Resource UD Parsing

Author

Mathieu Dehouck, Mark Anderson, Carlos Gómez-Rodríguez, Universidade da Coruña, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, and Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA)

Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences, Parsing, Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer science, Low resource, business.industry, Treebank, computer.software_genre, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], Resource (project management), [INFO.INFO-LG]Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG], [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Artificial intelligence, business, computer, Computation and Language (cs.CL), Natural language processing, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Dependency (project management)
Abstract

We evaluate the efficacy of predicted UPOS tags as input features for dependency parsers in lower resource settings to evaluate how treebank size affects the impact tagging accuracy has on parsing performance. We do this for real low resource universal dependency treebanks, artificially low resource data with varying treebank sizes, and for very small treebanks with varying amounts of augmented data. We find that predicted UPOS tags are somewhat helpful for low resource treebanks, especially when fewer fully-annotated trees are available. We also find that this positive impact diminishes as the amount of data increases., To be published in proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Parsing Technologies. Earlier versions were rejected at the 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 23rd Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics

Published
2021
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14. Valency-changing operations in Umóⁿhoⁿ

Author

Marsault, Julie, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris III, Pollet Samvelian, Guillaume Jacques, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Département Littératures et langage (LILA), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)

Subjects
Complex predicates, Antipassive, Applicative constructions, Morpho-syntaxe, Siouan, Verbal morphology, Morpho-syntax, Morphologie verbale, Changement de valence, Valency change, Prédicats Complexes, Incorporation nominale, Constructions causatives, noun incorporation, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, Causative constructions
Abstract

This dissertation presents a detailed study of valency-changing constructions in Umóⁿhoⁿ, a Native North American language. It contributes to a better description and understanding of this language and thereby also to the development of cross-linguistic research on argument structure, valency change, and the morphology-syntax interface. Part I includes a grammatical sketch of Umóⁿhoⁿ and a detailed description of its verbal morphology. It concludes with a general presentation of the existing valency alternations in the language, which take the form of derivations, complex predicates, and syntactic constructions. Part II presents case studies of some of these operations: the different types of causative and applicative constructions, the antipassive, and nominal incorporation. This work addresses in detail the difficult question of interpreting non-overt arguments in a language where some 3rd person arguments are never encoded. It also discusses the distinction between the morphological and the syntactic domains. The eight chapters in Parts I and II are supplemented by extensive appendices and a foreword on the socio-linguistic context of fieldwork.; Cette thèse propose une étude détaillée des constructions modifiant la valence verbale en Umóⁿhoⁿ, une langue amérindienne d’Amérique du Nord. Elle contribue à une meilleure description et compréhension de cette langue et, par ce biais, au développement des recherches typologiques sur la structure argumentale, le changement de valence et l’interface morphologie-syntaxe. La première partie comprend une esquisse grammaticale de l’Umóⁿhoⁿ et une description détaillée de sa morphologie verbale. Elle se termine par une présentation générale des alternances de valence existantes en Umóⁿhoⁿ, celles-ci se présentant sous la forme de dérivations, de prédicats complexes et de constructions syntaxiques. La partie II présente des études de cas de certaines de ces opérations : les différents types de constructions causatives et applicatives, l’antipassif et l’incorporation nominale. Ce travail aborde en détail le problème de l’interprétation des arguments non réalisés lorsque ceux-ci ne sont jamais codés à certaines personnes. Il examine également la distinction entre les domaines de la morphologie et de la syntaxe. Les huit chapitres des parties I et II sont complétés par d’importantes annexes et par un avant-propos sur le contexte socio-linguistique du travail de terrain.

Published
2021

15. Towards alignment strategies in human-agent interactions based on measures of lexical repetitions

Author

Chloé Clavel, Caroline Langlet, Guillaume Dubuisson Duplessis, Frédéric Landragin, Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut Polytechnique de Paris (IP Paris), Département Images, Données, Signal (IDS), Télécom ParisTech, Signal, Statistique et Apprentissage (S2A), Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l'Information (LTCI), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Paris-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Paris, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Paris, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
050101 languages & linguistics, Linguistics and Language, Computer science, [SHS.INFO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Library and information sciences, Verbal Alignment, [SCCO.COMP]Cognitive science/Computer science, 02 engineering and technology, Library and Information Sciences, computer.software_genre, Language and Linguistics, Human-machine dialogue, Education, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], Software, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Feature (machine learning), 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, Lexical repetitions, Repetition (rhetorical device), business.industry, 05 social sciences, [SCCO.LING]Cognitive science/Linguistics, Variety (cybernetics), Human agent, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, Artificial intelligence, Computational linguistics, business, computer, Natural language processing
Abstract

Alignment of communicative behaviour is an important feature of Human–Human interaction that directly affects the collaboration and the social connection of conversational partners. With the aim of improving the communicative abilities of a virtual agent, and in particular its strategies related to (lexical) verbal alignment, this article focuses on the alignment of linguistic productions of dialogue participants in task-oriented dialogues. We propose a new framework to quantify both the lexical alignment and the self-repetition behaviours of dialogue participants from dyadic dialogue transcripts. The framework involves easily computable measures based on repetition of lexical patterns automatically extracted via a sequential pattern mining approach. These measures allow the characterisation of the nature of these processes by addressing various informative aspects such as their variety, complexity, and strength. This framework is implemented in the freely available and open-source software dialign. Using these measures, we present a contrastive study between Human–Human and Human–Agent dialogues on various corpora that reveals major differences in the lexical alignment and self-repetition behaviours. Lastly, we address the challenge of integrating lexical alignment capabilities in artificial agents. To this end, we describe guidelines and we discuss the integration of the proposed framework in a real-time dialogue system.

Published
2021
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16. Revisiting the manner/path complementarityin light of French data

Author

Sarda, Laure, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Département Littératures et langage (LILA), and Sarda, Laure

Subjects
[SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2021

17. Analyse en corpus de chaînes de coréférence : annotation et représentations good-enough (dans un corpus en français)

Author

Delaborde, Marine, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, ANR-15-CE38-0008,DEMOCRAT,DEscription et MOdélisation des Chaînes de Référence : outils pour l'Annotation de corpus (en diachronie et en langues comparées) et le Traitement automatique(2015), Delaborde, Marine, DEscription et MOdélisation des Chaînes de Référence : outils pour l'Annotation de corpus (en diachronie et en langues comparées) et le Traitement automatique - - DEMOCRAT2015 - ANR-15-CE38-0008 - AAPG2015 - VALID, and Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA)

Subjects
fuzzy coreference, pronoun, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, [SHS.LANGUE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, coreference chains
Abstract

International audience; A coreference chain designates the set of linguistic expressions that refer to the same entity. The coreference relation between a chain's elements implies that the referent must be strictly the same for each expression that composes it. However, the referent of an expression is sometimes difficult to identify and the coreference relation between several expressions cannot therefore be strict without any doubt. For a reader, this lack of precision does not necessarily presents difficulties. Nevertheless, the coreference annotation task of a corpus consists in unequivocally identifying the referent of each expression. Non-strict coreference phenomena can therefore generate annotation difficulties. The members of the ANR Democrat project have produced a corpus annotated in coreference. This is an annotation of exact coreference. However, the analysis of the annotation the french « on » pronoun in this corpus reveals a great variability in the annotation of these phenomena from which we derive a classification. To avoid the annotation difficulties related to these phenomena, a more precise framework for the annotation of fuzzy coreference could be considered.

Published
2021

18. Explicit apprehensions, implicit instructions

Author

François, Alexandre, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Marine Vuillermet, Eva Schultze-Berndt, Martin Haspelmath, ANR-10-LABX-0083,EFL,Empirical Foundations of Linguistics : data, methods, models(2010), and Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
indirect speech act, modality, subordination, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, semantics, pragmatics, apprehensive modality, syntax
Abstract

International audience; Among the languages that grammaticalize the apprehensive domain, some use a subordinator like Eng. lest (“Don’t run, lest you fall”); others have an apprehensive modality within their verb system. Mwotlap (Oceanic, Vanuatu) thus has a mood marker /tiple/ (≈‘might’), often found in paratactic constructions like “Don’t run, you might fall!” This apprehensive also encodes a form of interclausal dependency; yet rather than being due to syntactic subordination proper, this dependency effect is arguably of a pragmatic nature. Indeed, by exposing an event (e.g. your falling) as a risk to be avoided, the apprehensive clause serves as an argument towards a certain behaviour (“don’t run”). Sometimes, only the apprehension is formulated (“You might fall!”), leading the hearer to reconstruct the intended instruction. The apprehensive mood then defines an indirect speech act – one where exposing a danger serves as a proxy for an implicit order. The pragmatic effect is sometimes exploited for politeness strategies, or for its humorous potential.

Published
2021

19. Lexical tectonics: Mapping structural change in patterns of lexification

Author

Alexandre François, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, ANR-10-LABX-0083,EFL,Empirical Foundations of Linguistics : data, methods, models(2010), and Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
semantic maps, Linguistics and Language, Vanuatu, semiotics, lexicon, language change, structural linguistics, lexical semantics, semantic change, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, Oceanic languages, Language and Linguistics
Abstract

Whether it is based on philological data or on reconstruction, historical linguistics formulates etymological hypotheses that entail changes both in form and in meaning. Semantic change can be understood as a change in “patterns of lexification”, i. e., correspondences between forms and senses. Thus a polysemous word, which once lexified senses s1–s2–s3, evolves so it later encodes s2–s3–s4. Meanings that used to be colexified are now dislexified, and vice versa. Leaning on empirical data from Romance and from Oceanic, this study outlines a general model of historical lexicology, and identifies five types of structural innovations in the lexicon: split, merger, competition, shift, and relexification. The theoretical discussion is made easier by using a visual approach to structural change, in the form of diachronic maps. Semantic maps have already proven useful to represent synchronic patterns of lexification, outlining each language’s emic categories against a grid of etic senses. The same principle can be profitably used when analysing lexification patterns in diachrony: lexical change is then viewed as the reconfiguration of sense clusters in a semantic space. Maps help us visualize the “lexical tectonics” at play as words evolve over time, gradually shifting their meaning, gaining or losing semantic territory, colliding with each other, or disappearing forever.

Published
2021

20. Olfactory words in northern Vanuatu: Langue vs. parole

Author

Alexandre François, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Łukasz Jedrzejowski, Przemysław Staniewski, ANR-10-LABX-0083,EFL,Empirical Foundations of Linguistics : data, methods, models(2010), and Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA)

Subjects
060201 languages & linguistics, Vanuatu, 0602 languages and literature, 05 social sciences, lexicon, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, 06 humanities and the arts, lexical semantics, sensory modalities, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, Oceanic languages, 050105 experimental psychology
Abstract

International audience; This corpus-based study examines the lexical domain of olfaction in the Oceanic languages of northern Vanuatu. While a tropical ecology is sometimes believed to favor elaborate encoding patterns for smells, this does not appear to be the case in Vanuatu: most languages there show a rather limited array of lexemes, whether to refer to smelling events (active, passive, experiencer-based) or to the odors themselves. That said, sources based on speakers’ competence (langue) rather than performance (parole) suggest that languages may in fact possess a latent elaborate olfactory lexicon, even if it surfaces rarely in ordinary speech. The low discourse frequency of specific terms may be explained by cultural factors, as smells appear to play a reduced functional role in traditional social practices of Vanuatu. Finally, my corpus of conversation and oral literature shows that when olfaction is mentioned, it is mostly associated, first, with the islands’ natural environment; and second, with the existential constrast between death and life.

Published
2021
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21. Relations between verb and noun in the domain of motion: arrive/arrival in English and French

Author

Sarda, Laure, Fontaine, Lise, Sarda, Laure, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Cardiff University, and Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA)

Subjects
[SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2021

22. Reordering a tree according to an order on its leaves

Author

Bulteau, Laurent, Gambette, Philippe, Seminck, Olga, Laboratoire d'Informatique Gaspard-Monge (LIGM), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, ANR-16-IDEX-0003,FUTURE,FUTURE(2016), ANR-19-P3IA-0001,PRAIRIE,PaRis Artificial Intelligence Research InstitutE(2019), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), and Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-DS]Computer Science [cs]/Data Structures and Algorithms [cs.DS], tree drawing, permutation, FPT algorithm, tree, OTCM, TTDE, NP-hardness, Theory of computation → Parameterized complexity and exact algorithms, inversions, OTDE, order, [INFO.INFO-BI]Computer Science [cs]/Bioinformatics [q-bio.QM], clustering
Abstract

In this article, we study two problems consisting in reordering a tree to fit with an order on its leaves provided as input, which were earlier introduced in the context of phylogenetic tree comparison for bioinformatics, OTCM and OTDE. The first problem consists in finding an order which minimizes the number of inversions with an input order on the leaves, while the second one consists in removing the minimum number of leaves from the tree to make it consistent with the input order on the remaining leaves. We show that both problems are NP-complete when the maximum degree is not bounded, as well as a problem on tree alignment, answering two questions opened in 2010 by Henning Fernau, Michael Kaufmann and Mathias Poths. We provide a polynomial-time algorithm for OTDE in the case where the maximum degree is bounded by a constant and an FPT algorithm in a parameter lower than the number of leaves to delete. Our results have practical interest not only for bioinformatics but also for digital humanities to evaluate, for example, the consistency of the dendrogram obtained from a hierarchical clustering algorithm with a chronological ordering of its leaves. We explore the possibilities of practical use of our results both on trees obtained by clustering the literary works of French authors and on simulated data, using implementations of our algorithms in Python., LIPIcs, Vol. 223, 33rd Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2022), pages 24:1-24:15

Published
2021
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23. Text Zoning of Theater Reviews: How Different are Journalistic from Blogger Reviews?

Author

Maignant, Mylène, Brison, Gaëtan, Poibeau, Thierry, Poibeau, Thierry, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, EUR Translitterae, and Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-TT]Computer Science [cs]/Document and Text Processing, [SHS.LITT] Humanities and Social Sciences/Literature, Text Zoning, [SHS.LITT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Literature, Theatre review, [SCCO.COMP] Cognitive science/Computer science, [SCCO.COMP]Cognitive science/Computer science, [INFO.INFO-TT] Computer Science [cs]/Document and Text Processing, [SCCO.LING]Cognitive science/Linguistics, [SCCO.LING] Cognitive science/Linguistics
Abstract

International audience; This paper aims at modeling the structure of theater reviews on contemporary London performances by using text zoning. Text zoning consists in tagging sentences so as to reveal text structure. More than 40 000 theater reviews going from 2010 to 2020 were collected to analyze two different types of reception (journalistic vs digital). We present our annotation scheme and the classifiers used to perform the text zoning task, aiming at tagging reviews at the sentence level. We obtain the best results using the random forest algorithm, and show that this approach makes it possible to give a first insight of the similarities and differences between our two subcorpora.

Published
2021

24. Source/Goal (a)symmetry

Author

Fagard, Benjamin, Kopecka, Anetta, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Dynamique Du Langage (DDL), Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
Polish, Source-oriented events, goal-over-source principle, Path of motion, Source-Goal asymmetry, Goal-oriented events, goal bias, German, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, satellite-framed constructions
Abstract

International audience; This paper compares the expression of Source and Goal in German and Polish, on the basis of descriptions elicited with a series of video clips. As satellite-framed languages (Talmy 1985, 2000), both German and Polish mainly rely on grammatical morphemes to encode Path of motion with respect to Source and Goal. Nevertheless, despite this shared typological feature, these languages also display fine morphosyntactic and semantic differences. Our study reveals that the expression of Source and Goal is more asymmetrical in German as compared to Polish, in both the types of linguistic resources and the semantic distinctions. We show that German speakers tend to combine Path satellites with Path verbsincluding both deictic satellites and deictic verbsmore frequently in Source-oriented events, depicting them with finer semantic distinctions than Goal-oriented events. In the expression of the Ground, however, they tend to make more distinctions in the expression of Goals as 2 Benjamin Fagard & Anetta Kopecka compared to Sources, by using a greater variety of prepositions. Polish speakers, by contrast, tend to express Source and Goal in a more symmetrical fashion. These cross-linguistic differences are discussed in the light of language-specific characteristics and their role in the expressionsymmetrical or asymmetricalof Source and Goal.

Published
2020
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25. Sonnet Combinatorics with OuPoCo

Author

Poibeau, Thierry, Maignant, Mylène, Mélanie-Becquet, Frédérique, Plancq, Clément, Raffard, Matthieu, Roussel, Mathilde, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, EUR Translitterae, Institut 3IA PRAIRIE, ACL-SIGHUM, Oupoco, ANR-19-P3IA-0001,PRAIRIE,PaRis Artificial Intelligence Research InstitutE(2019), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), Poibeau, Thierry, and PaRis Artificial Intelligence Research InstitutE - - PRAIRIE2019 - ANR-19-P3IA-0001 - P3IA - VALID

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-AI] Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], [SHS.STAT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Methods and statistics, [SHS.LITT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Literature, [INFO.INFO-TT] Computer Science [cs]/Document and Text Processing, [SCCO.COMP]Cognitive science/Computer science, Poetry generation, Contraints, Rhyme analysis, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], [SHS.LITT] Humanities and Social Sciences/Literature, [INFO.INFO-TT]Computer Science [cs]/Document and Text Processing, [SCCO.COMP] Cognitive science/Computer science, [SHS.STAT] Humanities and Social Sciences/Methods and statistics, Queneau, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], [INFO.INFO-HC] Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC]
Abstract

International audience; In this paper, we describe OuPoCo (l’Ouvroir de Poésie Combinatoire), a system producing new sonnets by recombining verses from existing sonnets, following an idea that Queneau described in his book Cent Mille Milliards de poèmes, Gallimard, 1961. We propose to demonstrate differ- ent outputs of our implementation (a Web site, a Twitter bot and a specifically developed device, called La Boîte à poésie) based on a corpus of 19th century French poetry. Our goal is to make people interested in poetry again, by giving access to automatically produced sonnets through original and entertaining channels and devices.

Published
2020

26. What can we learn from philosophical manuscripts and archives?

Author

Zaccarello, Benedetta, Institut des textes et manuscrits modernes (ITEM), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), and Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
[SHS.PHIL]Humanities and Social Sciences/Philosophy, MESH: écriture de la philosophie, archives, philosophie, manuscrits, genèse de la pensée, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020

27. Data Augmentation via Subtree Swapping for Dependency Parsing of Low-Resource Languages

Author

Carlos Gómez-Rodríguez, Mathieu Dehouck, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Faculty of Computer Science [Coruña] (FIC), University of A Coruña (UDC), Universidade da Coruña, and Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA)

Subjects
Low resource, business.industry, Computer science, Test data generation, 05 social sciences, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], 010104 statistics & probability, [INFO.INFO-LG]Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG], Dependency grammar, 0502 economics and business, Grammaticality, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Artificial intelligence, 0101 mathematics, business, computer, Swap (computer programming), Natural language processing, 050205 econometrics
Abstract

International audience; The lack of annotated data is a big issue for building reliable NLP systems for most of the world's languages. But this problem can be alleviated by automatic data generation. In this paper, we present a new data augmentation method for artificially creating new dependency-annotated sentences. The main idea is to swap subtrees between annotated sentences while enforcing strong constraints on those trees to ensure maximal grammaticality of the new sentences. We also propose a method to perform low-resource experiments using resource-rich languages by mimicking low-resource languages by sampling sentences under a low-resource distribution. In a series of experiments, we show that our newly proposed data augmentation method outperforms previous proposals using the same basic inputs.

Published
2020
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28. Reading Philosophy Through Archives and Manuscripts

Author

Zaccarello, Benedetta, Desideri, Fabrizio, Institut des textes et manuscrits modernes (ITEM), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université de Florence, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), and Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
manuscrits, philosophie, [SHS.PHIL]Humanities and Social Sciences/Philosophy, critique génétique, genèse de la pensée, archives, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience; The philosophical manuscript is a peculiar object that has only recently started to receive proper consideration. However, in Europe for instance, major archival centers have for a long time been collecting important philosophical data — such as Nietzsche, Benjamin or Kierkegaard’s archives — and have contributed to preserve the memory of philosophical writing across the 20th century. This process has led to the constitution of an archival heritage that remains open to further exploration. This publication aims to investigate the specific status of philosophical manuscripts and of the forms and modalities of expression to which they testify.

Published
2020

29. Normalisation of 16th and 17th century texts in French and geographical named entity recognition

Author

Philippe Gambette, Eleni Kogkitsidou, Laboratoire d'Informatique Gaspard-Monge (LIGM), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel, Littératures, Savoirs et Arts (LISAA), Université Gustave Eiffel, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Cité des Dames, créatrices dans la cité (I-Site FUTURE, ANR-16-IDEX-0003), ACM, Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)

Subjects
Unitex, Computer science, Microblogging, Old French, [INFO.INFO-DS]Computer Science [cs]/Data Structures and Algorithms [cs.DS], 02 engineering and technology, geographical named entity recognition, computer.software_genre, Named-entity recognition, text normalization, 020204 information systems, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Social media, natural language processing, business.industry, Spacy, language.human_language, Focus (linguistics), SEM, Text normalization, language, Perdido, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, CoreNLP, CasEN, Artificial intelligence, digital humanities, business, computer, Natural language processing
Abstract

International audience; Both statistical and rule-based methods for named entity recognition are quite sensitive to the type of language used in the analysed texts. Former studies have shown for example that it was harder to detect named entities in SMS or microblog messages where words are abridged or changed to lowercase. In this article, we focus on old French texts to evaluate the impact of manual and automatic normalization before applying five geographical named entity recognition tools, as well as an improved version of one of them, in order to help building maps displaying the locations mentioned in ancient texts. Our results show that manual normalisation leads to better results for all methods and that automatic normalisation performs differently depending on the tool used to extract geographical named entities, but with a significant improvement on most methods.

Published
2020
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30. Three Minute Thesis presentations: recontextualisation strategies in doctoral research

Author

Elizabeth Rowley-Jolivet, Shirley Carter-Thomas, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Département Langues et Sciences Humaines (LSH), Télécom Ecole de Management (TEM)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom Business School (IMT-BS), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Laboratoire Ligérien de Linguistique (LLL), Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), and Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Register (sociolinguistics), Linguistics and Language, media_common.quotation_subject, Recontextualisation, Language and Linguistics, Education, Personalization, Presentation, Non-specialist audience, Pedagogy, Rhetorical question, Sociology, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, media_common, 060201 languages & linguistics, Structure (mathematical logic), Three Minute Thesis (3MT) presentations, business.industry, 4. Education, 05 social sciences, Principal (computer security), 050301 education, Genre analysis, 06 humanities and the arts, Knowledge base, PhD students, 0602 languages and literature, business, 0503 education
Abstract

International audience; The trend towards the democratisation and sharing of academic research has brought about numerous changes in the type and number of genres researchers have to navigate. One recent addition to the palette of university genres is the Three Minute Thesis presentation (3MT). The primary purpose of this article is to identify the principal features of 3MT presentations and examine the recontextualisation strategies that doctoral students need in order to adapt their research to the non-specialist 3MT audience. Basing our study on a corpus of 30 presentations in the sciences and humanities, our analysis of these recontextualisation strategies is divided into two main categories: a) strategies to tailor the scientific information to the audience's knowledge base, focussing on the rhetorical structure and the explanatory strategies used to make the topic comprehensible, and b) strategies to engage the audience's interest using various personalisation and interactional strategies as well as attention-getting devices such as catchy titles, pictures and jokes. Results suggest that 3MTs possess a very stable cluster of features, with their own rhetorical strategies, register, and overall generic structure. The article ends with a discussion of the impact of some modern societal and media trends on 3MTs.

Published
2020
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31. Complex adpositions in Romance: Emergence and variation

Author

Fagard, Benjamin, Stosic, Dejan, Pinto De Lima, José, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie (CLLE-ERSS), Université Bordeaux Montaigne-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Romance languages, corpus studies, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, contrastive linguistics, grammaticalization, lexicalization
Abstract

International audience; In this paper, we describe the systems of complex adpositions in modern Romance languages, and discuss their status and definition. We do so with a corpus-based analysis focusing on three Romance languages, French, Portuguese and Romanian, and show that some features of complex adpositions are common to most if not all varieties, while some seem to be specificities of one or more of these languages. One case in point is the way such constructions can be tested, for instance with possessives-a test which does not seem to affect French and Portuguese (Catalan, etc.) CAs in the same way: the clear contrast found in French between non-lexicalized constructions and CAs on account of their intolerance of the possessive is not to be found in Portuguese. Finally, we formulate a hypothesis as to the development of CAs in various Romance languages, suggesting it may not have been parallel.

Published
2020
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32. Complex adpositions in Europe and beyond: A synthesis

Author

Fagard, Benjamin, Smirnova, Elena, Stosic, Dejan, Pinto De Lima, José, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie (CLLE-ERSS), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Benjamin Fagard, José Pinto de Lima, Dejan Stosic, Elena Smirnova, Département Littératures et langage (LILA), Université Bordeaux Montaigne-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
adpositions, constructionalization, case, typology, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, complex prepositions, nominal relators
Abstract

International audience; In the chapters of this volume, the authors describe the paradigms of complex nominal relators (CRs for short) in various languages of Europe, both Indo-European (Romance, Germanic, Slavic, Celtic, Greek and Albanian) and non-Indo-European (Estonian and Permic (Finno-Ugric), Basque (isolate), Turkish and Maltese (Afro-Asiatic)). In this final chapter, we propose to go beyond individual descriptions, and discuss the results presented in all chapters from a wider typological perspective.

Published
2020
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33. Complex prepositions in Albanian: A first assessment

Author

Bonnet, Guillaume, Fagard, Benjamin, Centre Pluridisciplinaire Textes et Cultures [Dijon] (CPTC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université de Bourgogne (UB), Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, and Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
Balkan languages, corpus linguistics, contact linguistics, Albanian, case, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, prepositions
Abstract

International audience; In this chapter, we investigate the marking of nominal relations in Albanian, from case marking to simple and complex prepositions, on the basis of the (limited) literature and of a corpus study. We rely on two corpora, the Albanian National Corpus (ANC) and the parallel corpus OPUS, totaling 20 and 46 million words respectively. This enables us to provide frequency lists and distributional features of simple and complex prepositions, making it possible to account for the formal and functional differences between different types of simple and complex adpositions. We also address the question of the possible origin of CAs in Albanian, showing a possible effect of language contact.

Published
2020
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34. OuPoCo, the Combinatorial Poetry Workbench

Author

Poibeau, Thierry, Maignant, Mylène, Mélanie-Becquet, Frédérique, Plancq, Clément, Raffard, Matthieu, Roussel, Mathilde, Saurat, Mathilde, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, EUR TRanslitterae, 3IA PRairie, ANR-19-P3IA-0001,PRAIRIE,PaRis Artificial Intelligence Research InstitutE(2019), and Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-TT]Computer Science [cs]/Document and Text Processing, [SHS.STAT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Methods and statistics, [SHS.LITT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Literature, Poetry analysis, Queneau, [SCCO.COMP]Cognitive science/Computer science, Poetry generation
Abstract

International audience; Oupoco (L’ouvroir de poésie combinatoire) is a project taking inspiration from Raymond Queneau's book Cent mille mille milliards de poèmes, published in 1961. Queneau’s book is a collection of ten sonnets which verses can be freely recombined to form new poems. The book can be seen as composed of ten sheets, each separated into fourteen horizontal bands, each band carrying a verse on its front. The reader can choose, for each verse, one of the ten versions proposed by Queneau. The ten versions of each verse have the same scansion and rhyme, which ensures that each sonnet thus assembled is regular in shape [Queneau, 1961].It would be tempting to develop a computer-based version of Queneau’s work, but Queneau’s book is still under copyright, and it is by definition limited to its ten original sonnets. To overcome this problem, we developed the Oupoco project, aiming at proposing a sonnet generator based on the recombination of a large collection of 19th century French sonnets. The challenge is thus more complex than the one proposed originally by Queneau since our sonnets do not have the same scansion and rhyme. From this point of view, even if the project is intended to generate new sonnets, it is largely based on the development of analysis tools able to identify the scansion, the rhyme and the structure of the original sonnets. It is thus very different from the numerous projects dedicated to the pure generation of poetry, being with symbolic [Gervás, P., 2013] or neural methods [Ghazvininejad et al., 2017] [Van De Cruys, 2019] (among many others).Oupoco is currently based on a collection of 788 sonnets from 16 authors from the 19th century, and this database is regularly expanding. Each sonnet is encoded in a XML format along with related metadata, and a TEI version of the database is available. The project requires to get access to a formal representation of rhymes [Beaudouin, 2002]. In order to do this, the first step is to get a phonetic transcription of the last word of each verse, but this is not enough: for example, aimé and aimée have the same phonetic transcription, but do not rhyme, according to French rhyming rules (feminine and masculine do not rhyme according to the classical rules of French poetry); there are also cases where the phonetic transcription diverges but words actually rhyme (for example with sounds like [e] and [e]). A series of rules had thus to be defined to get a proper analysis of rhyme from the phonetic transcription of the last word of each verse. The generator uses this analysis to produce random sonnets, with different possible structures, respecting the rules of French versification (the code and the resources used, especially the sonnet database, are open source and freely available for research, see: https://github.com/clement-plancq/oupoco-api).

Published
2020

35. Coreference resolution for spoken French

Author

Grobol, Loïc, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Automatic Language Modelling and ANAlysis & Computational Humanities (ALMAnaCH), Inria de Paris, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), This work is part of the ‘Investissements d’Avenir’ overseen by the French National Research Agency ANR-10-LABX-0083 (Labex EFL), and is also supported by the ANR DEMOCRAT (Describing and Modelling Reference Chains: Tools for Corpus Annotation and Automatic Processing) project ANR-15-CE38-0008 and the ANR Profiterole (PRocessing Old French Instrumented TExts for the Representation Of Language Evolution) project ANR-16-CE38-0010., Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Isabelle Tellier (Directrice), Frédéric Landragin (Directeur), Éric Villemonte de la Clergerie (Co-encadrant), Marco Dinarelli (Co-encadrant), ANR-11-IDEX-0005,USPC,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité(2011), ANR-15-CE38-0008,DEMOCRAT,DEscription et MOdélisation des Chaînes de Référence : outils pour l'Annotation de corpus (en diachronie et en langues comparées) et le Traitement automatique(2015), ANR-16-CE38-0010,PROFITEROLE,Modélisation de l'évolution de la langue à partir de textes d'ancien français instrumentés(2016), Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02/10-LABX-0083 - EFL - Empirical Foundations of Linguistics : data, methods, models (2011), Frédéric Landragin, Isabelle Tellier, ANR-11-IDEX-0005,EFL,Empirical Foundations of Linguistics : data, methods, models(2011), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, and Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA)

Subjects
Ressources annotées, Artificial neural networks, Annotations representation, Natural language processing, [SCCO.LING]Cognitive science/Linguistics, Corpus, Formats d’annotation, [INFO.INFO-CL]Computer Science [cs]/Computation and Language [cs.CL], Traitement automatique du langage naturel, Apprentissage artificiel, Coréférence, Coreference, Anaphore, [INFO.INFO-LG]Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG], Machine learning, Réseaux de neurones artificiels, Anaphora, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, Annotated resources
Abstract

A coreference chain is the set of linguistic expressions — or mentions — that refer to the same entity or discourse object in a given document. Coreference resolution consists in detecting all the mentions in a document and partitioning their set into coreference chains. Coreference chainsplay a central role in the consistency of documents and interactions, and their identification has applications to many other fields in natural language processing that rely on an understanding of language, such as information extraction, question answering or machine translation. Natural language processing systems that perform this task exist for many languages, but none for French — which suffered until recently from a lack of suitable annotated resources — and none for spoken language.In this thesis, we aim to fill this gap by designing a coreference resolution system for spoken French. To this end, we propose a knowledge-poor system based on an end-to-end neural network architecture, which obviates the need for the preprocessing pipelines common in existing systems, while maintaining performances comparable to the state-of-the art. We then propose extensions on that baseline, by augmenting our system with external knowledge obtained from resources and preprocessing tools designed for written French. Finally, we propose a new standard representation for coreference annotation in corpora of written and spoken languages, and demonstrate its use in a new version of ANCOR, the first coreference corpus of spoken French.; Une chaîne de coréférences est l’ensemble des expressions linguistiques — ou mentions — qui font référence à une même entité ou un même objet du discours. La tâche de reconnaissance des chaînes de coréférences consiste à détecter l’ensemble des mentions d’un document et à lepartitionner en chaînes de coréférences. Ces chaînes jouent un rôle central dans la cohérence des documents et des interactions et leur identification est un enjeu important pour de nombreuses autres tâches en traitement automatique du langage, comme l’extraction d’informations ou la traduction automatique. Des systèmes automatiques de reconnaissance de chaînes de coréférence existent pour plusieurs langues, mais aucun pour le français ni pour une langue parlée.Nous nous proposons dans cette thèse de combler ce manque par un système de reconnaissance automatique de chaînes de coréférences pour le français parlé. À cette fin, nous proposons un système utilisant des réseaux de neurones artificiels et ne nécessitant pas de ressources externes.Ce système est viable malgré le manque d’outils de prétraitements adaptés au français parléet obtient des performances comparable à l’état de l’art. Nous proposons également des voies d’amélioration de ce système, en y introduisant des connaissances issues de ressources et d’outilsconçus pour le français écrit. Enfin, nous proposons un nouveau format de représentation pour l’annotation des chaînes de coréférences dans des corpus de langues écrites et parlées et en nous en donnons un exemple en proposant une nouvelle version d’ANCOR — le premier corpus de français annoté en coréférence.

Published
2020

36. It’s complicated!: On Natural Language Processing Tools and Digital Humanities

Author

Poibeau, Thierry, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, ANR-19-P3IA-0001,PRAIRIE,PaRis Artificial Intelligence Research InstitutE(2019), and Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
Digital Humanities, [INFO.INFO-TT]Computer Science [cs]/Document and Text Processing, [SHS.STAT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Methods and statistics, [SHS.LITT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Literature, Natural language processing, [SCCO.COMP]Cognitive science/Computer science, [SCCO.LING]Cognitive science/Linguistics, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020

37. Graphemic and graphetic methods in speculative fiction

Author

Haralambous, Yannis, Landragin, Frédéric, Handa, Kenichi, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), Lab-STICC_IMTA_CID_DECIDE, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Département Informatique (IMT Atlantique - INFO), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Equipe DECIDE (Lab-STICC_DECIDE), Yannis Haralambous, Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), and Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-TT]Computer Science [cs]/Document and Text Processing, science fiction, [SHS.INFO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Library and information sciences, [SCCO.COMP]Cognitive science/Computer science, speculative fiction, graphemics, [SCCO.LING]Cognitive science/Linguistics, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, eye dialect, graphetics
Abstract

International audience; In this paper we define a model of literary prose text, in terms of an ontology: concepts, relations and rules. This ontology contains both concepts related to abstract linguistic entities and to material/geometric notions. Rules are included in order to modelize the conventions of orthotypographic tradition. Once the model established, we define “graphemic and graphetic methods” as transgressions to these rules and investigate the use of such methods in speculative fiction texts, based on a 20th-21st c. international corpus. We also investigate, whenever possible, to what extent and in what way graphemic and graphetic methods have been translated into and/or adapted to other languages.

Published
2020
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38. Automatic Extraction of French Foods Expression Routine with NooJ

Author

Yang, Tong, DILTEC - Didactique des langues, des textes et des cultures - EA 2288 (DILTEC), Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), and yang, tong

Subjects
[INFO]Computer Science [cs], [INFO] Computer Science [cs], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020

39. Discourse topics and digressive markers

Author

Michel Charolles, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, and Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
050101 languages & linguistics, Linguistics and Language, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, Topic shift, Common sense, 050105 experimental psychology, Language and Linguistics, Linguistics, Digression, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Framing (social sciences), Artificial Intelligence, Rhetorical question, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Sociology, Discourse marker, media_common
Abstract

The article aims to clarify some of the theoretical orientations underlying the linguistic studies on topics of discourse and digressive markers. The notion of discourse topic (DT) introduced by van Dijk in the 1970s has no place in the models developed since the 1980s by Hobbs, Mann and Thompson, Asher and Lascarides and others. These models do without DT, for the reason that the rhetorical relations they advocate were sufficient to explain common sense intuitions on (dis)continuity and (in)coherence of discourse, although, at the same time, van Kuppevelt advocates model based solely on DT relations. With the development of systematic annotations of corpora, studies on discourse markers have increased, including markers of topic shifts. The last part of the paper deals with d'ailleurs and par ailleurs French adverbials, which are commonly used as a marker of digression. The analysis of these two DMs show that they are polyfunctional and involve both rhetorical relationships (addition, justification) that make the link with the previous utterances, and framing relationships indexing the incoming discourse (announcing of a topic shift, or a return to a previous DT).

Published
2020
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40. FrSemCor: Annotating a French corpus with supersenses

Author

Barque, L, Haas, Pauline, Huyghe, R, Tribout, D, Candito, M, Crabbé, B, Segonne, V, Université Paris 13 - UFR Lettres, langues, sciences humaines et des sociétés (UP13 UFR LLSHS), Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratoire de Linguistique Formelle (LLF UMR7110), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (LattIce), Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Université de Fribourg, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Université de Lille - UFR des Humanités (Lille UFRH), Université de Lille, Savoirs, Textes, Langage (STL) - UMR 8163 (STL), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Département Littératures et langage (LILA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université de Fribourg = University of Fribourg (UNIFR), and Université de Lille - Faculté des Humanités (Lille Humanités)

Subjects
ComputingMethodologies_PATTERNRECOGNITION, InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSTORAGEANDRETRIEVAL, supersenses, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, corpus, [SCCO.LING]Cognitive science/Linguistics, ComputingMethodologies_ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE, semantic annotation
Abstract

International audience; French, as many languages, lacks semantically annotated corpus data. Our aim is to provide the linguistic and NLP research communities with a gold standard sense-annotated corpus of French, using WordNet Unique Beginners as semantic tags, thus allowing for interoperability. In this paper, we report on the first phase of the project, which focused on the annotation of common nouns. The resulting dataset consists of more than 12,000 French noun tokens which were annotated in double blind and adjudicated according to a carefully redefined set of supersenses. The resource is released online under a Creative Commons Licence.

Published
2020

41. Méthodes d’amorçage pour l’analyse en dépendances de langues peu dotées

Author

Lim, Kyungtae, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Université Paris sciences et lettres, Thierry Poibeau, Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), and STAR, ABES

Subjects
Multilingual word representation, Analyse en dépendances, Dependency Parsing, Transfert de connaissances, Représentations lexicales multilingues, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, [SHS.LANGUE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, Transfer learning
Abstract

Dependency parsing is an essential component of several NLP applications owing its ability to capture complex relational information in a sentence. Due to the wider availability of dependency treebanks, most dependency parsing systems are built using supervised learning techniques. These systems require a significant amount of annotated data and are thus targeted toward specific languages for which this type of data are available. Unfortunately, producing sufficient annotated data for low-resource languages is time- and resource-consuming. To address the aforementioned issue, the present study investigates three bootstrapping methods, namely, (1) multi-lingual transfer learning, (2) deep contextualized embedding, and (3) Co-training. Multi-lingual transfer learning is a typical supervised learning approach that can transfer dependency knowledge using multi-lingual training data based on multi-lingual lexical representations. Deep contextualized embedding maximizes the use of lexical features during supervised learning based on enhanced sub-word representations and language model (LM). Lastly, co-training is a semi-supervised learning method that leverages parsing accuracies using unlabeled data. Our approaches have the advantage of requiring only a small bilingual dictionary or easily obtainable unlabeled resources (e.g., Wikipedia) to improve parsing accuracy in low-resource conditions. We evaluated our parser on 57 official CoNLL shared task languages as well as on Komi, which is a language we developed as a training and evaluation corpora for low-resource scenarios. The evaluation results demonstrated outstanding performances of our approaches in both low- and high-resource dependency parsing in the 2017 and 2018 CoNLL shared tasks. A survey of both model transfer learning and semi-supervised methods for low-resource dependency parsing was conducted, where the effect of each method under different conditions was extensively investigated., L'analyse en dépendances est une composante essentielle de nombreuses applications de TAL (Traitement Automatique des Langues), dans la mesure où il s'agit de fournir une analyse des relations entre les principaux éléments de la phrase. La plupart des systèmes d'analyse en dépendances sont issus de techniques d'apprentissage supervisées, à partir de grands corpus annotés. Ce type d'analyse est dès lors limité à quelques langues seulement, qui disposent des ressources adéquates. Pour les langues peu dotées, la production de données annotées est une tâche impossible le plus souvent, faute de moyens et d'annotateurs disponibles. Afin de résoudre ce problème, la thèse examine trois méthodes d’amorçage, à savoir (1) l’apprentissage par transfert multilingue, (2) les plongements vectoriels contextualisés profonds et (3) le co-entrainement. La première idée, l'apprentissage par transfert multilingue, permet de transférer des connaissances d'une langue pour laquelle on dispose de nombreuses ressources, et donc de traitements efficaces, vers une langue peu dotée. Les plongements vectoriels contextualisés profonds, quant à eux, permettent une représentation optimale du sens des mots en contexte, grâce à la notion de modèle de langage. Enfin, le co-entrainement est une méthode d'apprentissage semi-supervisée, qui permet d'améliorer les performances des systèmes en utilisant les grandes quantités de données non annotées souvent disponibles pour les différentes langues visées. Nos approches ne nécessitent qu'un petit dictionnaire bilingue ou des ressources non étiquetées faciles à obtenir (à partir de Wikipedia par exemple) pour améliorer la précision de l'analyse pour des langues où les ressources disponibles sont insuffisantes. Nous avons évalué notre analyseur syntaxique sur 57 langues à travers la participation aux campagnes d'évaluation proposées dans le cadre de la conférence CoNLL. Nous avons également mené des expériences sur d'autres langues, comme le komi, une langue finno-ougrienne parlée en Russie : le komi offre un scénario réaliste pour tester les idées mises en avant dans la thèse. Notre système a obtenu des résultats très compétitifs lors de campagnes d'évaluation officielles, notamment lors des campagnes CoNLL 2017 et 2018. Cette thèse offre donc des perspectives intéressantes pour le traitement automatique des langues peu dotées, un enjeu majeur pour le TAL dans les années à venir.

Published
2020

42. German Writers from Abroad: Transligualism, Hybrid Languages, Broken’ Germans

Author

Weissmann, Dirk, Centre de Recherche et d'Études Germaniques (CREG EA4151), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Institut des textes et manuscrits modernes (ITEM), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Rebecca Braun, Benedict Schofield, Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département Littératures et langage (LILA), and Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)

Subjects
transnationalism, [SHS.LITT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Literature, multilingualism, German studies, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020

43. Announcing the Dictionary: Front Matter in the Three Editions of Furetière’s Dictionnaire Universel

Author

Williams, Geoffrey, ioana, galleron, Stincone, Clarissa, Williams, Geoffrey, La Révolution numérique : rapports au savoir et à la culture - Numérisation et analyse du Dictionnaire universel de Basnage de Beauval: lexicographie et réseaux scientifiques - - BASNUM2018 - ANR-18-CE38-0003 - AAPG2018 - VALID, LITT&ARTS. Arts et pratiques du texte, de l’image, de l’écran et de la scène (LITT&ARTS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, ANR-18-CE38-0003,BASNUM,Numérisation et analyse du Dictionnaire universel de Basnage de Beauval: lexicographie et réseaux scientifiques(2018), and Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
[SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, [SHS.LANGUE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020

44. Conceptions lexicale et cognitive de la notion d’antécédent : une étude contrastive de l’anaphore pronominale en français et en chinois

Author

Frédéric Landragin, Jiaqi Hou, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3

Subjects
050101 languages & linguistics, 0303 health sciences, antécédent, 05 social sciences, salience, General Medicine, anaphora, [SCCO.LING]Cognitive science/Linguistics, anaphore, lcsh:Social Sciences, lcsh:H, 03 medical and health sciences, antecedent, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, saillance, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

International audience; Lexical and cognitive approaches of antecedent: a contrastive study of pronominal anaphora in French and Chinese. We propose in this article two conceptions of the notion of antecedent, as it contributes to the referential interpretation of pronominal anaphora. While the lexical approach of antecedent facilitates the introduction or reintroduction of the referent into the consciousness of the addressee, the cognitive antecedent is used to maintain the high degree of referential saliency. By analyzing linguistic examples and statistical results of textual data in French and Chinese, our goal is to show that, despite the distributional difference of lexical and zero pronouns in French and in Chinese, both languages require the two kinds of antecedent for the interpretation of pronominal anaphora in a text.; Nous proposons dans cet article deux conceptions de la notion d'antécédent, telle qu'elle contribue à l'interprétation référentielle de l'anaphore pronominale. Tandis que du point de vue de la sémantique lexicale, l'antécédent lexical permet d'introduire ou de réintroduire le référent dans la conscience du destinataire, l'antécédent cognitif sert à maintenir le haut degré de saillance référentielle. En analysant des exemples et les résultats de données textuelles en français et en chinois, notre but est de montrer que malgré la différence distributionnelle des pronoms lexicaux et zéro dans les deux langues, les deux langues ont toutes besoin des deux types d'antécédent pour l'interprétation des anaphores pronominales dans un texte.

Published
2020
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45. French coreference for spoken and written language

Author

Rodrigo Wilkens, Bruno Oberle, Frédéric Landragin, Amalia Todirascu, Instituto de Informática [Porto Alegre], Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre] (UFRGS), Linguistique, Langues et Parole (LILPA), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Fonctionnement Discursif et Traduction (LILPA) (FDT), ANR-16-CE28-0005,ALECTOR,Aide à la LECTure pour améliORer l'accès aux documents pour enfants dyslexiques(2016), ANR-15-CE38-0008,DEMOCRAT,DEscription et MOdélisation des Chaînes de Référence : outils pour l'Annotation de corpus (en diachronie et en langues comparées) et le Traitement automatique(2015), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), OBERLE, BRUNO, Aide à la LECTure pour améliORer l'accès aux documents pour enfants dyslexiques - - ALECTOR2016 - ANR-16-CE28-0005 - AAPG2016 - VALID, and DEscription et MOdélisation des Chaînes de Référence : outils pour l'Annotation de corpus (en diachronie et en langues comparées) et le Traitement automatique - - DEMOCRAT2015 - ANR-15-CE38-0008 - AAPG2015 - VALID

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-TT]Computer Science [cs]/Document and Text Processing, Coreference Resolution, Coreference, French language, Automatic Coreference Resolution, Anaphora, [INFO.INFO-TT] Computer Science [cs]/Document and Text Processing, Coreference chains, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, Evaluation, [SHS.LANGUE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics
Abstract

International audience; Coreference resolution aims at identifying and grouping all mentions referring to the same entity. In French, most systems run different setups, making their comparison difficult. In this paper, we present an extensive comparison of several coreference resolution systems for French. The systems have been trained on two corpora (ANCOR for spoken language and Democrat for written language) annotated with coreference chains, and augmented with syntactic and semantic information. The models are compared with different configurations (e.g. with and without singletons). In addition, we evaluate mention detection and coreference resolution apart. We present a full-stack model that outperforms the other approaches. This model allows us to study the impact of mention detection errors on coreference resolution. Our analysis shows that mention detection can be improved focusing on boundary identification while advances in the pronoun-noun relation detection can aid the coreference task. Another contribution of this work is the first end-to-end neural French coreference resolution model trained on Democrat (written texts), which compares to the state-of-the-art systems for oral French.

Published
2020

46. Automatic Dialect Adaptation in Finnish and its Effect on Perceived Creativity

Author

Jack Rueter, Khalid Alnajjar, Thierry Poibeau, Niko Partanen, Mika Hämäläinen, Poibeau, Thierry, PaRis Artificial Intelligence Research InstitutE - - PRAIRIE2019 - ANR-19-P3IA-0001 - P3IA - VALID, Cardoso, F. Amílcar, Machado, Penousal, Veale, Tony, Cunha, João Miguel, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Cardoso, F. Amílcar, Machado, Penousal, Veale, Tony, Cunha, João Miguel, ANR-19-P3IA-0001,PRAIRIE,PaRis Artificial Intelligence Research InstitutE(2019), Language Technology, Department of Finnish, Finno-Ugrian and Scandinavian Studies, Department of Computer Science, and Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA)

Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences, [INFO.INFO-AI] Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], Computational creativity, media_common.quotation_subject, [SHS.INFO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Library and information sciences, education, [SCCO.COMP]Cognitive science/Computer science, [INFO.INFO-TT] Computer Science [cs]/Document and Text Processing, [SHS.INFO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Library and information sciences, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], Fluency, [INFO.INFO-LG]Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG], Originality, [SCCO.COMP] Cognitive science/Computer science, [SHS.STAT] Humanities and Social Sciences/Methods and statistics, 6121 Languages, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, Adaptation (computer science), media_common, [SHS.STAT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Methods and statistics, Computer Science - Computation and Language, 4. Education, Finnish, linguistics, dialects, [INFO.INFO-LG] Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG], [SCCO.LING]Cognitive science/Linguistics, Creativity, [SHS.LANGUE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, [INFO.INFO-TT]Computer Science [cs]/Document and Text Processing, Character (mathematics), normalization, Metric (mathematics), [SCCO.LING] Cognitive science/Linguistics, Transfer of learning, Psychology, Computation and Language (cs.CL), Cognitive psychology, poetry
Abstract

We present a novel approach for adapting text written in standard Finnish to different dialects. We experiment with character level NMT models both by using a multi-dialectal and transfer learning approaches. The models are tested with over 20 different dialects. The results seem to favor transfer learning, although not strongly over the multi-dialectal approach. We study the influence dialectal adaptation has on perceived creativity of computer generated poetry. Our results suggest that the more the dialect deviates from the standard Finnish, the lower scores people tend to give on an existing evaluation metric. However, on a word association test, people associate creativity and originality more with dialect and fluency more with standard Finnish., In proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Computational Creativity

Published
2020

47. Introduction: Complex Adpositions and Complex Nominal Relators

Author

Benjamin Fagard, Dejan Stosic, Elena Smirnova, José Pinto de Lima, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie (CLLE-ERSS), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Benjamin Fagard, José Pinto de Lima, Dejan Stosic, Elena Smirnova, Département Littératures et langage (LILA), Université Bordeaux Montaigne-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
constructionalization, Computer science, diachrony, corpus, microtypology, 16. Peace & justice, Grammaticalization, Part of speech, Noun phrase, Linguistics, Prefix, Variation (linguistics), Noun, Subject (grammar), [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, complex adpositions, grammaticalization, Simple (philosophy)
Abstract

International audience; In this introductory chapter, we address the issue of the existence and definition of complex adpositions – and complex nominal relators in general –, and provide a working definition on the basis of the existing literature on the subject. The existence of simple adpositions as a word class is now consensual, despite a long and convoluted history, which has seen them equated among other things with conjunctions, adverbs and prefixes, for obvious reasons of functional proximity. They are generally considered to be monomorphemic relational expressions whose main function in language is to introduce noun or noun phrases. Research on simple adpositions has been quite wide-ranging, from a theoretical perspective (e.g. Lindqvist 1994, Kurzon & Adler 2008, Libert 2013), and their typological variation has been given some attention already (Svorou 1994, Hagège 2010, Fagard 2010), with a wealth of studies on adpositions in individual languages such that we could not list them all.

Published
2020
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48. The Blue Fairy and Wendy : Incest, Sacrifice or Feminine Empowerment ?

Author

Lévy-Bertherat, Déborah, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Département Littératures et langage (LILA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), La République des savoirs : Lettres, Sciences, Philosophie, Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département de Philosophie - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Centre de Recherches sur les Relations entre Littérature, Philosophie et Morale (CRRLPM), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département de Philosophie - ENS Paris, and Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA)

Subjects
Pinocchio, female education, empowerment, [SHS.LITT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Literature, motherhood, gender, Peter Pan, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

« The Blue Fairy and Wendy : Incest, Sacrifice or Feminine Empowerment? », communication au colloque international Transgression Vs Politically Correct in Children’s Literature, org. Francesca Orestano et Marco Canani, Milan, Università degli Studi, novembre 2019, volume d’actes à paraître.; International audience; In Collodi’s Le Avventure di Pinocchio (1883) and Barrie’s Peter and Wendy (1911), little girls’ characters – the fairy and Wendy – do grow up, adopting the roles of ‘surrogate mothers’ for the heroes. Playing the mother to excess, they challenge gender hierarchy. It is therefore less a transgression of rules than it is a subversion of values. Disney’s Pinocchio (1940) and Peter Pan (1953) advocate order and obedience, thus doing away with the freedom of childhood. Garrone’s Pinocchio (2019) and Zeitlin’s Wendy (2020) mitigate gender stereotypes, but the disturbing ambivalence of the girls disappears, in favor of more univocal characters.

Published
2020

49. Text form and grammatical changes in Medieval French: A treebank-based diachronic study

Author

Simonenko, Alexandra, Crabbé, Benoît, Prévost, Sophie, Laboratoire de Linguistique Formelle (LLF UMR7110), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Hanne Martine Eckoff, Silvia Luraghi, Marco Passarotti, and Département Littératures et langage (LILA)

Subjects
060201 languages & linguistics, 06 humanities and the arts, 16. Peace & justice, Constant Rate Effect, treebanks, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, 030507 speech-language pathology & audiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Medieval French, 0602 languages and literature, null subjects, prose vs. verse in language change, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], 0305 other medical science, word order change
Abstract

International audience; This paper presents a corpus-based study of the effect the text form (prose vs. verse) has on the course of two grammatical changes in Medieval French: the loss of null subjects and the loss of OV word order. By means of statistical analysis, we demonstrate that naive estimates of the spread of overt subjects and VO orders give the impression that there is a significant difference between the rates of development in prose vs. verse. In contrast, estimates based on an abstract grammar competition model which distinguishes between grammar-ambiguous surface forms (overt personal subjects, null subjects in coordination contexts) and grammar-unambiguous surface forms (overt expletive subjects, null subjects in non-coordination contexts) show prose-verse parallelism, prose having an earlier change onset, in line with traditional intuitions. At a more general level, these results suggest that the product of the interaction of a particular grammar with universal pragmatic laws is constant, which can be observed if the factors responsible for variation in grammatical choices are controlled for.

Published
2020
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50. Interdistance et instabilité au sein des chaînes de référence : indices textuels ?

Author

Lucie Rousier-Vercruyssen, Frédéric Landragin, Lattice - Langues, Textes, Traitements informatiques, Cognition - UMR 8094 (Lattice), Département Littératures et langage - ENS Paris (LILA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, ANR-15-CE38-0008,DEMOCRAT,DEscription et MOdélisation des Chaînes de Référence : outils pour l'Annotation de corpus (en diachronie et en langues comparées) et le Traitement automatique(2015), Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Département Littératures et langage (LILA), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)

Subjects
050101 languages & linguistics, [SHS.STAT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Methods and statistics, lexicalisation, Philosophy, 05 social sciences, expression référentielle, lcsh:P98-98.5, [SCCO.LING]Cognitive science/Linguistics, 16. Peace & justice, lexicalization, lcsh:Philology. Linguistics, 03 medical and health sciences, reference chain, 0302 clinical medicine, lcsh:P1-1091, referring expression, correlation, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics, lcsh:Computational linguistics. Natural language processing, Humanities, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, corrélation, interdistance, chaîne de référence
Abstract

De nombreux facteurs entrent en compte lors du choix des mentions référentielles. D’autant plus qu’il peut y avoir compétition entre les référents mis en jeu. Réalisée sur un extrait du corpus DEMOCRAT, cette étude a pour objectif d’examiner si la distance entre les mentions d’une chaîne de référence a un effet sur l’hétérogénéité lexicale de celle-ci. En ce qui concerne ces mesures, nos résultats montrent une indépendance entre le genre narratif et le genre non narratif. Il y a moins d’interdistance et plus de stabilité dans les textes narratifs que dans les textes non narratifs. Nous montrons également qu’il existe une corrélation inversée entre l’interdistance et l’instabilité référentielle selon le métagenre textuel. Dans les narrations, plus l’interdistance est grande, plus l’instabilité référentielle est présente. Inversement, plus l’interdistance est grande, moins l’instabilité référentielle est présente dans les autres textes. Cette étude constitue un premier pas vers une meilleure caractérisation des chaînes de référence en considérant le métagenre textuel et l’ensemble des référents. Many factors are taken into account when choosing the referential terms. Especially since there may be competition between the referents. Carried out on an extract from the corpus DEMOCRAT, this study aims to examine whether the distance between referring expressions in a reference chain has an effect on the lexical heterogeneity of this reference chain. With regard to these measures, our results show the independence between the narrative genre and the non narrative genre. There is less interdistance and more stability in narrative texts than in non narrative texts. We also show that there is a reverse correlation between interdistance and referential instability according to the textual metagenre. In narrations, the greater the interdistance, the more referential instability is present. Conversely, the greater the interdistance, the less referential instability is present in other texts. This study constitutes a first step towards a better characterisation of the reference chains with consideration of the textual metagenre and of all the referents.

Published
2019
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