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The energetically developing metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of Ir-based coating has been demanding precursors with properly defined thermal properties since the volatilization thermodynamics of a MOCVD precursor is highly answerable for the functional properties of a target material. The literature and our data have been amassed, uniformly processed, and evaluated for the set of iridium(III) β-diketonates. The restriction and scatter of the data have been observed. To resolve the contradiction, new data on sublimation and vaporization vapor pressures have been obtained by flow and static methods. To broad temperature interval to that utilized in MOCVD, a combination of empirical and experimental methods has been applied. As a result, a reliable set of data on thermodynamic parameters (saturated vapor pressure, enthalpy and entropy of sublimation and vaporization) has been acquired. Vapor pressure temperature dependences operating over a wide temperature range admit extrapolation of vapor pressure values to required temperatures. This benefit could be used to define the temperature regimes of film deposition by MOCVD with iridium(III) β-diketonate as precursors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heavy-metal-free photocatalytic system, in which carbon nitride is coated on polylactic acid (PLA) as biodegradable plastic through a simple dip coating method, was used for dye decomposition under visible light irradiation. Solvent selection, solvent concentration, and the number of coatings for dip coating were investigated to optimize the conditions for loading carbon nitride on PLA. Carbon nitride cannot be coated on PLA in water, but it can be strongly coated by decomposing the surface of PLA with ethanol or chlorobenzene to promote physical adsorption and activate surface. The number of dip coatings also affected the photocatalytic decomposition ability. The photocatalytic system was able to decompose the dye continuously in the flow method, and dye (rhodamine B) was decomposed by about 50% at a residence time of 12 min (flow rate 0.350 mL/min) for 30 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze flow and non-flow methods for verification of vortex flow meters and describe the basic advantages and deficiencies of methods in these two broad classes. We propose an enhancement to non-flow verification of flow meters that involves simulating and recording the effect of the material flow being measured on the sensor device, and describe an experimental test bench for improved flow meter verification in which the sensor element is exposed to direct electromagnetic excitation so that it vibrates at a specified controllable frequency. The tests were performed using a Yokogawa flow meter on the experimental test bench. The results obtained confirmed that the enhanced method for verification of the vortex flow meter is feasible for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract An experimental study on the isobaric molar heat capacities of ethyl nonanoate and ethyl dodecanoate was performed at temperatures between 303 K and 393 K and at pressures between 0.1 MPa and 25.2 MPa. An increase of isobaric molar heat capacity with temperature increase was observed, and temperature was found to have a greater effect on isobaric molar heat capacity than pressure. Then the isobaric molar heat capacity data of 18 saturated fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters in literature were selected, to get a general correlation for the isobaric molar heat capacity of saturated fatty acid alkyl esters. The average absolute relative deviation and the maximum deviation of the present correlation from experimental data are lower than 0.70% and 3.82%, respectively. At last, to test the predictive ability of the proposed correlation, the heat capacities of ethyl nonanoate and ethyl dodecanoate were calculated. The average absolute relative deviation and the maximum deviation from our experimental results are 0.88% and 2.10%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple flow system employing a reversible-flow syringe pump was employed to synthesize uniform micron-size particles of chitosan-Cu(II) (CS-Cu(II)) catalyst. A solution of chitosan and Cu(II) salt was drawn into a holding coil via a 3-way switching valve and then slowly pumped to drip into an alkaline solution to form of hydrogel droplets. The droplets were washed and dried to obtain the catalyst particles. Manual addition into the alkaline solution or employment of flow system with a vibrating rod, through which the end of the flow line is inserted, was investigated for comparison. A sampling method was selected to obtain representative samples of the population of the synthesized particles for size measurement using optical microscopy. The mean sizes of the particles were 880 ± 70 µm, 780 ± 20 µm, and 180 ± 30 µm for the manual and flow methods, without and with the vibrating rod, respectively. Performance of the flow methods, in terms of rate of droplet production and particle size distribution, are discussed. Samples of 180 µm size CS-Cu(II) particles were tested for catalytic reduction of 0.5 mM p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol by 100-fold excess borohydride. The conversion was 98% after 20 min, whereas without the catalyst there was only 14% conversion.

The critical temperatures ( T c ) and critical pressures ( p c ) of five binary mixtures (DEC + hexane, DEC + heptane, DEC + octane, DEC + cyclohexane, DEC + ethanol) and a ternary mixture (DEC + ethanol + heptane) were determined over the whole range of concentration using an accurate experimental apparatus based on flow method. The combined standard uncertainty of temperature is 0.2 K while that of pressure is 5.2 kPa. The critical temperatures of DEC + octane and DEC + cyclohexane mixtures present a non-ideal behavior. The maximum average absolute deviations of Redlich–Kister equations for T c and p c of five binary mixtures are 0.08% and 0.41%, respectively. Cibulka's equations and Singh−Sharma's equations were used to correlate the critical parameters of ternary mixture. The critical surfaces of ternary mixture were plot using Cibulka's equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the discrete cost sharing model with technological cooperation, we investigate the implications of the requirement that demand manipulations must not affect the agents’ shares. In a context where the enforcing authority cannot prevent agents (who seek to reduce their cost shares) from splitting or merging their demands, the cost sharing methods used must make such artifices unprofitable. The paper introduces a family of rules that are immune to these demand manipulations, the pattern methods. Our main result is the characterization of these methods using the above requirement. For each one of these methods, the associated pattern indicates how to combine the technologies in order to meet the agents’ demands. Within this family, two rules stand out: the public Aumann-Shapley rule, which never rewards technological cooperation; and the private Aumann-Shapley rule, which always rewards technology providers. Fairness requirements imposing natural bounds (for the technological rent) allow to further differentiate these two rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the isobaric molar heat capacities of methyl caprate, methyl laurate and their mixtures at temperatures from 313 K to 335 K and at pressures up to 16.2 MPa were measured using a flow calorimeter. The isobaric molar heat capacities of these mixtures were observed to increase as the temperature and the concentration of methyl laurate rise, while they increase as the pressure falls. The excess molar heat capacities were calculated using the experimental heat capacity data, which are positive and very small compared to the isobaric molar heat capacities. A correlation was proposed for the isobaric molar heat capacities of the methyl caprate and methyl laurate mixtures with the maximum deviation of 1.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Getting to know of mercury (Hg) behavior will contribute to proper handling and removal of Hg in natural gas processing facilities. Hg solubility was measured in an artificial natural gas, composed of 88.80 vol. % methane, 5.10 vol. % ethane, and 6.10 % vol. % carbon dioxide, by a flow-type apparatus up to 6.031 MPa at (268 to 303) K. The Hg mole fraction ranged from 4.991 × 10–9 to 8.125 × 10–7 in the vapor phase. The Hg solubilities decreased with increasing pressure, and the pressure dependencies were similar to that in pure methane. The experimental data were correlated with the Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS) developed in the previous studies, where the attractive parameter of Hg was evaluated from the saturated vapor pressure, and binary parameters among the other constituents of the artificial natural gas determined from the VLE data available in the literature. The calculation results were acceptable and agreed with the experimental data without any additional corrections. The maximum and the minimum the absolute relative deviation (ARD) and the average absolute relative deviation (AARD) were 9.72, 0.0542, and 3.20 %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we used a flow method for measurement of critical properties of six binary mixtures (2-butanol + cyclohexane, 2-butanol + hexane, 2-butanol + heptane, 2-butanol + octane, 2-butanol + nonane and 2-butanol + decane) and two ternary mixtures (2-butanol + hexane + heptane and 2-butanol + octane + decane). The critical properties were determined by observing the disappearance and reappearance of the gas–liquid phase meniscus in a quartz glass tube. The standard uncertainties of temperatures and pressures for both binary and ternary mixtures were estimated to be less than 0.2 K and 5.2 kPa, respectively. These critical data provide the boundaries of the two-phase regions of the related mixture systems. Six binary systems show non-ideal behaviors in the loci of critical temperatures. We used the Redlich–Kister equations to correlate the critical temperatures and pressures of these systems and listed the binary interaction parameters. The maximum average absolute deviation (AAD) of each binary system between experimental data and calculated results from Redlich–Kister equations is 0.038% for critical temperatures, and 0.244% for critical pressures. Moreover, the two ternary systems were newly reported and correlated by Cibulka’s and Singh’s expressions. The maximum AAD of critical temperatures and critical pressures are 0.103% and 0.433%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods developed to determine the amount of water required (EWR) to sustain ecosystem services in non-perennial rivers need a different approach to those used in perennial rivers. Current EWR methods were mostly developed for use in perennial rivers. Non-perennial rivers differ from perennial ones in terms of variability in flow, periods of no-flow and related habitat availability. A DRIFT-ARID method (an adaptation of the Downstream Response to Imposed Flow Transformation (DRIFT) method) was developed, tested and adjusted, using the semi-permanent Mokolo River. Field data from five study sites was collected from April to May 2010 by a multidisciplinary team. The results were used in a DRIFT-ARID Decision Support System (DSS) to determine the impact of five chosen development scenarios in the Mokolo River Catchment. An integrated groundwater-surface water MIKE-SHE hydrological model was used to simulate the hydrology of the chosen scenarios. Specific non-perennial river indicators such as onset of dry phase were identified and included in the DRIFT-ARID DSS. DRIFT-ARID has the potential to be used in non-perennial rivers and, once set up, can provide results for future scenarios. The method now needs to be tested on other non-perennial river types, especially episodic rivers where data are scarce or non-existent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An automatic in-vitro bioaccessibility test based upon dynamic microcolumn extraction in a programmable flow setup is herein proposed as a screening tool to evaluate bio-char based remediation of mine soils contaminated with trace elements as a compelling alternative to conventional phyto-availability tests. The feasibility of the proposed system was evaluated by extracting the readily bioaccessible pools of As, Pb and Zn in two contaminated mine soils before and after the addition of two biochars (9% (w:w)) of diverse source origin (pine and olive). Bioaccessible fractions under worst-case scenarios were measured using 0.001 mol L −1 CaCl 2 as extractant for mimicking plant uptake, and analysis of the extracts by inductively coupled optical emission spectrometry. The t -test of comparison of means revealed an efficient metal (mostly Pb and Zn) immobilization by the action of olive pruning-based biochar against the bare (control) soil at the 0.05 significance level. In-vitro flow-through bioaccessibility tests are compared for the first time with in-vivo phyto-toxicity assays in a microcosm soil study. By assessing seed germination and shoot elongation of Lolium perenne in contaminated soils with and without biochar amendments the dynamic flow-based bioaccessibility data proved to be in good agreement with the phyto-availability tests. Experimental results indicate that the dynamic extraction method is a viable and economical in-vitro tool in risk assessment explorations to evaluate the feasibility of a given biochar amendment for revegetation and remediation of metal contaminated soils in a mere 10 min against 4 days in case of phyto-toxicity assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the isobaric molar heat capacities of methyl caprate and methyl laurate were measured within the temperatures from 300 K to 380 K and at pressures from 0.1 MPa to 4.25 MPa. The measurements were carried out using a flow calorimeter. The results obtained show that the isobaric molar heat capacities of methyl caprate are lower than those of methyl laurate while the isobaric molar heat capacities of these two fatty acid methyl esters rise with the increasing temperature and fall with the increasing pressure. In addition, a correlation was proposed to predict the isobaric molar heat capacities of methyl caprate and methyl laurate. The absolute relative deviations between predicted and experimental isobaric molar heat capacities are less than 0.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new approach of the criterion assignment for registration of erythrocyte agglutinates to instrumentally determine blood group type is suggested. The criterion is based on comparison of R and G components of RGB decomposition of microscopy digital image taken for the blood-serum mixture sample. For the chosen experimental conditions, the minimal size (area) of RBC agglutinate to be registered by the criterion suggested is estimated theoretically. The proposed method was tested experimentally on the example of monitoring agglutinates in flow. The encouraging experimental results were obtained for improvement of the resolving power of the method; the optimal experimental conditions were revealed for maximum resolution. Though the suggested method was realized for dynamic (flow) blood group determination, it could also be applied for diagnostics in a stationary environment. This approach increases the reliability of RBC agglutinates registration and, hence, blood group typing. The results may be used to develop the apparatus for automated determination of human blood group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Accumulation of trace elements in diverse solid compartments and foodstuffs poses social concerns as to the adverse effects on the food webs and exposure risks to humans. This review surveys recent trends in the development of a new methodological approach for risk assessment, called flow-through dynamic extraction, for automatic bioaccessibility tests under worst-case conditions, and how it compares with consolidated batchwise, steady-state leaching methods. We critically describe and illustrate via representative examples novel analytical platforms to overcome the pressure drop in flow systems, the lack of sample representativeness and the sample throughput constraints with the aid of dedicated rugged liquid drivers and appropriate sample containers as a front end to atomic spectrometric detectors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Surface charges of particles together with the adsorbed counter ions in diffuse layer can set up a strong electrostatic field around the particles in aqueous solution. The existent kinetic models for describing cation exchange on solid/liquid interface were either empirical or semi-empirical, and in which the electrostatic field is not considered. In this paper, as considering the important effect of electrostatic field around particles on cations adsorption/desorption, for the first time the dynamic distribution equations of cations in diffuse layer for adsorption and desorption processes in both flow method and batch technique have been established. Those equations clearly show how the cation concentration changes with time in different position of diffuse layer during the cation exchange process, and the corresponding new kinetic models have been obtained upon them. The new models indicate that, in both flow method and batch technique, for the adsorption process, experimental results should appear zero order kinetic process caused by the strong force adsorption in the initial stage of adsorption, and then transform to the first order kinetic process of the weak force adsorption; and for the desorption process, however, only first order kinetic process may exist. The new models are essentially different from the classic apparent or empirical kinetic models since all the parameters have their defined physical meanings in the new models, thus the rate parameters in the new models have the potential to theoretically predict. Theoretical analyses also indicated that, the adsorption/desorption rate in flow method experiment will be much higher than that in batch technique experiment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Isopropanol and isobutanol are potentially partial substitutes for gasoline. The critical properties of isoalcohol-gasoline blends are of great importance to optimize their combustion and emission performance in engines. In this paper, the critical temperature (T c) and critical pressure (p c) of eight miscible systems (isopropanol/isobutanol + n-hexane, isopropanol/isobutanol + n-heptane, isopropanol/isobutanol + n-octane, isopropanol/isobutanol + n-heptane + isooctane) were measured by the flow method in the range of 497.69–569.21 K and 2.495–4.766 MPa. Experimental results show that the addition of isopropanol and isobutanol can significantly reduce the T c of C 6 -C 8 alkanes by 0–60.85 K and increase the p c by 0–2.271 MPa. A model for calculating the T c and p c of these mixtures is presented based on the Redlich–Kister equations. The maximum average absolute relative deviations of the T c and p c are 0.08% and 0.46%, respectively. [Display omitted] • The critical properties of isopropanol/isobutanol + alkanes systems were measured. • Adding isopropanol or isobutanol can reduce the T c of C 6 -C 8 alkanes. • Azeotropic behavior of four binary systems were analyzed. • Experimental values were correlated well with Redlich–Kister equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperature dependence of the saturated vapor pressure of the trans-Pt(ktf)2 complex obtained from fluorinated β-ketoimine (CF3-CO-CH2-C(NH)-CH3) was studied by the flow method. The standard thermodynamic parameters Δ H and Δ S of sublimation have been determined. Full crystal-chemical study has been performed for the complex. Crystal data for C10H10F6N2O2Pt: a = 5.9790(8) Å, b = 7.373(2) Å, c = 8.5767(2) Å,α = 84.05(2)°, β = 72.43(1)°, γ = 67.14(1)°, V = 332.1(1) Å3, Z = 1, d calc = 2.496 g/cm3, triclinic, space group $$P\bar 1$$ . The structure is molecular and consists of isolated trans-Pt(ktf)2 complexes. The Pt atom lies at the symmetry center and has a square planar environment of two oxygen and two nitrogen atoms; the distances Pt-O (1.984 Å) and Pt-N (1.969 Å) are similar within the limits of 2σ; the OPtN bond angle is 93.9°. Molecular packing in crystal is considered based on structural data; van der Waals energy of the crystal lattice of trans-Pt(ktf)2 was calculated by the atom-atom potential method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption behavior of benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene onto activated carbon was investigated using the flow method. The removal efficiency of aromatic hydrocarbons in the gaseous phase was estimated based on the adsorption kinetic constants and the saturated amount of aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on the activated carbon. The saturated amount of benzene and toluene adsorbed was greater than that of xylene adsorbed because the molecular sizes of benzene and toluene are smaller than that of xylene. The adsorption kinetic constant increased in the order of xylene, toluene, and benzene. Those of the three xylene isomers were similar. These results indicated that the adsorption rate of benzene by the activated carbon was the fastest and the kinetic constant depended upon the different between the boiling point and the melting point and the molecular size of the aromatic hydrocarbons. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The solubilities of colour index (C.I.) disperse orange 3, red 324, blue 79 and quinizarin were measured at the temperatures of 353.2, 373.2, 393.2 K between 18 and 30 MPa with a ‘flow method’ conceived for determination of high solubilities in order to avoid the flow instability problems connected with dye precipitation. The comparison of results with the literature underlines the advantage of this new technique: higher solubility values are obtained especially at the most severe operating conditions. Experimental data for disperse orange 3 were also compared with similar results obtained by the authors using a ‘batch method’ in a previous work. The comparison of the results shows how the ‘flow method’, even though adapted for high solubility measurements, reveals to be the simplest and more efficient technique to evaluate dye solubility in supercritical fluids. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A comprehensive study of copper(II) bis-ketoiminate including tensimetric analysis of sublimation and structure solution has been carried out. The temperature dependence of saturated vapor pressure over Cu(ki)2 crystals derived by the flow method is expressed by the equation ln$P\_\{\backslash rm\; (atm)\}\; =\; 25.31-13750/T$, $\backslash Delta\; H\_\{\backslash rm\; subl\}\; =\; -114.2\; \backslash pm\; 1.3$$\{\backslash rm\; kJ\}\backslash cdot\; \{\backslash rm\; mole\}^\{-1\}$, $\backslash Delta\; S\_\{\backslash rm\; subl\}\; =210.2\; \backslash pm\; 3.0$$\{\backslash rm\; J\}\; \backslash cdot\; \{\backslash rm\; mole\}^\{-1\}\; \backslash cdot\; \{\backslash rm\; K\}^\{-1\}$. Crystal data for CuO2N2C10H16: $a=15.143(3)$, $b=16.681(8)$, $c=13.795(32)$ Å, space group $Ccca$, $Z=12$, dcalc = 1.47 g/cm3, $R=0.029$. The structure is molecular and consists of crystallographically independent Cu(ki)2 complexes of two types, one with a cis structure and the other with a cis–trans disordering. The copper atom has a plane square environment of two oxygen and two nitrogen atoms. In the cis isomer, Cu–O 1.938 and Cu–N 1.895 Å; in the disordered complex, all four Cu–O(N) distances are 1.901 Å. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethyl propionate is a good choice as additive to improve the combustion performance of gasoline. In this work, the critical temperature (T c) and critical temperature (p c) of five binary systems (ethyl propionate + n-hexane, ethyl propionate + n-heptane, ethyl propionate + n-octane, ethyl propionate + n-propanol, ethyl propionate + n-butanol) and one ternary system (ethyl propionate + n-hexane + n-propanol) were measured. The results show that the addition of ethyl propionate increases the T c of n-hexane, n-propanol and n-heptane while decreases the T c of n-octane and n-butanol. The binary system of ethyl propionate and n-heptane and the ternary system of ethyl propionate + n-hexane + n-propanol are positive azeotropes. The p c of all studied systems changes linearly with the concentration of ethyl propionate. The applicability of Redlich–Kister equations, Cibulka equations and Singh-Sharma equations were checked. • Critical properties of five binary mixtures and a ternary mixture were measured. • Azeotropic behavior of critical temperature of two systems were analyzed • The applicability of the empirical equation is tested by critical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We produced magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) nanoparticles by hydrothermal synthesis in supercritical water. Suspensions containing varying ratios of Mg(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3 at room temperature were pressurized to 30MPa, fed into a tubular reactor by high-pressure pump, and rapidly heated to reaction temperature by mixing with supercritical water. The MgFe2O4 phase forms at 460°C. The Mg/Fe molar ratio was varied from 0.5 to 1.5 with the goal of obtaining single-phase MgFe2O4. At the stoichiometric ratio for MgFe2O4, Mg/Fe=0.5, the product contains both MgFe2O4 and α-Fe2O3. At Mg/Fe=1.0 and 1.5, the product is the desired single-phase MgFe2O4. The synthesized MgFe2O4 nanoparticles, with particle size of about 20nm, exhibit superparamagnetic behavior. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A simple flow system employing a reversible-flow syringe pump was employed to synthesize uniform micron-size particles of chitosan-Cu(II) (CS-Cu(II)) catalyst. A solution of chitosan and Cu(II) salt was drawn into a holding coil via a 3-way switching valve and then slowly pumped to drip into an alkaline solution to form of hydrogel droplets. The droplets were washed and dried to obtain the catalyst particles. Manual addition into the alkaline solution or employment of flow system with a vibrating rod, through which the end of the flow line is inserted, was investigated for comparison. A sampling method was selected to obtain representative samples of the population of the synthesized particles for size measurement using optical microscopy. The mean sizes of the particles were 880 ± 70 µm, 780 ± 20 µm, and 180 ± 30 µm for the manual and flow methods, without and with the vibrating rod, respectively. Performance of the flow methods, in terms of rate of droplet production and particle size distribution, are discussed. Samples of 180 µm size CS-Cu(II) particles were tested for catalytic reduction of 0.5 mM p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol by 100-fold excess borohydride. The conversion was 98% after 20 min, whereas without the catalyst there was only 14% conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tert-butanol is a good additive for improving gasoline performance, but as two of the most important thermodynamic properties, the critical temperature (T c) and critical pressure (p c) of tert-butanol and alkane systems have not been studied. In this work, the experimental data of the T c and p c of five binary systems (tert-butanol + cyclohexane, tert-butanol + n-hexane, tert-butanol + n-heptane, tert-butanol + n-octane, and tert-butanol + n-nonane) and a ternary system (tert-butanol + n-heptane + n-octane) were obtained using a flow method. The T c and p c of the binary systems were fitted using the Redlich–Kister equations with maximum average absolute relative deviations (AARDs) of 0.19% and 0.36% for T c and p c , respectively. The T c and p c for tert-butanol + n-heptane + n-octane were correlated by Singh and Sharma's equations and Cibulka's equations with AARDs less than 0.09% and 0.32%, respectively. The experimental data of T c and p c were also used to verify and improve the accuracy of our previous prediction model. • Critical properties of five binary systems and a ternary system were measured. • Azeotropic behavior of critical temperature of tert-butanol + hexane was analyzed. • Experimental critical parameters were all correlated well with empirical equations. • Experimental critical parameters were used to verify the predict ability of our model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saturated vapor pressure of elemental mercury (Hg) and Hg solubility in compressed gaseous methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide were investigated. The apparatus designed for this study was based on a flow method and equipped with a cold vapor atomic absorption survey meter to measure Hg concentration in gas phase. The saturated Hg vapor pressure ranged from 4.579 × 10−2 to 2.757 × 10−1 Pa at 278–298 K. The Hg solubility was measured up to 6.042 MPa for methane, 3.533 MPa for ethane, and 2.070 MPa for carbon dioxide at 268–303 K. The Hg mole fraction ranged from 4.842 × 10−9 to 8.683 × 10−7 in the vapor phase. The Hg solubility decreases with increasing pressure, and the pressure dependencies are similar in the three gases. The activation energy of Hg solubility was determined from the Arrhenius plot at the 1.55 and 3.55 MPa isobars. The activation energy at 1.55 MPa is about 60 kJ/mol·K for the three gases, similar to that at the saturated Hg vapor pressure. At 3.55 MPa the activation energy has the same value for methane but decreases to around 60 kJ/mol·K for ethane. The Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS) was used to correlate the saturated Hg vapor pressure and the Hg solubility in the vapor phase. The attractive parameter in the PR-EOS was fitted with the saturated Hg vapor pressure, and its temperature dependence was investigated using the van der Waals one-fluid mixing rule. The average absolute deviations were 0.322, 0.265 and 0.197 % for Hg solubility in gaseous methane, ethane and carbon dioxide, respectively. This investigation contributes to predicting mercury partitioning in natural gas processing facilities. Image 1 • Saturated vapor pressure were measured for mercury around room temperature • Mercury solubility were measured in high pressure gaseous methane, ethane and carbon dioxide • Peng-Robinson equation of state was able to sufficiently correlate the saturated vapor pressure and the solubilities in the experimental condition studied [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• T c and p c for mixtures containing biodiesel surrogates were first reported. • T c of binary mixtures decrease linearly with the increasing x 1. • Critical curves of ternary mixture change nearly linearly with the increasing x 1. • Critical property data agree well with calculated results using different equations. Critical temperature T c and critical pressure p c of the mixtures of ethanol and biodiesel surrogates (ethanol + methyl butanoate, ethanol + ethyl propanoate, ethanol + methyl hexanoate, methyl butanoate+ ethyl propanoate and ethanol + methyl butanoate + ethyl propanoate) were measured via a flow method. A linear decrease in T c and an increase in p c of three binary mixtures can be observed with the increasing mole fraction of ethanol. Despite the mole fraction of ethyl propanoate increases, critical curves of the ternary mixture change almost linearly with the mole fraction of ethanol. Critical properties of the binary mixtures were interrelated with Redlich–Kister equations and PR-WS equations and predicted by He equations. Maximum AADs for T c and p c using Redlich–Kister equations are 0.08% and 0.65%. There is a great agreement between our experimental data and calculated values from two correlations for the critical parameters of ternary mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]