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Abstract Background Molar distalization with clear aligners (CAs) is a common treatment. However, when the molars reach their target position and the distal movement of premolars begins, the mesial movement of molars might reduce the overall efficiency of molar distalization. This study aimed to investigate tooth movement patterns under different CA designs in the premolar distalization stage using a four-dimensional mechanical simulation method. Methods A finite element method (FEM) model encompassing the maxillary dentition, periodontal ligaments, attachments, and associated CAs was constructed. The simulation aimed to replicate a premolar distalization of 2 mm within 10 sequential steps. Buccal interradicular mini-implants were used. Three groups of CAs were designed: the conventional CA design group (Con group), the second molar half-wrap group (SMHW group) and the all-molar half-wrap group (MHW group). An iterative computational approach was employed to simulate prolonged tooth movement resulting from orthodontic forces. Additionally, morphological alterations in the CA throughout the staging process were simulated utilizing the thermal expansion method. Results Compared with the Con and SMHW groups, the MHW group presented significantly reduced mesial movement of the first and second molars. However, the MHW group presented the greatest displacement of canines and incisors. The distalization efficiency of premolars in the MHW group reached 95.5–96.5%, which was substantially greater than that in the Con group (84.5–85%) and the SMHW group (75–75.5%). Conclusions The four-dimensional mechanical simulation results indicate that during the process of premolar distalization with CA, removing the distal portion of the aligner covering the first and second molars (MHW group) can effectively reduce the mesial movement of molars. Consequently, this approach can increase the overall efficiency of molar distalization.

Typical condensate reservoirs have been developed in the No.4 fault zone of the Shunbei area in the Tarim Basin. However, exploration expansion is restricted due to the unclear genetic mechanisms and main controlling factors of condensate accumulation. Through a comprehensive analysis of organic geochemical characteristics and the regional geological background, the genetic mechanisms and main controlling factors of condensate accumulation in the No.4 fault zone of the Shunbei area have been identified, and the following understandings are mainly obtained: (1) the condensate oil and gas reservoirs in the No.4 fault zone of the Shunbei area are mainly primary condensate reservoirs, and their formation is mainly affected by differential maturation of organic matter, multi-phase accumulation, and secondary alteration; (2) the overall secondary effects on the condensate oil and gas reservoirs in the Shunbei No.4 fault zone are relatively weak, however, the secondary effect experienced by the middle and southern sections is relatively stronger compared to the northern section; these secondary processes include oil cracking, gas invasion, and thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR); and (3) the enrichment degree of condensate oil and gas reservoirs in the northern section of the Shunbei No.4 fault zone is significantly higher than in the middle and southern sections; the enrichment and high production of condensate oil and gas are mainly controlled by transport conditions and reservoir scale. Stronger fault activity, better transport conditions, larger reservoir size, and thinner gypsum-salt rock layers facilitate the upward migration of oil and gas along strike-slip faults, leading to higher production and enrichment of condensate.

Abstract Apoptotic vesicles (apoVs) play a vital role in various physiological and pathological conditions. However, we have yet to fully understand their precise biological effects in rescuing impaired mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Here, we proved that systemic infusion of MSCs derived from wild-type (WT) mice rather than from ovariectomized (OVX) mice effectively improved the osteopenia phenotype and rescued the impaired recipient MSCs in osteoporotic mice. Meanwhile, apoVs derived from WT MSCs (WT apoVs) instead of OVX apoVs efficiently restored the impaired biological function of OVX MSCs and their ability to improve osteoporosis. Mechanistically, the reduced miR-145a-5p expression hindered the osteogenic differentiation and immunomodulatory capacity of OVX MSCs by affecting the TGF-β/Smad 2/3-Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis, resulting in the development of osteoporosis. WT apoVs directly transferred miR-145a-5p to OVX MSCs, which were then reused to restore their impaired biological functions. The differential expression of miR-145a-5p is responsible for the distinct efficacy between the two types of apoVs. Overall, our findings unveil the remarkable potential of apoVs, as a novel nongenetic engineering approach, in rescuing the biological function and therapeutic capability of MSCs derived from patients. This discovery offers a new avenue for exploring apoVs-based stem cell engineering and expands the application scope of stem cell therapy, contributing to the maintenance of bone homeostasis through a previously unrecognized mechanism.

Abstract Septic shock is a frequent critical clinical condition and a leading cause of death in critically ill individuals. However, it is challenging to identify affected patients early. In this article, we discuss new perspectives on the methods and uses of peripheral perfusion monitoring, considering the concept of a dysregulated response. Physical examination, and visual and ultrasonographic techniques are used to measure peripheral microcirculatory blood flow to reflect tissue perfusion. Compared with other monitoring techniques, peripheral perfusion monitoring has the benefits of low invasiveness and good repeatability, and allows for quick therapeutic judgments, which have significant practical relevance. Peripheral perfusion monitoring is an effective tool to detect early signs of septic shock, autonomic dysfunction, and organ damage. This method can also be used to evaluate treatment effectiveness, direct fluid resuscitation and the use of vasoactive medications, and monitor vascular reactivity, microcirculatory disorders, and endothelial cell damage. Recent introductions of novel peripheral perfusion monitoring methods, new knowledge of peripheral perfusion kinetics, and multimodal peripheral perfusion evaluation methods have occurred. To investigate new knowledge and therapeutic implications, we examined the methodological attributes and mechanisms of peripheral perfusion monitoring, in this study.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment has the potential to induce durable disease remission. However, the current combined positive score (CPS) is insufficient accurate for predicting which patients will benefit from it. In the present study, a real-world retrospective study was conducted on 56 patients of HNSCC who received ICI treatment. Then the treatment that patient received and levels of pre-treatment blood inflammatory markers (NLR, MLR and PLR) were identified to develop a model for predicting immunotherapy response. Notably, the model achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.877 (95 % CI 0.769–0.985) , providing a larger net benefit than the CPS marker (AUC=0.614, 95 % CI 0.466–0.762). Furthermore, the internal validation of the prediction model showed a C-index of 0.835. Patients with high score of the model would get improved PFS than those with low score. Therefore, the prediction model for patients with local advanced or R/M HNSCC receiving ICI treatment, which represented an better efficient prediction of immunotherapy response than CPS marker.

Summary: There is limited statistical data on severe hepatitis among hospitalized children in China at a national level. This nationwide study analyzed data from 34,410 children hospitalized for severe hepatitis in mainland China from 2016 to 2022. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 6.1%. Viral hepatitis accounted for 14.9% of cases, with hepatitis B being the most prevalent. Indeterminate etiology, present in 79.0% of cases, was an independent risk factor for mortality. Findings emphasize the need for enhanced diagnostic methods and targeted interventions for children with severe hepatitis of unknown cause and suggest focused hepatitis B monitoring in older children to improve outcomes. Establishing a dedicated surveillance system is crucial for improving the prognosis of children at high risk for in-hospital mortality due to severe hepatitis.

ABSTRACT: Broilers are a globally significant resource for food production, and their relative growth rate (RGR) has attracted increasing attention for improving broiler monitoring, feed management and feed conversion. The main objectives of this study were to identify key candidate genes affecting the RGR in white-feathered broiler by integrating genomic and transcriptomic datasets. This study reports a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using 3 purebred lines (n = 3,727) and 5,841,467 input SNPs to understand the genetic control of the RGR. A total of 101 associated SNPs located on 6 chromosomes were identified, 16 of which were common in the GWAS and meta cohorts. Fine mapping of a significant peak with 7 linked SNP (r2 > 0.94) located within the coding region of RAP2C revealed that chr4:3474286 (C > G) among these SNPs was a highly putative causal variant (PIP = 19%) and explained 2.26% of the RGR variation. Further analyses indicated that the surface expression level of the RAP2C gene in the blood, macrophage, lung tissue, and cecum tissue of commercial broiler breed (Ross) was higher than in the corresponding tissues of other egg-laying hens and local breeds. In addition, there was a significant difference in the expression of the RAP2C gene between the high (H, n = 5) and low (L, n = 4) RGR groups. A total of 301 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the RGR in white-feathered broiler were identified by transcriptome differential analysis between the H and L populations, among which NFKBIA, CSF1R and TLR2A were important hub genes. Furthermore, the candidate genes identified based on GWASs, meta-analysis and DEGs analysis were significantly enriched for gene ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways involved in the growth cone, integrated-mediated signaling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway. Overall, the RAP2C, NFKBIA, CSF1R and TLR2A genes are considered the most important candidate genes influencing RGR trait in white-feathered broiler. These findings provide valuable insights into the complex system that regulates broiler growth.

Background Aortic endothelial diastolic dysfunction is an early complication of diabetes and the abnormal differentiation of Th17 cells is involved in the development of diabetes. However, the exact role of exercise on regulating the Th17 cells differentiation and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated in diabetic mice.Methods db/db and db/m+ mice were randomly divided into exercise and sedentary groups. Mice in exercise group were exercised daily, 6 days/week, for 6 weeks and mice in sedentary groups were placed on a nonmoving treadmill for 6 weeks. Vascular endothelial function was measured via wire myograph and the frequencies of Th17 from peripheral blood in mice were assessed via flow cytometry.Results Our data showed that exercise improved insulin resistance and aortic endothelial diastolic function in db/db mice. In addition, the proportion of Th17 cells and IL-17A level in peripheral blood of db/db mice were significantly increased, and exercise could promote Th17 cell differentiation and reduce IL-17A level. More importantly, STAT3 or ROR-γt inhibitors could promote Th17 cell differentiation in db/db mice, while exercise significantly down-regulated p-STAT3/ROR-γt signaling in db/db mice, suggesting that exercise regulated Th17 differentiation through STAT3/ROR-γt signaling.Conclusions This study demonstrated that exercise improved vascular endothelial function in diabetic mice via reducing Th17 cell differentiation through p-STAT3/ROR-γt pathway, suggesting exercise may be an important non-pharmacological intervention strategy for the treatment of diabetes-related vascular complications.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is one of the major subtypes of heart failure (HF) and no effective treatments for this common disease exist to date. Cardiac fibrosis is central to the pathology of HF and a potential avenue for the treatment of HFpEF. To explore key fibrosis‐related genes and pathways in the pathophysiological process of HFpEF, a mouse model of HFpEF was constructed. The relevant gene expression profiles were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and single‐sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) was performed targeting fibrosis‐related pathways to explore differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in healthy control and HFpEF heart tissues with cross‐tabulation analysis of fibrosis‐related genes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed on the identified fibrosis‐related genes. The two most significant DEGs were selected, and further validation was conducted in HFpEF mice. The results indicated that myocardial fibrosis was significantly upregulated in HFpEF mice compared to healthy controls, while the ssGSEA results revealed significant differences in the enrichment of nine fibrosis‐related pathways in HFpEF myocardial tissue, with 112 out of 798 DEGs being related to fibrosis. The in vivo results demonstrated that expression levels of resistin‐like molecule gamma (Relmg) and adenylate cyclase 1 (Adcy1) in the heart tissues of HFpEF mice were significantly higher and lower, respectively, compared to healthy controls. Taken together, these results suggest that Relmg and Acdy1 as well as the fibrosis process may be potential targets for HFpEF treatment.

This study proposes a computational fluid dynamics and computational structure dynamics (CFD/CSD) coupled method for calculating the buffet response of a variant tail wing. The large-scale separated flow in the buffet is simulated by the detached vortex approach, vibration deformation of the tail wing is solved by the dynamic mesh generation technique, and structural modeling is based on the mode method. The aerodynamic elastic coupling is calculated through the cyclic iteration of aerodynamics and the structural solution in the time domain. We verify the correctness of the proposed method through a typical delta wing calculation case, further simulate the buffet response of a variant tail wing in maneuver state, and finally realize buffet mitigation using an active excitation method. Overall, this study can provide an important reference for the design of variant-tailed aircraft.

Abstract Different from the Qaidam basin with about 320 billion m3 microbial gas, only limited microbial gases were found from the Junggar basin with similarly abundant type III kerogen. To determine whether microbial gases have not yet identified, natural gas samples from the Carboniferous to Cretaceous in the Junggar basin have been analyzed for chemical and stable isotope compositions. The results reveal some of the gases from the Mahu sag, Zhongguai, Luliang and Wu-Xia areas in the basin may have mixed with microbial gas leading to straight ethane to butane trends with a “dogleg” light methane in the Chung’s plot. Primary microbial gas from degradation of immature sedimentary organic matter is found to occur in the Mahu sag and secondary microbial gas from biodegradation of oils and propane occurred in the Zhongguai, Luliang and Beisantai areas where the associated oils were biodegraded to produce calcites with δ13C values from + 22.10‰ to + 22.16‰ or propane was biodegraded leading to its 13C enrichment. Microbial CH4 in the Mahu sag is most likely to have migrated up from the Lower Wuerhe Formation coal-bearing strata by the end of the Triassic, and secondary microbial gas in Zhongguai and Beisantan uplifts may have generated after the reservoirs were uplifted during the period of the Middle and Late Jurassic. This study suggests widespread distribution of microbial gas and shows the potential to find large microbial gas accumulation in the basin.

Non-circular face gear is a new type of gear with variable transmission ratio, which has the advantages of simple closure condition and good interchangeability. However, the lack of effective processing methods limits its application and development. A generating method using a disk cutter on a five-axis CNC machine was presented. According to the principle of gear shaping, the enveloping process of non-circular face gear using a disk cutter was explained and the linkage mathematical model of the machine tool was established. By analyzing the source of errors in the machining process, the tooth surface model of non-circular face gear with machining errors was established. The correctness of the processing method and mathematical model were verified by machining simulation. Furthermore, the influence of machining error on the tooth surface was analyzed by the tooth surface model. It is found that the X-axis and Z-axis error of the machine tool causes uniform deviation on the tooth surface, while the angle error around B-axis causes gradient distribution deviation from the top to the root on the tooth surface.

Raptors can change the shape and area of their wings to an exceptional degree in a fast and efficient manner, surpassing other birds, insects, or bats. Some researchers have focused on the functional properties of muscle skeletons, mechanics, and flapping robot design. However, the wing motion of the birds of prey has not been measured quantitatively, and synthetic bionic wings with morphing abilities similar to raptors are far from reality. Therefore, in the current study, a 3D suspension system for holding bird carcasses was designed and fabricated to fasten the wings of Falco Peregrinus with a series of morphing postures. Subsequently, the wing skeleton of the falcon was scanned during extending motions using the computed tomography (CT) approach to obtain three consecutive poses. Subsequently, the skeleton was reconstructed to identify the contribution of the forelimb bones to the extending/folding motions. Inspired by these findings, we propose a simple mechanical model with four bones to form a wing-morphing mechanism using the proposed pose optimisation method. Finally, a bionic wing mechanism was implemented to imitate the motion of the falcon wing—divided into inner and outer wings with folding and twisting motions. The results show that the proposed four-bar mechanism can track bone motion paths with high fidelity.

Abstract Ecosystem services offered by urban forests must be proactively managed to remain diverse and sustainable. Recent research findings deserve a systematic synthesis to elucidate inherent knowledge structures and dynamics. This study focused on the urban tree diversity theme from 2000 to 2022. Web of Science Core Collection database provided bibliometric details on academic publications. The data‐driven quantitative analysis explored research quantities, emphasis, trends, patterns, linkages, and impacts by countries, institutions, authors, journals, and citations. Publications and research topics have expanded continually, with accelerated growth in recent years. Research activities, outputs and interactions demonstrated conspicuous spatial clustering. A few countries, institutions and researchers generated a notable proportion of publications. Their scholarly contributions were visualized in knowledge graphs as complex networks of nodes and inter‐node links. Keyword analysis generated a network to indicate research hotspots and frontiers to steer and prioritize future studies. Recent findings affirmed that cities can harbor substantial tree diversity due to enhanced habitat heterogeneity and successful species adaptation. Aligning tree traits with environmental conditions and management objectives can improve benefits. Urbanization can filter tree traits to shape community assemblages through stressors: habitat degradation, fragmentation and loss, in conjunction with pollution, climate change, and introduced species. Diversity preservation strategies include protecting remnant natural vegetation, connecting green spaces, and restoring complex canopy geometry and biomass structure. The emerging frontiers are marked by modeling future species distributions, leveraging technologies like remote sensing, linking ecology with human values, and committing to community‐based stewardship. Management can be upgraded by interdisciplinary perspectives integrating ecological science and social engagement. The findings highlight the need for biodiversity enrichment anchored by native species, trait‐matched assemblages, adaptive policies, and community participation to create livable‐green cities. This review synthesizes key advances in urban tree ecology and biodiversity research to inform the planning and stewardship of resilient urban forests.

BackgroundAssessing volume status in septic shock patients is crucial for tailored fluid resuscitation. Estimated plasma volume status (ePVS) has emerged as a simple and effective tool for evaluating patient volume status. However, the prognostic value of ePVS in septic shock patients remains underexplored.MethodsThe study cohort consisted of septic shock patients admitted to the ICU, sourced from the MIMIC-IV database. Patients were categorized into two groups based on 28-day survival outcomes, and their baseline characteristics were compared. According to the ePVS (6.52 dL/g) with a hazard ratio of 1 in the restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis, patients were further divided into high and low ePVS groups. A multivariable Cox regression model was utilized to evaluate the association between ePVS and 28-day mortality rate. The Kaplan–Meier survival curve was plotted, and all-cause mortality was compared between the high and low groups using the log-rank test.ResultsA total of 7,607 septic shock patients were included in the study, among whom 2,144 (28.2%) died within 28 days. A J-shaped relationship was observed between ePVS at ICU admission and 28-day mortality, with an increase in mortality risk noted when ePVS exceeded 6.52 dL/g. The high ePVS group exhibited notably higher mortality rates compared to the low ePVS group (28-day mortality: 26.2% vs. 30.2%; 90-day mortality: 35% vs. 42.3%). After adjustment for confounding factors, ePVS greater than 6.52 dL/g independently correlated with an increased risk of 28-day mortality (HR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.10–1.31, p

Abstract Inflammation‐responsive hydrogels loaded with therapeutic factors are effective biomaterials for bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this study, a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐responsive injectable hydrogel is constructed by integrating an MMP‐cleavable peptide (pp) into a covalent tetra‐armed poly‐(ethylene glycol) (PEG) network for precise drug release upon inflammation stimulation. To establish a pro‐regenerative environment, phosphatidylserine (PS) is encapsulated into a scaffold to form the PEG‐pp‐PS network, which could be triggered by MMP to release a large amount of PS during the early stage of inflammation and retain drug release persistently until the later stage of bone repair. The hydrogel is found to be mechanically and biologically adaptable to the complex bone defect area. In vivo and in vitro studies further demonstrated the ability of PEG‐pp‐PS to transform macrophages into the anti‐inflammatory M2 phenotype and promote osteogenic differentiation, thus, resulting in new bone regeneration. Therefore, this study provides a facile, safe, and promising cell‐free strategy on simultaneous immunoregulation and osteoinduction in bone engineering.

Abstract Large old Ginkgo biloba trees (LOGTs), with profound ecological and cultural significance in China, face increasing threats from climate change and human activities. We employed the BIOCLIM and DOMAIN species distribution models to predict their spatial patterns under the present climate and doubled‐CO2 climate change scenario in 2100. We collected 604 validated LOGT occurrence records and data on 19 bioclimate factors for the analysis. Our study yielded a LOGT geographic distribution pattern covering a wide latitudinal belt extending from south subtropical to temperate zones in central and eastern China, concentrating in low elevations and coastal regions. The principal component analysis identified the dominant bioclimatic factors shaping their distribution, namely annual precipitation and low winter temperatures. BIOCLIM and DOMAIN generated predicted suitable habitats that match the present distribution range well. However, under the future climate scenario, the models indicated habitat retentions mainly in the core distribution areas and habitat losses mainly in the southern edge of the present range and scattered pockets elsewhere. Some retained habitats, including excellent ones, will suffer from fragmentation. The predicted new habitats may permit some range expansion and migration but are beset by small patch size and large interpatch distance, bringing fragmentation and gene flow restrictions. The anticipated projected range decline highlights considerable threats climate change poses to the long‐term survival of the precious natural‐cum‐cultural resource. Understanding the distribution patterns and underlying drivers and distillation of practical conservation measures can foster sustainable management vis‐a‐vis the looming global change.

IntroductionArithmetic calculation is a fundamental skill for mathematical learning and daily life. However, elementary school students often make errors in practice.MethodsGrounded in the schema theory and the memory retrieval theory of mental arithmetic, this study employs a controlled experiment to investigate the effect of a schema-based method in correcting persistent errors in mental arithmetic, specifically in the context of simple addition operations. The experimental group utilizes a schema-based method to help participants rectify incorrect answers in memory retrieval, while the control group did not receive this treatment.ResultsThe results showed that significant differences emerged between the experimental and control groups in both the post-test performance and the reduction of persistent error count, indicating that the experimental group had rectified incorrect answers in memory; and persistent errors in simple addition were indeed caused by interference from incorrect answers during memory retrieval; and the schema-based method proves to be effective.DiscussionThe findings of this study contribute to enhancing practical mental arithmetic instruction, assisting students in correcting relevant errors, and improving their mental arithmetic abilities. Not only does it offer directive guidance for teaching practices, but it also provides an enlightening reference for promoting innovative teaching methods.

ABSTRACT: Egg weight (EW) and age at first egg (AFE) are economically important traits in breeder chicken production. The genetic basis of these traits, however, is far from understood, especially for broiler breeders. In this study, genetic parameter estimation, genome-wide association analysis, meta-analysis, and selective sweep analysis were carried out to identify genetic loci associated with EW and AFE in 6,842 broiler breeders. The study found that the heritability of EW ranged from 0.42 to 0.44, while the heritability of AFE was estimated at 0.33 in the maternal line. Meta-analysis and selective sweep analysis identified two colocalized regions on GGA4 that significantly influenced EW at 32 wk (EW32W) and at 43 wk (EW43W) with both paternal and maternal lines. The genes AR, YIPF6, and STARD8 were located within the significant region (GGA4: 366.86-575.50 kb), potentially affecting EW through the regulation of follicle development, cell proliferation, and lipid transfer etc. The promising genes LCORL and NCAPG were positioned within the significant region (GGA4:75.35-75.42 Mb), potentially influencing EW through pleiotropic effects on growth and development. Additionally, 3 significant regions were associated with AFE on chromosomes GGA7, GGA19, and GGA27. All of these factors affected the AFE by influencing ovarian development. In our study, the genomic information from both paternal and maternal lines was used to identify genetic regions associated with EW and AFE. Two genomic regions and eight genes were identified as the most likely candidates affecting EW and AFE. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the genetic basis of egg production traits in broiler breeders and provide new insights into future technology development.

Introduction: Investigating the genetic markers and genomic signatures related to chicken meat production by combing multi-omics methods could provide new insights into modern chicken breeding technology systems. Object: Chicken is one of the most efficient and environmentally friendly livestock, especially the fast-growing white-feathered chicken (broiler), which is well known for high meat yield, but the underlying genetic basis is poorly understood. Method: We generated whole-genome resequencing of three purebred broilers (n = 748) and six local breeds/lines (n = 114), and sequencing data of twelve chicken breeds (n = 199) were obtained from the NCBI database. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing of six tissues from two chicken breeds (n = 129) at two developmental stages was performed. A genome-wide association study combined with cis-eQTL mapping and the Mendelian randomization was applied. Result: We identified > 17 million high-quality SNPs, of which 21.74% were newly identified, based on 21 chicken breeds/lines. A total of 163 protein-coding genes underwent positive selection in purebred broilers, and 83 genes were differentially expressed between purebred broilers and local chickens. Notably, muscle development was proven to be the major difference between purebred broilers and local chickens, or ancestors, based on genomic and transcriptomic evidence from multiple tissues and stages. The MYH1 gene family showed the top selection signatures and muscle-specific expression in purebred broilers. Furthermore, we found that the causal gene SOX6 influenced breast muscle yield and also related to myopathy occurrences. A refined haplotype was provided, which had a significant effect on SOX6 expression and phenotypic changes. Conclusion: Our study provides a comprehensive atlas comprising the typical genomic variants and transcriptional characteristics for muscle development and suggests a new regulatory target (SOX6–MYH1s axis) for breast muscle yield and myopathy, which could aid in the development of genome-scale selective breeding aimed at high meat yield in broiler chickens.

Abstract Dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) are widely utilised non‐equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasmas with a diverse range of applications, such as material processing, surface treatment, light sources, pollution control, and medicine. Over the course of several decades, extensive research has been dedicated to the generation of homogeneous DBD (H‐DBD), focussing on understanding the transition from H‐DBD to filamentary DBD and exploring strategies to create and sustain H‐DBD. This paper first discusses the influence of various parameters on DBD, including gas flow, dielectric material, surface conductivity, and mesh electrode. Secondly, a chronological literature review is presented, highlighting the development of H‐DBD and the associated understanding of its underlying mechanisms. This encompasses the generation of H‐DBD in helium, nitrogen, and air. Lastly, the paper provides a brief overview of multiple‐current‐pulse (MCP) behaviours in H‐DBD. The objective of this article is to provide a chronological understanding of homogeneous dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). This understanding will aid in the design of new experiments aimed at better comprehending the mechanisms behind H‐DBD generation and ultimately assist in achieving large‐volume H‐DBD in an air environment.

Abstract Classical Chinese poetry, as an indispensable part of China′s national culture, provides valuable resources for improving literary literacy and fostering patriotism among primary and secondary school students. This study, based on cognitive schema migration theory, investigated the effect of a "schema-associated mnemonic method" on the memory efficiency and retention of classical Chinese poetry memorization among the students. Through a controlled experiment, the results revealed that the experimental group (n = 63) outperformed the control one in memorizing classical poetry with higher memory efficiency and retention, which indicates the sustainable application prospects of the method in primary and secondary education. The findings of this research can provide beneficial insights for the effective integration of classical Chinese poetry teaching and educational technologies.

Abstract Lunar surface chemistry is essential for revealing petrological characteristics to understand the evolution of the Moon. Existing chemistry mapping from Apollo and Luna returned samples could only calibrate chemical features before 3.0 Gyr, missing the critical late period of the Moon. Here we present major oxides chemistry maps by adding distinctive 2.0 Gyr Chang’e-5 lunar soil samples in combination with a deep learning-based inversion model. The inferred chemical contents are more precise than the Lunar Prospector Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS) maps and are closest to returned samples abundances compared to existing literature. The verification of in situ measurement data acquired by Chang'e 3 and Chang'e 4 lunar rover demonstrated that Chang’e-5 samples are indispensable ground truth in mapping lunar surface chemistry. From these maps, young mare basalt units are determined which can be potential sites in future sample return mission to constrain the late lunar magmatic and thermal history.

With the rapid development of remote sensing image data, the efficient retrieval of target images of interest has become an important issue in various applications including computer vision and remote sensing. This research addressed the low-accuracy problem in traditional content-based image retrieval algorithms, which largely rely on comparing entire image features without capturing sufficient semantic information. We proposed a scene graph similarity-based remote sensing image retrieval algorithm. Firstly, a one-shot object detection algorithm was designed for remote sensing images based on Siamese networks and tailored to the objects of an unknown class in the query image. Secondly, a scene graph construction algorithm was developed, based on the objects and their attributes and spatial relationships. Several construction strategies were designed based on different relationships, including full connections, random connections, nearest connections, star connections, or ring connections. Thirdly, by making full use of edge features for scene graph feature extraction, a graph feature extraction network was established based on edge features. Fourthly, a neural tensor network-based similarity calculation algorithm was designed for graph feature vectors to obtain image retrieval results. Fifthly, a dataset named remote sensing images with scene graphs (RSSG) was built for testing, which contained 929 remote sensing images with their corresponding scene graphs generated by the developed construction strategies. Finally, through performance comparison experiments with remote sensing image retrieval algorithms AMFMN, MiLaN, and AHCL, in precision rates, Precision@1 improved by 10%, 7.2%, and 5.2%, Precision@5 improved by 3%, 5%, and 1.7%; and Precision@10 improved by 1.7%, 3%, and 0.6%. In recall rates, Recall@1 improved by 2.5%, 4.3%, and 1.3%; Recall@5 improved by 3.7%, 6.2%, and 2.1%; and Recall@10 improved by 4.4%, 7.7% and 1.6%.

China’s Chang’E-5 (CE-5) mission has successfully landed in the Northern Oceanus Procellarum of the Moon. Lunar mineralogical spectrometer (LMS), as one of the important payloads onboard CE-5 Lander–Ascender Combination, aims to study the physical and compositional properties of the landing area. This paper applies the Legendre phase function to correct the photometric effects on the LMS in situ spectra and reveal the photometric characteristic of the CE-5 landing area. LMS obtained the reflectance spectra in various geometric configurations by performing full-view scanning of the CE-5 landing area. By fitting these LMS spectral data, the parameters b=−0.29 and c=0.44 of the Legendre phase function were obtained. This indicates the strong forward scattering characteristic of the CE-5 landing area, which is similar to that of the Chang’E-4 (CE-4) landing area, and the side scattering is weaker than that of CE-4. In addition, we derived the FeO content of the landing area using the photometric-corrected LMS spectral data. Our results demonstrate that the estimated FeO content of the landing area is close to the laboratory measured data of the returned samples. The LMS in situ reflectance data will contribute to a better understanding of the physical and mineralogical properties of the CE-5 landing area.

Abstract Background Septic shock is a global public health burden. In addition to the improvement of the level of individual care, the improvement of the overall hospital quality control management is also an essential key aspect of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC). Using of antibiotics is a cornerstone in the treatment of septic shock, so we conducted this study to investigate the influence of antibiotics and pathogenic bacteria on the mortality of septic shock at the level of overall hospital in China. Methods This was an observational database study in 2021 enrolled the data of 787 hospitals from 31 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions of Mainland China collected in a survey from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021. Results The proportion of ICU patients with septic shock was 3.55%, while the patient mortality of septic shock was 23.08%. While carbapenem was the most preferred antibiotic medication used in 459 of the 782 hospitals, the preference for carbapenem did not show significant effect on the patient mortality in the treatment of septic shock (p-value 0.59). Compared with patients with fermenting bacteria as the most common pathogenic bacteria causing septic shock, patients with non-fermenting bacteria had a higher mortality (p-value 0.01). Conclusions Whether using carbapenem as the preferred antibiotic or not, did not show effect on the patient mortality of septic shock. Compared with patients with fermenting bacteria as the most common pathogenic bacteria, patients of septic shock with non-fermenting bacteria had a higher mortality.

Nowadays, electromagnetic pollution caused by electronic devices is gradually becoming a concern. Moreover, as the frequency of electromagnetic pollution from electronic devices is mainly in the range of 2–10 GHz, the design of microwave-absorbing materials for this frequency range has become a hot issue. To tackle the issue, core-shell structured hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) @polyaniline (PAn) composites have been proposed to construct heterogeneous microwave-absorbing materials. Firstly, the h-BN is exfoliated, and hydroxyl functionalized to produce hydroxy boron nitride (OH-BN), which enhances its polarization ability by structuring defects and adding functional groups to improve its microwave absorption efficiency. Afterward, PAn was grafted on the OH-BN surface by in situ polymerization. The microwave absorption properties of OH-BN@PAn composites can be tuned by modulating the doping of PAn. As expected, the OH-BN@PAn composite exhibits superior microwave absorption properties with the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value of −38.60 dB at 3.5 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 3.4 GHz (6.24–8.64 GHz) at pH = 2. Also, the composite achieves effective microwave absorption at 3.76–18 GHz by adjusting the matching thickness. Notably, the RLmin value of OH-BN@PAn was successfully tuned from the high-frequency region (12.4 GHz, pH = 0) to the low-frequency region (7.28 GHz, pH = 2) by adjusting the doping degree. In addition, the RL value and EAB width have been increased due to the increased impedance matching and polarization capability. This work can provide a reference for constructing composite microwave-absorbing materials and regulating microwave absorption performance.

Abstract Ethanol solution as a disinfectant has been widely used in various fields. However, it has a significant bactericidal capability only when the volume fraction of ethanol is around 70%–75%. For such high concentration of ethanol solution, it has an irritating smell. When it is used for applications such as wound disinfection, it causes a stinging sensation. Low concentrations of ethanol solution are less irritating, but it is also less effective at killing bacteria. In this study, an idea for producing a green, efficient and less irritating disinfectant is proposed. It is based on a plasma‐activated low‐concentration ethanol solution (PAES). It is found that the plasma‐activated 10% volume fraction of ethanol solution can kill more than seven orders of magnitude of Escherichia coli, while the untreated 10% volume fraction of ethanol solution has no bactericidal effect. Besides, the PAES's activity remains unchanged after being stored at −20°C for three days. Further investigation shows that new compositions including peracetic acid, peroxynitrite, hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid are detected in the PAES, which together are playing the main role of the excellent and prolonged bactericidal effect.

Abstract Background A training program for intensive care unit (ICU) physicians entitled “Chinese Critical Care Certified Course” (5 C) started in China in 2009, intending to improve the quality of intensive care provision. This study aimed to explore the associations between the 5 C certification of physicians and the quality of intensive care provision in China. Methods This nationwide analysis collected data regarding 5 C-certified physicians between 2009 and 2019. Fifteen ICU quality control indicators (three structural, four procedural, and eight outcome-based) were collected from the Chinese National Report on the Services, Quality, and Safety in Medical Care System. Provinces were stratified into three groups based on the cumulative number of 5 C certified physicians per million population. Results A total of 20,985 (80.41%) physicians from 3,425 public hospitals in 30 Chinese provinces were 5 C certified. The deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis rate in the high 5 C physician-number provinces was significantly higher than in the intermediate 5 C physician-number provinces (67.6% vs. 55.1%, p = 0.043), while ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) rate in the low 5 C physician-number provinces was significantly higher than in the high 5 C physician-number provinces (14.9% vs. 8.9%, p = 0.031). Conclusions The higher number of 5 C-certified physicians per million population seemed to be associated with higher DVT prophylaxis rates and lower VAP rates in China, suggesting that the 5 C program might have a beneficial impact on the quality of intensive care provision.

ABSTRACT: Semen volume is an important economic trait of broilers and one of the important indices for continuous breeding. The objective of this study was to identify genes related to semen volume through transcriptome analysis of the testis tissue of white feather broilers. The testis samples with the highest semen volume (H group, n = 5) and lowest semen volume (L group, n = 5) were selected from 400-day-old roosters for transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing. During the screening of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the H and L groups, a total of 386 DEGs were identified, among which 348 were upregulated and 38 were downregulated. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the immune response, leukocyte differentiation, cell adhesion molecules and collagen binding played vital roles in spermatogenesis. The results showed that 4 genes related to spermatogenesis, namely, COL1A1, CD74, ARPC1B and APOA1, were significantly expressed in Group H, which was consistent with the phenotype results. Our findings may provide a basis for further research on the genetic mechanism of semen volume in white feather broilers.

Objectives: Facial asymmetry is a common problem seen in orthodontic clinics that may affect patient esthetics. In some instances, severe asymmetry that affects patient esthetics may cause psychological issues. An objective method is therefore required to help orthodontists identify asymmetry issues. Materials and methods: We used three-dimensional (3D) facial images and landmark-based anthropometric analysis to construct a 3D facial mask to evaluate asymmetry. The landmark coordinates were transformed using a symmetric 3D face model to evaluate the efficacy of this method. Patients with facial asymmetry were recruited to conduct mirror and overlap analysis to form color maps, which were used to verify the utility of the novel soft tissue landmark-based method. Results: The preliminary results demonstrated that the asymmetry evaluation method had a similar response rate compared to diagnosis using mirror and overlap 3D images, and could therefore identify 3D asymmetry problems. Conclusions: By using 3D facial scans and 3D anthropometric analysis, we developed a preliminary evaluation method that provides objective parameters to clinically evaluate patient facial asymmetry and aid in the diagnosis of asymmetric areas. Clinical relevance: This study presents a novel facial asymmetry diagnostic method that has the potential to aid clinical decisions during problem identification, treatment planning, and efficacy evaluation.

Salmonella has been one of the most important factors restricting the development of the poultry industry and also poses great threat to public health. To get insight into molecular alterations that occur during bacterial infection, we sequenced the cecal tonsil transcriptome in 2 chicken breeds (Beijing-You and Cobb) known to have differing resistance to Salmonella. The 28-day-old chickens were orally challenged by 1.83 × 1011 CFU Salmonella Typhimurium, and the cecal tonsil transcriptome was sequenced 3 d postinfection. Analysis identified 201 and 170 differentially expressed genes response to Salmonella in 2 chicken breeds, respectively. They were involved in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and activated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network suggested MMP9 as a crucial protein that may be involved in extracellular matrix breakdown and leukocyte migration in the resistant breed (Beijing-You). Meanwhile, in susceptible chickens (Cobb), ACOD1 was the key gene in the PPI network and might promote the expression of genes related to oxidative stress response and gastrointestinal tract function. These findings provide insight into the differing resistance of these 2 chicken breeds.

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a category of hearing loss that often leads to difficulty in understanding speech and other sounds. Auditory system dysfunction, including deafness and auditory trauma, results in cognitive deficits via neuroplasticity. Cognitive impairment (CI) refers to an abnormality in the brain’s higher intellectual processes related to learning, memory, thinking and judgment that can lead to severe learning and memory deficits. Studies have established a strong correlation between SNHL and CI, but it remains unclear how SNHL contributes to CI. The purpose of this article is to describe three hypotheses regarding this relationship, the mainstream cognitive load hypothesis, the co-morbidity hypothesis, and the sensory deprivation hypothesis, as well as the latest research progress related to each hypothesis.

Recently, it is been shown that cold atmospheric pressure plasmas Cold Atmospheric Plasma effectively inactivate the 2019-nCoV virus. Despite this promising finding, the precise mechanism of this inactivation remains unclear due to the limited number of studies conducted on the subject. Consequently, this paper focuses on the spike protein, a crucial part of the novel coronavirus, and the various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generated by the plasma. The study employs reactive molecular dynamics simulation and ReaxFF potential to explore the reactions between the spike protein molecules and different reactive oxygen nitrogen species (including H2O2, OH, O, O3, HOONO, and 1O2). The findings suggest that when a single RONS interacts with the spike protein, 1O2 and HOONO have the most potent ability to sever the spike protein. Additionally, the combined effect of long-lived and short-lived RONS presents a more potent decomposition impact.

Abstract Objectives We used three-dimensional (3D) virtual images to undertake a subjective evaluation of how different factors affect the perception of facial asymmetry among orthodontists and laypersons with the aim of providing a quantitative reference for clinics. Materials and methods A 3D virtual symmetrical facial image was acquired using FaceGen Modeller software. The left chin, mandible, lip and cheek of the virtual face were simulated in the horizontal (interior/exterior), vertical (up/down), or sagittal (forward or backward) direction in 3, 5, and 7 mm respectively with Maya software to increase asymmetry for the further subjective evaluation. A pilot study was performed among ten volunteers and 30 subjects of each group were expected to be included based on 80% sensitivity in this study. The sample size was increased by 60% to exclude incomplete and unqualified questionnaires. Eventually, a total of 48 orthodontists and 40 laypersons evaluated these images with a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS). The images were presented in random order. Each image would stop for 30 s for observers with a two-second interval between images. Asymmetry ratings and recognition accuracy for asymmetric virtual faces were analyzed to explore how different factors affect the subjective evaluation of facial asymmetry. Multivariate linear regression and multivariate logistic regression models were used for statistical data analysis. Results Orthodontists were found to be more critical of asymmetry than laypersons. Our results showed that observers progressively decreased ratings by 1.219 on the VAS scale and increased recognition rates by 2.301-fold as the degree of asymmetry increased by 2 mm; asymmetry in the sagittal direction was the least noticeable compared with the horizontal and vertical directions; and chin asymmetry turned out to be the most sensitive part among the four parts we simulated. Mandible asymmetry was easily confused with cheek asymmetry in the horizontal direction. Conclusions The degree, types and parts of asymmetry can affect ratings for facial deformity as well as the accuracy rate of identifying the asymmetrical part. Although orthodontists have higher accuracy in diagnosing asymmetrical faces than laypersons, they fail to correctly distinguish some specific asymmetrical areas.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) influence T cells in health, disease and therapy through messengers of intercellular communication including extracellular vesicles (EVs). Apoptosis is a mode of cell death that tends to promote immune tolerance, and a large number of apoptotic vesicles (apoVs) are generated from MSCs during apoptosis. In an effort to characterize these apoVs and explore their immunomodulatory potential, here we show that after replenishing them systemically, the apoV deficiency in Fas mutant mice and pathological lymphoproliferation were rescued, leading to the amelioration of inflammation and lupus activity. ApoVs directly interacted with CD4+ T cells and inhibited CD25 expression and IL-2 production in a dose-dependent manner. A broad range of Th1/2/17 subsets and cytokines including IFNγ, IL17A and IL-10 were suppressed while Foxp3+ cells were maintained. Mechanistically, exposed phosphatidylserine (PtdSer/PS) on apoVs mediated the interaction with T cells to disrupt proximal T cell receptor signaling transduction. Remarkably, administration of apoVs prevented Th17 differentiation and memory formation, and ameliorated inflammation and joint erosion in murine arthritis. Collectively, our findings unveil a previously unrecognized crosstalk between MSC apoVs and CD4+ T cells and suggest a promising therapeutic use of apoVs for autoimmune diseases.

Abstract The internet and related technologies have promoted the development of medical and health fields, especially remote diagnosis. As medical images may be stolen in the transmission process, the patient's personal information could be leaked. Aiming at the problem of privacy disclosure of colour medical images, a hybrid domain watermarking scheme based on improved differential evolution (DE) and the singular value block embedding (SVBE) is proposed in this study. Through this scheme, the image containing the patient's information is hidden in the patient's medical carrier image as a watermark. First, redistributed invariant lifting wavelet transform (RILWT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and singular value decomposition (SVD) are used to process the colour medical carrier image, and the high‐frequency information in the integer wavelet domain of the watermark is embedded into the processed carrier image using the proposed singular value block embedding method based on the improved differential evolution algorithm. At the same time, to increase the security of the watermark scheme, a digital signature based on the SHA‐384 hash function is designed for verification before watermark extraction. Compared with recent related research, the scheme has strong invisibility and robustness.

Abstract Background This study aimed to explore whether the tricuspid annular systolic excursion (TAPSE)/mitral annular systolic excursion (MAPSE) ratio was associated with the occurrence of cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE) in critically ill patients. Materials and methods This was a prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary hospital. Adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit who were on mechanical ventilation or in need of oxygen therapy were prospectively screened for enrolment. The diagnosis of CPE was determined based on lung ultrasound and echocardiography findings. TAPSE ≥ 17 mm and MAPSE ≥ 11 mm were used as normal references. Results Among the 290 patients enrolled in this study, 86 had CPE. In the logistic regression analysis, the TASPE/MAPSE ratio was independently associated with the occurrence of CPE (odds ratio 4.855, 95% CI: 2.215–10.641, p

China’s first Mars exploration mission, Tianwen-1, successfully landed in southern Utopia Planitia on Mars on May 15, 2021. This work presents a detailed investigation of the geologic context of the landing area surface for this mission based on orbital remote-sensing data. We constructed a geomorphologic map for the Tianwen-1 landing area. Results of our detailed geomorphologic map show several major landforms within the landing area, including rampart craters, mesas, troughs, cones, and ridges. Analysis of materials on the landing area surface indicates that most of the landing area is covered by Martian dust. Transverse aeolian ridges are widely distributed within the landing area, indicating the surface contexts were (and still are) modified by regional winds. In addition, a crater counting analysis indicates the landing area has an absolute model age of ~3.3 Ga and that a later resurfacing event occurred at ~1.6 Ga. Finally, we outline four formational scenarios to test the formation mechanisms for the geomorphologic features on the landing area surface. The most likely interpretation to explain the existence of the observed surface features can be summarized as follows: A thermal influence may have played an important role in the formation of the surface geomorphologic features; thus, igneous-related processes may have occurred in the landing area. Water ice may also have been involved in the construction of the primordial surface configuration. Subsequent resurfacing events and aeolian processes buried and modified the primordial surface.

Background: The establishment of pneumoperitoneum has impacts on patient’s cardiovascular function. In this study, the respiratory variation of inferior vena cava (IVC), stroke volume (SV) index, and other parameters was monitored to determine how the pneumoperitoneum affects the patient’s hemodynamic and acknowledge how to resolve it. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five patients were randomly divided into Group A (8 mmHg), Group B (10 mmHg), Group C (12 mmHg), Group D (14 mmHg), and Group E (12 mmHg, infusion with 7 mL/kg crystalloid solution). The parameters including IVC variability, SV index, mean artery pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output index (CI), and airway pressure were measured, to compare the changes before and after pneumoperitoneum. Results: Among Group A, Group B, Group C, and Group D, there were no significant differences in patients’ prepneumoperitoneum information. Compare with prepneumoperitoneum, the difference in IVC variability, SV index, MAP, HR, CI, and airway pressure was statistically significant (P < 0.05). After the establishment of pneumoperitoneum, the difference in IVC variability, SV index, and airway pressure among Group A, Group B, Group C, and Group D was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compare with Group C, the change rates of IVC variability, SV index, MAP, HR, and CI were smaller in Group E (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The establishment of pneumoperitoneum could increase the patient’s IVC variability and reduce SV index, and with the increase of pressure, IVC variability had an increasing trend, SV index had a decreasing trend. Fluid transfusion could reduce the relative influence of the pneumoperitoneum.

Developing a flow rate model for the screw feeder and optimizing discharge performance are crucial for achieving automated intelligent precision feeding. This study constructs a mass flow rate model for screw conveyors, considering the coupled structural parameters of the hopper and screw conveyor. The model is developed using single-factor tests and central composite design (CCD) response surface tests and is validated through actual discharge tests. Results indicate that the discharge rate in the hopper–screw conveyor system is primarily influenced by the screw conveyor itself. Among the structural parameters, the hopper inclination angle and the hopper discharge opening length significantly affect the filling coefficient. Validation tests show an average error of 6.8% between the predicted and simulated mass flow rates and 5.0% with the actual mass flow rate, demonstrating the model’s high precision and accuracy.

The discrete time-cost tradeoff problem (DTCTP) is a well-researched topic in the field of operations research. The majority of existing DTCTP models are based on traditional activity networks, which permit the execution of an activity as soon as all its predecessors have been completed. This assumption is reasonable, but it is important to note that there are always exceptions. The main work of this study was threefold. Firstly, we expanded the analysis of the DTCTP to encompass time-constrained activity networks (DTCTPTC), which encompassed three different types of time constraints. The first constraint was the time-window constraint, which limited the time interval during which an activity could be executed. The second constraint was the time-schedule constraint, which specified the times at which an activity could begin execution. The third constraint was the time-switch constraint, which required project activities to start at specific times and remain inactive during designated time periods. Secondly, a constraint programming (CP) model was developed for the purpose of solving the DTCTPTC. The model employed interval variables to define the activity and its potential time constraints, while CP expressions were utilized to ensure the feasibility of the solution. The objective was to identify the optimal execution mode for each activity, the optimal start times for time-scheduled activities, and the optimal work/rest patterns for time-switch activities, with the aim of minimizing the total cost of the project. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed CP model was validated through two case studies based on two illustrative projects of varying sizes. The outcomes were then compared against existing algorithms. The results demonstrated that time constraints were important factors affecting schedule optimization, and the proposed CP model had the ability to solve large-scale DTCTPTC.

A two-dimensional axisymmetric fluid model is used to simulate the dynamics behavior of an atmospheric-pressure helium plasma jet in the presence of a parallel magnetic field. The plasma jet is generated in a coaxial dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) driven by pulsed direct-current voltage. Comparative analysis of the plasma jet with and without the parallel magnetic field indicates that a slightly thinner plasma sheath inside the tube is present with the parallel magnetic field as a result of the decreased accumulated electrons on the inner surface of dielectric tube. After the streamer propagates outside the tube, a little more concentrated electron distribution in the annular wall is observed by applying the magnetic field because of the reduced electron diffusion in the radial direction and the confinement effect of the magnetic field on the electrons in the avalanche heads. The tiny reduction in the length of plasma jet is attributed to the E × B drift of charged particles. These results demonstrate that the parallel magnetic field has no apparent effect on the propagation of the plasma jet, and it contributes little to the performance improvement of the coaxial DBD, which agrees well with the previous experimental observations. This little impact of the parallel magnetic field on the coaxial DBD plasma jet may result from negligible contribution of the memory effect to the sole discharge pulse as well as the weak confinement effect of the applied magnetic field on the surface electrons that moves along the magnetic field lines under electrostatic repulsion.

The aircraft wake vortex is an important factor affecting flight safety; as an important part of the aircraft, the powered nacelle will inevitably have an important impact on the aircraft wake vortex, so it is of great practical significance to research it. The present study focused on the numerical simulation of the wake flow of large aircraft (as the front aircraft) and the comparative analysis of the influence of engine jets on the wake flow. In order to meet the accuracy requirements and control the consumption of computing resources, LES and RANS methods were compared, and the RANS method was finally selected for subsequent calculation. The dynamic effect of jet flow was simulated by simplifying the boundary conditions of the inlet fan and outlet bypass as the mass flow boundary condition. The simulation results showed that the engine nacelle will have a significant impact on the morphology of the aircraft wake flow (position and strength of the main vortex in the wake flow system), which is caused by the vortices formed under the shear flow and separated flow of the nacelle. However, the nacelle will not significantly change the total strength of the wake vortex (half-plane circulation). The engine jet intensity causes additional turbulent mixing, which will accelerate the fusion of the nacelle vortex and ultimately change the intensity ratio of the inner wing vortex and the wingtip vortex, affecting the trajectory of the wake of the mean vortex. The study provides a corresponding reference for the following research on a wake vortex by a powered nacelle.

Urban green roofs have emerged as an innovative nature-based solution for enhancing urban sustainability and resilience. Based on the Web of Science Core Collection database, the scholarly papers on green roofs published in the past two decades were analyzed quantitatively and visualized using bibliometric techniques. The study scope covered research countries, institutions, main journals, crucial authors, highly cited documents, hot topics, and research frontiers. The 3210 publications mined from the bibliographic database on green roofs have increased progressively in the study period, with a significantly faster pace in recent years. The research subjects changed gradually over time, extending into more disciplines and becoming decidedly multidisciplinary. The notable bibliometric features registered a pronounced spatial concentration of research outputs in a small number of countries, regions, research institutions, journals, and researchers, mainly associated with developed metropolises. The number of publications and citation impacts identified the world’s top ten researchers and journals. Well-defined clusters depicted by knowledge graphs indicated a diverse range in the number and strength of inter-node connections for countries, institutions, researchers, and research topics defined by keywords. The research scope focuses on quantifying benefits and costs and optimizing designs to maximize biodiversity, hydrologic, thermal, and energy benefits as urban sustainability and climate-adaptation solutions. Emerging research should enhance biodiversity through optimal plant selection, integrate green roofs with renewable energy systems for sustainability, apply computational tools to enhance designs, evaluate low-cost and locally relevant design options for developing cities, and quantify co-benefits like stormwater reduction and energy savings. Multidisciplinary efforts leveraging simulations, ecosystem services valuation, and participatory community partnerships can advance context-appropriate green roof innovation and evidence-based policymaking to expand adoption in cities worldwide. Quantifying and communicating co-benefits are critical measures to drive wider implementation.

Skillful utilization of mental arithmetic can significantly improve students' mathematical computation ability. However, it was observed that primary school students often resort to reiterating the process of written arithmetic in their minds during mental arithmetic, which is not conducive to their numerical ability improvement. This paper devises a set of graphic teaching aids for primary school students' mental arithmetic improvement based on mental arithmetic strategies, schema theory, and working memory. To validate the effectiveness of schema teaching in enhancing mental arithmetic ability among primary school students, a controlled experiment was conducted with two groups of third-grade students randomly selected from a primary school in Jingshan City. The results, obtained through descriptive statistical analysis and the multitrait-multimethod approach (MTMM), indicated that the experimental group (n = 52) demonstrated significant improvements in speed, accuracy, and stability in mental addition and subtraction after a 14-day instruction period in schema teaching. This study offers a potent mental arithmetic teaching strategy for elementary mathematics education, which can lead to a comprehensive enhancement of students' mental calculation abilities. It also holds promise for inspiring innovative teaching methodologies in primary and secondary mathematics education in the future.

The wing is one of the most important parts of a bird's locomotor system and is the inspiration origination for bionic wing design. During wing motions, the wing shape is closely related to the rotation angles of wing bones. Therefore, the research on the law of bone movement in the process of wing movement can be good guidance for the design of the bionic morphing wing. In this paper, the skeletal posture of the peregrine falcon wing during the extension/flexion is studied to obtain critical data on skeletal posture. Since an elbow joint and a wrist joint rotate correlatively to drive a wing to flex/extend, the wing skeleton is simplified as a four-bar mechanism in this paper. The degree of reproduction of wing skeleton postures was quantitatively analyzed using the four-bar mechanism model, and the bionic wing skeleton was designed. It is found that the wing motions have been reproduced with high precision.

Effective detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) plays an important role in the diagnosis of lung cancer. Given the challenges posed by the low abundance and complexity of biosamples, it is urgent to develop sensitive, cost-effective and fast detection strategies. In this paper, a novel platform is developed using doped transition metal carbides as semiconductor materials for organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) aptamer-based sensors to satisfy sensitivity, specificity, rapidity, and low cost. A new material, CNT-doped MXene, was synthesized and utilized in the fabrication of CM-OECATs. The morphology and doping of CNT-doped MXene were validated effectively. 2.0 wt% CNT achieved maximum doping efficiency at transconductance (Gm) of 0.801 ms. Through systematic optimization of temperature, pH, aptamer concentration and incubation time, a wide detection range ranging from 0.1 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL was achieved, and the lower limit was 0.051 pg/mL. Favorable stability (0.819% decline), specificity and repeatability (RSD = 2.05%) were demonstrated. CM-OECATs effectively distinguished between 11 biosamples of lung cancer from 12 healthy controls (AUC = 0.9748, specificity = 0.9565, sensitivity = 0.9978) for the clinics. The test carried out in two batches gave p-values