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Expansion of drainage networks through the headward erosion of tidal creeks is an eco‐geomorphologic response of salt marshes to accelerated sea‐level rise (SLR). This response can counter the negative impacts of an elevation deficit by increasing drainage and encouraging plant health, thereby reducing potential for submergence and marsh platform loss. In the wetlands of Cape Romain, SC, intense bioturbation near creek heads by the common marsh crab Sesarma reticulatum has been found to facilitate sediment erosion and rapid creek growth. This keystone grazer has been recently observed to have increasing influence on landscape evolution throughout the southeast US coast. Here, we compare measurements taken at Sapelo Island, GA, with those previously collected at Cape Romain, to confirm that eco‐geomorphic feedbacks facilitating creek growth at each location are similar, and to compare these processes under differing background conditions. We use sediment cores, precise elevation measurements and historical imagery to compare substrate properties, elevation within the tidal frame, creek growth rates and drainage morphology at both sites. Our results show identical processes; however, the higher elevation of the marsh at Sapelo Island leads to shallower and shorter periods of tidal inundation, explaining the greater soil strength and lower belowground biomass compared with the marsh at Cape Romain. The smaller tidal range at the site in Cape Romain compared with Sapelo Island translates to a proportionally shallower depth of tidal creeks, which therefore requires less erosion to produce headward creek extension. These effects are likely to have contributed to slower growth rates of tidal creeks at Sapelo Island during the past several decades of SLR. Our findings highlight the similarities in process but differences in rates in how marshes are responding to climate‐related stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tidal point bars are commonly developed in coastal plain meandering channels. They form by the same basic processes as fluvial point bars but are further modified by tidal action. This study analyses the sedimentary facies of six active tidal point bars and their relationships. The bars are situated along the Georgia coastal plain, USA, in the lower and upper reaches of the fluvial marine transition and in tidal channels without upstream river input. Based on millimetric logging of 31 cores, nine sedimentary facies were identified, which are proposed to be used for the characterization of tidal point bars in other depositional settings. These bars share common sedimentary facies; however, the internal organization of these facies and their associations differ appreciably in response to complex local tidal processes and fluvial–tidal interactions. The increase in tidal influence results in prominent heterogeneous architectures, with greater concentration of heterolithic stratification (mostly inclined), bioturbation and evidence of flow reversals. In contrast, when freshwater river discharge overcomes tidal stages in the fluvial marine transition bars, structureless coarse‐grained facies with attendant erosional surfaces and decreased bioturbation are predominantly developed. In the lower reach of the fluvial marine transition, along the estuarine turbidity maximum, alternations of fluvial and tidal sedimentation are evidenced by a bimodal facies association, where alternations of gravel lag and muddy facies (massive to heterolithic) dominate. Moreover, despite differences in local hydrodynamics, coarsening‐upward sequences, mostly composed of structureless coarser facies, are consistently distributed along the upper parts of the bars, which may indicate overprinting of regional events such as storm surge‐related floodings in the sedimentological record. This study provides a basis for better identifying the hydrodynamic processes that shape coastal systems, such as estuarine and backbarrier environments. Additionally, those deposits are analogues for certain hydrocarbon reservoirs, thereby increasing knowledge of their facies distribution and aiding production optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beach‐ridge systems are geomorphological features common in every type of coast and have been widely interpreted as geo‐archives of past sea‐level, climatic, or tectonic changes. These relict morphological elements are well‐known by their facies, architecture, stratigraphy, and evolution. However, the coastal context where beach ridges are formed has never been evaluated. Coastal beach‐ridge systems were classified into four main types corresponding to deltaic strandplains, non‐deltaic strandplains, spits, and barrier islands. Our study consisted of three scales of analysis: (1) the entire beach‐ridge system; (2) beach‐ridge sets; and (3) individual beach ridges. Several beach‐ridge systems having formed in different types of coastal settings are compared by their present characteristics. Geomorphic data generated from processing and interpreting satellite images combined with previous studies are used to quantify multi‐scale attributes of beach‐ridge systems. These attributes include the area, length, width, number of sets, number of ridges per set, set rotation, ridge spacing, and ridge elevation. Our findings demonstrate that significant differences define beach‐ridge systems including deltaic strandplains, large non‐deltaic strandplains, small non‐deltaic strandplains, large spits (cuspate forelands), small spits (flying spits, bay‐mouth spits and tombolos) and barrier islands. A more comprehensive characterization of the factors controlling beach‐ridge variability will improve our ability to recognize the sedimentary record of ancient of these systems. The proposed basic platform can be used to isolated different beach‐ridge types and systems to facilitate future process and morphodynamic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When longshore transport systems encounter tidal inlets, complex mechanisms are involved in bypassing sand to downdrift barriers. Here, this process is examined at Plum Island Sound and Essex Inlets, Massachusetts, USA. One major finding from this study is that sand is transferred along the coast—especially at tidal inlets—by parcels, in discrete steps, and over decadal-scale periods. The southerly orientation of the main-ebb channel at Plum Island Sound, coupled with the landward migration of bars from the ebb delta to the central portion of the downdrift Castle Neck barrier island, have formed a beach protuberance. During the constructional phase, sand is sequestered at the protuberance and the spit-end of the barrier becomes sediment starved, leading to shoreline retreat and a broadening of the spit platform at the mouth to Essex Bay (downdrift side of Castle Neck). Storm-induced sand transport from erosion of the spit and across the spit platform is washed into Essex Bay, filling channels and enlarging flood deltas. This study illustrates the pathways and processes of sand transfer along the shoreline of a barrier-island/tidal-inlet system and provides an important example of the processes that future hydrodynamic and sediment-transport modeling should strive to replicate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bathymetric surveys conducted before and after the 2005 hurricane season at Little Pass Timbalier in the Mississippi River delta plain, United States, demonstrate that 9.1 ([+ or -]2.4) x [10.sup.6] [m.sup.3] of sediment was eroded from a 47.9 [km.sup.2] area. Between the two surveys, Hurricanes Cindy, Katrina, and Rita passed within 300 km of the tidal inlet. Comparison of before and after bathymetric data sets shows that the distal portion of the ebb-tidal delta (ETD) was the site of 63% of the total erosion, locally resulting in 400 m of shoreface retreat. Shoaling (0.75-1.0 m) in the seawardmost portion of the ebb channel and erosion in the landward portion (~1.5 m) resulted in a 160 m landward shift of the inlet throat. Collectively, these processes forced the landward migration of the entire tidal inlet and ETD system. There has been considerable discussion about large volumes of mineral sediment deposited on the Mississippi River delta plain interior marsh surface as a result of hurricanes; however, the origin of this sediment is unknown. We identify the distal portion of an ETD as one possible sediment source and hypothesize that ETD and shoreface sediment is mobilized by hurricane waves and transported landward by surge-induced currents. Our results emphasize the role of frequent and intense hurricanes in long-term coastal evolution and as a mechanism for regional sediment retention within the transgressive system beyond typical barrier overwash processes.

The natural stratification and interlocking "organization" of armored sediments in heterogeneous, coarse-grained, beaches provides protection and enhances habitat for burrowing sedentary megafauna and macrofauna such as hard-shelled clams. Here, we develop a novel metric for quantifying sediment organization of large surficial beach clasts through sedimentologic and photogrammetric analyses of 37 lower intertidal heterogeneous gravel beaches in western Prince William Sound, Alaska (USA). Grain size, photogrammetric, and Wolman Pebble Count clast-size data from 64, ~1-m2 study plots are combined into a clast-size-independent "Organization Metric" to quantify the degree of organization in the meshed arrangement of larger surficial sediments. This metric was validated through field manipulation experiments and comparisons of adjacent plots characterized by different clast sizes. Application of this metric to subsets of Prince William Sound beaches that underwent differential treatment following the Exxon Valdez oil spill reveals persistent physical effects of artificial beach disturbance even 21 years after the cleanup. This has important implications for beach management (e.g., cleaning or dredging) and for the diverse and productive sedentary megafaunal assemblages that live within these sediments. Overall, this study provides a new approach for quantifying organization of heterogenous coarse sediments in diverse natural settings; in particular, heterogenous gravel beaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding of long-term dynamics of intense coastal storms is important for determining the frequency and impact of these events on sandy coasts. We use optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates on relict scarps within a prograded barrier sequence to reconstruct the chronology of large-magnitude erosional events in the western Gulf of Maine. OSL dates obtained on quartz-rich sediments immediately overlying relict scarps indicate severe beach erosion and retreat due to erosional events ca. 1550, 390, 290, and 150 cal yr B.P. Our data provide new evidence of increased storm activity (most likely frequency and/or intensity of extratropical storms) during the past 500 yr, which was preceded by a relatively calm period lasting ~1000 yr. The width of the coastal sequence preserved between successive paleoscarps shows strong correlation with the time interval elapsed between storms. Our findings indicate that diagnostic geophysical and sedimentological signatures of severe erosional events offer new opportunities for assessing the impact and timing of major storms along sandy coasts. Keywords: barrier, ground-penetrating radar, OSL dating, heavy minerals, erosion, Maine.

Three digital precision bathymetric data sets spanning 16.1 yr enabled a long-term analysis of the geometric, migration, and volumetric changes to large bedforms in a 1 k[m.sup.2] region of eastern Long Island Sound. Whereas a 1 yr study of sand wave mechanics during 1987 provided indirect evidence of long-term southwestward transport, this study adds a June 2003 data set and conclusively demonstrates a basinward (southwestward) progression of sand waves between 7 and 17 m in height. In addition, the modus operandi of sand wave migration during various temporal scales involves crestal flexing, crestal rotation, and differential migration along the crest. A volumetric analysis suggests that the sand waves are in a waning phase of migration and early stage of preservation as sea level rises into the basin and flood-dominant tidal currents decrease in strength. Keywords: sand waves, dunes, migration, morphology, subtidal environment, tidal currents, GIS.

The impact of climate change-induced sea-level rise (SLR) on coastal plain settings including beaches and barrier chains, and related tidal inlets and barrier shorelines are discussed. The dynamic response of these coastal plains to SLR is also presented.

In addition to their being vital components of mid- to high-latitude coastal ecosystems, salt marshes contain 0.1% of global sequestered terrestrial carbon. Their sustainability is now threatened by accelerating sea-level rise (SLR) that has reached a rate that is many times greater than the rate at which they formed and evolved. Modeling studies have been instrumental in predicting how marsh systems will respond to greater frequencies and durations of tidal inundation and in quantifying thresholds when marshes will succumb and begin to disintegrate due to accelerating SLR. Over the short term, some researchers believe that biogeomorphic feedbacks will improve marsh survival through greater biomass productivity enhanced by warmer temperatures and higher carbon dioxide concentrations. Increased sedimentation rates are less likely due to lower-than-expected suspended sediment concentrations. The majority of marsh loss today is through wave-induced edge erosion that beneficially adds sediment to the system. Edge erosion is partly offset by upland marsh migration during SLR. ▪ Despite positive biogeomorphic feedbacks, many salt marshes will succumb to accelerating sea-level rise due to insufficient mineral sediment. ▪ The latest multivariate marsh modeling is producing predictions of marsh evolution under various sea-level rise scenarios. ▪ The least well-known variables in projecting changes to salt marshes are suspended sediment concentrations and net sediment influx to the marsh. ▪ We are in the infancy of understanding the importance and processes of marsh edge erosion and the overall dynamicism of marshes. ▪ This review defines the latest breakthroughs in understanding the response of salt marshes to accelerating sea-level rise and decreasing sediment supply. ▪ Climate change is accelerating sea-level rise, warming temperatures, and increasing carbon dioxide, all of which are impacting marsh vegetation and vertical accretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thick bay-fill sequences that often culminate in strandplain development serve as important sedimentary archives of land-ocean interaction, although distinguishing between internal and external forcings is an ongoing challenge. This study employs sediment cores, ground-penetrating radar surveys, radiocarbon dates, palaeogeographic reconstructions and hydrodynamic modelling to explore the role of autogenic processes - notably a reduction in wave energy in response to coastal embayment infilling - in coastal evolution and shoreline morphodynamics. Following a regional 2 to 4 m highstand at ca 5·8 ka, the 75 km2 Tijucas Strandplain in southern Brazil built from fluvial sediments deposited into a semi-enclosed bay. Holocene regressive deposits are underlain by fluvial sands and a Pleistocene transgressive-regressive sequence, and backed by a highstand barrier-island. The strandplain is immediately underlain by 5 to 16 m of seaward-thickening, fluvially derived, Holocene-age, basin-fill mud. Several trends are observed from the landward (oldest) to the seaward (youngest) sections of the strandplain: (i) the upper shoreface and foreshore become finer and thinner and shift from sand-dominated to mud-dominated; (ii) beachface slopes decrease from >11° to ca 7°; and (iii) progradation rates increase from 0·4 to 1·8 m yr−1. Hydrodynamic modelling demonstrates a correlation between progressive shoaling of Tijucas Bay driven by sea-level fall and sediment infilling and a decrease in onshore wave-energy transport from 18 to 4 kW m−1. The combination of allogenic (sediment supply, falling relative sea-level and geology) and autogenic (decrease in wave energy due to bay shoaling) processes drove the development of a regressive system with characteristics that are rare, if not unique, in the Holocene and rock records. These findings demonstrate the complexities in architecture styles of highstand and regressive systems tracts. Furthermore, this article highlights the diverse internal and external processes and feedbacks responsible for the development of these intricate marginal marine sedimentary systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]