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Background: A fracture is considered a medical emergency leading to considerable complications. Aim: This study aimed to describe the accelerating action of Ag-NPs-FG on fracture healing in rabbits. Methods: Silver NPs (AgNPs) were reduced with fenugreek (FG), loaded into a starch gel base, and investigated for their morphology, size, and charge. Four equal groups were randomly formed of 40 adult male rabbits. A 3.5 mm diameter bone defect was created at the proximal metaphysis of the right tibia in each rabbit. Groups 1-4 were injected with placebo saline, AgNPs-FG, plain gel, and FG-gel at the bone defect zone, respectively. The healing was assessed for 8 weeks postoperatively based on the radiographic, bone turnover markers, and histopathological examinations. Results: The AgNPs-FG was obtained as a faint reddish color, spherical in shape, with an absorbance of 423 nm, a size of 118.0 ± 1.7 nm, and a surface charge of -7.8 ± 0.518 mV. The prepared AgNPs-FG hydrogel was clear, translucent, and homogenous. The pH values were 6.55-6.5 ± 0.2, the viscosity of 4,000 and 1,875 cPs, and spreadability of 1.6 ± 0.14 and 2.0 ± 0.15 for both FG and AgNPs-FG hydrogel, respectively. The radiographic union scale was significantly (p < 0.05) improved in group 2 with a significant (p < 0.05) increase in bone turnover markers was found in comparison to other treated groups. Histopathological examination revealed the formation of mature bone on the 28th postoperative day in groups 2 and 4. Conclusion: Colloidal nano-formulation of AgNPs-FG loaded hydrogel could be a promising formulation to accelerate rabbits' tibial bone healing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trypanosomiasis in camels is a worldwide major clinical problem. The objective of this review was to present analysis of comprehensive studies on camel trypansomiasis in the Gulf region through meta-analytical investigation. This meta-analysis was conducted according to the rules of PRISMA. Data were extracted after complete search; then finally eligible articles were identified. Using comprehensive meta-analysis software program, the data were analyzed. The results of meta-analysis were effect size, confidence intervals (CI), heterogeneity, and publication bias. Out of 11720 camels in 18 accepted studies, 3177 were proved to be infected with T. evansi (27.1 %). At random, and fixed effects, a Z-value of -6.195 (P-value = 0.000) -30.186 (P-value = 0.000) was recorded, respectively. The Q-value (894.96), I-squared (98.038), and P- value (0.000) are the final heterogeneity variables. Additionally, the Tau-squared is 0.619 with a 0.39 Standard Error. Egger's linear regression test for asymmetry did not indicate publication bias, Intercept (-4.95), 95% confidence interval (from -9.91 to -0.07), t-value (2.27), and df = 16.00. The 1-tailed P-value (recommended) is 0.018, and the 2-tailed P-value is 0.036. The outcome of Kendall's tau with continuity correction (-0.313), with a 1-tailed P-value (recommended) of 0.030 and 2 -tailed P-value of 0.060. Duval and Tweedie's trim-and-fill method (no studies trimmed) resulted in an adjusted correlation from -0.718 to -0.630 (95% CI). In conclusion, the present results indicate that camel trypanosomiasis is a common infection in Gulf countries. Therefore, strict prevention and control policies should be formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ovine respiratory complex (ORC) is one of the most common respiratory diseases observed in sheep. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the comparative therapeutic efficacy of two non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (meloxicam and phenylbutazone) for the treatment of the ORC. For this purpose, 33 Ossimi sheep were randomly assigned into three treatment groups (11 each). Group 1 was treated with amoxicillin longacting (LA) and meloxicam, group 2 received amoxicillin LA and phenylbutazone, and group 3 was treated with amoxicillin LA alone. Sheep were examined clinically and clinical index scores were recorded before and after treatment. Additionally, blood samples were collected from each sheep. After 14 days of treatment, sheep of group 1 indicated significant improvements in their clinical index scores and a reduction in total leukocyte count. However, there was a significant increase in red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and MCHC%. There was a significant decrease in the serum globulin, copper, and haptoglobin in group 1, compared to sheep of groups 2 and 3. Based on the results of this study, administering meloxicam to sheep with an ovine respiratory complex resulted in significant improvements in clinical outcomes and significant corrections in above mentioned hematological and biochemical parameters. Although phenylbutazone proved to be less effective, it still demonstrated some degree of efficacy in treating this condition. This study suggests that meloxicam may be a more effective treatment option for ORC with phenylbutazone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with a combination of vitamins A, E, and C and volatile oils (Superimmune®) on milk production, somatic cell count (SCC), and antioxidant parameters in dairy cows. For this purpose, 30 lactating Holstein cows were used at an early stage of lactation. The cows were randomly allocated to five groups (six each). The first group was supplemented daily with 20 ml of Superimmune® (200,000 IU vit. A, 100mg vit E and 20mg vit. C, Eucalyptus oil, lavender oil, and peppermint oil). The second group was supplemented with 200,000 IU vit. A: third group with 100 mg vit. E), and the fourth group (20 mg vit. C. The fifth group was maintained without treatment (control). Milk production, somatic cell counts, and antioxidant parameters were measured before treatment and at one- and two-months post-treatment. Cows that received Superimmune® showed a significant decrease in somatic cell count compared with the other groups at one-month post-treatment (p<0.05) and onward. There was also a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (p<0.01), glutathione reductase (GR) (p<0.05), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (p<0.01) in cows that received a combination compared to the other groups). However, there was a significant decrease in the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p<0.01). Milk production showed a non-significant increase in cows receiving a combination of vitamins compared to the other groups. The results of the present study indicate that a combination of vitamins and volatile oils may have a better effect on somatic cell counts and milk antioxidant parameters in dairy cows than supplementation with a single vitamin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tremendous work has been conducted in equine medicine research, with special reference to donkeys. Our study surveyed applied studies on donkeys by 2023 in a quantitative manner. Data were retrieved from the Web of Science database. The points investigated addressed the general criteria of global donkey research. Statistical data were set for each studied item using VOSviewer software, with a focus on the top ten results for each item. A total of 2947 documents were extracted, results revealed that author Burden F.A. had the highest number of published papers (68, 2.30%), publications in 2020 (8.92%) were at the front. The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB) had the highest number of papers (177, 6.01%), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nsfc) (91, 3.08%) was the top funding agency, USA was the top nation in publications (13.87 %), and the majority of publications were in English (2757, 93.55 %). The highest publications in WOS categories, were collected from Veterinary Sciences (1695, 57.51%). Research articles were the most abundant form (85.61 %). Dairy and Animal Sciences was at the top of citation topics (351, 11.91%). Elsevier had the highest publications (23.58%), Journal of Equine Veterinary Science was placed in the top journals (163, 5.53%). The data from the current study can be used to assess the situation of applied research on donkeys, helping to set possible future maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-parturient hemoglobinuria is a non-infectious hemolytic metabolic disorder of buffalo and cattle characterized by intravascular hemolysis, anemia, and hemoglobinuria. It may be highly fatal, if not diagnosed rapidly and treated promptly. The present study determines the clinical and biochemical alterations as well as, the risk factors associated with PPH in buffalo in Egypt. Sixty-eight buffalo displaying symptoms of hemoglobinuria, along with 24 healthy buffalo for comparison were involved. Each animal participating in the study underwent a comprehensive clinical examination, and blood and urine samples were collected for further analysis. A questionnaire was designed for the hypothesized risk factors. To determine the risk factors at the animal level, the logistic regression model was utilized. Clinically, PPH-affected buffalo had much lower ruminant movements than healthy ones, meanwhile their respiratory and pulse rates dramatically increased. The serum levels of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) showed a significant decrease in PPH-affected buffalo (p<0.05), whereas potassium (K), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), and glucose serum levels all demonstrated a significant increase. (p<0.05) In the final logistic regression model, which was used to identify risk factors, there was a significant correlation between PPH and parity =4 (P = 0.036, OR: 3.76, 95% CI: 1.09-12.96), hypophosphatemia (P = 0.003, OR: 5.55, 95% CI: 1.78-17.27), and hypocalcaemia (P = 0.044, OR: 3.39, 95% CI: 1.03-11.15), on the animal level. In conclusion, PPH-affected buffalo may demonstrate several biochemical changes, as well as the identification of PPH-associated risk factors may provide a useful approach for the prevention and control of PPH in buffalo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to elucidate current perspectives of redox status in dairy cows and their effects on energy metabolites and immune-inflammatory status during the close-up period. The study was conducted on dairy cows at various stages of lactation, between November 2019 and January 2020. An observational study was conducted on 36 cows, at ~ 4 weeks (28 day±2 day; means±SD) before the expected time of calving. Cows were proved healthy on both clinical and laboratory examinations. A blood sample was drawn from each cow on the 28th day before the expected time of calving to quantify selected biochemical variables. The studied cows were allocated into two groups based on serum oxidative stress index (OSi) concentrations, the first group included twenty-seven cows with high values of OSi, while the second group included nine cows with low values of OSi and served as negative controls. All cows were clinically healthy and showed no signs of illness throughout the study period. Cows with high OSi had higher serum levels of advanced oxidation protein products, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, non-esterified fatty acids, ß-hydroxy butyric acid, glucose, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, and immunoglobulin G than negative controls; while had low levels of serum antioxidant capacity (SAC), glutathione peroxidase, vitamin E, and insulin. The results herein confirmed that cows during the close-up period were likely under oxidative stress, and the latter makes cows vulnerable to the development of negative energy balance and significant immune-metabolic alterations. The results of OSi, ROS, and SAC could be used as reference variables to assess the redox status of transition dairy cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Esophageal obstruction is a common occurrence and a serious condition in camels. This study aimed to assess the effects of mineral deficiency on esophageal obstruction rates in dromedary camels and describe their clinical presentation and treatment outcomes. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight camels were allocated to two groups. Group 1 (control) was composed of 10 sound camels. Group 2 included 18 camels with esophageal obstruction which were based on clinical and imaging evaluations. Hematobiochemical examinations in control and affected camels were compared and statistically analyzed. Results: In camels with esophageal obstruction when compared with controls, hematological analyses showed significant increases (p < 0.05) in neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, along with significantly decreased total white blood counts. Aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, glucose, albumin, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly higher in affected camels when compared with controls. Furthermore, gamma-glutamyl transferase, globulin, sodium, chloride, cobalt, iron, manganese, and selenium concentrations were significantly reduced. Affected camels were treated by stomach tube or surgery and were completely recovered, except for one camel with an esophageal fistula. Conclusion: A lack of trace elements could have a significant role in esophageal obstruction in dromedaries. Clinical, ultrasonographic, and hematobiochemical evaluations are useful for the accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of esophageal obstruction in camels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with a combination of vitamin E, A and C and essential volatile oils (Super Immune®) on growth performance and antioxidant parameters in calves. For this purpose, twenty-five Holstein calves were randomly allocated into five equal sized groups (five each). The first group received a daily dose of 10 ml of Super Immune® which was given orally. The second group was supplemented with 100,000 IU Vit A and given intramuscularly. The third group was supplemented with Vit. E, at a dose rate of 6.66 IU/kg BW and given subcutaneously. Meanwhile, the fourth group was supplemented with Vit. C at a dose rate of 30 mg/kg and given intravenously. The former formula was given orally for five consecutive days, while the later supplements were given twice with 72 hours apart. Calves of the fifth group received a sterile saline solution (0.9 % NaCl) and served as control group. Calves received a combination of vitamins and volatile oils showed significant increase of the body weight compared with control group at 6 weeks post-treatment (p<0.05). There was also a significant increase of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (p< 0.01), Glutathione reductase (GR) (p<0.05) and Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (p<0.05) in calves received combination compared with other groups. However, there was a significant decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p<0.01). On the other hand, other parameters showed non-significant changes. The results of the present study indicate that a combination of vitamin A, E and C and volatile oils (Super Immune®) may have better effect on body weight gain and antioxidant status in suckling calves than supplementation with single vitamin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The current meta-analysis offers a general perspective on the echocardiographic measurements of heart dimensions in sound Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses. The study was performed according to the guidelines of PRISMA. The echocardiographic findings varied from one study to the next due to the fact that there were multiple investigations. The meta-analysis indicates variations in results among different studies. This result should be considered when evaluating a horse for heart disease and each case should be evaluated independently. The purpose of this study was to provide a systematic meta-analysis on echocardiographic measurements in normal Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses. The current systematic meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). All the available published papers on the reference values of echocardiographic assessment via M-mode echocardiography were searched, and fifteen studies were finally selected for analysis. In both fixed and random effect, the confidence interval (CI) for the interventricular septum (IVS) was 2.8–3.1 and 4.7–7.5; for the left ventricular free-wall (LVFW) thickness, it was 2.9–3.2 and 4.2–6.7; and for the left ventricular internal diameter (LVID), it was −5.0–4.6 and −10.0–−6.7, respectively. For IVS, the Q statistic, I-squared, and tau-squared were 925.3, 98.1, and 7.9, respectively. Similarly, for LVFW, all the effects were on the positive side of zero, with a range of 1.3–68.1. The CI indicated a significant variation among the studies (fixed, 2.9–3.2; random, 4.2–6.7). The z-values of LVFW for fixed and random effects were, respectively, 41.1 (p < 0.001) and 8.5 (p < 0.001). However, the Q statistic was 886.6 (p < 0.001). Moreover, the I-squared was 98.08, and the tau-squared was 6.6. By contrast, the effects of LVID fell on the negative side of zero, (2.8–83.9). The present meta-analysis provides an overview of the echocardiographic measurements of cardiac diameters in healthy Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses. The meta-analysis indicates variations in results among different studies. This result should be considered when evaluating a horse for heart disease and each case should be evaluated independently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cardiovascular disease is underreported in donkeys, possibly related to their limited athletic posture and frequent poor performance-related examinations. Reports on treatments for cardiovascular disease are anecdotal in donkey. Normal echocardiographic parameters have been reported in healthy donkeys. The aim of the present study was to establish the reference values and repeatability for Pulsed Wave Doppler echocardiographic variables of the mitral valve, aortic valve and myocardial performance. Two-dimensional Color flow mapping and spectral Doppler modes were performed. For the mitral valve, the mean velocity, pressure gradient and duration of E-wave were 57.7 ± 12.5 cm/s, 1.4 ± 0.7 mmHg and 0.4 ± 0.13 s, respectively. The results of the present study provide the reference values of PW echocardiographic parameters measurements in normal adult donkeys. Such reference values are helpful, especially when confronted with clinical cases with cardiovascular disorders. In the present study, thirty clinically healthy donkeys were used to establish the reference values and repeatability for Pulsed Wave Doppler echocardiographic variables of the mitral valve, aortic valve and myocardial performance. 2-dimensional Color flow mapping and spectral Doppler modes were performed. For the mitral valve, the mean velocity, pressure gradient and duration of E-wave were 57.7 ± 12.5 cm/s, 1.4 ± 0.7 mmHg and 0.4 ± 0.13 s, respectively. The velocity, pressure gradient and duration of the A-wave were 32.3 ± 9.1 cm/s, 0.3 ± 0.04 mmHg and 0.3 ± 0.1 s, respectively. The mitral valve area, pressure half time, pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI) and velocity time integral (VTI) were 1.8 ± 0.5 cm2, 66 ± 17 ms, 2.8 ± 1.4, 0.9 ± 0.03 and 19.1 ± 5.7 cm, respectively. For the aortic valve, the mean velocity was 64.9 ± 10.4 cm/s, pressure gradient was 1.8 ± 0.4 mmHg, pulsatility index was 1.4 ± 0.3, resistance index was 0.9 ± 0.02, VTI was 25.02 ± 6.2 cm, systolic/diastolic was 19 ± 4.7 and heart rate was 95.7 ± 28.9 per minute. For Myocardial Performance Index (LV)–Tei Index, the mean ejection, isovolumic relaxation, isovolumic contraction time and myocardial performance index were 0.24 ± 0.01, 0.14 ± 0.01, 0.14 ± 0.02 and 1.2 ± 0.1 s, respectively. The results of the present study provide the reference values of PW echocardiographic parameter measurements in normal adult donkeys. Such reference values are helpful, especially when confronted with clinical cases with cardiovascular disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food waste worldwide is beginning to become a "heavy" problem of one billion tons. It is almost unbelievable that in 2021, global food waste reached an extraordinary value of 931 million tons. Of these, over 60% is represented by food waste at the household level. In this context, the research analysed which countries have the highest level of food waste, presenting a double Top 10: the first - Top 10 of the countries with the highest food waste at national level and the second - Top 10 countries with the highest food waste per capita, based on data collected from external sources, data provided by organizations and institutions, as well as reference publications in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to establish a detailed anatomic reference for the carpal joint of apparently healthy donkeys using ultrasonography (US), computed tomographic (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ten orthopedically sound adult donkeys were used for US examination of the carpal joint in each forelimb. Additionally, the carpi of ten donkey cadavers were subjected to CT and MRI examinations. The carpal joint was divided into four zones to simplify examination. US assessment of the carpal joint included transverse and longitudinal sonograms. CT was performed using three planes: axial, sagittal, and coronal. MRI was performed using axial and sagittal planes with two sequences: gradient-echo T1-weighted and proton density. The donkeys' carpus US, CT, and MRI images were labeled and serially interpreted based on references and anatomical cross-sections. The anatomical characteristics of the carpal joint and the surrounding soft tissue structures were thoroughly described and precisely differentiated on US, CT, and MRI scans. It can be concluded that US, CT, and MRI are effective noninvasive diagnostic imaging tools for evaluating the carpal joint in donkeys. Moreover, these imaging modalities can aid in establishing a reference database for the carpal joint of donkeys, which differs from that of horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of supplementing chelated chromium (Cr) in transition cows has increased recently. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of randomized controlled trials to evaluate the effectiveness of supplementation of chelated chromium (Cr) on plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and insulin during the transition period in dairy cows. A total of 322 transition dairy cows, belonged to seven studies from five papers, were used. The complete steps of meta-analysis were performed according to the standard pathway of PRISMA. For this reason, a comprehensive meta-analysis was used to accomplish this mission. The effect model and I2 statistic was used to estimate the degree of heterogeneity. Forest plot was used to present a graphic means and their confidence intervals, and a heterogeneous degree was explored with meta-regression, also Beggꞌs test was conducted to investigate the publication bias. Estimated the effect size of chelated Cr on glucose, NEFA, and insulin outcomes during the threetime points (i.e. before, at, after calving) was no significant (glucose ES=(0.049-0.078) 0.015, p-value=0.649; NEFA ES=(-0.719-0.45) -0.134, p-value=0.653; and insulin ES=(-0.090-0.154) 0.032, p-value=0.611. The heterogeneity was not significant for all variables (glucose I2=0, p-value=0.981; NEFA I2=0 p-value=1; and insulin I2=0, pvalue=0.980). Consequently, fixed-effects models were used for the analysis of such data. Furthermore, Beggꞌs test indicated no evidence of substantial publication bias for all parameters. The influence analysis showed that the removal of any study did not change the direction or significance of point estimates. The meta-analysis of our study indicated that chelated Cr supplementation of diets of dairy cows during the transition period provided a glucose tolerance effect by increasing the insulin response and decrease NEFA concentration, but not in a significant level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]